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Cai X, Zhao Y, Wang L, Hu M, Wu Z, Liu L, Zhu W, Pei R. Synthesis of Au@MOF core-shell hybrids for enhanced photodynamic/photothermal therapy. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:6646-6657. [PMID: 34369551 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00800e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic/photothermal therapy (PDT/PTT) has become a research focus of cancer treatment due to the non-invasiveness, spatio-temporal controllability, and effectiveness of repeated treatment. Here, Au@MOF core-shell hybrids were designed and constructed by the layer-by-layer method, and the thickness of the MOF shell can be adjusted by controlling the coordination reaction between the layers. Au nanorod cores mainly produce the PTT effect due to their strong absorbance at 650 nm. The porphyrin ligand in the MOF shell can convert O2 into 1O2 under light conditions, resulting in a high PDT effect. Moreover, the metal node Fe3O(OAc)6(H2O)3+ cluster of the MOF can catalyze the decomposition of H2O2 into O2 to overcome the hypoxic environment of tumors, which further improves the effect of PDT. The combination of the porphyrin ligand in the MOF structure and Au nanorods has promoted the synergistic effects of PDT/PTT. As expected, the results confirmed that Au@MOF hybrids showed no obvious biotoxicity in both cells and animal experiments, and exhibited good biocompatibility. With the synergistic effects of PDT/PTT, cancer cells could be effectively killed and tumor growth could be inhibited. In addition, the modification of folic acid on the surface of Au@MOF can further enrich the hybrids at the tumor site and enhance the inhibitory effect on tumors. These studies have proved that PDT and PTT can be effectively combined and have greater advantages in enhancing the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
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Xu W, Wang J, Jin L, Zhu Y, Yang X. A tumor acidity-driven transformable polymeric nanoassembly with deep tumor penetration and membrane-anchoring capability for targeted photodynamic therapy. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121024. [PMID: 34280825 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, directly damaging cell membrane therapeutic modalities have attracted great attention in the field of cancer therapy due to their critical role in guaranteeing essential cellular function. In this study, the transformable nanoassembly PEG-Ce6@PAEMA, consisting of the photosensitizer polyethylene glycol-chlorin-e6 (PEG-Ce6) and tumor pH-sensitive polymer poly(2-azepane ethyl methacrylate) (PAEMA), was developed for highly efficient membrane-targeted photodynamic therapy. The PAEMA core is rapidly protonated at the acidic tumor pH, resulting in the disassembly of PEG-Ce6@PAEMA and regeneration of PEG-Ce6. Subsequently, the resultant PEG-Ce6 with a very small size (~2.6 kDa) ensures deep penetration into tumor tissue and direct and rapid anchoring to the cancer cell membrane, eventually achieving superior tumor growth inhibition under light irradiation. Thus, this tumor acidity-driven transformable polymeric nanoassembly provides a simple but efficient strategy for membrane targeting cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Xu
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 511442, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Junxia Wang
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 511442, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Liangjie Jin
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 511442, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yueqiang Zhu
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 511442, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xianzhu Yang
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, 511442, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), 510005, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Zafari J, Zadehmodarres S, Javani Jouni F, Bagheri-Hosseinabadi Z, Najjar N, Asnaashari M. Investigation into the Effect of Photodynamic Therapy and Cisplatin on the Cervical Cancer Cell Line (A2780). J Lasers Med Sci 2020; 11:S85-S91. [PMID: 33995975 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2020.s14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Cervical cancer is recognized as one of the major causes of mortality among elderly women. Although there are several different therapeutic worldwide guidelines, many researchers have focused on screening new methodologies and technologies to elevate the efficiency of cervical cancer treatment. The simultaneous use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) along with chemotherapy as cisplatin has achieved good aims in the treatment of cervical cancer. Methods: A2780 cells were treated with cisplatin, photodynamic progress (laser with methylene blue as a photosensitizer compound) and a combination of cisplatin and PDT. The lithic effect of the laser, methylene blue and their combination and the IC50 value of cisplatin were calculated for each group. The amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) as membrane lipid peroxidation product and released lactate dehydrogenase was measured in the medium. The toxicity of each agent was evaluated by the MTT technique. Results: The results show that a combination of PDT and chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin caused a twofold decrease in viable cervical cancer cells compared to each therapeutic progress. The combination of both laser therapy and cisplatin enhanced cancer cell membrane disruption by increased membrane lipid peroxidation and apoptotic enzyme activation by the elevation of lactate dehydrogenase activity. Conclusion: The results indicated that cisplatin combined with PDT had a greater therapeutic effect on A2780 as a cervical cancer cell line. Therefore, PDT in combination with chemotherapy enhances the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents by the disruption of the cancer cell membrane and switching the apoptosis progress with less adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Zafari
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Zadehmodarres
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Javani Jouni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Bagheri-Hosseinabadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Nabaa Najjar
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asnaashari
- Department of Endodontic, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Demazeau M, Gibot L, Mingotaud AF, Vicendo P, Roux C, Lonetti B. Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:180-212. [PMID: 32082960 PMCID: PMC7006492 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a technique already used in ophthalmology or oncology. It is based on the local production of reactive oxygen species through an energy transfer from an excited photosensitizer to oxygen present in the biological tissue. This review first presents an update, mainly covering the last five years, regarding the block copolymers used as nanovectors for the delivery of the photosensitizer. In particular, we describe the chemical nature and structure of the block copolymers showing a very large range of existing systems, spanning from natural polymers such as proteins or polysaccharides to synthetic ones such as polyesters or polyacrylates. A second part focuses on important parameters for their design and the improvement of their efficiency. Finally, particular attention has been paid to the question of nanocarrier internalization and interaction with membranes (both biomimetic and cellular), and the importance of intracellular targeting has been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Demazeau
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Laure Gibot
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Françoise Mingotaud
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Patricia Vicendo
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Clément Roux
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Barbara Lonetti
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5623, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
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Nath S, Saad MA, Pigula M, Swain JW, Hasan T. Photoimmunotherapy of Ovarian Cancer: A Unique Niche in the Management of Advanced Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1887. [PMID: 31783651 PMCID: PMC6966499 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is the leading cause of gynecological cancer-related deaths in the United States, with five-year survival rates of 15-20% for stage III cancers and 5% for stage IV cancers. The standard of care for advanced OvCa involves surgical debulking of disseminated disease in the peritoneum followed by chemotherapy. Despite advances in treatment efficacy, the prognosis for advanced stage OvCa patients remains poor and the emergence of chemoresistant disease localized to the peritoneum is the primary cause of death. Therefore, a complementary modality that is agnostic to typical chemo- and radio-resistance mechanisms is urgently needed. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a photochemistry-based process, is an ideal complement to standard treatments for residual disease. The confinement of the disease in the peritoneal cavity makes it amenable for regionally localized treatment with PDT. PDT involves photochemical generation of cytotoxic reactive molecular species (RMS) by non-toxic photosensitizers (PSs) following exposure to non-harmful visible light, leading to localized cell death. However, due to the complex topology of sensitive organs in the peritoneum, diffuse intra-abdominal PDT induces dose-limiting toxicities due to non-selective accumulation of PSs in both healthy and diseased tissue. In an effort to achieve selective damage to tumorous nodules, targeted PS formulations have shown promise to make PDT a feasible treatment modality in this setting. This targeted strategy involves chemical conjugation of PSs to antibodies, referred to as photoimmunoconjugates (PICs), to target OvCa specific molecular markers leading to enhanced therapeutic outcomes while reducing off-target toxicity. In light of promising results of pilot clinical studies and recent preclinical advances, this review provides the rationale and methodologies for PIC-based PDT, or photo-immunotherapy (PIT), in the context of OvCa management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.N.); (M.A.S.); (M.P.)
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6
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Tsubone TM, Baptista MS, Itri R. Understanding membrane remodelling initiated by photosensitized lipid oxidation. Biophys Chem 2019; 254:106263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2019.106263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Thompson SA, Aggarwal A, Singh S, Adam AP, Tome JP, Drain CM. Compromising the plasma membrane as a secondary target in photodynamic therapy-induced necrosis. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5224-5228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Inai M, Honda N, Hazama H, Akter S, Fuse S, Nakamura H, Nishikawa T, Kaneda Y, Awazu K. Photodynamic therapy using a cytotoxic photosensitizer porphyrus envelope that targets the cell membrane. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 20:238-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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TALEN based HPV-E7 editing triggers necrotic cell death in cervical cancer cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5500. [PMID: 28710417 PMCID: PMC5511212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus E7 and E6 oncoproteins have been considered as suitable candidate anti-viral targets since they cause malignant conversion in cervical cancers. Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) are recent editing tools to knockout genes by inducing double stranded breaks at specific sites in the genome. In here, we have designed specific TALENs to target E7 and analyzed their efficiency in inducing cell death in cervical cancer cells. We found that designed TALENs could yield about 10–12% editing activity as observed from T7E1 and nuclease resistance assays. Down-regulation of E7 and E6 was further evident at the transcript as well as proteins levels indicating that the selected TALENs were effective. TALEN-mediated E7 editing led to cell death as ascertained by cell cycle and Annexin V assays. Annexin profiling suggested that cell death could be due to necrosis as observed by upregulation of necrotic markers such as LDH A, Rip-1, and Cyclophilin A. Necrosis appears to be a better therapeutic response as it could further activate pro-inflammatory cytokines to attract immune cells to eliminate HPV-integrated cells and therefore TALEN editing strategy has the potential to be a promising tool as an adjuvant therapy in cervical cancer along with surgery.
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Plasma membrane activatable polymeric nanotheranostics with self-enhanced light-triggered photosensitizer cellular influx for photodynamic cancer therapy. J Control Release 2017; 255:231-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Mun ST, Bae DH, Ahn WS. Epigallocatechin gallate with photodynamic therapy enhances anti-tumor effects in vivo and in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 11:141-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Chaturvedi PK, Kim YW, Kim SS, Ahn WS. Phototoxic effects of pyropheophorbide-a from chlorophyll-a on cervical cancer cells. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424613501034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising modality in both the curative and palliative treatment against a variety of experimental and naturally occurring human cancers. At present, chlorophyll a derivatives are extensively used for the synthesis of photosensitizers (PSs) for PDT of tumors. In the present study, chlorophyll-a was extracted from the blue-green algae Spirulina platensis by refluxing with acetone. The extract was further acid treated to obtain methylpheophorbide-a (MPa), which was then refluxed in collidine and methylpyropheophorbide-a (Mppa) was obtained. After that, Mppa was converted to pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa) by treatment with 50% sulfuric acid. Finally, phototoxicity and dark toxicity of purified Ppa in two different cell lines, TC-1 and CaSki, were examined by MTT assay. The results suggest that Ppa is more toxic to TC-1 cell line than CaSki cell line. In vivo, the photosensitizing efficiency of Ppa was also higher than those of unloaded PS. These results indicate the potential of Ppa in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Chaturvedi
- Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Wan Kim
- Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- Wonkwang Institute of Integrative Biomedical Science, Wonkwang Digital University, 437 Dorimcheon-ro, Youngdeungpo-gu, Seoul 150-827, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Shick Ahn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
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Ghosh S, Ucer KB, D'Agostino R, Grant K, Sirintrapun J, Thomas MJ, Hantgan R, Bharadwaj M, Gmeiner WH. Non-covalent assembly of meso-tetra-4-pyridyl porphine with single-stranded DNA to form nano-sized complexes with hydrophobicity-dependent DNA release and anti-tumor activity. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:451-61. [PMID: 23988714 PMCID: PMC3946208 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA and porphyrin based therapeutics are important for anti-cancer treatment. The present studies demonstrate single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) assembles with meso-tetra-4-pyridyl porphine (MTP) forming porphyrin:DNA nano-complexes (PDN) that are stable in aqueous solution under physiologically relevant conditions and undergo dissociation with DNA release in hydrophobic environments, including cell membranes. PDN formation is DNA-dependent with the ratio of porphyrin:DNA being approximately two DNA nucleobases per porphyrin. PDN produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a light-dependent manner under conditions that favor nano-complex dissociation in the presence of hydrophobic solvents. PDN induce light-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro and anti-tumor activity towards bladder cancer xenografts in vivo. Light-dependent, PDN-mediated cell death results from ROS-mediated localized membrane damage due to lipid peroxidation with mass spectrometry indicating the generation of the lipid peroxidation products 9- and 13-hydroxy octadecanoic acid. Our results demonstrate that PDN have properties useful for therapeutic applications, including cancer treatment. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this study, porphyrin-DNA nanocomplexes were investigated as anti-cancer therapeutics inducing ROS production in a light-dependent manner. Efficacy is demonstrated in vitro as well as a in a bladder cancer xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratim Ghosh
- Program in Molecular Genetics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kamil B Ucer
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ralph D'Agostino
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ken Grant
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Joseph Sirintrapun
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Roy Hantgan
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Manish Bharadwaj
- Department of Genrontology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - William H Gmeiner
- Program in Molecular Genetics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Caponi S, Liguori L, Giugliarelli A, Mattarelli M, Morresi A, Sassi P, Urbanelli L, Musio C. Raman micro-spectroscopy: A powerful tool for the monitoring of dynamic supramolecular changes in living cells. Biophys Chem 2013; 182:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hypericin-PDT-induced rapid necrotic death in human squamous cell carcinoma cultures after multiple treatment. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:1261-6. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20120108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang JJ, Li JZ, Jakus J, Shim YK. Synthesis of long-wavelength chlorins by chemical modification for methyl pyropheophorbide-a and their in vitro cell viabilities. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424611004403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel chlorophyll-a homologs with long wavelength absorption were synthesized via modification of methyl pyropheophorbide-a used as starting material. For introducing electron-withdrawing group methylenemalononitrile moiety was established on the periphery of modified chlorin by Knoevenagel reaction of malononitrile with formyl group at 3-, 15-position and 131-carbonyl group on the exocyclic ring. All of chlorins containing the methylenemalononitrile structure show Qy-absorption at more than 700 nm. Moreover, we have examined a preliminary in vitro photodynamic anticancer effect of these new derivatives on mouse sarcoma S-180 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jia Zhu Li
- PDT Research Institute, School of Nano Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
| | - Judit Jakus
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1025, Hungary
| | - Young Key Shim
- PDT Research Institute, School of Nano Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
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Galindev O, Badraa N, Shim YK. Synthesis of methyl pyropheophorbide-a pyrazole derivatives and their in vitro cell viabilities on A549 cells. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424607000953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins and chlorins containing acetylacetone residues on the peripheral substituents are known to readily react with hydrazine derivatives to form porphyrin and chlorin derivatives possessing a pyrazole moiety. In this study, we have carried out the synthesis of methyl pyropheophorbide-a derivatives containing a pyrazole moiety on its peripheral position. Moreover, we have examined a preliminary in vitro effect of these new derivatives on A549 cancer cell in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyunbileg Galindev
- PDT Research Institute, School of Nano Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, South Korea
| | - Narangerel Badraa
- PDT Research Institute, School of Nano Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, South Korea
| | - Young Key Shim
- PDT Research Institute, School of Nano Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, South Korea
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Wang JJ, Li JZ, Li YW, Jakus J, Shim YK. Synthesis of isoxazoline-linked chlorins and their in vitro cell viabilities. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424610002690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A concise synthesis of isoxazoline-linked chlorins is described. This approach is carried out from methyl pyropheophorbide-a as the starting material via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of a vinyl group on the periphery with nitrile oxide to give regioselective products with excellent yields. This method represents an extensive and efficient entry into the functionalization of chlorins with a chlorophyll-α skeleton. Moreover, we have examined a preliminary in vitro effect of these new derivatives on mouse sarcoma S-180 cell line in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jun Wang
- Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Biology, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jia-Zhu Li
- Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Biology, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
- PDT Research Institute, School of Nano Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
| | - Yun-Wei Li
- Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Biology, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Judit Jakus
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1025, Hungary
| | - Young Key Shim
- PDT Research Institute, School of Nano Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
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Tirapelli LF, Morgueti M, da Cunha Tirapelli DP, Bagnato VS, Ferreira J, Neto FSL, Peria FM, Oliveira HF, Junior CGC. Apoptosis in Glioma Cells Treated with PDT. Photomed Laser Surg 2011; 29:305-9. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2009.2649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Tirapelli
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Morgueti
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | | | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- Department of Physics and Science of Materials, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira
- Department of Physics and Science of Materials, Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
- Permanent address: Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraiba (UNIVAP), Urbanova 12244-000, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fermino Sanches Lizarte Neto
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Maris Peria
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Harley Francisco Oliveira
- Department of Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
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20
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Chiaviello A, Postiglione I, Palumbo G. Targets and mechanisms of photodynamic therapy in lung cancer cells: a brief overview. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:1014-41. [PMID: 24212652 PMCID: PMC3756402 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3011014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains one of the most common cancer-related causes of death. This type of cancer typically develops over a period of many years, and if detected at an early enough stage can be eliminated by a variety of treatments including photodynamic therapy (PDT). A critical discussion on the clinical applications of PDT in lung cancer is well outside the scope of the present report, which, in turn focuses on mechanistic and other aspects of the photodynamic action at a molecular and cellular level. The knowledge of these issues at pre-clinical levels is necessary to develop, check and adopt appropriate clinical protocols in the future. This report, besides providing general information, includes a brief overview of present experimental PDT and provides some non-exhaustive information on current strategies aimed at further improving the efficacy, especially in regard to lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Chiaviello
- Department of Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare "L. Califano" - Università Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5 80131 Naples, Italy.
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21
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Ge R, Ahn JC, Shin JI, Bahk CW, He P, Chung PS. An In Vitro and In Vivo Study of Combination Therapy with Photogem®-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy and Cisplatin on Mouse Cancer Cells (CT-26). Photomed Laser Surg 2011; 29:155-60. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2009.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Ge
- Medical Laser Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
- Department of Otolaryngology of Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Chul Ahn
- Medical Laser Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jang-In Shin
- Medical Laser Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Chan Woong Bahk
- Medical Laser Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Peijie He
- Medical Laser Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Phil-Sang Chung
- Medical Laser Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
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22
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Kravchenko-Balasha N, Klein S, Safrai M, Levitzki A. Contribution of gross chromosomal changes to HPV16-induced transformation. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1501-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00284d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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23
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Photodynamic therapy associating Photogem® and blue LED on L929 and MDPC-23 cell culture. Cell Biol Int 2010; 34:343-51. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20090032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Ito A, Hosokawa S, Miyoshi S, Soejima K, Ogawa S, Arai T. The Myocardial Electrical Blockade Induced by Photosensitization Reaction. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2010; 57:488-95. [PMID: 19770088 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2009.2031315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arisa Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-0061, Japan.
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25
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Kravchenko-Balasha N, Mizrachy-Schwartz S, Klein S, Levitzki A. Shift from apoptotic to necrotic cell death during human papillomavirus-induced transformation of keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:11717-27. [PMID: 19221178 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m900217200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic transformation is a complex, multistep process, which goes through several stages before complete malignant transformation occurs. To identify early processes in carcinogenesis, we used an in vitro model, based on the initiating event in cervical cancer, papillomavirus transformation of keratinocytes. We compared gene expression in primary keratinocytes (K) and papillomavirus-transformed keratinocytes from early (E) and late (L) passages and from benzo[a]pyrene-treated L cells (BP). The transformed cells exhibit similar transcriptional changes to clinical cervical carcinoma. The number of transcripts expressed progressively decreased during the evolution from K to BP cells. Bioinformatic analysis, validated by detailed biochemical analysis, revealed substantial contraction of both pro- and antiapoptotic networks during transformation. Nonetheless, L and BP cells were not resistant to apoptotic stimuli. At doses of cisplatin that led to 30-60% apoptosis of K and E cells, transformed L and BP cells underwent 80% necrotic cell death, which became the default response to genotoxic stress. Moreover, appreciable necrotic fractions were observed in the cervical carcinoma cell line, HeLa, in response to comparable doses of cisplatin. The shrinkage of biochemical networks, including the apoptotic network, may allow a cancer cell to economize on energy usage to facilitate enhanced proliferation but leaves it vulnerable to stress. This study supports the hypothesis that the process of cancer transformation may be accompanied by a shift from apoptosis to necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Kravchenko-Balasha
- Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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26
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Al-Sherbini ESA, El Noury AH, El Rouby MN, Ibrahim T. Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) enhances the PDT action of hematoporphyrin derivatives on cervical cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mla.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Kunapareddy N, Freyer JP, Mourant JR. Raman spectroscopic characterization of necrotic cell death. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:054002. [PMID: 19021382 DOI: 10.1117/1.2978061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has been used to estimate the biochemical changes due to necrosis in an in vitro model system comprised of a human malignant melanoma cell line (MEL-28). Combined oxygen and glucose deprivation was used to simulate necrotic cell death in tumors. Raman spectroscopy measurements of nonproliferating live cells and dead cells were made at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Quantitative estimates of the biochemical composition of live and dead cells were made by fitting cell spectra to the basis spectra of protein, lipid, RNA, DNA, and glycogen. A decrease in the relative amount of lipid and RNA, and an increase in the relative protein content, were observed in dead cells. A comparison of the spectra indicated the existence of conformational changes in protein and nucleic acids in dead cells. These results suggest that Raman spectroscopy could be used to detect necrotic cell death in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagapratima Kunapareddy
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, MS E535, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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28
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Galindev O, Badraa N, Dalantai M, Sengee GI, Dorjnamjin D, Shim YK. Synthesis of pyrazole substituted methyl pheophorbide-a derivatives and their preliminary in vitro cell viabilities. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:1273-81. [DOI: 10.1039/b802433m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Copley L, van der Watt P, Wirtz KW, Parker MI, Leaner VD. Photolon™, a chlorin e6 derivative, triggers ROS production and light-dependent cell death via necrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:227-35. [PMID: 17822943 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Photolon is a photosensitiser with demonstrated potential as an anti-tumour agent. In this study, an in vitro investigation was performed to determine the mechanism of Photolon-induced cell death. Cell killing was observed in a light-dependent manner and light-activated Photolon resulted in a significant production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could be blocked by type I ROS scavengers. Inhibition of ROS production using Trolox prevented Photolon-induced cell death. Light-activated Photolon caused no increase in caspase-3/7 activity, but a rapid increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release suggesting a loss of membrane integrity and subsequent cell death by necrosis. We conclude that the mechanism of Photolon-induced cell death involves the induction of ROS via a type I mechanism, which is ultimately responsible for cell killing by necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Copley
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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30
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Sung JH, Lee ME, Han SS, Lee SJ, Ha KS, Kim WJ. Gene Expression Profile of Lung Cancer Cells Following Photodynamic Therapy. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2007. [DOI: 10.4046/trd.2007.63.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Sung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Mi-Eun Lee
- Clinical Research Institute of Kangwon National University Hospital, Korea
| | - Seon-Sook Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Seung-Joon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
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31
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Postigo F, Sagristá ML, De Madariaga MA, Nonell S, Mora M. Photosensitization of skin fibroblasts and HeLa cells by three chlorin derivatives: Role of chemical structure and delivery vehicle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:583-96. [PMID: 16740249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The chemical nature of the sensitizer and its selective uptake by malignant cells are decisive to choose an appropriate biocompatible carrier, able to preserve the photosensitizing characteristics of the dye. In this paper we demonstrate the photodynamic properties of three chlorins, derived from chlorophyll a, and the usefulness of liposomal carriers to design pharmaceutical formulations. The chlorins have been quantitatively incorporated into stable liposomes obtained from a mixture of L-alpha-palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine and L-alpha-dioleoylphosphatidylserine in a 13.5:1.5 molar ratio (POPC/OOPS-liposomes). The chlorin uptake by skin fibroblasts increases steadily, reaching in all cases a plateau level dependent on both the chlorin structure and the vehicle employed. The photophysical properties of the three chlorins in THF are nearly identical and fulfill the requirements for a PDT photosensitizer. Incorporation of chlorins into liposomes induces important changes in their photophysics, but does not impair their cellular uptake or their cell photosensitization ability. In fact we observe in the cells the same photophysical behavior as in THF solution. Specifically, we demonstrate, by recording the near-IR phosphorescence of 1O2, that the chlorins are able to photosensitize the production of 1O2 in the cell membrane. The cell-photosensitization efficiency depended on the chlorin and cell line nature, the carrier, and the length of pre-incubation and post-irradiation periods. The high photodynamic activity of chlorin-loaded liposomes and the possibility to design liposomal carriers to achieve a specific target site favors this approach to obtain an eventual pharmaceutical formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Postigo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Miyazawa S, Nishida K, Komiyama T, Nakae Y, Takeda K, Yorimitsu M, Kitamura A, Kunisada T, Ohtsuka A, Inoue H. Novel transdermal photodynamic therapy using ATX-S10·Na(II) induces apoptosis of synovial fibroblasts and ameliorates collagen antibody-induced arthritis in mice. Rheumatol Int 2005; 26:717-25. [PMID: 16220291 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-005-0052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to test the effect of transdermal photodynamic therapy (PDT) on synovial proliferation in vitro and in vivo, using a novel photosensitizer, ATX-S10.Na(II). Synovial fibroblasts were obtained from patients with RA (RASF). Cell viability with or without PDT was determined by MTT assay. Cell morphology was examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. DNA fragmentation was labeled by TUNEL stain. Collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) was induced in DBA/1 mice, and the effects of transdermal PDT were evaluated by clinical and histological examination. PDT showed drug concentration-dependent and laser dose-dependent cytotoxicity on RASF. TUNEL stain and TEM study revealed the induction of apoptotic cell death of RASF. Transdermal PDT significantly reduced clinical arthritis and synovial inflammation in this model of arthritis. These results suggest that transdermal PDT using ATX-S10.Na(II) might be a novel less invasive treatment strategy for small joint arthritis and tenosynovitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miyazawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Science of Functional Recovery and Reconstruction, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, 700-8558, Okayama University Hospital, Japan
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33
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Kaviani A, Ataie-Fashtami L, Fateh M, Sheikhbahaee N, Ghodsi M, Zand N, Djavid GE. Photodynamic therapy of head and neck basal cell carcinoma according to different clinicopathologic features. Lasers Surg Med 2005; 36:377-82. [PMID: 15965991 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We aimed to treat different pathologic types of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) using photodynamic therapy (PDT). STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty lesions in six patients underwent PDT. The photosensitizer used was Photoheme, a hematoporphyrin derivative IX. It was injected intravenously at the dose of 2-3.25 mg/kg. After 24 hours, the lesions were illuminated by laser light (lambda = 632 nm, light exposure dose = 100-200 J/cm2). Lesions were evaluated pre and post-operatively and at follow-up sessions (of up to 6 months). RESULTS After a single session of PDT, the average response rate in different histopathologic kinds of basal cell carcinoma (e.g., ulcerative, superficial, nodular, and pigmented forms) were 100%, 62%, 90%, and 14%, respectively. In patients who responded completely, the cosmetic results were excellent and there were no recurrence at 6th month of follow-up. CONCLUSION Although PDT seems to be an effective treatment modality for superficial, ulcerative, and nodular BCCs, it is not recommended for pigmented lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Kaviani
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Iranian Center for Medical Laser Research, Tehran, Iran.
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