1
|
Nielsen ME, Nylin S, Wiklund C, Gotthard K. Evolution of butterfly seasonal plasticity driven by climate change varies across life stages. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1548-1558. [PMID: 37366181 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiod is a common cue for seasonal plasticity and phenology, but climate change can create cue-environment mismatches for organisms that rely on it. Evolution could potentially correct these mismatches, but phenology often depends on multiple plastic decisions made during different life stages and seasons that may evolve separately. For example, Pararge aegeria (Speckled wood butterfly) has photoperiod-cued seasonal life history plasticity in two different life stages: larval development time and pupal diapause. We tested for climate change-associated evolution of this plasticity by replicating common garden experiments conducted on two Swedish populations 30 years ago. We found evidence for evolutionary change in the contemporary larval reaction norm-although these changes differed between populations-but no evidence for evolution of the pupal reaction norm. This variation in evolution across life stages demonstrates the need to consider how climate change affects the whole life cycle to understand its impacts on phenology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sören Nylin
- Zoology Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Zoology Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lindestad O, Nylin S, Wheat CW, Gotthard K. Local adaptation of life cycles in a butterfly is associated with variation in several circadian clock genes. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:1461-1475. [PMID: 34931388 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many insects exhibit geographical variation in voltinism, the number of generations produced per year. This includes high-latitude species in previously glaciated areas, meaning that divergent selection on life cycle traits has taken place during or shortly after recent colonization. Here, we use a population genomics approach to compare a set of nine Scandinavian populations of the butterfly Pararge aegeria that differ in life cycle traits (diapause thresholds and voltinism) along both north-south and east-west clines. Using a de novo-assembled genome, we reconstruct colonization histories and demographic relationships. Based on the inferred population structure, we then scan the genome for candidate loci showing signs of divergent selection potentially associated with population differences in life cycle traits. The identified candidate genes include a number of components of the insect circadian clock (timeless, timeless2, period, cryptochrome and clockwork orange). Most notably, the gene timeless, which has previously been experimentally linked to life cycle regulation in P. aegeria, is here found to contain a novel 97-amino acid deletion unique to, and fixed in, a single population. These results add to a growing body of research framing circadian gene variation as a potential mechanism for generating local adaptation of life cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindestad
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lohse K, Taylor-Cox E. The genome sequence of the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758). Wellcome Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17278.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual female Pararge aegeria (the speckled wood butterfly; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Nymphalidae). The genome sequence is 517 megabases in span. The majority of the assembly (99.68%) is scaffolded into 29 chromosomal pseudomolecules, with the W and Z sex chromosome assembled. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl has identified 12,288 protein coding genes.
Collapse
|
4
|
Lindestad O, Aalberg Haugen IM, Gotthard K. Watching the days go by: Asymmetric regulation of caterpillar development by changes in photoperiod. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5402-5412. [PMID: 34026016 PMCID: PMC8131801 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many insects possess the plastic ability to either develop directly to adulthood, or enter diapause and postpone reproduction until the next year, depending on environmental cues (primarily photoperiod) that signal the amount of time remaining until the end of the growth season. These two alternative pathways often differ in co-adapted life-history traits, for example, with slower development and larger size in individuals headed for diapause. The developmental timing of these differences may be of adaptive importance: If traits diverge early, the potential for phenotypic differences between the pathways is greater, whereas if traits diverge late, the risk may be lower of expressing a maladaptive phenotype if the selective environment changes during development. Here, we explore the effects of changes in photoperiodic information during life on pupal diapause and associated life-history traits in the butterfly Pararge aegeria. We find that both pupal diapause and larval development rate are asymmetrically regulated: While exposure to long days late in life (regardless of earlier experiences) was sufficient to produce nondiapause development and accelerate larval development accordingly, more prolonged exposure to short days was required to induce diapause and slow down prediapause larval development. While the two developmental pathways diverged early in development, development rates could be partially reversed by altered environmental cues. Meanwhile, pathway differences in body size were more inflexible, despite emerging late in development. These results show how several traits may be shaped by the same environmental cue (photoperiod), but along subtly different ontogenies, into an integrated phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindestad
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lindestad O, Schmalensee L, Lehmann P, Gotthard K. Variation in butterfly diapause duration in relation to voltinism suggests adaptation to autumn warmth, not winter cold. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindestad
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | | | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Lindestad O, Wheat CW, Nylin S, Gotthard K. Local adaptation of photoperiodic plasticity maintains life cycle variation within latitudes in a butterfly. Ecology 2018; 100:e02550. [PMID: 30375642 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The seasonal cycle varies geographically and organisms are under selection to express life cycles that optimally exploit their spatiotemporal habitats. In insects, this often means producing an annual number of generations (voltinism) appropriate to the local season length. Variation in voltinism may arise from variation in environmental factors (e.g., temperature or photoperiod) acting on a single reaction norm shared across populations, but it may also result from local adaptation of reaction norms. However, such local adaptation is poorly explored at short geographic distances, especially within latitudes. Using a combination of common-garden rearing and life cycle modeling, we have investigated the causal factors behind voltinism variation in Swedish populations of the butterfly Pararge aegeria, focusing on a set of populations that lie within a single degree of latitude but nonetheless differ in season length and voltinism. Despite considerable differences in ambient temperature between populations, modeling suggested that the key determinant of local voltinism was in fact interpopulation differences in photoperiodic response. These include differences in the induction thresholds for winter diapause, as well as differences in photoperiodic regulation of larval development, a widespread but poorly studied phenomenon. Our results demonstrate previously neglected ways that photoperiodism may mediate insect phenological responses to temperature, and emphasize the importance of local adaptation in shaping phenological patterns in general, as well as for predicting the responses of populations to changes in climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindestad
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pruisscher P, Nylin S, Gotthard K, Wheat CW. Genetic variation underlying local adaptation of diapause induction along a cline in a butterfly. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3613-3626. [PMID: 30105798 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Diapause is a life history strategy allowing individuals to arrest development until favourable conditions return, and it is commonly induced by shortened day length that is latitude specific for local populations. Although understanding the evolutionary dynamics of a threshold trait like diapause induction provides insights into the adaptive process and adaptive potential of populations, the genetic mechanism of variation in photoperiodic induction of diapause is not well understood. Here, we investigate genetic variation underlying latitudinal variation in diapause induction and the selection dynamics acting upon it. Using a genomewide scan for divergent regions between two populations of the butterfly Pararge aegeria that differ strongly in their induction thresholds, we identified and investigated the patterns of variation in those regions. We then tested the association of these regions with diapause induction using between-population crosses, finding significant SNP associations in four genes present in two chromosomal regions, one with the gene period, and the other with the genes kinesin, carnitine O-acetyltransferase and timeless. Patterns of allele frequencies in these two regions in population samples along a latitudinal cline suggest strong selection against heterozygotes at two genes within these loci (period, timeless). Evidence for additional loci modifying the diapause decision was found in patterns of allelic change in relation to induction thresholds over the cline, as well as in backcross analyses. Taken together, population-specific adaptations of diapause induction appear to be due to a combination of alleles of larger and smaller effect size, consistent with an exponential distribution of effect sizes involved in local adaption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nylin S, Gotthard K, Wiklund C. REACTION NORMS FOR AGE AND SIZE AT MATURITY IN LASIOMMATA BUTTERFLIES: PREDICTIONS AND TESTS. Evolution 2017; 50:1351-1358. [PMID: 28565269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb02377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/1994] [Accepted: 08/03/1995] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gibert P, Moreteau B, David JR, Scheiner SM. DESCRIBING THE EVOLUTION OF REACTION NORM SHAPE: BODY PIGMENTATION INDROSOPHILA. Evolution 2017; 52:1501-1506. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb02032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/1997] [Accepted: 06/02/1998] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gibert
- CNRS; Laboratoire Populations, Génétique et Evolution; 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex France
| | - Brigitte Moreteau
- CNRS; Laboratoire Populations, Génétique et Evolution; 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex France
| | - Jean R. David
- CNRS; Laboratoire Populations, Génétique et Evolution; 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex France
| | - Samuel M. Scheiner
- Department of Life Sciences; Arizona State University West; P.O. Box 37100 Phoenix Arizona 85069
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Leys M, Keller I, Robinson CT, Räsänen K. Cryptic lineages of a common alpine mayfly show strong life-history divergence. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:1670-1686. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Leys
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; EAWAG; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Ueberlandstrasse 133 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH-Zurich; 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Irene Keller
- Department of Clinical Research; University of Bern and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; 3010 Bern Switzerland
| | - Christopher T. Robinson
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; EAWAG; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Ueberlandstrasse 133 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH-Zurich; 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Katja Räsänen
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; EAWAG; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Ueberlandstrasse 133 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH-Zurich; 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tison JL, Edmark VN, Sandoval-Castellanos E, Van Dyck H, Tammaru T, Välimäki P, Dalén L, Gotthard K. Signature of post-glacial expansion and genetic structure at the northern range limit of the speckled wood butterfly. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Tison
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The Wenner-Gren Institute; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics; Swedish Museum of Natural History; SE-10405 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Veronica Nyström Edmark
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics; Swedish Museum of Natural History; SE-10405 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Edson Sandoval-Castellanos
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics; Swedish Museum of Natural History; SE-10405 Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hans Van Dyck
- Behavioural Ecology and Conservation Group; Biodiversity Research Centre; Earth and Life Institute; Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL); Croix du Sud 4-5, bte. L7.07.04 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Department of Zoology; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Panu Välimäki
- Department of Biology; University of Oulu; P.O. Box 3000 FI-90014 Oulu Finland
| | - Love Dalén
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics; Swedish Museum of Natural History; SE-10405 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen C, Xia QW, Xiao HJ, Xiao L, Xue FS. A comparison of the life-history traits between diapause and direct development individuals in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:19. [PMID: 25373166 PMCID: PMC4199537 DOI: 10.1093/jis/14.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the differences of life-history traits between diapause and direct development individuals in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the development time, body size, growth rate, and adult longevity were investigated between the two populations, which were induced under 12:12 L:D and 16:8 L:D photoperiods, respectively, at 20, 22, and 25°C. The results indicated that the larval development time, pupal weight, adult weight, and growth rate were significantly different between diapause and direct developing individuals. The diapause developing individuals had a significantly higher pupal and adult weight and a longer larval time compared with direct developing individuals. However, the growth rate in diapause developing individuals was lower than that in the direct developing individuals. Analysis by GLM showed that larval time, pupal and adult weight, and growth rate were significantly influenced by both temperature and developmental pathway. The pupal and adult weights were greater in males than females in both developmental pathways, exhibiting sexual size dimorphism. The dimorphism in adult weight was more pronounced than in pupal weight because female pupae lost more weight at metamorphosis compared to male pupae. Protogyny was observed in both developmental pathways. However, the protogyny phenomenon was more pronounced at lower temperatures in direct developing individuals, whereas it was more pronounced in diapause developing individuals when they experienced higher temperatures in their larval stage and partial pupal period. The adult longevity of diapause developing individuals was significantly longer than that of direct developing individuals. The results reveal that the life-history strategy was different between diapause and direct developing individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Qin-Wen Xia
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Hai-Jun Xiao
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Fang-Sen Xue
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Jiangxi Province,China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aalberg Haugen IM, Berger D, Gotthard K. The evolution of alternative developmental pathways: footprints of selection on life-history traits in a butterfly. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1377-88. [PMID: 22591181 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Developmental pathways may evolve to optimize alternative phenotypes across environments. However, the maintenance of such adaptive plasticity under relaxed selection has received little study. We compare the expression of life-history traits across two developmental pathways in two populations of the butterfly Pararge aegeria where both populations express a diapause pathway but one never expresses direct development in nature. In the population with ongoing selection on both pathways, the difference between pathways in development time and growth rate was larger, whereas the difference in body size was smaller compared with the population experiencing relaxed selection on one pathway. This indicates that relaxed selection on the direct pathway has allowed life-history traits to drift towards values associated with lower fitness when following this pathway. Relaxed selection on direct development was also associated with a higher degree of genetic variation for protandry expressed as within-family sexual dimorphism in growth rate. Genetic correlations for larval growth rate across sexes and pathways were generally positive, with the notable exception of correlation estimates that involved directly developing males of the population that experienced relaxed selection on this pathway. We conclude that relaxed selection on one developmental pathway appears to have partly disrupted the developmental regulation of life-history trait expression. This in turn suggests that ongoing selection may be responsible for maintaining adaptive developmental regulation along alternative developmental pathways in these populations.
Collapse
|
15
|
Velde LV, Damiens D, Van Dyck H. Spermatophore and Sperm Allocation in Males of the Monandrous Butterfly Pararge aegeria: the Female’s Perspective. Ethology 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
16
|
Berwaerts K, Matthysen E, Van Dyck H. TAKE-OFF FLIGHT PERFORMANCE IN THE BUTTERFLYPARARGE AEGERIARELATIVE TO SEX AND MORPHOLOGY: A QUANTITATIVE GENETIC ASSESSMENT. Evolution 2008; 62:2525-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
De Block M, McPeek MA, Stoks R. Life history plasticity to combined time and biotic constraints in Lestes
damselflies from vernal and temporary ponds. OIKOS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
18
|
Lytle DA, Bogan MT, Finn DS. Evolution of aquatic insect behaviours across a gradient of disturbance predictability. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275:453-62. [PMID: 18055392 PMCID: PMC2596821 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural disturbance regimes--cycles of fire, flood, drought or other events--range from highly predictable (disturbances occur regularly in time or in concert with a proximate cue) to highly unpredictable. While theory predicts how populations should evolve under different degrees of disturbance predictability, there is little empirical evidence of how this occurs in nature. Here, we demonstrate local adaptation in populations of an aquatic insect occupying sites along a natural gradient of disturbance predictability, where predictability was defined as the ability of a proximate cue (rainfall) to signal a disturbance (flash flood). In controlled behavioural experiments, populations from predictable environments responded to rainfall events by quickly exiting the water and moving sufficiently far from the stream to escape flash floods. By contrast, populations from less predictable environments had longer response times and lower response rates, reflecting the uncertainty inherent to these environments. Analysis with signal detection theory showed that for 13 out of 15 populations, observed response times were an optimal compromise between the competing risks of abandoning versus remaining in the stream, mediated by the rainfall-flood correlation of the local environment. Our study provides the first demonstration that populations can evolve in response to differences in disturbance predictability, and provides evidence that populations can adapt to among-stream differences in flow regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Lytle
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Talloen W, Van Dongen S, Van Dyck H, Lens L. Environmental stress and quantitative genetic variation in butterfly wing characteristics. Evol Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-008-9246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
20
|
Van Dongen S, Talloen W. Phenotypic and genetic variations and correlations in multitrait developmental instability: a multivariate Bayesian model applied to Speckled Wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria) wing measurements. Genet Res (Camb) 2007; 89:155-63. [PMID: 17894909 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672307008816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryPhenotypic and genetic variation and covariation in developmental instability (DI) have been the subject of many debates. In this paper we develop and apply a statistical model in a Bayesian context to analyse different traits simultaneously in a multivariate model of DI. We apply the model to measurements of yellow spots on the front wing of the Speckled Wood butterfly (Pararge aegeriaL.) in a full-sib breeding experiment. We estimated the posterior distribution of the broad-sense heritability of DI averaged across the five yellow spots, which had a median of 0·19 and a 95% credibility interval ranging between 0·04 and 0·64. Phenotypic and genetic correlations in DI could not be estimated accurately with the present sample size. Yellow spots 4 and 5 appeared to show some degree of developmental integration. The importance of this model and its possible extensions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Van Dongen
- Evolutionary Biology Group, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Berger D, Walters R, Gotthard K. What keeps insects small?—Size dependent predation on two species of butterfly larvae. Evol Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-006-9118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
22
|
Merckx T, Van Dyck H. Landscape structure and phenotypic plasticity in flight morphology in the butterflyPararge aegeria. OIKOS 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
23
|
Lauwers K, Van Dyck H. The cost of mating with a non-virgin male in a monandrous butterfly: experimental evidence from the speckled wood, Pararge aegeria. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-005-0142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
24
|
Kemp DJ, Wiklund C, Van Dyck H. Contest behaviour in the speckled wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria): seasonal phenotypic plasticity and the functional significance of flight performance. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-005-0064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
25
|
Abstract
Evolutionary studies typically focus on adaptations to particular environmental conditions, thereby often ignoring the role of possible constraints. Here we focus on the case of variation in dorsal wing melanization in a satyrine butterfly Pararge aegeria. Because melanin is a complex polymer, its synthesis may be constrained if ambient conditions limit the resource budget. This hypothesis was tested by comparing melanization among butterflies that fed as larvae on host grasses experiencing different drought-stress treatments. Treatment differences were validated both at the level of the host plant (nitrogen, carbonate, and water content) and of the butterfly (life-history traits: survival, development time, and size at maturity). Melanization rate was measured as average gray value of the basal dorsal wing area. This area, close to the thorax, is known to be functionally significant for basking in order to thermoregulate. Individuals reared on drought-stressed host plants developed paler wings, and development of darker individuals was slower and less stable as estimated by their level of fluctuating asymmetry. These results provide evidence that melanin is indeed costly to synthesize, and that differences in environmental quality can induce phenotypic variation in wing melanization. Therefore, studies dealing with spatial and/or temporal patterns of variation in wing melanization should not focus on adaptive explanations alone, but rather on a cost-benefit balance under particular sets of environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Talloen
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Talloen W, Van Dyck H, Lens L. THE COST OF MELANIZATION: BUTTERFLY WING COLORATION UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS. Evolution 2004. [DOI: 10.1554/03-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
27
|
Laurila A, Pakkasmaa S, Merilä J. Influence of seasonal time constraints on growth and development of common frog tadpoles: a photoperiod experiment. OIKOS 2003. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.950310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
28
|
Van Dyck H, Wiklund C. Seasonal butterfly design: morphological plasticity among three developmental pathways relative to sex, flight and thermoregulation. J Evol Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
29
|
|