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Pádua DG, Moreira-Muñoz A, Morales-Fierro V, Araujo RO. Chilean Darwin Wasps (Ichneumonidae): Biogeographic Relationships and Distribution Patterns. INSECTS 2024; 15:415. [PMID: 38921130 PMCID: PMC11203931 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Ichneumonidae, or Chilean Darwin wasps, are an important component of South American hymenopteran diversity, but the taxonomic and distributional knowledge on this insect is still deficient. Taking advantage of recently updated taxonomic knowledge, we assessed biogeographic relationships at the genus level and biodiversity spatial patterns along the latitudinal gradient. The results show the presence of 264 species in Chile, arranged in 102 genera and 22 subfamilies. Biogeographic relationships are based on six elements (cosmopolitan (n = 50; 36%), endemic (n = 29; 21%), Neotropical (n = 22; 16%), Holarctic-Oriental (n = 19; 14%), south-temperate (n = 16; 11%) and Australasian) and composed of just three genera: Anacis, Labena, and Meringops. Species and genera show a bimodal distribution along the latitudinal gradient: around 34° and 38° S. From an ecoregional perspective, richness is concentrated in the Valdivian temperate forests, but when assessed at a 0.5 × 0.5 cell scale, several outstanding cells are in the contact zone between the temperate forests and the Chilean Matorral. On the other hand, the Atacama Desert shows little or no presence of Darwin wasps. The results agree with Charles Porter, who identified a northern province composed of Neotropical and cosmopolitan genera with their own representatives in the far north (11 genera), a distributional gap in the core of the Atacama Desert, and around 128 genera in Porter's Neantarctic realm, covering all of Chile from 25° S to Cape Horn, including the Juan Fernandez islands. These results reinforce knowledge gaps and the need for more sampling and studies of available collections. Due to sampling gaps at this stage, identifying a continued increase or decrease in richness towards higher latitudes is not possible. More taxonomic and distributional information is also needed to assess potential threats to endemic genera and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G. Pádua
- Laboratorio de Entomología General y Aplicada, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel, 3605, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Andrés Moreira-Muñoz
- Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil, 2241, Valparaíso 2340025, Chile;
| | - Vanezza Morales-Fierro
- Herbario EIF & Laboratorio de Evolución y Sistemática, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, 11315, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile;
- Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Interior Quinta Normal, s/n, Santiago 8350410, Chile
| | - Rodrigo O. Araujo
- Laboratorio de Entomología General y Aplicada, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel, 3605, Talca 3460000, Chile;
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Ali JR, Heaney LR. Wallace's line,
Wallacea
, and associated divides and areas: history of a tortuous tangle of ideas and labels. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:922-942. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Ali
- Department of Earth Sciences University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Lawrence R. Heaney
- Field Museum of Natural History 1400 S Lake Shore Drive Chicago IL 60605‐2496 U.S.A
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Raven PH, Gereau RE, Phillipson PB, Chatelain C, Jenkins CN, Ulloa Ulloa C. The distribution of biodiversity richness in the tropics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabc6228. [PMID: 32917691 PMCID: PMC11206443 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc6228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We compare the numbers of vascular plant species in the three major tropical areas. The Afrotropical Region (Africa south of the Sahara Desert plus Madagascar), roughly equal in size to the Latin American Region (Mexico southward), has only 56,451 recorded species (about 170 being added annually), as compared with 118,308 recorded species (about 750 being added annually) in Latin America. Southeast Asia, only a quarter the size of the other two tropical areas, has approximately 50,000 recorded species, with an average of 364 being added annually. Thus, Tropical Asia is likely to be proportionately richest in plant diversity, and for biodiversity in general, for its size. In the animal groups we reviewed, the patterns of species diversity were mostly similar except for mammals and butterflies. Judged from these relationships, Latin America may be home to at least a third of global biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Raven
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Roy E Gereau
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Peter B Phillipson
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, et Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université des Antilles, C.P. 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cyrille Chatelain
- Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, ch. de l'Impératrice 1, C.P. 71, 1292 Chambésy, Switzerland
| | - Clinton N Jenkins
- IPÊ-Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas, Rod. Dom Pedro 1 km 47, Nazaré Paulista, São Paulo 12960, Brazil
- Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Spitsyn VM, Bolotov IN. Barsine podbolotskayae sp. n. from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago, Indonesia (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae). Zookeys 2018:105-111. [PMID: 29955214 PMCID: PMC6019474 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.768.24345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein Barsinepodbolotskayaesp. n. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae) is described from Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Archipelago, Indonesia. This local endemic species externally resembles Barsineexclusa Butler, 1877 from Sundaland and the Andaman Islands but differs by marking patterns and male genitalia structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly M Spitsyn
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Severnoy Dviny Emb. 17, 163002, Arkhangelsk, Russia.,Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Ivan N Bolotov
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Severnoy Dviny Emb. 17, 163002, Arkhangelsk, Russia.,Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
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Hausdorf B. Beyond Wallace’s line – dispersal of Oriental and Australo-Papuan land-snails across the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Zool J Linn Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Hausdorf
- Center of Natural History, Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz, Hamburg, Germany
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申 效. The Macroscopic Characteristics of Distribution of Global Terrestrial Biota—Biogeographical Regionalization Research III. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.12677/ije.2018.72014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Biogeography of Timor and Surrounding Wallacean Islands: Endemism in Ants of the Genus Polyrhachis Fr. Smith. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/d5010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Procheş Ş, Ramdhani S. The World's Zoogeographical Regions Confirmed by Cross-Taxon Analyses. Bioscience 2012. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2012.62.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Ravkin YS, Bogomolova IN, Chesnokova SV. Amphibian and reptile biogeographic regions of Northern Eurasia, mapped separately. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425510050103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Trainor CR, Andersen AN. The ant fauna of Timor and neighbouring islands: potential bridges between the disjunct faunas of South East Asia and Australia. AUST J ZOOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/zo09113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the biogeography of the ant fauna of Timor and of stepping stone Nusa Tenggara islands to the north (Wetar, Atauro, Alor, Pantar and Lembata) that are geographically closer to continental South East Asia. Timor is of outstanding biogeographical significance because it is the second largest island within the Wallacean transitional zone between the closely approximated but geologically distinct Indo-Australasian and South East Asian continental plates. It represents a potential overlap zone between the otherwise disjunct ant faunas of Australia and South East Asia. A total of 154 ant species from 32 genera and six subfamilies were collected through a combination of systematic sampling in evergreen forest, dry forest, savanna and grassland at 23 locations in the Lautem district of Timor-Leste, and opportunistic collections at 29 sites elsewhere on Timor and on the neighbouring islands. The most species-rich genera were Camponotus and Polyrhachis (both 28 species), Tetramorium (14 species), Diacamma and Paratrechina (both 8 species). On Timor, 111 ant species were recorded, including 64 species in the Lautem district. The Timor ant fauna is dominated by taxa of South East Asian origin (76% of native species), and has only weak Australian affinities (18%). The latter figure is even smaller (14%) for the neighbouring islands, reflecting their closer proximity to South East Asia. In contrast to Australia, there was no clear disjunction between the ant faunas of contrasting tropical forest and savanna habitats sampled in Lautem district. This can be explained by the Timor ant fauna being dominated by South East Asian tropical forest taxa, with Australian savanna woodland taxa being poorly represented.
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How RA, Schmitt LH, Maharadatunkamsi. Geographical variation in the genus
Dendrelaphis
(Serpentes: Colubridae) within the islands of south‐eastern Indonesia. J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. How
- Western Australian Museum, Francis St., Perth, WA. 6000, Australia
| | - L. H. Schmitt
- Department of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Maharadatunkamsi
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Jl. Ir. H. Juanda No. 9, Bogor, 16122, Indonesia
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HOLLOWAY JD. The affinities within four butterfly groups (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in relation to general patterns of butterfly distribution in the Indo-Australian area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1973.tb00540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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HOLLOWAY JD. Mobile organisms in a geologically complex area: Lepidoptera in the Indo-Australian tropics. Zool J Linn Soc 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1982.tb02187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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HOLLOWAY JD. A numerical investigation of the biogeography of the butterfly fauna of India, and its relation to continental drift. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1969.tb00127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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SIMS RW, EASTON EG. A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1972.tb00694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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BORATYŃSKI K, DAVIES RG. The taxonomic value of male Coccoidea (Homoptera) with an evaluation of some numerical techniques. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1971.tb00172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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HOLLOWAY JD. The biogeographical analysis of a transect sample of the moth fauna of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, using numerical methods. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1970.tb01689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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HOLLOWAY JD, HEBERT PDN. Ecological and taxonomic trends in macrolepidopteran host plant selection. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1979.tb00036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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PITKIN LINDAM, HAN HONGXIANG, JAMES SHAYLEEN. Moths of the tribe Pseudoterpnini (Geometridae: Geometrinae): a review of the genera. Zool J Linn Soc 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Contrasting patterns of genetic differentiation between endemic and widespread species of fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 44:474-82. [PMID: 17395494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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BRABY MICHAELF, PIERCE NAOMIE, VILA ROGER. Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the subtribe Aporiina (Lepidoptera: Pieridae): implications for the origin of Australian butterflies. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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DALE MB, CLIFFORD HT. On the effectiveness of higher taxonomic ranks for vegetation analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.1976.tb01091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Braby MF, Trueman JWH, Eastwood R. When and where did troidine butterflies (Lepidoptera : Papilionidae) evolve? Phylogenetic and biogeographic evidence suggests an origin in remnant Gondwana in the Late Cretaceous. INVERTEBR SYST 2005. [DOI: 10.1071/is04020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The age, geographic origin and time of major radiation of the butterflies (Hesperioidea + Papilionoidea + Hedyloidea) are largely unknown. The general modern view is that butterflies arose during the Late Jurassic/Cretaceous in the southern hemisphere (southern Pangea/Gondwana before continental breakup), but this is not universally accepted, and is a best guess based largely on circumstantial evidence. The extreme paucity of fossils and lack of modern, higher-level phylogenies of extant monophyletic groups have been major impediments towards determining reliable estimates of either their age or geographic origin. Here we present a phylogenetic and historical biogeographic analysis of a higher butterfly taxon, the swallowtail tribe Troidini. We analysed molecular data for three protein-encoding genes, mitochondrial ND5 and COI–COII, and nuclear EF–1α, both separately and in combination using maximum parsimony (with and without character weighting and transition/transversion weighting), maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Our sample included representatives of all 10 genera of Troidini and distant ingroup taxa (Baroniinae, Parnassiinae, Graphiini, Papilionini), with Pieridae as outgroup. Analysis of the combined dataset (4326 bp; 1012 parsimony informative characters) recovered the Troidini as a well supported monophyletic group and the monophyly of its two subtribes, Battina and Troidina. The most parsimonious biogeographic hypothesis suggests a southern origin of the tribe in remnant Gondwana (Madagascar–Greater India–Australia–Antarctica–South America) sometime after the rifting and final separation of Africa in the Late Cretaceous (<90 Mya). Although an ancient vicariance pattern is proposed, at least four relatively recent dispersal/extinction events are needed to reconcile anomalies in distribution, most of which can be explained by geological and climatic events in South-east Asia and Australia during the late Tertiary. Application of a molecular clock based on a rate smoothing programme to estimate various divergence times based on vicariance events, revealed two peculiarities in our biogeographic vicariance model that do not strictly accord with current understanding of the temporal breakup of Gondwana: (1) the troidine fauna of Greater India did not become isolated from Gondwana (Antarctica) until the end of the Cretaceous (c. 65 Mya), well after Madagascar separated from Greater India (84 Mya); and (2) the faunas of Greater India, Australia and South America diverged simultaneously, also at the K/T boundary. A recent published estimate of the time (31 Mya) of divergence between Cressida Swainson (Australia) and Euryades Felder & Felder (South America) is shown to be in error.
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Aldasoro JJ, Cabezas F, Aedo C. Diversity and distribution of ferns in sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar and some islands of the South Atlantic. JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY 2004; 31:1579-1604. [PMID: 32336865 PMCID: PMC7166856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Aim This paper reports the diversity and endemism patterns of African ferns, and explores the potential role of diversity refuges and environmental and historical factors in the shaping of these patterns. Material and locations The extant fern taxa occupying Africa south of the Sahara, Madagascar and some islands of the South Atlantic. Methods The number of taxa in each area or operational geographical unit (OGU) was scored, and the correlation between this number and physical and climatic variables analysed by standard pairwise and stepwise multiple regression analysis (SPR and SMR). The effects of biological factors such as dispersal capacity, reproductive biology, genetic features and certain physiological adaptations were evaluated by comparing the number of species in each OGU. Floral affinities among OGUs were analysed using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMS) and parsimonic analysis of dispersion (PAD), and compared with β-turnover and inter-OGU distances. Results OGU area, elevation and the distance between refuges determined the composition of local floras, but only greater OGU area and the existence of higher maximum elevations increased species richness. The distance between refuges also affected the number of endemic species, especially on islands. The biological features studied only slightly influenced fern distribution. The main climatic predictor of species number was humidity. SPR and SMR revealed three main groups of ferns with different ecological trends. NMS and PAD analyses separated the four areas of highest diversity in Africa, three of which are inhabited by ferns with distinct ecological requirements. The fourth area was Madagascar, which shows an accumulation of endemic and relict diversity that is not easy to explain. Main conclusions The distribution of ferns in Africa has been influenced by refuges. These probably allowed many species to recolonize the neighbouring areas after the extinctions of the Pleistocene. Three major components were detected in the African flora: Guinea-Congolian thermophilous, cold-tolerant Afro-montane, and Southern drought-tolerant elements. These are related to the three main refuge areas, i.e. the Gulf of Guinea area, the eastern tropical region, and the Cape region. Endemicity in ferns was found to be lower than that of seed plants due to the higher dispersability of fern spores. The distance between OGUs seems to be the main predictor of the number of endemic fern species these areas contain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Aldasoro
- Real Jardín Botánico, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Cabezas
- Real Jardín Botánico, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Aedo
- Real Jardín Botánico, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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BROWN RAFEM, GUTTMAN SHELDONI. Phylogenetic systematics of the Rana signata complex of Philippine and Bornean stream frogs: reconsideration of Huxley’s modification of Wallace’s Line at the Oriental-Australian faunal zone interface. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2002.tb01704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Lists of families and genera of trilobites from the stratigraphical series of the Ordovician have been compiled, using information considered adequate from various areas in the world. Dissimilarities between these faunas have been assessed at both generic and family level, using Simpson’s index. These indices have been analysed by a non-metric multidimensional scaling technique, and the groupings revealed are interpreted as indicating faunal provinces. Four provinces are recognized in the Lower Ordovician, the faunal characteristics and geographical extent of three of them (the Bathyurid, Asaphid and Selenopeltis provinces) being as previously described. A fourth province, here named the Asaphopsis province, is proposed for South American and Australian faunas in the Arenig and Llanvirn; the affinities of faunas from southeast Asia are indeterminate. In the Caradoc, faunas from areas occupied earlier by Bathyurid, Asaphid and Asaphopsis faunas, together with trilobites from south-east Asia, constitute a single province, here named the Remopleuridid. The Selenopeltis province persists in southern Europe and North Africa. These two provinces are recognizable only by a generic analysis in the Ashgill, and the latest faunas of that series are world-wide. It is assumed that a faunal province originally extended over parts of a single continental mass (cf. Wilson 1966), and that migration between provinces is inhibited by width of seas or temperature differences. An assemblage of continental masses consistent with these assumptions, and with palaeomagnetic data, is proposed to give four palaeogeographical maps for the Ordovician period. The position of the proto-Atlantic ocean proposed by Wilson (1966), and Gondwanaland of McElhinney & Luck (1970), are accepted; the remainder of Eurasia is divided into four blocks. The maps suggest relative movements between continental blocks that may have removed barriers to migration and resulted in progressive merging of the faunal provinces. They are models to be tested against distributions of other animal groups, new palaeomagnetic and palaeoclimatic evidence, and theories on lithosphere plates. The geographical reconstructions imply that the faunas of South America, southern Europe and North Africa inhabited cool waters, those of North America, northern Europe, north-east Asia, south-east Asia and Australia, warm waters. Cooler water faunas appear to have been less diverse. Decreasing provinciality of faunas during the Ordovician appears to have been accompanied by a reduction in total diversity; supposed climatic deterioration does not seem to have resulted in increased diversity. The differences between contemporaneous faunas within the Bathyurid and Remopleuridid provinces are investigated, and are shown to reflect differences in environment and evolution and diversification of groups of trilobites which took place in these environments.
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Humphries C. BIODIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENY: XIII International Meeting of the Willi Hennig Society. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, 23-26 August 1994. Cladistics 1995; 11:385-398. [PMID: 34920644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.1995.tb00098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Humphries
- Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, England, U.K
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Pearson DL. Selecting indicator taxa for the quantitative assessment of biodiversity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1994; 345:75-9. [PMID: 7972358 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1994.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introducing greater objectivity to selection of indicator taxa produces results that are likely to reduce uncertainty, be more efficiently obtained and more clearly communicated. Seven criteria are presented that can be used to objectively test the claim that a given taxon is an ideal indicator: (i) well known and stable taxonomy; (ii) well known natural history; (iii) readily surveyed and manipulated; (iv) higher taxa broadly distributed geographically and over a breadth of habitat types; (v) lower taxa specialized and sensitive to habitat changes; (vi) patterns of biodiversity reflected in other related and unrelated taxa; and (vii) potential economic importance. These criteria have different priorities depending on which of two general categories of biodiversity the indicator taxon is to be used. Monitoring places an emphasis on sensitivity to habitat change, and inventory places an emphasis on systematics. An index is suggested by which the results of selecting an indicator taxon can be more accurately communicated. This index is based on the number of criteria that are successfully tested for the proposed indicator and their priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Pearson
- Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-1501
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