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Mohanty V, Subbannayya Y, Patil S, Puttamallesh VN, Najar MA, Datta KK, Pinto SM, Begum S, Mohanty N, Routray S, Abdulla R, Ray JG, Sidransky D, Gowda H, Prasad TSK, Chatterjee A. Molecular alterations in oral cancer using high-throughput proteomic analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:447-459. [PMID: 33683571 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of cell differentiation is a hallmark for the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Archival Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissues constitute a valuable resource for studying the differentiation of OSCC and can offer valuable insights into the process of tumor progression. In the current study, we performed LC-MS/MS-based quantitative proteomics of FFPE specimens from pathologically-confirmed well-differentiated, moderately-differentiated, and poorly-differentiated OSCC cases. The data were analyzed in four technical replicates, resulting in the identification of 2376 proteins. Of these, 141 and 109 were differentially expressed in moderately-differentiated and poorly differentiated OSCC cases, respectively, compared to well-differentiated OSCC. The data revealed significant metabolic reprogramming with respect to lipid metabolism and glycolysis with proteins belonging to both these processes downregulated in moderately-differentiated OSCC when compared to well-differentiated OSCC. Signaling pathway analysis indicated the alteration of extracellular matrix organization, muscle contraction, and glucose metabolism pathways across tumor grades. The extracellular matrix organization pathway was upregulated in moderately-differentiated OSCC and downregulated in poorly differentiated OSCC, compared to well-differentiated OSCC. PADI4, an epigenetic enzyme transcriptional regulator, and its transcriptional target HIST1H1B were both found to be upregulated in moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated OSCC, indicating epigenetic events underlying tumor differentiation. In conclusion, the findings support the advantage of using high-resolution mass spectrometry-based FFPE archival blocks for clinical and translational research. The candidate signaling pathways identified in the study could be used to develop potential therapeutic targets for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varshasnata Mohanty
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Yashwanth Subbannayya
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), and Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vinuth N Puttamallesh
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560066, India
| | - Mohd Altaf Najar
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Keshava K Datta
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Sneha M Pinto
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), and Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sameera Begum
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Neeta Mohanty
- Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha'O'Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India
| | - Samapika Routray
- Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha'O'Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India.,Department of Dental Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751019, India
| | - Riaz Abdulla
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Jay Gopal Ray
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College & Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 014, India.,Department of Pathology, Burdwan Dental College and Hospital, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713101, India
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India.
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed To Be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India. .,Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560066, India. .,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Resveratrol Suppresses Cross-Talk between Colorectal Cancer Cells and Stromal Cells in Multicellular Tumor Microenvironment: A Bridge between In Vitro and In Vivo Tumor Microenvironment Study. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184292. [PMID: 32962102 PMCID: PMC7570736 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) is an important process for the development of tumor malignancy. Modulation of paracrine cross-talk could be a promising strategy for tumor control within the TME. The exact mechanisms of multi-targeted compound resveratrol are not yet fully understood. Whether resveratrol can modulate paracrine signal transduction-induced malignancy in the multicellular-TME of colorectal cancer cells (CRC) was investigated. An in vitro model with 3D-alginate HCT116 cells in multicellular-TME cultures (fibroblast cells, T-lymphocytes) was used to elucidate the role of TNF-β, Sirt1-ASO and/or resveratrol in the proliferation, invasion and cancer stem cells (CSC) of CRC cells. We found that multicellular-TME, similar to TNF-β-TME, promoted proliferation, colony formation, invasion of CRC cells and enabled activation of CSCs. However, after co-treatment with resveratrol, the malignancy of multicellular-TME reversed to HCT116. In addition, resveratrol reduced the secretion of T-lymphocyte/fibroblast (TNF-β, TGF-β3) proteins, antagonized the T-lymphocyte/fibroblast-promoting NF-κB activation, NF-κB nuclear translocation and thus the expression of NF-κB-promoting biomarkers, associated with proliferation, invasion and survival of CSCs in 3D-alginate cultures of HCT116 cells induced by TNF-β- or multicellular-TME, but not by Sirt1-ASO, indicating the central role of this enzyme in the anti-tumor function of resveratrol. Our results suggest that in vitro multicellular-TME promotes crosstalk between CRC and stromal cells to increase survival, migration of HCT116 and the resveratrol/Sirt1 axis suppresses this loop by modulating paracrine agent secretion and NF-κB signaling. Fibroblasts and T-lymphocytes are promising targets for resveratrol in the prevention of CRC metastasis.
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Prall F, Maletzki C, Hühns M, Krohn M, Linnebacher M. Colorectal carcinoma tumour budding and podia formation in the xenograft microenvironment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186271. [PMID: 29040282 PMCID: PMC5645095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour budding and podia formation are well-appreciated in surgical pathology as an aggressive invasion phenotype of colorectal carcinoma cells that is attained in the microenvironment of the invasive margin. In this study, we addressed how tumour budding and podia formation feature in xenografts. Primary colorectal carcinomas (N = 44) of various molecular types (sporadic standard type, high-degree microsatellite-unstable, CpG island methylator phenotype) were transplanted subcutaneously into T and B cell-deficient NSG mice, making possible immunohistochemistry with routine surgical pathology antibodies. Tumor budding and podia formation were both appreciably present in the xenografts. Quantitative evaluations of cytokeratin immunostains of primaries and their corresponding xenografts showed a reduction of tumour buds in the xenografts. Furthermore, in xenografts tumour cells were completely negative by pSTAT3 immunohistochemistry, indicating absence of cytokine/chemokine signalling, but nuclear β-catenin and SMAD4 immunostainings as read-out of wnt and BMP pathway activation, respectively, were maintained. Carcinoma cells in most xenografts retained immunostaining of at least some nuclei by immunohistochemistry with antibodies against pERK1/2. K-ras/B-raf mutational status did not correlate with tumour budding or podia formation in the xenografts. Our results indicate that tumour budding and podia formation can be modelled by xenografting, and in NSG mice it can be studied with the same immunohistochemical methods as used for primaries in surgical pathology. Dysregulation of wnt and BMP signalling appears to be transferred into the xenograft microenvironment, but not cytokine/chemokine signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Prall
- Institute of Pathology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Maja Hühns
- Institute of Pathology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mathias Krohn
- Department of Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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de Wit M, Carvalho B, Delis-van Diemen PM, van Alphen C, Beliën JAM, Meijer GA, Fijneman RJA. Lumican and versican protein expression are associated with colorectal adenoma-to-carcinoma progression. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174768. [PMID: 28481899 PMCID: PMC5421768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One prominent event associated with colorectal adenoma-to-carcinoma progression is genomic instability. Approximately 85% of colorectal cancer cases exhibit chromosomal instability characterized by accumulation of chromosome copy number aberrations (CNAs). Adenomas with gain of chromosome 8q, 13q, and/or 20q are at high risk of progression to cancer. Tumor progression is also associated with expansion of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the activation of non-malignant cells within the tumor stroma. The glycoproteins versican and lumican are overexpressed at the mRNA level in colon carcinomas compared to adenomas, and are associated with the formation of tumor stroma. Purpose The aim of this study was to characterize versican and lumican protein expression in tumor progression and investigate their association with CNAs commonly associated with adenoma-to-carcinoma progression. Methods Tissue microarrays were constructed with colon adenomas and carcinomas that were characterized for MSI-status and DNA copy number gains of chromosomes 8q, 13q and 20q. Sections were immunohistochemically stained for lumican and versican. Protein expression levels were evaluated using digitized slides, and scores were finally dichotomized into a positive or negative score per sample. Results Lumican and versican expression were both observed in neoplastic cells and in the tumor stroma of colon adenomas and carcinomas. Lumican expression was more frequently present in epithelial cells of carcinomas than adenomas (49% versus 18%; P = 0.0001) and in high-risk adenomas and carcinomas combined compared to low-risk adenomas (43% versus 16%; P = 0.005). Versican staining in the tumor stroma was more often present in high-risk adenomas combined with carcinomas compared to low-risk adenomas (57% versus 36%; P = 0.03) and was associated with the presence of gain of 13q (71% versus 44%; P = 0.04). Conclusion Epithelial lumican and stromal versican protein expression are increased during colorectal adenoma-to-carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike de Wit
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Beatriz Carvalho
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pien M. Delis-van Diemen
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carolien van Alphen
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A. M. Beliën
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit A. Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Remond J. A. Fijneman
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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5
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Kau S, Miller I, Tichy A, Gabriel C. S100A4 (metastasin) positive mesenchymal canine mammary tumour spheroids reduce Tenascin C synthesis under DMSO exposure in vitro. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 15:1428-1444. [PMID: 28074628 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In breast cancer research S100A4-positive tumour-associated stromal cells are assumed as primary source of Tenascin C (TNC) in the metastatic environment. Aim of the present study was to isolate and characterize S100A4/TNC positive stromal canine mammary tumour (CMT) cells. Cells grown as scaffold-free spheroids were investigated for S100A4, TNC, and proliferative activity under 1.8% DMSO stimulation by means of Western blot and immunohistochemistry. DMSO is a commonly used drug solvent despite well-known side effects on cells including TNC expression. DMSO did not affect proliferation, but TNC was significantly reduced under DMSO exposure for 7 and 14 days, whereby for S100A4 a reducing effect was only observed after 14 days. Without DMSO, cells stably expressed TNC and S100A4 which makes them suitable to be used in experimental approaches requiring S100A4/TNC expressing CMT stromal cells. Results show that 1.8% DMSO should not be used as solvent for experiments concerning TNC/S100A4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kau
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - I Miller
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Tichy
- Platform Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Population Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Gabriel
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Prognostic significance of Versican expression in gastric adenocarcinoma. Oncogenesis 2015; 4:e178. [PMID: 26619403 PMCID: PMC4670962 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the leading malignancy in the digestive system. Versican is a ubiquitous component of the extracellular matrix and has a role in tumor progression. We aim to examine the expression of Versican in GC and the relationship between Versican levels and patient survival. We detected the mRNA expression of Versican in tumorous pairs and adjacent normal tissues (ANTs) of 78 GC patients by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The protein expression of Versican in 101 cases of matched GC and ANT, as well as in 27 intraepithelial neoplastic (IN) samples, was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. We analyzed the correlation between Versican levels and clinical outcomes. Finally, we performed CCK-8 cell counting assay and transwell assay in GC cell lines. Versican mRNA expression was significantly greater in tumor tissues (P<0.001) than in ANT. Versican was majorly expressed in the stroma surrounding tumor epithelium and minorly some areas of tumor epithelium. The Versican expression level was higher in GC than in ANT (P=0.004), but no significant difference was observed between ANT and IN (P=0.517). The Versican mRNA and protein levels were consistent in GC. High Versican mRNA and protein expression correlated with greater tumor invasion depth (P=0.030, P=0.027). Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that patients with high Versican mRNA expression exhibited poor disease-specific survival (P<0.001). In vitro experiments showed that Versican overexpression promoted cell proliferation and invasion. Our data indicate that Versican may be a novel prognostic indicator in GC and may be a potential target for clinical diagnosis.
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Arichi N, Mitsui Y, Hiraki M, Nakamura S, Hiraoka T, Sumura M, Hirata H, Tanaka Y, Dahiya R, Yasumoto H, Shiina H. Versican is a potential therapeutic target in docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer. Oncoscience 2015; 2:193-204. [PMID: 25859560 PMCID: PMC4381710 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we investigated a combination of docetaxel and thalidomide (DT therapy) in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients. We identified marker genes that predict the effect of DT therapy. Using an androgen-insensitive PC3 cell line, we established a docetaxel-resistant PC-3 cell line (DR-PC3). In DR-PC3 cells, DT therapy stronger inhibited proliferation/viability than docetaxel alone. Based on gene ontology analysis, we found versican as a selective gene. This result with the findings of cDNA microarray and validated by quantitative RT-PCR. In addition, the effect of DT therapy on cell viability was the same as the effect of docetaxel plus versican siRNA. In other words, silencing of versican can substitute for thalidomide. In the clinical setting, versican expression in prostate biopsy samples (before DT therapy) correlated with PSA reduction after DT therapy (p<0.05). Thus targeting versican is a potential therapeutic strategy in docetaxel-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Arichi
- Departments of Urology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yozo Mitsui
- Departments of Urology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan ; Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Miho Hiraki
- Departments of Urology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Sigenobu Nakamura
- Departments of Urology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Takeo Hiraoka
- Departments of Urology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sumura
- Departments of Urology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hirata
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Yuichiro Tanaka
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rajvir Dahiya
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Hiroaki Yasumoto
- Departments of Urology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shiina
- Departments of Urology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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Suhovskih AV, Aidagulova SV, Kashuba VI, Grigorieva EV. Proteoglycans as potential microenvironmental biomarkers for colon cancer. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:833-44. [PMID: 25715761 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation changes occur widely in colon tumours, suggesting glycosylated molecules as potential biomarkers for colon cancer diagnostics. In this study, proteoglycans (PGs) expression levels and their transcriptional patterns are investigated in human colon tumours in vivo and carcinoma cells in vitro. According to RT-PCR analysis, normal and cancer colon tissues expressed a specific set of PGs (syndecan-1, perlecan, decorin, biglycan, versican, NG2/CSPG4, serglycin, lumican, CD44), while the expression of glypican-1, brevican and aggrecan was almost undetectable. Overall transcriptional activity of the PGs in normal and cancer tissues was similar, although expression patterns were different. Expression of decorin and perlecan was down-regulated 2-fold in colon tumours, while biglycan and versican expression was significantly up-regulated (6-fold and 3-fold, respectively). Expression of collagen1A1 was also increased 6-fold in colon tumours. However, conventional HCT-116 colon carcinoma and AG2 colon cancer-initiating cells did not express biglycan and decorin and were versican-positive and -negative, respectively, demonstrating an extracellular origin of the PGs in cancer tissue. Selective expression of heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans syndecan-1 and perlecan in the AG2 colon cancer-initiating cell line suggests these PGs as potential biomarkers for cancer stem cells. Overall transcriptional activity of the HS biosynthetic system was similar in normal and cancer tissues, although significant up-regulation of extracellular sulfatases SULF1/2 argues for a possible distortion of HS sulfation patterns in colon tumours. Taken together, the obtained results suggest versican, biglycan, collagen1A1 and SULF1/2 expression as potential microenvironmental biomarkers and/or targets for colon cancer diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V Suhovskih
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SB RAMS, Timakova str 2, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
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Role of TGF-β signaling pathway on Tenascin C protein upregulation in a pilocarpine seizure model. Epilepsy Res 2014; 108:1694-704. [PMID: 25445237 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Seizures have been shown to upregulate the expression of numerous extracellular matrix molecules. Tenascin C (TNC) is an extracellular matrix protein involved in several physiological roles and in pathological conditions. Though TNC upregulation has been described after excitotoxins injection, to date there is no research work on the signal transduction pathway(s) participating in TNC protein overproduction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of TGF-β signaling pathway on TNC upregulation. In this study, we used male rats, which were injected with saline or pilocarpine to induce status epilepticus (SE) and killed 24h, 3 and 7 days after pilocarpine administration. For evaluating biochemical changes, we measured protein content of TNC, TGF-β1 and phospho-Smad2/3 for localization of TNC in coronal brain hippocampus at 24h, 3 and 7 days after pilocarpine-caused SE. We found a significant increase of TNC protein content in hippocampal homogenates after 1, 3, and 7 days of pilocarpine-caused SE, together with an enhancement of TNC immunoreactivity in several hippocampal layers and the dentate gyrus field where more dramatic changes occurred. We also observed a significant enhancement of protein content of both the TGF-β1 and the critical downstream transduction effector phospho-Smad2/3 throughout the chronic exposure. Interestingly, animals injected with SB-431542, a TGF-β-type I receptor inhibitor, decreased TNC content in cytosolic fraction and diminished phospho-Smad2/3 content in both cytoplasmic and nuclear fraction compared with pilocarpine vehicle-injected. These findings suggest the participation of TGF-β signaling pathway on upregulation of TNC which in turn support the idea that misregulation of this signaling pathway produces changes that may contribute to disease.
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10
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Differential regulation of extracellular matrix protein expression in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts by TGF-β1 regulates cancer cell spreading but not adhesion. Oncoscience 2014; 1:634-48. [PMID: 25593993 PMCID: PMC4278277 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression is characterized by a complex reciprocity between neoplastic epithelium and adjacent stromal cells. In ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast, both reduced stromal decorin expression and myxoid stroma are correlated with increased recurrence risk. In this study, we aimed to investigate paracrine regulation of expression of decorin and related extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) was identified as a competent ECM modulator, as it reduced decorin and strongly enhanced versican, biglycan and type I collagen expression. Similar but less pronounced effects were observed when fibroblasts were treated with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Despite this concerted ECM modulation, TGF-β1 and bFGF differentially regulated alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, which is often proposed as a CAF-marker. Cancer cell-derived secretomes induced versican and biglycan expression in fibroblasts. Immunohistochemistry on twenty DCIS specimens showed a trend toward periductal versican overexpression in DCIS with myxoid stroma. Cancer cell adhesion was inhibited by decorin, but not by CAF-derived matrices. Cancer cells presented significantly enhanced spreading when seeded on matrices derived from TGF-β1-treated CAF. Altogether these data indicate that preinvasive cancerous lesions might modulate the composition of surrounding stroma through TGF-β1 release to obtain an invasion-permissive microenvironment.
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11
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Buhrmann C, Kraehe P, Lueders C, Shayan P, Goel A, Shakibaei M. Curcumin suppresses crosstalk between colon cancer stem cells and stromal fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment: potential role of EMT. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107514. [PMID: 25238234 PMCID: PMC4169561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interaction of stromal and tumor cells plays a dynamic role in initiating and enhancing carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated the crosstalk between colorectal cancer (CRC) cells with stromal fibroblasts and the anti-cancer effects of curcumin and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), especially on cancer stem cell (CSC) survival in a 3D-co-culture model that mimics in vivo tumor microenvironment. METHODS Colon carcinoma cells HCT116 and MRC-5 fibroblasts were co-cultured in a monolayer or high density tumor microenvironment model in vitro with/without curcumin and/or 5-FU. RESULTS Monolayer tumor microenvironment co-cultures supported intensive crosstalk between cancer cells and fibroblasts and enhanced up-regulation of metastatic active adhesion molecules (β1-integrin, ICAM-1), transforming growth factor-β signaling molecules (TGF-β3, p-Smad2), proliferation associated proteins (cyclin D1, Ki-67) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) factor (vimentin) in HCT116 compared with tumor mono-cultures. High density tumor microenvironment co-cultures synergistically increased tumor-promoting factors (NF-κB, MMP-13), TGF-β3, favored CSC survival (characterized by up-regulation of CD133, CD44, ALDH1) and EMT-factors (increased vimentin and Slug, decreased E-cadherin) in HCT116 compared with high density HCT116 mono-cultures. Interestingly, this synergistic crosstalk was even more pronounced in the presence of 5-FU, but dramatically decreased in the presence of curcumin, inducing biochemical changes to mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), thereby sensitizing CSCs to 5-FU treatment. CONCLUSION Enrichment of CSCs, remarkable activation of tumor-promoting factors and EMT in high density co-culture highlights that the crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment plays an essential role in tumor development and progression, and this interaction appears to be mediated at least in part by TGF-β and EMT. Modulation of this synergistic crosstalk by curcumin might be a potential therapy for CRC and suppress metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Buhrmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia Kraehe
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cora Lueders
- German Heart Institute Berlin, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering, Berlin, Germany
| | - Parviz Shayan
- Investigating Institute of Molecular Biological System Transfer, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ajay Goel
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AG); (MS)
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (AG); (MS)
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12
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Yoshimura H, Michishita M, Ohkusu-Tsukada K, Matsuda Y, Ishiwata T, Naito Z, Takahashi K. Cellular Sources of Tenascin-C in Canine Mammary Carcinomas. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:92-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985814522817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (Tn-C) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein implicated in the progression of several human cancers. In canine mammary carcinomas, accumulation of Tn-C has been recognized in 3 different areas: regions of proliferating myoepithelial cells in complex carcinoma, basement membrane zone in low-grade simple carcinoma, and reactive stroma in high-grade simple carcinoma. To identify the Tn-C synthesizing cells in these areas, we utilized double-labeling immunohistochemistry, branched DNA in situ hybridization, and in situ hybridization–immunohistochemistry double-labeling techniques. In complex carcinomas, Tn-C was generated by proliferating myoepithelial cells. Tn-C in low-grade simple carcinomas was also derived from myoepithelial cells existing as a basal monolayer. However, stromal Tn-C in high-grade carcinomas was mainly synthesized by fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, similar to human breast cancer. Thus, the origin of Tn-C in canine mammary carcinomas differs between low- and high-grade malignancies. The role of myoepithelial cell-generated Tn-C is not yet understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Yoshimura
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Departments of Pathology and Integrative Oncological Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M. Michishita
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K. Ohkusu-Tsukada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y. Matsuda
- Departments of Pathology and Integrative Oncological Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T. Ishiwata
- Departments of Pathology and Integrative Oncological Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Z. Naito
- Departments of Pathology and Integrative Oncological Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K. Takahashi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Vicente CM, Ricci R, Nader HB, Toma L. Syndecan-2 is upregulated in colorectal cancer cells through interactions with extracellular matrix produced by stromal fibroblasts. BMC Cell Biol 2013; 14:25. [PMID: 23705906 PMCID: PMC3681618 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix (ECM) influences the structure, viability and functions of cells and tissues. Recent evidence indicates that tumor cells and stromal cells interact through direct cell-cell contact, the production of ECM components and the secretion of growth factors. Syndecans are a family of transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans that are involved in cell adhesion, motility, proliferation and differentiation. Syndecan-2 has been found to be highly expressed in colorectal cancer cell lines and appears to be critical for cancer cell behavior. We have examined the effect of stromal fibroblast-produced ECM on the production of proteoglycans by colorectal cancer cell lines. RESULTS Our results showed that in a highly metastatic colorectal cancer cell line, HCT-116, syndecan-2 expression is enhanced by fibroblast ECM, while the expression of other syndecans decreased. Of the various components of the stromal ECM, fibronectin was the most important in stimulating the increase in syndecan-2 expression. The co-localization of syndecan-2 and fibronectin suggests that these two molecules are involved in the adhesion of HCT-116 cells to the ECM. Additionally, we demonstrated an increase in the expression of integrins alpha-2 and beta-1, in addition to an increase in the expression of phospho-FAK in the presence of fibroblast ECM. Furthermore, blocking syndecan-2 with a specific antibody resulted in a decrease in cell adhesion, migration, and organization of actin filaments. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results show that interactions between cancer cells and stromal ECM proteins induce significant changes in the behavior of cancer cells. In particular, a shift from the expression of anti-tumorigenic syndecans to the tumorigenic syndecan-2 may have implications in the migratory behavior of highly metastatic tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Meloni Vicente
- Disciplina de Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Três de Maio, 100 - 4º andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP CEP 04044-020, Brazil
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14
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Yu B, Chen X, Li J, Qu Y, Su L, Peng Y, Huang J, Yan J, Yu Y, Gu Q, Zhu Z, Liu B. Stromal fibroblasts in the microenvironment of gastric carcinomas promote tumor metastasis via upregulating TAGLN expression. BMC Cell Biol 2013; 14:17. [PMID: 23510049 PMCID: PMC3610155 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblasts play a critical role in tumorigenesis, tumor progression and metastasis. However, their detailed molecular characteristics and clinical significance are still elusive. TAGLN is an actin-binding protein that plays an important role in tumorigenesis. Results We investigated the interaction between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment to determine how the fibroblasts from human gastric carcinoma facilitate tumorigenesis through TAGLN. QRT-PCR and Western blot indicated that TAGLN expression was upregulated in gastric carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that promote gastric cancer cell migration and invasion. Using small interfering RNA (siRNA), we found that CAFs enhanced tumor metastasis through upregulated TAGLN in vitro and in vivo. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) was significantly lower after TAGLN knock-down by siRNA. TAGLN levels were elevated in human gastric cancer stroma than normal gastric stroma and associated with differentiation and lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer. Conclusion CAFs may promote gastric cancer cell migration and invasion via upregulating TAGLN and TAGLN induced MMP-2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiqin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Shanghai Gastric Neoplasms, Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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15
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Stromal cells induce Th17 during Helicobacter pylori infection and in the gastric tumor microenvironment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53798. [PMID: 23365642 PMCID: PMC3554710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is associated with chronic inflammation and Helicobacter pylori infection. Th17 cells are CD4(+) T cells associated with infections and inflammation; but their role and mechanism of induction during carcinogenesis is not understood. Gastric myofibroblasts/fibroblasts (GMF) are abundant class II MHC expressing cells that act as novel antigen presenting cells. Here we have demonstrated the accumulation of Th17 in H. pylori-infected human tissues and in the gastric tumor microenvironment. GMF isolated from human gastric cancer and H. pylori infected tissues co-cultured with CD4(+) T cells induced substantially higher levels of Th17 than GMF from normal tissues in an IL-6, TGF-β, and IL-21 dependent manner. Th17 required interaction with class II MHC on GMF for activation and proliferation. These studies suggest that Th17 are induced during both H. pylori infection and gastric cancer in the inflammatory milieu of gastric stroma and may be an important link between inflammation and carcinogenesis.
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16
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Lin J, Yu Y, Shigdar S, Fang DZ, Du JR, Wei MQ, Danks A, Liu K, Duan W. Enhanced antitumor efficacy and reduced systemic toxicity of sulfatide-containing nanoliposomal doxorubicin in a xenograft model of colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49277. [PMID: 23145140 PMCID: PMC3492268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfatide is a glycosphingolipid known to interact with several extracellular matrix proteins, such as tenascin-C which is overexpressed in many types of cancer including that of the colon. In view of the limited success of chemotherapy in colorectal cancer and high toxicity of doxorubicin (DOX), a sulfatide-containing liposome (SCL) encapsulation approach was taken to overcome these barriers. This study assessed the in vitro cytotoxicity, biodistribution, therapeutic efficacy and systemic toxicity in vivo of sulfatide-containing liposomal doxorubicin (SCL-DOX) using human colonic adenocarcinoma HT-29 xenograft as the experimental model. In vitro, SCL-DOX was shown to be delivered into the nuclei and displayed prolonged retention compared with the free DOX. The use of this nanodrug delivery system to deliver DOX for treatment of tumor-bearing mice produced a much improved therapeutic efficacy in terms of tumor growth suppression and extended survival in contrast to the free drug. Furthermore, treatment of tumor-bearing mice with SCL-DOX resulted in a lower DOX uptake in the principal sites of toxicity of the free drug, namely the heart and skin, as well as reduced myelosuppression and diminished cardiotoxicity. Such natural lipid-guided nanodrug delivery systems may represent a new strategy for the development of effective anticancer chemotherapeutics targeting the tumor microenvironment for both primary tumor and micrometastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lin
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Shigdar
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ding Zhi Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Rong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Q. Wei
- School of Medical Science and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Australia
| | - Andrew Danks
- Department of Neurosurgery, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ke Liu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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de Wit M, Belt EJT, Delis-van Diemen PM, Carvalho B, Coupé VMH, Stockmann HBAC, Bril H, Beliën JAM, Fijneman RJA, Meijer GA. Lumican and versican are associated with good outcome in stage II and III colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 20 Suppl 3:S348-59. [PMID: 22711178 PMCID: PMC3857876 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor stroma plays an important role in the progression and metastasis of colon cancer. The glycoproteins versican and lumican are overexpressed in colon carcinomas and are associated with the formation of tumor stroma. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential prognostic value of versican and lumican expression in the epithelial and stromal compartment of Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) stage II and III colon cancer. METHODS Clinicopathological data and tissue samples were collected from stage II (n = 226) and stage III (n = 160) colon cancer patients. Tissue microarrays were constructed with cores taken from both the center and the periphery of the tumor. These were immunohistochemically stained for lumican and versican. Expression levels were scored on digitized slides. Statistical evaluation was performed. RESULTS Versican expression by epithelial cells in the periphery of the tumor, i.e., near the invasive front, was correlated to a longer disease-free survival for the whole cohort (P = 0.01), stage III patients only (P = 0.01), stage III patients with microsatellite-instable tumors (P = 0.04), and stage III patients with microsatellite-stable tumors who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.006). Lumican expression in epithelial cells overall in the tumor was correlated to a longer disease-specific survival in stage II patients (P = 0.05) and to a longer disease-free survival and disease-specific survival in microsatellite-stable stage II patients (P = 0.02 and P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Protein expression of versican and lumican predicted good clinical outcome for stage III and II colon cancer patients, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike de Wit
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Versican expression is associated with tumor-infiltrating CD8-positive T cells and infiltration depth in cervical cancer. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:1605-15. [PMID: 20729814 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cervical carcinoma is the second most frequent cancer type in women worldwide. Both inflammatory cells and stromal cells are important for tumor progression. Stromal cells produce growth factors and extracellular matrix and provide an adequate environment for angiogenesis. Versican, a member of the extracellular matrix, has been shown to have a role in tumor progression. The aim of this study was to investigate versican expression, and its association with tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cell subsets and with clinicopathological parameters in human cervical cancers. We have studied the expression of versican in 149 cervical cancers using immunohistochemistry and mRNA in situ hybridization. Versican was predominantly expressed in the stroma (myofibroblasts). Using quantitative real-time-PCR, V0 was found to be the most prominent isoform. High stromal versican expression was significantly associated with a low number of tumor-infiltrating T cells (P=0.018) and particularly a low number of CD8-positive T cells (cytotoxic T cells; P=0.002). Stromal versican expression was significantly higher in patients with an infiltration depth >14 mm (P=0.004) and in patients with parametrial invasion (P=0.044). Stromal versican expression was not associated with survival. Our results suggest that versican expression in the stromal compartment of cervical cancers results in reduced numbers of intraepithelial CD8-positive T cells and enhanced local invasion.
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Li X, Martinez-Ferrer M, Botta V, Uwamariya C, Banerjee J, Bhowmick NA. Epithelial Hic-5/ARA55 expression contributes to prostate tumorigenesis and castrate responsiveness. Oncogene 2010; 30:167-77. [PMID: 20818421 PMCID: PMC3021901 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Stromal–epithelial interactions dictate prostate tumorigenesis and response to castration. Hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone 5 (Hic-5/ARA55) is a transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-induced coactivator of androgen receptor (AR) expressed in the prostate stroma. Interestingly, following castration, we identified epithelial expression of Hic-5/ARA55 in mouse and human prostate tissues. To determine the role of epithelial Hic-5 in prostate cancer progression and castration responsiveness, we compared LNCaP cells having Hic-5 stably expressed with the parental LNCaP cells following tissue recombination xenografts with mouse prostate stromal cells. We previously identified knocking out prostate stromal TGF-β signaling potentiated castrate-resistant prostate tumors, in a Wnt-dependent manner. The LNCaP chimeric tumors containing prostate fibroblasts conditionally knocked out for the TGF-β type II receptor (Tgfbr2-KO) resulted in larger, more invasive, and castration-resistant tumors compared those with floxed (control) stromal cells. However, the LNCaP-Hic5 associated with Tgfbr2-KO fibroblasts generated chimeric tumors with reduced tumor volume, lack of invasion and restored castration dependence. Neutralization of canonical Wnt signaling is shown to reduce prostate tumor size and restore regression following castration. Thus, we hypothesized that epithelial Hic-5/ARA55 expression negatively regulated Wnt signaling. The mechanism of the Hic-5/ARA55 effects on castration was determined by analysis of the c-myc promoter. C-myc luciferase reporter activity suggested Hic-5/ARA55 expression inhibited c-myc activity by β-catenin. Sequential ChIP analysis indicated β-catenin and T-cell-specific 4 (TCF4) bound the endogenous c-myc promoter in the absence of Hic-5 expression. However, the formation of a TCF4/Hic-5 repressor complex inhibited c-myc promoter activity, by excluding β-catenin binding with TCF4 on the promoter. The data indicate Hic-5/ARA55 expression in response to castration-enabled epithelial regression through the repression of c-myc gene at the chromatin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center and Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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20
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Ricciardelli C, Sakko AJ, Ween MP, Russell DL, Horsfall DJ. The biological role and regulation of versican levels in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2009; 28:233-45. [PMID: 19160015 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-009-9182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Increased expression of the proteoglycan, versican is strongly associated with poor outcome for many different cancers. Depending on the cancer type, versican is expressed by either the cancer cells themselves or by stromal cells surrounding the tumor. Versican plays diverse roles in cell adhesion, proliferation, migration and angiogenesis, all features of invasion and metastasis. These wide ranging functions have been attributed to the central glycosaminoglycan-binding region of versican, and to the N-(G1) and C-(G3) terminal globular domains which collectively interact with a large number of extracellular matrix and cell surface structural components. Here we review the recently identified mechanisms responsible for the regulation of versican expression and the biological roles that versican plays in cancer invasion and metastasis. The regulation of versican expression may represent one mechanism whereby cancer cells alter their surrounding microenvironment to facilitate the malignant growth and invasion of several tumor types. A greater understanding of the regulation of versican expression may contribute to the development of therapeutic methods to inhibit versican function and tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Ricciardelli
- Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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Fregnani ER, Sobral LM, Alves FA, Soares FA, Kowalski LP, Coletta RD. Presence of Myofibroblasts and Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in Ameloblastomas Correlate with Rupture of the Osseous Cortical. Pathol Oncol Res 2008; 15:231-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-008-9110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Tumour-stroma interactions in colorectal cancer: converging on beta-catenin activation and cancer stemness. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:1886-93. [PMID: 18506144 PMCID: PMC2441948 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic cases of colorectal cancer are primarily initiated by gene mutations in members of the canonical Wnt pathway, ultimately resulting in β-catenin stabilisation. Nevertheless, cells displaying nuclear β-catenin accumulation are nonrandomly distributed throughout the tumour mass and preferentially localise along the invasive front where parenchymal cells are in direct contact with the stromal microenvironment. Here, we discuss the putative role played by stromal cell types in regulating β-catenin intracellular accumulation in a paracrine fashion. As such, the tumour microenvironment is likely to maintain the cancer stem cell phenotype in a subset of cells, thus mediating invasion and metastasis.
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23
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Kellermann MG, Sobral LM, da Silva SD, Zecchin KG, Graner E, Lopes MA, Kowalski LP, Coletta RD. Mutual paracrine effects of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells and normal oral fibroblasts: induction of fibroblast to myofibroblast transdifferentiation and modulation of tumor cell proliferation. Oral Oncol 2007; 44:509-17. [PMID: 17826300 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence demonstrated that the stroma surrounding the tumors plays an important role in the growth and progression of several neoplasms, including oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). We evaluated the presence of myofibroblasts in OSCC and determined whether their presence is associated with clinicopathological features of the tumors. We also investigated the mutual paracrine effects of tumor cells and myofibroblasts on fibroblast-myofibroblast transdifferentiation and tumor cell proliferation. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the approximately 60% of the OSCCs contained myofibroblasts in the stroma of the tumor. Abundant presence of myofibroblasts significantly correlated with N stage, disease stage, regional recurrence, and proliferative potential of the tumor cells. Using OSCC cell lines and primary oral normal fibroblasts (ONF), we demonstrated that tumor cells induced transdifferentiation of ONFs to myofibroblasts via secretion of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1). In turn, myofibroblasts secreted factors that stimulated OSCC cell proliferation, as revealed by measuring BrdU incorporation and Ki67 expression. The results of the study suggest that during tumor invasion OSCC-derived TGF-beta 1 promote fibroblast-myofibroblast transdifferentiation, and that tumor cellular proliferation can be induced by factors released from myofibroblasts, which may favor tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele G Kellermann
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Klinge U, Rosch R, Junge K, Krones CJ, Stumpf M, Lynen-Jansen P, Mertens PR, Schumpelick V. Different matrix micro-environments in colon cancer and diverticular disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 2007; 22:515-20. [PMID: 17021746 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-006-0199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The extracellular matrix and the interactive signalling between its components are thought to play a pivotal role for tumour development and metastasis formation. An altered matrix composition as potential underlying pathology for the development of colorectal cancer was hypothesized. METHODS In a retrospective study of patients with colon cancer, the extracellular matrix in tumour-free bowel specimen was investigated in comparison with non-infected bowel specimen from patients operated on for colonic diverticulosis. The following matrix parameters with known associations to tumour formation, cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis were analysed by immunohistochemistry and quantified by a scoring system: VEGF, TGF-beta, ESDN, CD117, c-erb-2, cyclin D1, p53, p27, COX-2, YB-1, collagen I/III, MMP-13, PAI and uPAR. Expression profiles and correlations were calculated. RESULTS The comparison of the two groups revealed a significantly decreased immunostaining for CD117 and TGF-beta in the cancer group (8.5+/-2.6 vs 10.3+/-2,1 and 4.9+/-1.5 vs 8.1+/-3, respectively), whereas PAI scores were significantly higher than in patients with diverticular disease (8.1+/-1.6 vs 6.2+/-0.9). Overall correlation patterns of matrix parameters indicated pronounced differences between tumour-free tissue in cancer patients compared with patients with diverticular disease. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate distinct differences in the colonic tissue architecture between cancer patients and patients with diverticulitis that support the notion of an altered matrix composition predisposing to the development of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Klinge
- Department of Surgery of the RWTH-Aachen, RWTH-Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany,
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Ng WH, Wan GQ, Too HP. Higher glioblastoma tumour burden reduces efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents: in vitro evidence. J Clin Neurosci 2007; 14:261-6. [PMID: 17258135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumour with poor overall survival. Surgical resection followed by radiation and chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment. The role of aggressive resection in improving overall survival remains contentious, although there is evolving data to suggest this trend. Definitive evidence will necessitate a well-designed randomized prospective trial, although it is not likely that this will be possible or feasible. One possible advantage of aggressive tumour resection is a rapid reduction in oncological burden which may augment the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three glioblastoma cell lines were seeded in concentrations from 5000-20,000 cells per well onto 96-well plates. The cells were incubated for 24 hours before treatment with varying concentrations of 1,3-Bis(2- chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) ranging from 25 to 175 microg/mL. After 24 hours of treatment with BCNU, the cells were then examined microscopically and subjected to a cell proliferation assay to determine cytotoxicity effects of BCNU. RESULTS The drug concentration required to achieve greater than 90% growth inhibition (IC90) was taken as the reference for efficacy of chemotherapy dose. With tumour loading of 5000 cells per well, BCNU concentrations of 75-100 microg/mL resulted in greater than IC90, whereas BCNU concentration of 150-175 microg/mL was required with tumour loading of 20,000 cells per well. A higher concentration of chemotherapeutic agent is therefore required to bring about cell death in the presence of greater tumour burden. CONCLUSION Higher glioblastoma loading confers chemoresistance to BCNU. This is possibly secondary to complex interactions between tumour cells and neighbouring cells acting via autocrine or paracrine signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Hoe Ng
- National Neuroscience Institute, Neurosurgery, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore.
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Mueller L, Goumas FA, Himpel S, Brilloff S, Rogiers X, Broering DC. Imatinib mesylate inhibits proliferation and modulates cytokine expression of human cancer-associated stromal fibroblasts from colorectal metastases. Cancer Lett 2006; 250:329-38. [PMID: 17141949 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent data have expanded the concept that cancer-associated stromal fibroblasts (CAFs) play an important role in tumor invasion and angiogenesis. Here, we show that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a mitogen for human CAFs isolated from hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (1 microM) abrogated the PDGF-induced DNA synthesis, and furthermore counteracted an inhibitory effect of PDGF on the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA). High-dose imatinib mesylate (10 microM) decreased the viability of CAFs in vitro independent from co-stimulation with PDGF. Interestingly, imatinib mesylate (10 microM) strikingly induced the expression of the pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, and mildly stimulated the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Our results suggest that imatinib mesylate, due to its anti-proliferative activity, may be effective in combination with other substances for the treatment of colorectal metastasis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Mueller
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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