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Prip CM, Stentebjerg M, Bennetsen MH, Petersen LK, Bor P. Risk of atypical hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma after initial diagnosis of non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia: A long-term follow-up study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266339. [PMID: 35413062 PMCID: PMC9004759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The strong association between atypical endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma is well established, but data on the risk of atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in Danish women with non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia are almost non-existent. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of atypical hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma diagnosed within 3 months of initial diagnosis (defined as concurrent disease) and the risk of atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma more than 3 months after initial diagnosis (classified as progressive disease) in Danish women initially diagnosed with non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia. DESIGN This cohort study recruited 102 women diagnosed with non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia at Randers Regional Hospital in Randers, Denmark, between 2000 and 2015. METHODS The endometrium was evaluated by transvaginal ultrasound examination and office mini-hysteroscopy with biopsies in all non-hysterectomized women. Data regarding subsequent hysterectomy or endometrial sampling were obtained from medical records and the Danish Pathology Registry (Patobank). RESULTS A total of 15 women were diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia or carcinoma during follow-up. Concurrent atypical hyperplasia or carcinoma was seen in 2.9% (3/102), and among women who remained at risk for more than 3 months after initial diagnosis of non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia (n = 94), progression to atypical hyperplasia or carcinoma was seen in 13% (median follow-up 5.2 years, range 3.6 months to 15.1 years). Sixty-six percent of the women with progressive disease were diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia or carcinoma more than 1 year after initial diagnosis, but only two were diagnosed later than 5 years (5.2 and 9 years). CONCLUSIONS The risk of being diagnosed with atypical endometrial hyperplasia or endometrial carcinoma more than 5 years after an initial diagnosis of non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia seems to be low in Danish women. Specialized follow-up more than 5 years after diagnosis of non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia may not be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara M. Prip
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Stentebjerg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Mary H. Bennetsen
- Department of Pathology, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Lone K. Petersen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Open Patient Explorative Data Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Pinar Bor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
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2
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Vahedpour Z, Boroumand H, Tabatabaee Anaraki S, Tabasi Z, Motedayyen H, Akbari H, Raygan F, Ostadmohammadi V. Effects of Isoflavone Supplementation on the Response to Medroxyprogesterone in Premenopausal Women with Nonatypical Endometrial Hyperplasia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:1263544. [PMID: 36531558 PMCID: PMC9715344 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1263544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of isoflavone supplementation compared with placebo on endometrial histology and serum estradiol levels in premenopausal women with nonatypical endometrial hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present double-blindplacebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 100 women with nonatypical endometrial hyperplasia in the age range of 30 to 45 years. Participants were randomly assigned to receive 50 mg of isoflavone (n = 50) or placebos (n = 50) daily for three months. Both groups received the standard treatment of nonatypical endometrial hyperplasia. Endometrial biopsy and blood samples were taken at the baseline and three months after the intervention. The incidence of drug side effects was assessed as well. RESULTS After three months, 88.4% of isoflavone-administered subjects had a significant histological improvement compared to 68.9% subjects in the placebo group (P=0.02). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the changes of serum estradiol levels and the incidence of drug side effects. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study demonstrated that the coadministration of 50 mg of isoflavones and medroxyprogesterone acetate increases the treatment efficacy in women with nonatypical endometrial hyperplasia. Clinical Trial Registration. This trial was registered on the Iranian website for clinical trial registration (https://www.irct.ir/trial/53553).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Vahedpour
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Homa Boroumand
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Shirin Tabatabaee Anaraki
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zohre Tabasi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hossein Motedayyen
- Autoimmune Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hossein Akbari
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fariba Raygan
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Carabineanu A, Zaharia C, Blidisel A, Ilina R, Miclaus C, Ardelean O, Preda M, Mazilu O. Risk of More Advanced Lesions at Hysterectomy after Initial Diagnosis of Non-Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia in Patients with Postmenopausal Bleeding and Oral Anticoagulant Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57101003. [PMID: 34684040 PMCID: PMC8539967 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57101003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Endometrial hyperplasia (EH) is a precursor lesion to endometrial cancer (EC), and when cellular atypia is present, in 40% of cases, they are diagnosed with EC on hysterectomy. Usually, EH is clinically manifested by uterine bleeding. In patients with oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT), the uterus is the second most common source of bleeding. The aim of the study was to show that uterine bleeding in postmenopausal patients undergoing OAT may reveal precancerous endometrial lesions with atypia, or neoplastic lesions in patients with an initial diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia, NAEH) on dilation and curettage (D&C). We will be able to estimate the risk of a postmenopausal female patient with uterine bleeding during an OAT to have a precancerous endometrial lesion. Materials and Methods: The subjects of the study were 173 female patients with uterine bleeding, who have had total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingoovarectomy, of whom 99 underwent an OAT. There were 101 female patients initially diagnosed with NAEH, of which 60 did not have anticoagulant treatment (mean age 57.36 ± 6.51) and 41 had anticoagulant treatment (mean age 60.39 ± 7.35) (p = 0.006). From the pathology diagnosis moment, the surgery was performed at 42.09 ± 14.54 days in patients without OAT and after 35.39 ± 11.29 days in those who received such treatment (p = 0.724). Results: Initial diagnosis of NAEH established at D&C was changed at the final diagnosis after hysterectomy in EH with cellular atypia (atypical endometrial hyperplasia AEH) or EC in 18.18% of patients without OAT, and in 40.54% of patients who received this treatment. Conclusions: Based on a logistic regression model, it is estimated that female patients with an initial histopathological diagnosis of NAEH and who underwent OAT have, on average, 4.85 times greater odds (OR = 4.85, 95% CI 1.79–14.06) than the others of being identified postoperatively with more advanced lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Carabineanu
- First Department of Surgery, Second Discipline of Surgical Semiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.C.); (R.I.); (C.M.); (O.A.); (M.P.); (O.M.)
| | - Claudia Zaharia
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, West University of Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Blidisel
- First Department of Surgery, Second Discipline of Surgical Semiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.C.); (R.I.); (C.M.); (O.A.); (M.P.); (O.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Razvan Ilina
- First Department of Surgery, Second Discipline of Surgical Semiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.C.); (R.I.); (C.M.); (O.A.); (M.P.); (O.M.)
| | - Codruta Miclaus
- First Department of Surgery, Second Discipline of Surgical Semiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.C.); (R.I.); (C.M.); (O.A.); (M.P.); (O.M.)
| | - Ovidiu Ardelean
- First Department of Surgery, Second Discipline of Surgical Semiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.C.); (R.I.); (C.M.); (O.A.); (M.P.); (O.M.)
| | - Marius Preda
- First Department of Surgery, Second Discipline of Surgical Semiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.C.); (R.I.); (C.M.); (O.A.); (M.P.); (O.M.)
| | - Octavian Mazilu
- First Department of Surgery, Second Discipline of Surgical Semiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.C.); (R.I.); (C.M.); (O.A.); (M.P.); (O.M.)
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Dore M, Filoche S, Danielson K, Henry C. Efficacy of the LNG-IUS for treatment of endometrial hyperplasia and early stage endometrial cancer: Can biomarkers predict response? Gynecol Oncol Rep 2021; 36:100732. [PMID: 33718563 PMCID: PMC7933258 DOI: 10.1016/j.gore.2021.100732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial Cancer (EC) is the most common gynaecologic malignancy in the developed world, and is increasing in premenopausal women. The surgical standard of care for early-stage EC is not possible in women with concurrent comorbidities or women who desire a fertility sparing approach. The Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System (LNG-IUS) is gaining traction as an alternative treatment for endometrial hyperplasia and early stage EC in inoperable women. Whilst early evidence appears promising, predictive biomarkers need to be established to determine non-responders, which make up one in three women. This timely review discusses the current literature around the identification of clinical, molecular and novel biomarkers that show potential to predict response to progesterone treatment, including the LNG-IUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Dore
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Women’s Health, University of Otago Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sara Filoche
- Head of Department, Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Women’s Health, University of Otago Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kirsty Danielson
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia, University of Otago Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Claire Henry
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Women’s Health, University of Otago Wellington, New Zealand
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Glucose and fatty acid metabolism involved in the protective effect of metformin against ulipristal-induced endometrial changes in rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8863. [PMID: 33893356 PMCID: PMC8065147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88346-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulipristal acetate (UPA) is effective in the treatment of uterine fibroids. However, its clinical use is hampered by the development of pathologic progesterone receptor modulator-associated endometrial changes (PAECs). The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that UPA-induced PAECs are associated with deranged expression of some metabolic genes. In addition, metformin can mitigate UPA-induced PAECs through modulating the expression of these genes. In the present study, twenty-eight female non-pregnant, nulligravid Wistar rats were treated with UPA (0.1 mg/kg/day, intragastric) and/or metformin (50 mg/kg/day, intragastric) for 8 weeks. Our results demonstrated that co-treatment with metformin significantly reduced UPA-induced PAECs. In addition, co-treatment with metformin and UPA was associated with significant increase in the Bax and significant reduction in Bcl-2, PCNA, Cyclin-D1and ER-α as compared to treatment with UPA alone. Furthermore, treatment with UPA alone was associated with deranged expression of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3-PHGDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), transketolase (TKT), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and CD36. Most importantly, co-treatment with metformin markedly reduced UPA-induced altered expression of these metabolic genes in endometrial tissues. In conclusion, UPA-induced PAECs are associated with altered expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, estrogen receptor, glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. Co-treatment with metformin abrogated UPA-induced PAECs most likely through the modulation of the expression of these genes.
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Doherty MT, Sanni OB, Coleman HG, Cardwell CR, McCluggage WG, Quinn D, Wylie J, McMenamin ÚC. Concurrent and future risk of endometrial cancer in women with endometrial hyperplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232231. [PMID: 32343732 PMCID: PMC7188276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To inform treatment decisions in women diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia, quantification of the potential for concurrent endometrial cancer and the future risk of progression to cancer is required. METHODS We identified studies up to September 2018 that reported on the prevalence of concurrent cancer (within three months of endometrial hyperplasia diagnosis), or the incidence of cancer, identified at least three months after hyperplasia diagnosis. Random-effects meta-analyses produced pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS A total of 36 articles were identified; 15 investigating concurrent and 21 progression to cancer. In pooled analysis of 11 studies of atypical hyperplasia, the pooled prevalence of concurrent endometrial cancer was 32.6% (95% CI: 24.1%, 42.4%) while no studies evaluated concurrent cancer in non-atypical hyperplasia. The risk of progression to cancer was high in atypical hyperplasia (n = 5 studies, annual incidence rate = 8.2%, 95% CI 3.9%, 17.3%) and only one study reported on non-atypical hyperplasia (annual incidence rate = 2.6%, 95% CI: 0.6%, 10.6%). CONCLUSIONS Overall, a third of women with atypical hyperplasia had concurrent endometrial cancer, although the number of studies, especially population-based, is small. Progression to cancer in atypical hyperplasia was high, but few studies were identified. Population-based estimates are required, in both atypical and non-atypical hyperplasia patients to better inform treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T. Doherty
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Omolara B. Sanni
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Helen G. Coleman
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Chris R. Cardwell
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - W. Glenn McCluggage
- Department of Pathology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Declan Quinn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Antrim Area Hospital, Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Antrim, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - James Wylie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Antrim Area Hospital, Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Antrim, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Úna C. McMenamin
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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7
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Horn LC, Emons G, Aretz S, Bock N, Follmann M, Lax S, Nothacker M, Steiner E, Mayr D. [S3 guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma of the endometrium : Requirements for pathology]. DER PATHOLOGE 2019; 40:21-35. [PMID: 30756154 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-019-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present article summarises the relevant aspects of the S3 guidelines on endometrioid carcinomas. The recommendations include the processing rules of fractional currettings as well as for hysterectomy specimens and lymph node resections (including sentinel lymph nodes). Besides practical aspects, the guidelines consider the needs of the clinicians for appropriate surgical and radiotherapeutic treatment of the patients. Carcinosarcomas are assigned to the endometrial carcinoma as a special variant. For the first time, an algorithmic approach for evaluation of the tumour tissue for Lynch syndrome is given. Prognostic factors based on morphologic findings are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-C Horn
- Abteilung Mamma‑, Gynäko- & Perinatalpathologie, Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Liebigstraße 24, 04103, Leipzig, Deutschland.
| | - G Emons
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - S Aretz
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Deutschland
| | - N Bock
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - M Follmann
- Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - S Lax
- Institut für Pathologie, Landeskrankenhaus Graz West, Graz, Österreich
| | - M Nothacker
- Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF), Berlin, Deutschland
| | - E Steiner
- Frauenklinik, GPR Klinikum Rüsselsheim, Rüsselsheim, Deutschland
| | - D Mayr
- Pathologisches Institut, Medizinische Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland
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8
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Wang Y, Nisenblat V, Tao L, Zhang X, Li H, Ma C. Combined estrogen-progestin pill is a safe and effective option for endometrial hyperplasia without atypia: a three-year single center experience. J Gynecol Oncol 2019; 30:e49. [PMID: 30887764 PMCID: PMC6424840 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2019.30.e49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of oral contraceptive pill (OCP) as therapy for endometrial hyperplasia (EH) without atypia in reproductive-aged women compared with oral progestin. Methods A retrospective cohort study was carried out in our reproductive center. Consecutive patients diagnosed with infertility and non-atypical EH identified through electronic database who met inclusion criteria (n=309). Patients were assigned to two treatment groups: OCP (n=216) and oral progestin (n=93); clinical and reproductive outcomes were recorded. Results Reversal of EH to normal endometrium, clinical pregnancy, live birth and miscarriage rate. Women in OCP group were younger, had higher prevalence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and other uterine pathology and longer duration of infertility than women in progestin group. Reversal of EH was observed in 93.52% women on OCP and in 86.02% women on progestin (p=0.032; adjusted odds ratio [aOR]= 2.35; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.06-5.21) after the initial course of treatment for 2 to 6 months. Cyclic OCP (n=184) resulted in better response to treatment compared to continuous OCP (n=32) (95.11% vs. 84.38%; p=0.039; aOR =3.60; 95% CI =1.12-11.55). Clinical pregnancy rate in OCP group was marginally higher than progestin group (87/208, 41.83% vs. 27/90, 30.00%; p=0.054). Miscarriage (25.29% vs. 29.63%; p=0.654) and live birth rate (31.25% vs. 21.11%; p=0.074) were comparable between the groups. Conclusion For the first time we demonstrate that OCP is an effective therapy for non-atypical EH and is associated with higher remission rate compared with oral progestin. Reproductive outcomes are reassuring and comparable between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Victoria Nisenblat
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Tao
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - XinYu Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhen Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Caihong Ma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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9
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Kaushal JB, Popli P, Sankhwar P, Shukla V, Dwivedi A. Sonic hedgehog protects endometrial hyperplasial cells against oxidative stress via suppressing mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-like GTPase (Drp1). Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:582-599. [PMID: 30347228 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hh/Gli1 cascade as well as Gsk3β-Gli1 crosstalk play crucial role in estrogen-dependent progression of endometrial hyperplasia (EH). However, the underlying mechanisms involved in progression of disease still remain unclear. In the present study, we explored the role of Hh signaling in protection of endometrial hyperplasial cells against oxidative stress and the underlying mechanism involved therein. EH cells were found to be more resistant towards H2O2-induced oxidative stress (IC50: ~ 3×) as compared with normal endometrial cells. Estrogen (E2) pre-treatment followed by cytotoxic dose of H2O2, almost rescued the EH cells from apoptosis and caused the increased expression of downstream Shh signaling molecules i.e., Smo, Ptch and Gli1. Whereas pretreatment with cyclopamine was not able to curtail H2O2-induced effects indicating that estrogen protects these cells via activation of Shh pathway. Further, H2O2-induced ROS and lipid peroxidation alongwith decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were found to be reversed in EH cells pre-exposed to E2 or rShh. The rShh suppressed H2O2-induced cell death and caused attenuation of mitochondrial apoptotic mediators and prevented disruption in mitochondrial morphology and mitochondrial membrane potential in EH cells. The functional blockage of signaling by Shh siRNA or Gli1siRNA led to significantly increased expression of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-like GTPase (Drp1). The H2O2-treated EH cells showed diminished Gli1 and increased Drp1 expression, concurrent with reduced p-Drp1-(serine637). Whereas rShh pre-treated EH cells presented normal mitochondrial dynamics with dense, long networks of mitochondria alongwith nuclear accumulation of Gli1 and the decreased expression of Drp1. Overall, our results implicated that Shh signaling modulates antioxidant defense system and stabilizes mitochondrial dynamics by suppressing Drp1 protein which maintains survival of EH cells against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti B Kaushal
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CDRI Campus, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Pooja Popli
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Pushplata Sankhwar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, U.P., India
| | - Vinay Shukla
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CDRI Campus, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Anila Dwivedi
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CDRI Campus, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India.
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10
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Widschwendter M, Jones A, Evans I, Reisel D, Dillner J, Sundström K, Steyerberg EW, Vergouwe Y, Wegwarth O, Rebitschek FG, Siebert U, Sroczynski G, de Beaufort ID, Bolt I, Cibula D, Zikan M, Bjørge L, Colombo N, Harbeck N, Dudbridge F, Tasse AM, Knoppers BM, Joly Y, Teschendorff AE, Pashayan N. Epigenome-based cancer risk prediction: rationale, opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2018; 15:292-309. [PMID: 29485132 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2018.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of cancer is continuing to rise and risk-tailored early diagnostic and/or primary prevention strategies are urgently required. The ideal risk-predictive test should: integrate the effects of both genetic and nongenetic factors and aim to capture these effects using an approach that is both biologically stable and technically reproducible; derive a score from easily accessible biological samples that acts as a surrogate for the organ in question; and enable the effectiveness of risk-reducing measures to be monitored. Substantial evidence has accumulated suggesting that the epigenome and, in particular, DNA methylation-based tests meet all of these requirements. However, the development and implementation of DNA methylation-based risk-prediction tests poses considerable challenges. In particular, the cell type specificity of DNA methylation and the extensive cellular heterogeneity of the easily accessible surrogate cells that might contain information relevant to less accessible tissues necessitates the use of novel methods in order to account for these confounding issues. Furthermore, the engagement of the scientific community with health-care professionals, policymakers and the public is required in order to identify and address the organizational, ethical, legal, social and economic challenges associated with the routine use of epigenetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Widschwendter
- Department of Women's Cancer, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Allison Jones
- Department of Women's Cancer, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Iona Evans
- Department of Women's Cancer, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Reisel
- Department of Women's Cancer, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joakim Dillner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Sundström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewout W Steyerberg
- Center for Medical Decision Sciences, Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Vergouwe
- Center for Medical Decision Sciences, Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Odette Wegwarth
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Harding Center for Risk Literacy, Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Adaptive Rationality, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix G Rebitschek
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Harding Center for Risk Literacy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Siebert
- Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making and Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health, Health Services Research, and HTA, UMIT-University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria.,Harvard T. C. Chan School of Public Health, Center for Health Decision Science, Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston, MA, USA.,Oncotyrol: Center for Personalized Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gaby Sroczynski
- Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making and Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health, Health Services Research, and HTA, UMIT-University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Inez D de Beaufort
- Department of Medical Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ineke Bolt
- Department of Medical Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - David Cibula
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, First Medical Faculty of the Charles University and General Faculty Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Zikan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, First Medical Faculty of the Charles University and General Faculty Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Line Bjørge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, and Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nicoletta Colombo
- European Institute of Oncology and University Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- Breast Center, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Dudbridge
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Tasse
- Public Population Project in Genomics and Society, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Yann Joly
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrew E Teschendorff
- Department of Women's Cancer, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nora Pashayan
- Department of Applied Health Research, Institute of Epidemiology and Healthcare, University College London, UK
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11
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Iversen ML, Dueholm M. Complex non atypical hyperplasia and the subsequent risk of carcinoma, atypia and hysterectomy during the following 9-14 years. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2018; 222:171-175. [PMID: 29413816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term risk of developing atypical hyperplasia/endometrial cancer or having a hysterectomy after being diagnosed with complex non-atypical hyperplasia (CH). MATERIAL AND METHOD A historic cohort study of 114 women diagnosed with CH between January 1st 2000 and December 31st 2005. All patient records and pathologic reports were reviewed with complete follow up on all patients in the national pathologic database until September 1st 2014. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to determine (1) no hysterectomy and (2) no diagnosis of endometrial cancer or atypia after the CH diagnosis. RESULTS 15% (n = 17) were diagnosed with endometrial cancer and 7% (n = 8) with atypia, most during the first year (10 cancer, 7 atypia). 9% (8/85) of the remaining women at risk developed cancer or atypia in the follow-up period after one year. By Kaplan-Meier the five-year risk for cancer or atypia was 20% (CI; 14-21). The risk of having undergone hysterectomy within five years was 30% (CI; 22-39). CONCLUSION The long-term risk of being diagnosed with atypia or cancer after a CH diagnose is not insignificant, when disregarding patients having undergone hysterectomy. More than half the women with atypia or cancer are diagnosed or operated during the first year. This could indicate the presence of concomitant but unidentified cancer or atypia at the time of initial sampling. This study reinforces the importance of follow up or treatment of women with CH - especially, but not only during the first year. KEY MESSAGE The risk of having a hysterectomy or diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia/cancer endometrie is high after a diagnosis of complex hyperplasia without atypia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Lundegaard Iversen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Margit Dueholm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
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12
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Kannan A, Bhurke A, Sitruk-Ware R, Lalitkumar PG, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Williams ARW, Taylor RN, Bagchi MK, Bagchi IC. Characterization of Molecular Changes in Endometrium Associated With Chronic Use of Progesterone Receptor Modulators: Ulipristal Acetate Versus Mifepristone. Reprod Sci 2017; 25:320-328. [PMID: 29241443 DOI: 10.1177/1933719117746764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ulipristal acetate (UPA) is a selective progesterone receptor modulator (PRM), which is used as an emergency contraceptive in women. Recent studies demonstrated the efficacy of an UPA contraceptive vaginal ring (UPA-CVR) as a blocker of ovulation. However, the endometrium of women exposed to UPA over a 6-month period display glandular changes, termed PRM-associated endometrial changes (PAECs). We, therefore, investigated whether UPA-induced PAECs are associated with altered expression of the transcription factor heart- and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 2 (HAND2) whose downregulation is observed in endometrial epithelial hyperplasia and cancer. Our results showed that while exposure to mifepristone, a well-known PRM, leads to suppression of endometrial HAND2 expression, long-term exposure to UPA-CVR did not cause downregulation of this marker. Further studies, using human primary endometrial stromal cells, confirmed that whereas mifepristone-mediated suppression of HAND2 elevated the levels of its downstream target fibroblast growth factor 18, UPA did not significantly alter the expression of this growth factor. A rationale for the differential regulation of HAND2 by these PRMs was provided by our observation that mifepristone-bound progesterone receptors turn over at a faster rate than those bound to UPA. Collectively, these results support the selective effects of different PRMs and indicate that chronic exposure to UPA does not alter the HAND2 pathway whose dysregulation is linked to complex atypical endometrial hyperplasia and cancer. The results from this study involving a limited number of clinical samples should pave the way for a larger study to determine the safety of UPA for long-term use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athilakshmi Kannan
- 1 Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Arpita Bhurke
- 1 Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert N Taylor
- 5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Milan K Bagchi
- 6 Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Indrani C Bagchi
- 1 Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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13
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The regulation of Hh/Gli1 signaling cascade involves Gsk3β- mediated mechanism in estrogen-derived endometrial hyperplasia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6557. [PMID: 28747625 PMCID: PMC5529438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to explore the functional involvement of Hh signaling and its regulatory mechanism in endometrial hyperplasia. Differential expression of Hh signaling molecules i.e., Ihh, Shh, Gli1 or Gsk3β was observed in endometrial hyperplasial (EH) cells as compared to normal endometrial cells. Estradiol induced the expression of Hh signaling molecules and attenuated the expression of Gsk3β whereas anti-estrogen (K1) or progestin (MPA) suppressed these effects in EH cells. Cyclopamine treatment or Gli1 siRNA knockdown suppressed the growth of EH cells and reduced the expression of proliferative markers. Estradiol also induced the nuclear translocation of Gli1 which was suppressed by both MPA and K1 in EH cells. While exploring non-canonical mechanism, LY-294002 (Gsk3β activator) caused a decrease in Gli1 expression indicating the involvement of Gsk3β in Gli1 regulation. Further, Gsk3β silencing promoted the expression and nuclear translocation of Gli1 demonstrating that Gsk3β serves as a negative kinase regulator of Gli1 in EH cells. Similar attenuation of Hh signaling molecules was observed in rats with uterine hyperplasia undergoing anti-estrogen treatment. The study suggested that Hh/Gli1 cascade (canonical pathway) as well as Gsk3β-Gli1 crosstalk (non-canonical pathway) play crucial role in estrogen-dependent cell proliferation in endometrial hyperplasia.
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14
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Nair N, Camacho-Vanegas O, Rykunov D, Dashkoff M, Camacho SC, Schumacher CA, Irish JC, Harkins TT, Freeman E, Garcia I, Pereira E, Kendall S, Belfer R, Kalir T, Sebra R, Reva B, Dottino P, Martignetti JA. Genomic Analysis of Uterine Lavage Fluid Detects Early Endometrial Cancers and Reveals a Prevalent Landscape of Driver Mutations in Women without Histopathologic Evidence of Cancer: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS Med 2016; 13:e1002206. [PMID: 28027320 PMCID: PMC5189938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy, and its incidence and associated mortality are increasing. Despite the immediate need to detect these cancers at an earlier stage, there is no effective screening methodology or protocol for endometrial cancer. The comprehensive, genomics-based analysis of endometrial cancer by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) revealed many of the molecular defects that define this cancer. Based on these cancer genome results, and in a prospective study, we hypothesized that the use of ultra-deep, targeted gene sequencing could detect somatic mutations in uterine lavage fluid obtained from women undergoing hysteroscopy as a means of molecular screening and diagnosis. METHODS AND FINDINGS Uterine lavage and paired blood samples were collected and analyzed from 107 consecutive patients who were undergoing hysteroscopy and curettage for diagnostic evaluation from this single-institution study. The lavage fluid was separated into cellular and acellular fractions by centrifugation. Cellular and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) were isolated from each lavage. Two targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) gene panels, one composed of 56 genes and the other of 12 genes, were used for ultra-deep sequencing. To rule out potential NGS-based errors, orthogonal mutation validation was performed using digital PCR and Sanger sequencing. Seven patients were diagnosed with endometrial cancer based on classic histopathologic analysis. Six of these patients had stage IA cancer, and one of these cancers was only detectable as a microscopic focus within a polyp. All seven patients were found to have significant cancer-associated gene mutations in both cell pellet and cfDNA fractions. In the four patients in whom adequate tumor sample was available, all tumor mutations above a specific allele fraction were present in the uterine lavage DNA samples. Mutations originally only detected in lavage fluid fractions were later confirmed to be present in tumor but at allele fractions significantly less than 1%. Of the remaining 95 patients diagnosed with benign or non-cancer pathology, 44 had no significant cancer mutations detected. Intriguingly, 51 patients without histopathologic evidence of cancer had relatively high allele fraction (1.0%-30.4%), cancer-associated mutations. Participants with detected driver and potential driver mutations were significantly older (mean age mutated = 57.96, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.30-∞, mean age no mutations = 50.35; p-value = 0.002; Benjamini-Hochberg [BH] adjusted p-value = 0.015) and more likely to be post-menopausal (p-value = 0.004; BH-adjusted p-value = 0.015) than those without these mutations. No associations were detected between mutation status and race/ethnicity, body mass index, diabetes, parity, and smoking status. Long-term follow-up was not presently available in this prospective study for those women without histopathologic evidence of cancer. CONCLUSIONS Using ultra-deep NGS, we identified somatic mutations in DNA extracted both from cell pellets and a never previously reported cfDNA fraction from the uterine lavage. Using our targeted sequencing approach, endometrial driver mutations were identified in all seven women who received a cancer diagnosis based on classic histopathology of tissue curettage obtained at the time of hysteroscopy. In addition, relatively high allele fraction driver mutations were identified in the lavage fluid of approximately half of the women without a cancer diagnosis. Increasing age and post-menopausal status were associated with the presence of these cancer-associated mutations, suggesting the prevalent existence of a premalignant landscape in women without clinical evidence of cancer. Given that a uterine lavage can be easily and quickly performed even outside of the operating room and in a physician's office-based setting, our findings suggest the future possibility of this approach for screening women for the earliest stages of endometrial cancer. However, our findings suggest that further insight into development of cancer or its interruption are needed before translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navya Nair
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Olga Camacho-Vanegas
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dmitry Rykunov
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew Dashkoff
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sandra Catalina Camacho
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Elijah Freeman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Isaac Garcia
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elena Pereira
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sviatoslav Kendall
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rachel Belfer
- Jefferson School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tamara Kalir
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Boris Reva
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter Dottino
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John A. Martignetti
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Laboratory for Translational Research, Western Connecticut Health Network, Danbury, Connecticut, United States of America
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15
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Nelson AL, Vasquez L, Tabatabai R, Im SS. The yield of endometrial aspiration in women with various risk factors and bleeding abnormalities. Contracept Reprod Med 2016; 1:9. [PMID: 29201398 PMCID: PMC5693553 DOI: 10.1186/s40834-016-0020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even in the face of a substantial increase in the numbers of endometrial cancer cases and in the numbers of women who have risk factors, there is no clear agreement about the indications for assessing the endometria of women with abnormal bleeding or about the tools to use in that assessment. This study sought to determine in a group of high risk women with abnormal uterine bleeding, the probability that an outpatient endometrial aspiration would identify significant pathology. Methods Retrospective cohort study of the histology from endometrial aspirations performed from 2001 to 2008 for abnormal uterine bleeding at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and its satellite public health clinics. Medical records were reviewed in detail to assess risk factors, descriptions of bleeding abnormalities and histologic results. Results The charts of 1601 women who underwent 1636 endometrial biopsies for a wide variety of abnormal uterine bleeding patterns yielded 73 (4.6 %) cases of endometrial carcinoma, 43 cases of atypical endometrial hyperplasia (2.7 %), for an overall yield of significant pathology of 7.2 %. Hyperplasia without atypia was found in another 83 cases (5.2 %). Obesity, diabetes and postmenopausal age are associated with an increased risk of significant pathology. Bleeding patterns were so poorly documented that analysis of yield by this factor should be viewed with caution. Conclusions The probability of detecting significant uterine pathology is greatest among obese, diabetic postmenopausal women with diabetes (26.3 %). Conversely, the probability of identifying significant pathology in younger women without risk factors is less than 2 %. For women who perceive their individualized risk estimate to be too small to justify an endometrial biopsy, it may be possible to offer oral higher dose progestin therapy on the condition that persistent abnormal bleeding will require more intensive evaluation. These estimates of absolute risk of being diagnosed with significant pathology on endometrial biopsy may be helpful to patients as they consider giving informed consent for the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita L Nelson
- Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA USA.,1457 3rd Street, Manhattan Beach, CA 90266 USA
| | - Lisa Vasquez
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Healthcare Partners, Montebello, CA USA
| | - Roya Tabatabai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, CA USA
| | - Samuel S Im
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA USA
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16
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Lara AC, Cândido EB, Vidigal PV, Rocha ALL, Carvalho-Macedo AC, Carneiro MM, Silva-Filho AL. Effect of letrozole in carcinogen-plus-estrogen-induced endometrial hyperplasia in mice. Acta Cir Bras 2016; 31:286-93. [PMID: 27168542 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020160040000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of letrozole (Ltz) in carcinogen+estrogen-induced endometrial hyperplasia. METHODS BALB/c female mice were divided into four groups of 12 animals each receiving an intrauterine dose of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) and weekly subcutaneous injections of estradiol hexaidrobenzoate (EHB), except for group I(control). The groups were divided in I (control), II (ENU+EHB), III (ENU+EHB+MPA) and IV (ENU+EHB+Ltz). Group III also received intramuscular injections of MPA (medroxy progesterone acetate) every four weeks, while group IV received oral doses of Ltz daily. At the end of 16 weeks, the animals were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for the measurement of serum estradiol and progesterone levels. Uterine histological sections were made to evaluate the presence of endometrial proliferative lesions. Differences between groups were evaluated with student's t test, ANOVA and chi-square test. RESULTS Groups ENU+EHB, ENU+EHB+MPA and ENU+EHB+Ltz showed varying degrees of endometrial hyperplasia. The incidence of hyperplasia in groups ENU+EHB and ENU+EHB+Ltz was higher and more severe than in group ENU+EHB+MPA. Control group showed lower levels of serum estradiol than the other groups. CONCLUSION There was no evidence that letrozole could act as an antiestrogenic drug in the development of endometrial proliferative lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cerávolo Lara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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17
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Grigorian IY, Linkova NS, Polyakova VO, Paltseva EM, Kozlov KL. Signaling molecules of the endometrium: Gerontological and general pathological aspects. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057016010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Nooh AM, Abdeldayem HM, Girbash EF, Arafa EM, Atwa K, Abdel-Raouf SM. Depo-Provera Versus Norethisterone Acetate in Management of Endometrial Hyperplasia Without Atypia. Reprod Sci 2015; 23:448-54. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719115623643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mohamed Nooh
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Zagazig University Students’ Hospital, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Ehab F. Girbash
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Zagazig University Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Essa M. Arafa
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Zagazig University Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Khalid Atwa
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Suez Canal University Faculty of Medicine, Ismailia, Egypt
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19
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Chandra V, Kim JJ, Benbrook DM, Dwivedi A, Rai R. Therapeutic options for management of endometrial hyperplasia. J Gynecol Oncol 2015; 27:e8. [PMID: 26463434 PMCID: PMC4695458 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2016.27.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial hyperplasia (EH) comprises a spectrum of changes in the endometrium ranging from a slightly disordered pattern that exaggerates the alterations seen in the late proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle to irregular, hyperchromatic lesions that are similar to endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Generally, EH is caused by continuous exposure of estrogen unopposed by progesterone, polycystic ovary syndrome, tamoxifen, or hormone replacement therapy. Since it can progress, or often occur coincidentally with endometrial carcinoma, EH is of clinical importance, and the reversion of hyperplasia to normal endometrium represents the key conservative treatment for prevention of the development of adenocarcinoma. Presently, cyclic progestin or hysterectomy constitutes the major treatment option for EH without or with atypia, respectively. However, clinical trials of hormonal therapies and definitive standard treatments remain to be established for the management of EH. Moreover, therapeutic options for EH patients who wish to preserve fertility are challenging and require nonsurgical management. Therefore, future studies should focus on evaluation of new treatment strategies and novel compounds that could simultaneously target pathways involved in the pathogenesis of estradiol-induced EH. Novel therapeutic agents precisely targeting the inhibition of estrogen receptor, growth factor receptors, and signal transduction pathways are likely to constitute an optimal approach for treatment of EH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chandra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Jong Joo Kim
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Doris Mangiaracina Benbrook
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Anila Dwivedi
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajani Rai
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea.
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Zhou R, Yang Y, Lu Q, Wang J, Miao Y, Wang S, Wang Z, Zhao C, Wei L. Prognostic factors of oncological and reproductive outcomes in fertility-sparing treatment of complex atypical hyperplasia and low-grade endometrial cancer using oral progestin in Chinese patients. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 139:424-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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COOK MATTHEWT, MAFUVADZE BENFORD, BESCH-WILLIFORD CYNTHIA, ELLERSIECK MARKR, GOYETTE SANDY, HYDER SALMANM. Luteolin suppresses development of medroxyprogesterone acetate-accelerated 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:825-32. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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22
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Laas E, Ballester M, Cortez A, Gonin J, Canlorbe G, Daraï E, Graesslin O. Supervised clustering of immunohistochemical markers to distinguish atypical and non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015; 31:282-5. [PMID: 25495249 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2014.989981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of endometrial hyperplasia (EH) progressing into endometrioid endometrial cancer ranges from 1% for simple EH without atypia (EHWA) to 46.2% for atypical EH (AEH). Differentiation between both entities is crucial to determine optimal management. As preoperative diagnosis of AEH can be difficult, we aimed to establish clusters of immunohistochemical markers to distinguish EHWA from AEH. We studied 13 immunohistochemical markers (steroid receptors, pro/anti-apoptotic proteins, metalloproteinases (MMP), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP), CD44 isoforms) known for their role in endometrial pathology. Using supervised clustering, we determined clusters of co-expressed proteins which contributed the most in differentiating EHWA from AEH. From 39 tissue samples (17 EHWA and 22 AEH), we found three clusters of co-expressed proteins: Cluster 1 included two proteins (over-expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and under-expression of progesterone receptor (PR) B in AEH compared to EHWA); Cluster 2: an ER, PR A, MMP-2 and TIMP-1 over-expression and a PR B and TIMP-2 under-expression; Cluster 3: over-expression of ER and MMP-7 and under-expression of PR B and TIMP-2. AEH can be accurately distinguished from EHWA using a supervised clustering of immunohistochemical markers. This promising approach could be useful to improve the preoperative diagnosis of EH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enora Laas
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Tenon , AP-HP, Paris , France
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23
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Zhou L, Meng Z, Wu Y, Zhu H, Wang X. Prediction of endometrial carcinogenesis probability while diagnosed as atypical endometrial hyperplasia: a new risk model based on age, CA199 and CA125 assay. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 183:5-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Otify M, Fuller J, Ross J, Shaikh H, Johns J. Endometrial pathology in the postmenopausal woman - an evidence based approach to management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/tog.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Otify
- Suite 8, Golden Jubilee Wing; King's College Hospital; Denmark Hill London SE5 9RS UK
| | - Joanna Fuller
- Suite 8, Golden Jubilee Wing; King's College Hospital; Denmark Hill London SE5 9RS UK
| | - Jackie Ross
- Suite 8, Golden Jubilee Wing; King's College Hospital; Denmark Hill London SE5 9RS UK
| | - Hizbullah Shaikh
- Kings College Hospital Histopathology Department; Denmark Hill London SE5 9RS UK
| | - Jemma Johns
- Suite 8, Golden Jubilee Wing; King's College Hospital; Denmark Hill London SE5 9RS UK
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Yang S, Jia Y, Liu X, Winters C, Wang X, Zhang Y, Devor EJ, Hovey AM, Reyes HD, Xiao X, Xu Y, Dai D, Meng X, Thiel KW, Domann FE, Leslie KK. Systematic dissection of the mechanisms underlying progesterone receptor downregulation in endometrial cancer. Oncotarget 2014; 5:9783-97. [PMID: 25229191 PMCID: PMC4259437 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Progesterone, acting through its receptor, PR (progesterone receptor), is the natural inhibitor of uterine endometrial carcinogenesis by inducing differentiation. PR is downregulated in more advanced cases of endometrial cancer, thereby limiting the effectiveness of hormonal therapy. Our objective was to understand and reverse the mechanisms underlying loss of PR expression in order to improve therapeutic outcomes. Using endometrial cancer cell lines and data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, our findings demonstrate that PR expression is downregulated at four distinct levels. In well-differentiated cancers, ligand-induced receptor activation and downregulation are intact. miRNAs mediate fine tuning of PR levels. As differentiation is lost, PR silencing is primarily at the epigenetic level. Initially, recruitment of the polycomb repressor complex 2 to the PR promoter suppresses transcription. Subsequently, DNA methylation prevents PR expression. Appropriate epigenetic modulators reverse these mechanisms. These data provide a rationale for combining epigenetic modulators with progestins as a therapeutic strategy for endometrial cancer. SIGNIFICANCE Traditional hormonal therapy for women with endometrial cancer can be molecularly enhanced by combining progestins with epigenetic modulators, thereby increasing progesterone receptor expression and significantly improving treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
- Carver College of Medicine and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Yichen Jia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Xiaoyue Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | | | - Xinjun Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Eric J. Devor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Adriann M. Hovey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Henry D. Reyes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Informatics, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Donghai Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Xiangbing Meng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
- Carver College of Medicine and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kristina W. Thiel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Frederick E. Domann
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
- Carver College of Medicine and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kimberly K. Leslie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
- Carver College of Medicine and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, USA
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Mesci-Haftaci S, Ankarali H, Yavuzcan A, Caglar M. Endometrial Curettage in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding and Efficacy of Progestins for Control in Cases of Hyperplasia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:3737-40. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.8.3737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Raychaudhuri G, Bandyopadhyay A, Sarkar D, Mandal S, Mondal S, Mitra PK. Endometrial hyperplasia: a clinicopathological study in a tertiary care hospital. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2014; 63:394-8. [PMID: 24431686 DOI: 10.1007/s13224-013-0414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical as well as histomorphologic features in different cases of endometrial hyperplasia along with its relative occurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS A one-and-a-half-year prospective study was conducted on histopathologically diagnosed cases of endometrial hyperplasia in a tertiary care hospital. Apart from relevant clinical findings, histomorphologic details were noted and statistically analyzed. OBSERVATIONS Maximum number (46.5 %) of endometrial hyperplasia occurred in patients of 41-50 years age group. Majority (55.2 %) of the patients were found to be premenopausal. Menorrhagia was the most common (49.6 %) clinical presentation followed by postmenopausal bleeding (30.8 %). Simple hyperplasia without atypia was the most common type (95.6 %) followed by complex hyperplasia without atypia (3.6 %) and complex hyperplasia with atypia (0.8 %), respectively. The study of gland-stroma ratio revealed 65:35 to be the most frequent (34 %) ratio; variable-sized glands with cystic dilatation (60.4 %) was the commonest gland architecture and most of the cases (99.2 %) showed the absence of atypia. Associated histopathological findings included a case each of endometrial adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated endometrial stromal sarcoma along with the common leiomyoma and progesterone effects. CONCLUSION Menorrhagia was the most common presenting complaint in cases of endometrial hyperplasia. The cases were mostly in the premenopausal age group. Simple endometrial hyperplasia without atypia was the commonest type diagnosed histopathologically. Histopathological examination along with clinical details is essential to give the final opinion regarding the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Raychaudhuri
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, India ; Sarsuna Satellite Township, Phase - I, House No. H-1/20, Biren Roy Road (West), Kolkata, 700061 India
| | - Anjali Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Pathology, Murshidabad Medical College and Hospital, Berhampore, India
| | - Dipnarayan Sarkar
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Sarbeswar Mandal
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Sajeeb Mondal
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Pradip Kumar Mitra
- Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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Orbo A, Vereide A, Arnes M, Pettersen I, Straume B. Levonorgestrel-impregnated intrauterine device as treatment for endometrial hyperplasia: a national multicentre randomised trial. BJOG 2013; 121:477-86. [PMID: 24286192 PMCID: PMC4155866 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate if the levonorgestrel-impregnated intrauterine device (LNG-IUS, Mirena®) is safe and effective as therapy for low-risk and medium-risk endometrial hyperplasia compared with oral medroxyprogesterone (MPA). Design A multicentre randomised trial. Setting Norway. Population In all, 170 women aged 30–70 years with low- or medium-risk endometrial hyperplasia who met inclusion criteria. Methods Patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment arms: LNG-IUS; oral MPA 10 mg administered for 10 days per cycle, or continuous oral MPA 10 mg daily, for 6 months. Main outcome measures The primary outcome measure was normalisation or persisting hyperplasia. Results After 6 months all three treatment regimens showed significant effect when the outcome was evaluated as therapy response or not (P < 0.001). Responses were obtained for all the women in the LNG-IUS group (53/53, 95% CI 0.93–1.0) and for 96% of the women in the continuous oral group (46/48, 95% CI 0.86–0.99). Only 69% of the women in the cyclic oral group were responders (36/52, 95% CI 0.55–0.81). Adverse effects were relatively common with minimal differences between therapy groups. Conclusion In the first trial of its kind, women treated with the LNG-IUS showed histologically normal endometrium after 6 months of therapy for endometrial hyperplasia. Cyclical progestogens are found to be less effective compared with continuous oral therapy and LNG-IUS and should not be used for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Orbo
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Research group for Gynaecological Cancer, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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Abu Hashim H, Zayed A, Ghayaty E, El Rakhawy M. LNG-IUS treatment of non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia in perimenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. J Gynecol Oncol 2013; 24:128-34. [PMID: 23653829 PMCID: PMC3644688 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2013.24.2.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and oral norethisterone acetate (NET) for treatment of non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia in perimenopausal women. METHODS One hundred and twenty perimenopausal women with non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia were selected in this randomized controlled trial. Patients received LNG-IUS (n=59) or NET (n=61; 15 mg/day for 3 weeks/cycle) for 3-6 months. Outpatient follow-up with endometrial biopsies were undertaken at 3, 6, and 12 months intervals after treatment. Outcome measures were; the regression rate, the time to regression and hysterectomy rate. RESULTS A significantly higher regression rate was noted in the LNG-IUS group than in NET group at the 3rd, 6th and 12th month follow-up visits using intention-to-treat analysis (67.8% vs. 47.5%, relative risk [RR], 1.42; 79.7% vs. 60.7%, RR, 1.31; and 88.1% vs. 55.7%, RR, 1.58, respectively). However, no significant difference was found regarding the median time to regression (3 months). The hysterectomy rate during the follow-up period was significantly higher in the NET group (57.4% vs.22%, p<0.001). CONCLUSION LNG-IUS treatment of non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia in perimenopausal women is more effective than NET for achieving disease regression for the majority within 1 year. Moreover, it can reduce the number of hysterectomies performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Abu Hashim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
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Bakkum-Gamez JN, Kalogera E, Keeney GL, Mariani A, Podratz KC, Dowdy SC. Conservative Management of Atypical Hyperplasia and Grade I Endometrial Carcinoma: Review of the Literature and Presentation of a Series. J Gynecol Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/gyn.2012.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gary L. Keeney
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrea Mariani
- Division of Gynecologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Karl C. Podratz
- Division of Gynecologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sean C. Dowdy
- Division of Gynecologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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PAX2 loss by immunohistochemistry occurs early and often in endometrial hyperplasia. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2012; 31:151-159. [PMID: 22317873 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0b013e318226b376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical markers to assist in the diagnosis and classification of hyperplastic endometrial epithelial proliferations would be of diagnostic use. To examine the possible use of PAX2 as a marker of hyperplastic endometrium, cases of normal endometrium, simple and complex hyperplasia without atypia, atypical hyperplasia, and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) grade 1 endometrioid carcinomas were stained for PAX2. Two hundred and six endometrial samples were available for interpretation of PAX2 staining. The percentage of cases with complete PAX2 loss (0% of cells staining) increased with increasing severity of hyperplasia: 0% of normal proliferative and secretory endometrium (n=28), 17.4% of simple hyperplasia (n=23), 59.0% of complex hyperplasia (n=83), 74.1% of atypical hyperplasia (n=54), and 73.3% of FIGO grade 1 endometrioid cancers (n=15). Partial loss of PAX2 expression did occur in normal endometrium (17.9%) but in smaller proportions of tissue and was less frequent than in simple hyperplasia (47.8% with partial loss), complex hyperplasia (32.5%), atypical hyperplasia (22.2%), and FIGO grade 1 carcinomas (20.0%). Uniform PAX2 expression was rare in complex (8.4%) and atypical hyperplasia (3.7%) and carcinoma (6.7%). When evaluating loss of PAX2 in histologically normal endometrium adjacent to lesional endometrium in a given case, statistically significant differences in staining were observed for simple hyperplasia (P=0.011), complex hyperplasia (P<0.001), atypical hyperplasia (P<0.001), and FIGO grade 1 endometrioid cancer (P=0.003). In summary, PAX2 loss seems to occur early in the development of endometrial precancers and may prove useful in some settings as a diagnostic marker in determining normal endometrium from complex and atypical hyperplasia and low-grade carcinomas. However, it is not useful in distinguishing between these diagnostic categories.
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Tasdemir N, Kilic S, Lortlar N, Yuksel B, Goker U, Ozaksit G. Time dependent influence of etonogestrel on the caspase-3 immunoreactivity and apoptotic indexes of rat uterus and ovaries. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012; 28:463-7. [PMID: 22578029 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2011.633652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is necessary for the balance between cell proliferation and loss. Thirty-six Wistar-Albino rats were subjected to investigate apoptotic effect of widely used implantable progestins on ovarian and uterine tissues. Rats were divided into 6 groups. In the first five groups, we applied etonogestrel (IMP) subcutaneous implants (n = 30). The rats in groups were sacrificed sequentially every 10 days after application. The rats in the last group (n = 6) were accepted as controls. Apoptotic index (AI) values and Caspase-3 immunoreactivities of ovaries and uterus were recorded. In IMP groups, AI and Hscore values in stroma and glandular epithelium of uterus, granulosa and teca-lutein cells of the ovary increased with the longer progesterone exposure. Increase in AI and Hscore values were more prominent after 30 days of exposure for teca-lutein cells of ovary. Progestins increased apoptosis in ovaries and uterus by the longer exposure. Apoptosis increased in ovaries by chronic progesterone exposure. The apoptotic effect of progestin on endometrium is clear but long-term systemic application may lead to alterations in ovarian physiology. We evaluated time dependent apoptotic effect of etonogestrel on reproductive physiology and discussed progestins effect from another point of view in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicel Tasdemir
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Namik Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, Tekirdag, Turkey.
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Hvingel B, Lieng M, Roald B, Ørbo A. Vascular markers CD31, CD34, actin, VEGFB, and VEGFR2, are prognostic markers for malignant development in benign endometrial polyps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ojog.2012.21004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Predictors of resolution of complex atypical hyperplasia or grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma in premenopausal women treated with progestin therapy. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 124:542-8. [PMID: 22079678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify clinical and pathologic predictors of response to progestin treatment in premenopausal women with complex atypical hyperplasia (CAH) and Grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma (Grade 1 EA). METHODS Forty premenopausal patients with Grade 1 EA or CAH who underwent progestin therapy for a minimum of 8 weeks were retrospectively identified. Patient characteristics and histopathologic features of pretreatment and first follow-up endometrial specimens were evaluated as predictors of resolution, defined as absence of hyperplasia or carcinoma. RESULTS Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated 63% resolution at 18 months of follow-up. Multivariate classification analysis showed that resolution rates were higher in individuals with a low pre-treatment qualitative abnormal architecture score and a BMI <35 (Standardized Resolution Ratio (SRR)=1.48, p=0.03). The diagnosis of benign endometrium or simple hyperplasia on the first follow-up specimen was highly predictive of resolution (SRR=2.25, p=0.002). Resolution rates were lower among subjects with a high pre-treatment qualitative abnormal architecture score (SRR=0.37, p<0.03) and lowest in subjects whose first follow-up specimen showed persistent complexity, atypia, or carcinoma with adjacent stromal decidualization (SRR=0.24, p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS Clinical and pathologic parameters can predict response to progestin therapy in premenopausal women with CAH and Grade 1 EA. A low likelihood of resolution is predicted by an unfavorable pre-treatment architectural score and lack of pathological response in the first specimen, despite adjacent stromal decidualization.
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Chandra V, Fatima I, Saxena R, Kitchlu S, Sharma S, Hussain MK, Hajela K, Bajpai P, Dwivedi A. Apoptosis induction and inhibition of hyperplasia formation by 2-[piperidinoethoxyphenyl]-3-[4-hydroxyphenyl]-2H-benzo(b)pyran in rat uterus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 205:362.e1-11. [PMID: 21782150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was undertaken to explore the antiproliferative mechanism of action of 2-[piperidinoethoxyphenyl]-3-[4-hydroxyphenyl]-2H-benzo(b)pyran (K-1) in estradiol-induced rat uterine hyperplasia. STUDY DESIGN Adult ovariectomized rats received vehicle or estradiol alone (20 μg/kg) or estradiol along with K-1 (100 or 200 μg/kg) for 14 days. Uterine histomorphometric analysis and immunoblotting were performed. Caspase-3 activity and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end-labeling staining were performed to analyze the apoptotic potential of compound. RESULTS Compound inhibited estradiol-induced uterine weight and histomorphometric changes pertaining to endometrial growth and down-regulated the expression of estrogen response element and activator protein-1 regulated genes and transcription factors. The compound significantly induced apoptosis, interfered with Akt activation, decreased X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein expression leading to an increased cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase, increased Bax/Bcl2 ratio, and caspase-3 activity. CONCLUSION K-1 inhibits endometrial proliferation via nonclassical estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms. It interfered with Akt activation and induced apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway and inhibited estradiol-induced hyperplasia formation in rat uterus.
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Abstract
Endometrial cancer covers several different types, the most prevalent in the developed world being endometrioid adenocarcinoma, which is estrogen-dependent and has a better prognosis compared to the non-estrogen-dependent types, e.g. papillary serous adenocarcinoma and clear cell carcinomas. Prognosis is also dependent on tumor differentiation and stage, and treatment should be adjusted accordingly. In this paper, the different types of endometrial cancer, staging, prognosis, diagnosis, prevention, treatment and their relationship to estrogen and other female hormones are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S G Ulrich
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ozdegirmenci O, Kayikcioglu F, Bozkurt U, Akgul MA, Haberal A. Comparison of the Efficacy of Three Progestins in the Treatment of Simple Endometrial Hyperplasia without Atypia. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2011; 72:10-4. [DOI: 10.1159/000321390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gallos ID, Shehmar M, Thangaratinam S, Papapostolou TK, Coomarasamy A, Gupta JK. Oral progestogens vs levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for endometrial hyperplasia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203:547.e1-10. [PMID: 20934679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 05/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review and metaanalysis of studies evaluating the regression rate of endometrial hyperplasia with oral progestogens and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. STUDY DESIGN Searches were conducted on Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, and reference lists of relevant articles were examined. The methodologic index for nonrandomized studies was used for quality assessment. Metaanalysis was performed with random effects model. RESULTS There were 24 observational studies (1001 women), of low methodologic quality, evaluating the outcome of regression of endometrial hyperplasia with oral progestogens or levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. Metaanalysis showed that oral progestogens achieved a lower pooled regression rate compared with levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for complex (pooled rate, 66% vs 92%; P < .01) and atypical hyperplasia (pooled rate, 69% vs 90%; P = .03). There was no statistical difference in simple hyperplasia (pooled rate, 89% vs 96%; P = .41). CONCLUSION Oral progestogens appear to induce a lower disease regression rate than Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in the treatment of endometrial hyperplasia.
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Bitto A, Granese R, Triolo O, Villari D, Maisano D, Giordano D, Altavilla D, Marini H, Adamo EB, Nicotina PA, D'Anna R, Squadrito F. Genistein aglycone: a new therapeutic approach to reduce endometrial hyperplasia. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:844-850. [PMID: 20570122 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endometrial hyperplasia without cytological atypia is commonly treated with progestins, but other treatment regimes may be available with equivalent efficacy and low side effects. DESIGN A randomized double-blind, placebo and progesterone-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the effects of genistein aglycone in reducing endometrial hyperplasia. PATIENTS A group of 56 premenopausal women with non-atypical endometrial hyperplasia were enrolled and received: genistein aglycone (n=19; 54 mg/day); norethisterone acetate (n=19; 10 mg/day on days 16-25 of the menstrual cycle) or placebo (n=18) for 6 months. MEASUREMENTS Hysteroscopy was performed with biopsies and symptomology assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months of administration. The effect on estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) expression in uterine biopsies were assessed after 3 and 6 months. For each treatment follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and progesterone (PG) levels were also evaluated. RESULTS After 6 months, 42% of genistein aglycone-administered subjects had a significant improvement of symptoms (histologically confirmed in the 29%) compared to 47% of norethisterone acetate subjects (histologically confirmed in the 31%), but only 12% in the placebo group with 19% exhibiting worsening symptoms and increased endometrial thickness. No significant differences were noted for hormone levels for any treatment, but immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly reduced staining for ER-alpha and PR and enhanced ER-beta1 staining in genistein-administered subjects associated with a complete regression of bleeding. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that genistein aglycone might be useful for the management of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia in women that cannot be treated with progestin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, c/o AOU Policlinico G. Martino, Gazzi, Messina, Italy
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Complex hyperplasia with and without atypia: clinical outcomes and implications of progestin therapy. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 116:365-373. [PMID: 20664397 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0b013e3181e93330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Limited data exist to inform clinicians and patients as to the likelihood of long-term endometrial hyperplasia response to progestin therapy, especially for atypical hyperplasia. We evaluated women with complex and atypical endometrial hyperplasia, comparing those prescribed progestin with those not prescribed progestin. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was conducted in 1985-2005 among women aged 18-88 years at an integrated health plan in Washington State. Women were ineligible if they achieved an outcome (endometrial carcinoma, hysterectomy, or both) within 8 weeks of hyperplasia diagnosis. Exposure was progestin use for at least 14 days by duration and recency. Outcomes included rate of 1) endometrial carcinoma, 2) hysterectomy, or 3) both. Analyses performed included Kaplan-Meier, incident rate ratios, and Cox proportional hazard ratios. RESULTS One thousand four hundred forty-three eligible women were identified. One thousand two hundred one had complex (n=164 no progestin) and 242 had atypical (n=62 no progestin) hyperplasia. During follow-up, a median of 5.3 years (range 8 weeks to 20.8 years), 71 women were diagnosed with endometrial carcinoma (35 complex, 36 atypia) and 323 underwent hysterectomy (216 complex, 107 atypia). Among women with complex and atypical hyperplasia, rates of endometrial carcinoma among progestin users were 3.6 and 20.5 per 1,000 woman-years, respectively (compared with women who did not use progestin, 10.8 and 101.4). Among women with complex and atypical hyperplasia, rates of hysterectomy among progestin users were 23.3 and 61.4 per 1,000 woman-years, respectively (compared with women who did not use progestin, 55.1 and 297.3). CONCLUSION Endometrial carcinoma risk is diminished approximately threefold to fivefold in women diagnosed with complex or atypical endometrial hyperplasia and dispensed progestin; hysterectomy risk is also decreased. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Lacey JV, Sherman ME, Rush BB, Ronnett BM, Ioffe OB, Duggan MA, Glass AG, Richesson DA, Chatterjee N, Langholz B. Absolute risk of endometrial carcinoma during 20-year follow-up among women with endometrial hyperplasia. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:788-92. [PMID: 20065186 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.24.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The severity of endometrial hyperplasia (EH)-simple (SH), complex (CH), or atypical (AH)-influences clinical management, but valid estimates of absolute risk of clinical progression to carcinoma are lacking. Materials and METHODS We conducted a case-control study nested in a cohort of 7,947 women diagnosed with EH (1970-2002) at one prepaid health plan who remained at risk for at least 1 year. Patient cases (N = 138) were diagnosed with carcinoma, on average, 6 years later (range, 1 to 24 years). Patient controls (N = 241) were matched to patient cases on age at EH, date of EH, and duration of follow-up, and they were counter-matched to patient cases on EH severity. After we independently reviewed original slides and medical records of patient controls and patient cases, we combined progression relative risks (AH v SH, CH, or disordered proliferative endometrium [ie, equivocal EH]) from the case-control analysis with clinical censoring information (ie, hysterectomy, death, or left the health plan) on all cohort members to estimate interval-specific (ie, 1 to 4, 5 to 9, and 10 to 19 years) and cumulative (ie, through 4, 9, and 19 years) progression risks. Results For nonatypical EH, cumulative progression risk increased from 1.2% (95% CI, 0.6% to 1.9%) through 4 years to 1.9% (95% CI, 1.2% to 2.6%) through 9 years to 4.6% (95% CI, 3.3% to 5.8%) through 19 years after EH diagnosis. For AH, cumulative risk increased from 8.2% (95% CI, 1.3% to 14.6%) through 4 years to 12.4% (95% CI, 3.0% to 20.8%) through 9 years to 27.5% (95% CI, 8.6% to 42.5%) through 19 years after AH. CONCLUSION Cumulative 20-year progression risk among women who remain at risk for at least 1 year is less than 5% for nonatypical EH but is 28% for AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Lacey
- City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA.
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Schmidt D. [Endometrial carcinomas and precursor lesions--new aspects]. DER PATHOLOGE 2009; 30:261-7. [PMID: 19495762 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-009-1154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial carcinomas can be separated into two groups which are designated as type I and type II carcinomas today. Both groups of tumors are clearly different with regard to conventional light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, molecular pathology and clinical features. Only type I carcinomas are associated with hyperestrogenism. The group of type I carcinomas consists of endometrioid carcinoma and its variants, and mucinous carcinoma. The prototypes of type II carcinomas are serous and clear cell carcinoma. Not all carcinomas, however, can be assigned to one of the two groups, because there are hybrid tumors and mixed carcinomas, e.g. endometrioid carcinoma with a serous component. The precursor lesions of the endometrioid carcinoma and the serous carcinoma are well characterized morphologically and by molecular pathology. Atypical hyperplasia is the precursor lesion of endometrioid carcinoma, whereas endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (EIC) is the precursor lesion of serous carcinoma. No precursor lesion has as yet been identified for clear cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical markers for endometrial carcinoma are CK7 and vimentin, for serous carcinoma markers are p53 and p16. Correct typing is of essential prognostic necessity in endometrial carcinoma. Of utmost importance is the detection of a serous component, because serous carcinoma leads to early tumor spread with the necessity of radical surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schmidt
- Institut für Pathologie, Gemeinschaftspraxis, Mannheim, Deutschland.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the likelihood of histologic persistence/progression of complex hyperplasia and atypical hyperplasia among women treated with progestin compared with those not treated, with attention to type, dose, and duration. METHODS This was a cohort study at an integrated health plan of women, ages 18-85 years, with complex or atypical hyperplasia on independent pathology review with a second endometrial specimen in the 2-6 months after the index diagnosis. Progestin therapy between index diagnosis and follow-up biopsy was determined from the pharmacy database. Medical record abstraction was performed. Relative risks (RRs), adjusted for age and body mass index, were calculated. RESULTS Among 185 women, average age 55.9 years, follow-up 16.1 weeks, 115 had complex and 70 had atypical hyperplasia. Among women with complex hyperplasia, 28.4% of those treated with progestin and 30.0% of those not treated had persistence/progression (RR 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.53-2.72). Among women with atypical hyperplasia, 26.9% of those treated with progestin and 66.7% of those not treated had persistence/progression (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.21-0.70); there was a suggestion that use of at least a medium dose, or a duration of at least 3 months, was associated with a particularly low probability of persistence/progression. CONCLUSION Although progestin treatment of women with atypical hyperplasia was associated with a substantial increase in the likelihood of regression of the lesion during the ensuing 2-6 months, persistence/progression was nonetheless present in more than one quarter of treated women. Regression of complex hyperplasia without atypia was common whether progestin had or had not been used.
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Epplein M, Reed SD, Voigt LF, Newton KM, Holt VL, Weiss NS. Endometrial hyperplasia risk in relation to recent use of oral contraceptives and hormone therapy. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19:1-7. [PMID: 19064186 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to examine the relationship between recent use of oral contraceptives and hormone therapy and endometrial hyperplasia (EH) risk. METHODS Cases comprised women diagnosed with complex EH (n = 289) or atypical EH (n = 173) between 1985 and 2003. One age-matched control was selected for each case; excluded were women with a prior hysterectomy or diagnosis of EH or endometrial cancer. Hormone use in the 6 months prior to the date of the case's first symptoms was ascertained using a pharmacy database and medical records. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS Three (1.1%) cases had used oral contraceptives, compared to 16 (6.0%) controls (OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.0-0.6). Fifty-one (16.8%) cases had taken estrogen-only hormone therapy, in contrast to two (0.7%) controls (OR = 37.6, 95% CI: 8.8-160.0). The risk of EH among estrogen plus progestin hormone users did not differ from that of non-users (OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.4-1.1). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that previous findings of the association of estrogen-only hormone therapy with increased risk of EH and the lack of an association between estrogen plus progestin hormone therapy and EH risk are likely to apply to both complex EH and atypical EH. Further examination of the association between oral contraceptives and EH, with greater numbers of OC users, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meira Epplein
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Strissel PL, Ellmann S, Loprich E, Thiel F, Fasching PA, Stiegler E, Hartmann A, Beckmann MW, Strick R. Early aberrant insulin-like growth factor signaling in the progression to endometrial carcinoma is augmented by tamoxifen. Int J Cancer 2009; 123:2871-9. [PMID: 18814240 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is an important selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator for treatment of steroid hormone positive breast cancer. In addition to the beneficial effect, tamoxifen is one risk factor for endometrial carcinoma (EnCa) development. We hypothesized that, (1) dysregulation of gene expression and protein phosphorylation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and steroid hormone receptor-signaling occur early in benign endometrial tissues and (2) signaling differences would be detected between patients with or without tamoxifen treatment. Seventy-eight tissues, including 2 benign cohorts from patients treated with (n = 24) or without tamoxifen (n = 28) (hyperproliferative endometrium, hyperplasia, polyps), EnCa (n = 12) with endometrium controls (n = 14) were analyzed for expression of 15 genes from the IGF and steroid hormone receptor-signaling, including the target genes Syncytin-1, PAX2 and c-myc. Total and phosphorylated protein expression were examined for ERalpha, PTEN, AKT, mTOR and Syncytin-1. Compared to controls similar significant deregulation of IGF and steroid hormone receptor-signaling, Syncytin-1 and PAX2 occurred in both benign cohorts, irrelevant of tamoxifen treatment. Comparing both benign cohorts with and without tamoxifen significant expression differences were noted. Increased total protein and phosphorylation of pERalpha-Ser118, pPTEN-Thr380, pAKT-Thr308, pAKT-Ser473, pmTOR-Ser2448 and Syncytin-1 were noted in early benign tissue stages associating with tamoxifen, especially polyps. Functional kinetic studies following tamoxifen treatment of the PTEN mutated RL95-2 EnCa cell line, demonstrated a doubling of phosphorylation of pERalpha-Ser118 and a 4.2-fold induction of pAKT-Thr308 along with Syncytin-1 induction. This study supports that dysregulated IGF and steroid hormone receptor signaling is prominent in endometrial benign stages and these alterations could represent clinical indicators for the risk of EnCa and also help in development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Strissel
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, University-Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Brun JL, André G, Descat E, Creux H, Vigier J, Dallay D. Modalités et efficacité des traitements médicaux et chirurgicaux devant des ménométrorragies organiques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 37 Suppl 8:S368-83. [DOI: 10.1016/s0368-2315(08)74778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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The endometrial hyperplasias revisited. Virchows Arch 2008; 453:223-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-008-0650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hannachi Sassi S, Dhouib R, Abbes I, Braham E, Mrad K, Driss M, Ben Hamida N, Ben Romdhane K. [Endometrial atypical complex hyperplasia with extensive squamous metaplasia: two cases]. Ann Pathol 2008; 28:233-6. [PMID: 18706369 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We report two cases of endometrial atypical complex hyperplasia with an extensive squamous hyperplasia occurring in two women aged 48 and 31 years old. The histological study showed an increase in the gland to stroma ratio with a false crowding aspect due to an extensive area of squamous metaplasia; some metaplastic areas were centered by necrosis. There was glandular cytologic atypia. Histologic examination is necessary to confirm the diagnosis and to definitively rule out adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Hannachi Sassi
- Service d'anatomie et de cytologie pathologiques, institut Salah-Azaiez, Bab-Saadoun, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia.
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The effectiveness of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) in the treatment of endometrial hyperplasia—A long-term follow-up study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008; 139:169-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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