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Kotagale NR, Taksande BG, Inamdar NN. Neuroprotective offerings by agmatine. Neurotoxicology 2019; 73:228-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Uzbay T, Kaya Yertutanol FD, Midi A, Çevreli B. Subcutaneous Toxicity of Agmatine in Rats. Turk J Pharm Sci 2017; 14:127-133. [PMID: 32454603 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.85057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of repetitive agmatine administration on sensorimotor gating in rats first but, as unexpected, ulcerative necrotic cutaneous lesions appeared, thus, the study was directed primarily to clarify these results. Materials and Methods In the first set of experiments, we administered agmatine (40, 80 and 160 mg/kg) and saline (control group) subcutaneously to male Wistar albino rats (n=8 for each group) for 14 consecutive days. Ulcerative necrotic cutaneous lesions appeared following the third day of agmatine administration. We decided to explore the potential toxic dermal effects of agmatine and conducted second set of experiments with two groups (n=8) to compare the effects of subcutaneous vs. intraperitoneal agmatine (80 mg/kg) injection to understand if the injection route determines the toxicity. Results Our results showed that prolonged subcutaneous but not intraperitoneal administration of agmatine leads to a delayed dermal reaction in rats. Histopathologic examination of skin samples revealed cutaneous aseptic necrosis at the injection site whereas blood tests were found to be normal. Conclusion This finding is important to point out the risks of prolonged subcutaneous administration of agmatine to rats within the concept of animal welfare. In addition, the results raise questions about the possible risks of over-the-counter use of agmatine among humans although the agent is taken via oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayfun Uzbay
- Üsküdar University, Neuropsychopharmacology Application and Research Center, (NPARC), İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet Midi
- Bahçeşehir University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Çevreli
- Üsküdar University, Neuropsychopharmacology Application and Research Center, (NPARC), İstanbul, Turkey
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Agmatine: multifunctional arginine metabolite and magic bullet in clinical neuroscience? Biochem J 2017; 474:2619-2640. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Agmatine, the decarboxylation product of arginine, was largely neglected as an important player in mammalian metabolism until the mid-1990s, when it was re-discovered as an endogenous ligand of imidazoline and α2-adrenergic receptors. Since then, a wide variety of agmatine-mediated effects have been observed, and consequently agmatine has moved from a wallflower existence into the limelight of clinical neuroscience research. Despite this quantum jump in scientific interest, the understanding of the anabolism and catabolism of this amine is still vague. The purification and biochemical characterization of natural mammalian arginine decarboxylase and agmatinase still are open issues. Nevertheless, the agmatinergic system is currently one of the most promising candidates in order to pharmacologically interfere with some major diseases of the central nervous system, which are summarized in the present review. Particularly with respect to major depression, agmatine, its derivatives, and metabolizing enzymes show great promise for the development of an improved treatment of this common disease.
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Effects of agmatine sulphate on facial nerve injuries. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2017; 131:221-226. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022215117000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjective:To evaluate the effect of agmatine sulphate on facial nerve regeneration after facial nerve injury using electron and light microscopy.Methods:The study was performed on 30 male Wistar albino rats split into: a control group, a sham-treated group, a study control group, an anastomosis group, and an anastomosis plus agmatine sulphate treatment group. The mandibular branch of the facial nerve was dissected, and a piece was removed for histological and electron microscopic examination.Results:Regeneration was better in the anastomosis group than in the study control group. However, the best regeneration findings were seen in the agmatine sulphate treatment group. There was a significant difference between the agmatine group and the others in terms of median axon numbers (p < 0.004) and diameters (p < 0.004).Conclusion:Agmatine sulphate treatment with anastomosis in traumatic facial paralysis may enhance nerve regeneration.
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Chao X, Xu L, Shang H, Han Y, Cai J, Li J, Wang H, Fan Z. The injury of marginal mandibular branch unexpectedly promotes the repair of buccal branch of facial nerve in a rat model. Acta Otolaryngol 2016; 136:956-63. [PMID: 27093225 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2016.1169318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the injury of the marginal mandibular branch improved the recovery of the buccal branch in a rat model. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether the injury or intactness of the marginal mandibular branch affects the regeneration of the facial nerve buccal branch in a rat model. METHODS This experiment was conducted on 30 adult rats, which were randomly and equally divided into two groups. The buccal branch of the facial nerve was transected and reconstructed, with the marginal mandibular branch damaged (group A) or intact (group B). The vibrissae movement of rats was assessed since the 4th week after operation. At the 8th and 12th week, compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) and morphological changes of injured buccal branches were evaluated. RESULTS After the operation, vibrissae movement of rats was eliminated in group A, but it was similar to the health side in group B. CMAPs were recorded from regenerated buccal branches in group A since the 8th week, but no CMAPs could be recorded in group B at each time point. Additionally, the diameter of nerve fibers, the thickness of myelin sheath, and the density of regenerated fibers in group A were significantly larger than those in group B (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Chao
- a Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , PR China
- b Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology , Jinan , PR China
| | - Lei Xu
- a Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , PR China
| | - Haiqiong Shang
- a Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , PR China
- b Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology , Jinan , PR China
| | - Yuechen Han
- a Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , PR China
| | - Jing Cai
- a Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , PR China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- a Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , PR China
- b Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology , Jinan , PR China
| | - Haibo Wang
- a Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , PR China
- b Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology , Jinan , PR China
| | - Zhaomin Fan
- a Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , PR China
- b Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology , Jinan , PR China
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Batioglu-Karaaltin A, Karaaltin MV, Oztel ON, Ovali E, Sener BM, Adatepe T, Yigit O, Bozkurt E, Baydar SY, Bagirova M, Uzun N, Allahverdiyev A. Human olfactory stem cells for injured facial nerve reconstruction in a rat model. Head Neck 2016; 38 Suppl 1:E2011-20. [PMID: 26829770 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to show the efficacy of olfactory stem cells for injured facial nerve reconstruction in a rat model. METHODS Olfactory stem cells were isolated from the olfactory mucosa of human participants. A 2-mm excision was performed on the right facial nerve of all rats. Reconstruction was performed with a conduit in group 1 (n = 9); a conduit and phosphate-buffered saline in group 2 (n = 9); and a conduit and labeled olfactory stem cell in group 3 (n = 9). Rats were followed for whisker movements and electroneuronography (ENoG) analyses. RESULTS The whisker-movement scores for group 3 were significantly different from other groups (p < .001). ENoG showed that the amplitude values for group 3 were significantly different from group 1 and group 2 (p = .030; p < .001). Group 3 showed marked olfactory stem cell under a fluorescence microscope. CONCLUSION This study suggests that olfactory stem cells may be used as a potent cellular therapy for accelerating the regeneration of peripheral nerve injuries. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2011-E2020, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Batioglu-Karaaltin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medicine Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Veli Karaaltin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Acibadem University Medicine Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Olga Nehir Oztel
- Bioengineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Chemistry and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Belit Merve Sener
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turgut Adatepe
- EMG Laboratories, Istanbul Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Yigit
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erol Bozkurt
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Yesilkir Baydar
- Bioengineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Chemistry and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melahat Bagirova
- Bioengineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Chemistry and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurten Uzun
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medicine Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Adil Allahverdiyev
- Bioengineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Chemistry and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
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Fairbairn NG, Meppelink AM, Ng-Glazier J, Randolph MA, Winograd JM. Augmenting peripheral nerve regeneration using stem cells: A review of current opinion. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:11-26. [PMID: 25621102 PMCID: PMC4300921 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Outcomes following peripheral nerve injury remain frustratingly poor. The reasons for this are multifactorial, although maintaining a growth permissive environment in the distal nerve stump following repair is arguably the most important. The optimal environment for axonal regeneration relies on the synthesis and release of many biochemical mediators that are temporally and spatially regulated with a high level of incompletely understood complexity. The Schwann cell (SC) has emerged as a key player in this process. Prolonged periods of distal nerve stump denervation, characteristic of large gaps and proximal injuries, have been associated with a reduction in SC number and ability to support regenerating axons. Cell based therapy offers a potential therapy for the improvement of outcomes following peripheral nerve reconstruction. Stem cells have the potential to increase the number of SCs and prolong their ability to support regeneration. They may also have the ability to rescue and replenish populations of chromatolytic and apoptotic neurons following axotomy. Finally, they can be used in non-physiologic ways to preserve injured tissues such as denervated muscle while neuronal ingrowth has not yet occurred. Aside from stem cell type, careful consideration must be given to differentiation status, how stem cells are supported following transplantation and how they will be delivered to the site of injury. It is the aim of this article to review current opinions on the strategies of stem cell based therapy for the augmentation of peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Molderings GJ, Haenisch B. Agmatine (decarboxylated l-arginine): Physiological role and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 133:351-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Sun F, Zhou K, Mi WJ, Qiu JH. Combined use of decellularized allogeneic artery conduits with autologous transdifferentiated adipose-derived stem cells for facial nerve regeneration in rats. Biomaterials 2011; 32:8118-28. [PMID: 21816463 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural biological conduits containing seed cells have been widely used as an alternative strategy for nerve gap reconstruction to replace traditional nerve autograft techniques. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a decellularized allogeneic artery conduit containing autologous transdifferentiated adipose-derived stem cells (dADSCs) on an 8-mm facial nerve branch lesion in a rat model. After 8 weeks, functional evaluation of vibrissae movements and electrophysiological assessment, retrograde labeling of facial motoneurons and morphological analysis of regenerated nerves were performed to assess nerve regeneration. The transected nerves reconstructed with dADSC-seeded artery conduits achieved satisfying regenerative outcomes associated with morphological and functional improvements which approached those achieved with Schwann cell (SC)-seeded artery conduits, and superior to those achieved with artery conduits alone or ADSC-seeded artery conduits, but inferior to those achieved with nerve autografts. Besides, numerous transplanted PKH26-labeled dADSCs maintained their acquired SC-phenotype and myelin sheath-forming capacity inside decellularized artery conduits and were involved in the process of axonal regeneration and remyelination. Collectively, our combined use of decellularized allogeneic artery conduits with autologous dADSCs certainly showed beneficial effects on nerve regeneration and functional restoration, and thus represents an alternative approach for the reconstruction of peripheral facial nerve defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Sun F, Zhou K, Mi WJ, Qiu JH. Repair of facial nerve defects with decellularized artery allografts containing autologous adipose-derived stem cells in a rat model. Neurosci Lett 2011; 499:104-8. [PMID: 21651959 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a decellularized artery allograft containing autologous adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) on an 8-mm facial nerve branch lesion in a rat model. At 8 weeks postoperatively, functional evaluation of unilateral vibrissae movements, morphological analysis of regenerated nerve segments and retrograde labeling of facial motoneurons were all analyzed. Better regenerative outcomes associated with functional improvement, great axonal growth, and improved target reinnervation were achieved in the artery-ADSCs group (2), whereas the cut nerves sutured with artery conduits alone (group 1) achieved inferior restoration. Furthermore, transected nerves repaired with nerve autografts (group 3) resulted in significant recovery of whisking, maturation of myelinated fibers and increased number of labeled facial neurons, and the latter two parameters were significantly different from those of group 2. Collectively, though our combined use of a decellularized artery allograft with autologous ADSCs achieved regenerative outcomes inferior to a nerve autograft, it certainly showed a beneficial effect on promoting nerve regeneration and thus represents an alternative approach for the reconstruction of peripheral facial nerve defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Hadlock T, Lindsay R, Edwards C, Smitson C, Weinberg J, Knox C, Heaton JT. The effect of electrical and mechanical stimulation on the regenerating rodent facial nerve. Laryngoscope 2010; 120:1094-102. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.20903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Keynan O, Mirovsky Y, Dekel S, Gilad VH, Gilad GM. Safety and Efficacy of Dietary Agmatine Sulfate in Lumbar Disc-associated Radiculopathy. An Open-label, Dose-escalating Study Followed by a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. PAIN MEDICINE 2010; 11:356-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Arndt MA, Battaglia V, Parisi E, Lortie MJ, Isome M, Baskerville C, Pizzo DP, Ientile R, Colombatto S, Toninello A, Satriano J. The arginine metabolite agmatine protects mitochondrial function and confers resistance to cellular apoptosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 296:C1411-9. [PMID: 19321739 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00529.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Agmatine, an endogenous metabolite of arginine, selectively suppresses growth in cells with high proliferative kinetics, such as transformed cells, through depletion of intracellular polyamine levels. In the present study, we depleted intracellular polyamine content with agmatine to determine if attrition by cell death contributes to the growth-suppressive effects. We did not observe an increase in necrosis, DNA fragmentation, or chromatin condensation in Ha-Ras-transformed NIH-3T3 cells administered agmatine. In response to Ca(2+)-induced oxidative stress in kidney mitochondrial preparations, agmatine demonstrated attributes of a free radical scavenger by protecting against the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups and decreasing hydrogen peroxide content. The functional outcome was a protective effect against Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial swelling and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse. We also observed decreased expression of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members and of execution caspase-3, implying antiapoptotic potential. Indeed, we found that apoptosis induced by camptothecin or 5-fluorourocil was attenuated in cells administered agmatine. Agmatine may offer an alternative to the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor difluoromethyl ornithine for depletion of intracellular polyamine content while avoiding the complications of increasing polyamine import and reducing the intracellular free radical scavenger capacity of polyamines. Depletion of intracellular polyamine content with agmatine suppressed cell growth, yet its antioxidant capacity afforded protection from mitochondrial insult and resistance to cellular apoptosis. These results could explain the beneficial outcomes observed with agmatine in models of injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Arndt
- Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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