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Heads M, Saldivia P. The challenging biogeography of the Juan Fernández Islands and Coast Range of central Chile explained by new models of East Pacific tectonics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 39032008 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Biogeographers have often been puzzled by several unusual features in the Juan Fernández Islands (JFI) biota. These include the very high endemism density, multiple endemics that are older than the current islands, close biogeographic affinities with the central and West Pacific, and affinities with the diverse Coast Range of central Chile. We review aspects of biogeography in the JFI and the Coast Range in light of recent geological studies. These have examined the mantle below the East Pacific and South America, and have produced radical, new ideas on tectonic history. A long-lived, intraoceanic archipelago ~9000 km long is now thought to have existed in the East Pacific (passing between the JFI hotspot and mainland Chile) until the mid-Cretaceous. At this time, South America, which was moving westward with the opening of the Atlantic, collided with the archipelago. The assumption that the JFI biota is no older than its current islands is questionable, as taxa would have survived on prior islands produced at the JFI hotspot. We propose a new interpretation of evolution in the region based on tectonics rather than on island age and incorporating the following factors: the newly described East Pacific Archipelago; a long history for the JFI hotspot; metapopulation dynamics, including metapopulation vicariance; and formation of the Humboldt Current in the Cretaceous. The model accounts for many distinctive features of the JFI and Coast Range biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heads
- Buffalo Museum of Science, 1020 Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, NY, 14211-1293, USA
| | - Patricio Saldivia
- Biota Ltda, Miguel Claro 1224, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Museo Regional de Aysén, Km. 3 camino a Coyhaique Alto, Coyhaique, Chile
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McKeown MM, Mitchell EA, Amesbury MJ, Blandenier Q, Charman D, Duckert C, Roland TP, Swindles GT, Wood JR, Wilmshurst JM. The testate amoebae of New Zealand: A checklist, identification key and assessment of biogeographic patterns. Eur J Protistol 2021; 81:125789. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kou Y, Zhang L, Fan D, Cheng S, Li D, Hodel RGJ, Zhang Z. Evolutionary history of a relict conifer, Pseudotaxus chienii (Taxaceae), in south-east China during the late Neogene: old lineage, young populations. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:105-117. [PMID: 31765468 PMCID: PMC6948213 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many monotypic gymnosperm lineages in south-east China paradoxically remain in relict status despite long evolutionary histories and ample opportunities for allopatric speciation, but this paradox has received little attention and has yet to be resolved. Here, we address this issue by investigating the evolutionary history of a relict conifer, Pseudotaxus chienii (Taxaceae). METHODS DNA sequences from two chloroplast regions and 14 nuclear loci were obtained for 134 samples. The demographic history was inferred and the contribution of isolation by environment (IBE) in patterning genetic divergence was compared with that of isolation by distance (IBD). KEY RESULTS Three genetic clusters were identified. Approximate Bayesian computation analyses showed that the three clusters diverged in the late Pliocene (~3.68 Ma) and two admixture events were detected. Asymmetric gene flow and similar population divergence times (~ 3.74 Ma) were characterized using the isolation with migration model. Neither IBD nor IBE contributed significantly to genetic divergence, and the contribution of IBE was much smaller than that of IBD. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that several monotypic relict gymnosperm lineages like P. chienii in south-east China did not remain in situ and undiversified for millions of years. On the contrary, they have been evolving and the extant populations have become established more recently, having insufficient time to speciate. Our findings provide a new perspective for understanding the formation and evolution of the relict gymnosperm flora of China as well as of the Sino-Japanese Flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Kou
- Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Dengmei Fan
- Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shanmei Cheng
- Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Dezhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Richard G J Hodel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Escalante T, Noguera-Urbano EA, Corona W. Track analysis of the Nearctic region: Identifying complex areas with mammals. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Escalante
- Grupo de Biogeografía de la Conservación; Departamento de Biología Evolutiva; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Coyoacán Mexico City Mexico
| | - Elkin A. Noguera-Urbano
- Grupo de Biogeografía de la Conservación; Departamento de Biología Evolutiva; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Coyoacán Mexico City Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas; Departamento de Biología Evolutiva; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Coyoacán Mexico City Mexico
| | - Willie Corona
- Grupo de Biogeografía de la Conservación; Departamento de Biología Evolutiva; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Coyoacán Mexico City Mexico
- Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Coyoacán Mexico City Mexico
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Nieto‐Blázquez ME, Antonelli A, Roncal J. Historical Biogeography of endemic seed plant genera in the Caribbean: Did GAARlandia play a role? Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10158-10174. [PMID: 29238545 PMCID: PMC5723623 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Caribbean archipelago is a region with an extremely complex geological history and an outstanding plant diversity with high levels of endemism. The aim of this study was to better understand the historical assembly and evolution of endemic seed plant genera in the Caribbean, by first determining divergence times of endemic genera to test whether the hypothesized Greater Antilles and Aves Ridge (GAARlandia) land bridge played a role in the archipelago colonization and second by testing South America as the main colonization source as expected by the position of landmasses and recent evidence of an asymmetrical biotic interchange. We reconstructed a dated molecular phylogenetic tree for 625 seed plants including 32 Caribbean endemic genera using Bayesian inference and ten calibrations. To estimate the geographic range of the ancestors of endemic genera, we performed a model selection between a null and two complex biogeographic models that included timeframes based on geological information, dispersal probabilities, and directionality among regions. Crown ages for endemic genera ranged from Early Eocene (53.1 Ma) to Late Pliocene (3.4 Ma). Confidence intervals for divergence times (crown and/or stem ages) of 22 endemic genera occurred within the GAARlandia time frame. Contrary to expectations, the Antilles appears as the main ancestral area for endemic seed plant genera and only five genera had a South American origin. In contrast to patterns shown for vertebrates and other organisms and based on our sampling, we conclude that GAARlandia did not act as a colonization route for plants between South America and the Antilles. Further studies on Caribbean plant dispersal at the species and population levels will be required to reveal finer-scale biogeographic patterns and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GöteborgGöteborgSweden
- Gothenburg Botanical GardenGöteborgSweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity CentreGöteborgSweden
| | - Julissa Roncal
- Department of BiologyMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John'sNLCanada
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Kaczmarek Ł, Gołdyn B, Mcinnes SJ, Michalczyk Ł. Diversity of limno-terrestrial tardigrades of the Americas in relation to the Great American Biotic Interchange hypothesis (GABI). Zool J Linn Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology; Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań; Umultowska 89 61-614 Poznań Poland
- Laboratorio de Ecología Natural y Aplicada de Invertebrados; Universidad Estatal Amazónica; Campus Principal Km 2.1/2 via a Napo (Paso Lateral) Puyo Pastaza Ecuador
| | - Bartłomiej Gołdyn
- Laboratorio de Ecología Natural y Aplicada de Invertebrados; Universidad Estatal Amazónica; Campus Principal Km 2.1/2 via a Napo (Paso Lateral) Puyo Pastaza Ecuador
- Department of General Zoology; Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań; Collegium Biologicum Umultowska 89 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | | | - Łukasz Michalczyk
- Department of Entomology; Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 9 30-387 Kraków Poland
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Howard MG, McDonald WJF, Forster PI, Kress WJ, Erickson D, Faith DP, Shapcott A. Patterns of Phylogenetic Diversity of Subtropical Rainforest of the Great Sandy Region, Australia Indicate Long Term Climatic Refugia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153565. [PMID: 27119149 PMCID: PMC4847916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Australia’s Great Sandy Region is of international significance containing two World Heritage areas and patches of rainforest growing on white sand. Previous broad-scale analysis found the Great Sandy biogeographic subregion contained a significantly more phylogenetically even subset of species than expected by chance contrasting with rainforest on white sand in Peru. This study aimed to test the patterns of rainforest diversity and relatedness at a finer scale and to investigate why we may find different patterns of phylogenetic evenness compared with rainforests on white sands in other parts of the world. This study focussed on rainforest sites within the Great Sandy and surrounding areas in South East Queensland (SEQ), Australia. We undertook field collections, expanded our three-marker DNA barcode library of SEQ rainforest plants and updated the phylogeny to 95% of the SEQ rainforest flora. We sampled species composition of rainforest in fixed area plots from 100 sites. We calculated phylogenetic diversity (PD) measures as well as species richness (SR) for each rainforest community. These combined with site variables such as geology, were used to evaluate patterns and relatedness. We found that many rainforest communities in the Great Sandy area were significantly phylogenetically even at the individual site level consistent with a broader subregion analysis. Sites from adjacent areas were either not significant or were significantly phylogenetically clustered. Some results in the neighbouring areas were consistent with historic range expansions. In contrast with expectations, sites located on the oldest substrates had significantly lower phylogenetic diversity (PD). Fraser Island was once connected to mainland Australia, our results are consistent with a region geologically old enough to have continuously supported rainforest in refugia. The interface of tropical and temperate floras in part also explains the significant phylogenetic evenness and higher than expected phylogenetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion G. Howard
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty Science Health Education, University Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - William J. F. McDonald
- Queensland Herbarium, Queensland Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul I. Forster
- Queensland Herbarium, Queensland Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | - W. John Kress
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - David Erickson
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | | | - Alison Shapcott
- Genecology Research Centre, Faculty Science Health Education, University Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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What Is the Meaning of Extreme Phylogenetic Diversity? The Case of Phylogenetic Relict Species. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22461-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Livingstone B. Biogeography of Australasia: A Molecular Analysis, by Michael Heads. Cambridge University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-1-107-04102-8. Hardback, 493 pp. Black and white illustrations of taxon distributions. £70; US$112. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Relict species: a relict concept? Trends Ecol Evol 2014; 29:655-63. [PMID: 25454211 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Relict species have always beguiled evolutionary biologists and biogeographers, who often view them as fascinating 'living fossils' or remnants of old times. Consequently, they are believed to provide interesting and important information on a vanished past and are used to understand the evolution of clades and biotas. The information that relicts provide can, however, be misleading and overemphasised when it is not remembered that they belong to groups or biotas that are mostly extinct. For example, relict species imply regional extinctions and, for this reason, they cannot simultaneously provide evidence of local biota permanence. Here we consider carefully misconceptions about relict species and highlight more clearly their evolutionary and biogeographical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne R. Parenti
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 159, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, USA
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Lucky A. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the spider ants, genus Leptomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 59:281-92. [PMID: 21406240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study provides the first phylogenetic reconstruction of the ant genus Leptomyrmex Mayr, a prominent endemic component of rain forest and wet sclerophyll forest in Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia. Five genes are used to reconstruct phylogeny and estimate of ages of diversification in order to test congruence of the history of nuclear and mitochondrial genes: three protein-coding nuclear genes: arginine kinase (argK, 897 bp), long wavelength rhodopsin (LW Rh, 546 bp) and wingless (Wg, 409 bp), as well as the large subunit ribosomal gene 28S (482 bp) and the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI, 658 bp). Four different partitioning schemes were tested for optimal resolving power; results show that partitioning by gene, translational pattern and codon position were uniformly favoured over less complex partitions. Nuclear markers showed relatively minor sequence divergence and provided strongly supported topology; phylogeny based solely on mtDNA produced somewhat conflicting topology but offered little power to resolve species complexes. Monophyly of the genus Leptomyrmex was recovered, as was the sister-group relationship of 'micro-' and 'macro-'Leptomyrmex species. Divergence dating analyses estimate that Leptomyrmex arose in the Eocene (stem age ∼ 44 million years ago (ma)), and that the 'macro-' species diverged from the 'micro-' species in the early Oligocene (∼ 31 ma). Diversification of the crown group 'macro-' and 'micro-'Leptomyrmex occurred in the Miocene (∼ 15 ma and 7.9 ma, respectively). New Guinean and New Caledonian lineages appear to have diverged from Australian lineages only recently (∼ 4.7 ma and 10.3 ma, respectively), and the latter clade is inferred to have reached New Caledonia from Australia via long distance dispersal. These results challenge previous hypotheses of Leptomyrmex classification and assumptions about their historical dispersal, but are in agreement with the current knowledge of the geological history of Melanesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lucky
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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CARNEVALE GIORGIO, PIETSCH THEODOREW. Eocene handfishes from Monte Bolca, with description of a new genus and species, and a phylogeny of the family Brachionichthyidae (Teleostei: Lophiiformes). Zool J Linn Soc 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Phylogenetic analysis of New Zealand earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) reveals ancient clades and cryptic taxonomic diversity. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 58:85-96. [PMID: 20951218 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have constructed the first ever phylogeny for the New Zealand earthworm fauna (Megascolecinae and Acanthodrilinae) including representatives from other major continental regions. Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees were constructed from 427 base pairs from the mitochondrial large subunit (16S) rRNA gene and 661 base pairs from the nuclear large subunit (28S) rRNA gene. Within the Acanthodrilinae we were able to identify a number of well-supported clades that were restricted to continental landmasses. Estimates of nodal support for these major clades were generally high, but relationships among clades were poorly resolved. The phylogenetic analyses revealed several independent lineages in New Zealand, some of which had a comparable phylogenetic depth to monophyletic groups sampled from Madagascar, Africa, North America and Australia. These results are consistent with at least some of these clades having inhabited New Zealand since rifting from Gondwana in the Late Cretaceous. Within the New Zealand Acanthodrilinae, major clades tended to be restricted to specific regions of New Zealand, with the central North Island and Cook Strait representing major biogeographic boundaries. Our field surveys of New Zealand and subsequent identification has also revealed extensive cryptic taxonomic diversity with approximately 48 new species sampled in addition to the 199 species recognized by previous authors. Our results indicate that further survey and taxonomic work is required to establish a foundation for future biogeographic and ecological research on this vitally important component of the New Zealand biota.
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Heads M. Evolution and biogeography of primates: a new model based on molecular phylogenetics, vicariance and plate tectonics. ZOOL SCR 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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