1
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Folwell M, Sanders K, Crowe-Riddell J. The Squamate Clitoris: A Review and Directions for Future Research. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac056. [PMID: 35662336 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The clitoris is a part of the genitalia of female amniotes that typically functions to stimulate sensory arousal. It usually consists of a small organ that is dimorphic and homologous to the penis. The developing amniote embryo forms a genital tubule, then sex hormones initiate a developmental cascade to form either a penis or clitoris. In squamates (lizards and snakes) the genital tubule develops into a paired hemiphallus structure called the "hemiclitores" in the female and the "hemipenes" in the male. The complex evolution of squamate hemipenes has been extensively researched since early discoveries in the 1800's, and this has uncovered huge diversity in hemipenis size, shape, and ornamentation (e.g., protrusions of spines, hooks, chalices, cups). In contrast, the squamate hemiclitoris has been conspicuously under investigated, and the studies that describe this anatomy are fraught with inconsistences. This paper aims to clarify the current state of knowledge of the squamate hemiclitoris, providing a foundation for further research on its morphology and functional role. We show that while several studies have described the gross anatomy of hemiclitores in lizards, comparative information is entirely lacking for snakes. Several papers cite earlier authors as having reported discoveries of the snake hemiclitores in vipers and colubrid snakes. However, our examination of this reveals only erroneous reports of hemiclitores in snakes and shows that these stem from misinterpretations of the true anatomy or species involved. An especially problematic source of confusion is the presence of intersex individuals in some snake populations; these form reproductively functional ovaries and a single hemipenis, with the latter sometimes mistaken for a hemiclitoris (the intersex hemipenis is usually smaller and less spinous than the male hemipenis). Further research is recommended to identify the defining anatomical features of the squamate hemiclitores. Such studies will form a vital basis of future comparative analyses of variation in female genitalia in squamates and other amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Folwell
- The University of Adelaide, Faculty of Biological Science
| | - Kate Sanders
- University of Adelaide, Faculty of Biological Science
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2
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Greenwood JF, Granados GL, Secor SM, Todd BD, Showalter I, Hedrick BP, Brennan PLR. Divergent Genital Morphologies and Female-Male Covariation in Watersnakes. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac020. [PMID: 35512541 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genital evolution can be driven by diverse selective pressures. Across taxa we see evidence of covariation between males and females, as well as divergent genital morphologies between closely related species. Quantitative analyses of morphological changes in coevolving male and female genitalia have not yet been shown in vertebrates. This study uses 2D and 3D geometric morphometrics to quantitatively compare the complex shapes of vaginal pouches and hemipenes across three species of watersnakes (the sister taxa Nerodia fasciata, N. sipedon, and a close relative N. rhombifer) to address the relationship between genital morphology and divergence time in a system where sexual conflict may have driven sexually antagonistic coevolution of genital traits. Our pairwise comparisons of shape differences across species show that the sister species have male and female genitalia that are significantly different from each other, but more similar to each other than to N. rhombifer. We also determine that the main axes of shape variation are the same for males and females, with changes that relate to deeper bilobation of the vaginal pouch and hemipenes. In males, the protrusion of the region of spines at the base of the hemipene trades off with the degree of bilobation, suggesting amelioration of sexual conflict, perhaps driven by changes in the relative size of the entrance of the vaginal pouch that could have made spines less effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Greenwood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075
| | - G Lara Granados
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075
| | - S M Secor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487
| | - B D Todd
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - I Showalter
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - B P Hedrick
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70012
| | - P L R Brennan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075
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3
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OUP accepted manuscript. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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4
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House CM, Lewis Z, Sharma MD, Hodgson DJ, Hunt J, Wedell N, Hosken DJ. Sexual selection on the genital lobes of male Drosophila simulans. Evolution 2021; 75:501-514. [PMID: 33386741 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection is thought to be responsible for the rapid divergent evolution of male genitalia with several studies detecting multivariate sexual selection on genital form. However, in most cases, selection is only estimated during a single episode of selection, which provides an incomplete view of net selection on genital traits. Here, we estimate the strength and form of multivariate selection on the genitalia arch of Drosophila simulans when mating occurs in the absence of a competitor and during sperm competition, in both sperm defence and offense roles (i.e., when mating first and last). We found that the strength of sexual selection on the genital arch was strongest during noncompetitive mating and weakest during sperm offense. However, the direction of selection was similar across selection episodes with no evidence for antagonistic selection. Overall, selection was not particularly strong despite genitals clearly evolving rapidly in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M House
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Zenobia Lewis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Manmohan D Sharma
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
| | - David J Hodgson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
| | - John Hunt
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
| | - Nina Wedell
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
| | - David J Hosken
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
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5
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Singh P, Ballmer DN, Laubscher M, Schärer L. Successful mating and hybridisation in two closely related flatworm species despite significant differences in reproductive morphology and behaviour. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12830. [PMID: 32732887 PMCID: PMC7393371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive traits are some of the fastest diverging characters and can serve as reproductive barriers. The free-living flatworm Macrostomum lignano, and its congener M. janickei are closely related, but differ substantially in their male intromittent organ (stylet) morphology. Here, we examine whether these morphological differences are accompanied by differences in behavioural traits, and whether these could represent barriers to successful mating and hybridization between the two species. Our data shows that the two species differ in many aspects of their mating behaviour. Despite these differences, the species mate readily with each other in heterospecific pairings. Although both species have similar fecundity in conspecific pairings, the heterospecific pairings revealed clear postmating barriers, as few heterospecific pairings produced F1 hybrids. These hybrids had a stylet morphology that was intermediate between that of the parental species, and they were fertile. Finally, using a mate choice experiment, we show that the nearly two-fold higher mating rate of M. lignano caused it to mate more with conspecifics, leading to assortative mating, while M. janickei ended up mating more with heterospecifics. Thus, while the two species can hybridize, the mating rate differences could possibly lead to higher fitness costs for M. janickei compared to M. lignano.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Singh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel N Ballmer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Max Laubscher
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Schärer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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House C, Tunstall P, Rapkin J, Bale MJ, Gage M, Del Castillo E, Hunt J. Multivariate stabilizing sexual selection and the evolution of male and female genital morphology in the red flour beetle. Evolution 2020; 74:883-896. [PMID: 31889313 PMCID: PMC7317928 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Male genitals are highly divergent in animals with internal fertilization. Most studies attempting to explain this diversity have focused on testing the major hypotheses of genital evolution (the lock‐and‐key, pleiotropy, and sexual selection hypotheses), and quantifying the form of selection targeting male genitals has played an important role in this endeavor. However, we currently know far less about selection targeting female genitals or how male and female genitals interact during mating. Here, we use formal selection analysis to show that genital size and shape is subject to strong multivariate stabilizing sexual selection in both sexes of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Moreover, we show significant sexual selection on the covariance between the sexes for specific aspects of genital shape suggesting that male and female genitalia also interact to determine the successful transfer of a spermatophore during mating. Our work therefore highlights the important role that both male and female genital morphologies play in determining mating success and that these effects can occur independently, as well as through their interaction. Moreover, it cautions against the overly simplistic view that the sexual selection targeting genital morphology will always be directional in form and restricted primarily to males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa House
- School of Science and Health and Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Philip Tunstall
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, United Kingdom
| | - James Rapkin
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mathilda J Bale
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Gage
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Enrique Del Castillo
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, 16802
| | - John Hunt
- School of Science and Health and Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, United Kingdom
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7
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Gilman CA, Corl A, Sinervo B, Irschick DJ. Genital morphology associated with mating strategy in the polymorphic lizard, Uta stansburiana. J Morphol 2018; 280:184-192. [PMID: 30592530 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection can lead to rapid evolution of sexual traits and striking morphological diversity across taxa. In populations where competition for mates is intense, males sometimes evolve distinct behavioral strategies along with morphological differences that help them secure mating opportunities. Strong postcopulatory selection and differential resource allocation across male strategy type can result in strategy-specific differences in sexual traits, such as sperm morphology, ejaculate components, and testis size. Some polymorphic species also have strategy-specific genital morphology. Thus far, among vertebrates, this has only been observed in fish. Here, we present the first morphological description of the intromittant copulatory organ, the hemipenis, of the three mating types of the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana, from a population that exhibits alternative mating strategies. We found that the isometrically scaling hemipenis was shortest in the nonterritorial (yellow) morph that sneaks copulations with other males' mates. Although the hemipenes were generally the same shape across morphs, the usurping territorial (orange) morph had a significantly wider apical horn than the nonterritorial sneaker morph. Sneaker males also had smaller relative body masses than both the mate-guarding (blue) morph and the usurper morph, and shorter tibia than the usurper morph. This study using a small sample of males suggests that strong sexual selection may drive genital trait differentiation across morphs within populations of terrestrial vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A Gilman
- Department of Biology, Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Ammon Corl
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Barry Sinervo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Duncan J Irschick
- Department of Biology, Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
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8
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Correlated evolution of sexually selected traits: interspecific variation in ejaculates, sperm morphology, copulatory mate guarding, and body size in two sympatric species of garter snakes. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-017-2414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Andonov K, Natchev N, Kornilev YV, Tzankov N. Does Sexual Selection Influence Ornamentation of Hemipenes in Old World Snakes? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017. [PMID: 28622447 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated and documented the morphology of the male copulatory organs (hemipenes) in fifteen wide-ranging snake species. The species represent four families (Boidae, Colubridae, Lamprophiidae, and Viperidae) and ten genera. We applied the same preparation techniques for all species, successfully everting and expanding the organs completely. The detailed description of the general morphology of the male copulatory organs was based on 31 specimens. Our data were compared with published observations and we point out some incorrectly described details in previous investigations. We provide the first description of the hemipenial morphology for three ophidian species (Elaphe sauromates, Telescopus fallax, and Malpolon insignitus). In addition to the morphological characteristics of the hemipenes presented in the research, we propose the adoption of a standardized index describing the hemipenial proportions. The immense variation in hemipenial morphology presupposes its dynamic evolution, but we suggest that many of the significant structures observed here may have escaped previous researchers due to differing methodologies. Some of the highly ornamented morphologies that we describe are consistent with a locking mechanism during copulation. However, other morphologies may relate to the variety of mating behaviors observed. As a result, we propose that sexual selection is the major driver affecting the hemipenial ornamentation in snakes. Anat Rec, 300:1680-1694, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostadin Andonov
- Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Sofia, 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay Natchev
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Vienna University, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Natural Science, Shumen University, Universitetska 115, Shumen, 9700, Bulgaria
| | - Yurii V Kornilev
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Vienna University, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.,Vertebrates Department, National Museum of Natural History, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd, Sofia, 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay Tzankov
- Vertebrates Department, National Museum of Natural History, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd, Sofia, 1000, Bulgaria
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10
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Studying Genital Coevolution to Understand Intromittent Organ Morphology. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:669-81. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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11
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Friesen CR, Uhrig EJ, Mason RT, Brennan PLR. Female behaviour and the interaction of male and female genital traits mediate sperm transfer during mating. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:952-64. [PMID: 26809830 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural selection and post-copulatory sexual selection, including sexual conflict, contribute to genital diversification. Fundamental first steps in understanding how these processes shape the evolution of specific genital traits are to determine their function experimentally and to understand the interactions between female and male genitalia during copulation. Our experimental manipulations of male and female genitalia in red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) reveal that copulation duration and copulatory plug deposition, as well as total and oviductal/vaginal sperm counts, are influenced by the interaction between male and female genital traits and female behaviour during copulation. By mating females with anesthetized cloacae to males with spine-ablated hemipenes using a fully factorial design, we identified significant female-male copulatory trait interactions and found that females prevent sperm from entering their oviducts by contracting their vaginal pouch. Furthermore, these muscular contractions limit copulatory plug size, whereas the basal spine of the male hemipene aids in sperm and plug transfer. Our results are consistent with a role of sexual conflict in mating interactions and highlight the evolutionary importance of female resistance to reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Friesen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, USA
| | - E J Uhrig
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - R T Mason
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - P L R Brennan
- Department of Biological Sciences, 104 Clapp Laboratory, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA
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12
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Kunz K, Witthuhn M, Uhl G. Paired and complex copulatory organs: do they really impede flexible use? J Zool (1987) 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Kunz
- Zoological Institute and Museum Department of General and Systematic Zoology University of Greifswald Greifswald Germany
| | - M. Witthuhn
- Zoological Institute and Museum Department of General and Systematic Zoology University of Greifswald Greifswald Germany
| | - G. Uhl
- Zoological Institute and Museum Department of General and Systematic Zoology University of Greifswald Greifswald Germany
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13
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Myers CW, McDowell SB. New Taxa and Cryptic Species of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), with Commentary on Hemipenes as Generic and Specific Characters. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2014. [DOI: 10.1206/862.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Sales Nunes PM, Curcio FF, Roscito JG, Rodrigues MT. Are Hemipenial Spines Related to Limb Reduction? A Spiny Discussion Focused on Gymnophthalmid Lizards (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:482-95. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. Sales Nunes
- Departamento de Zoologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; Caixa Postal 11.461, CEP 05422-970 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Felipe F. Curcio
- Departamento de Zoologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; Caixa Postal 11.461, CEP 05422-970 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Juliana G. Roscito
- Departamento de Zoologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; Caixa Postal 11.461, CEP 05422-970 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Miguel T. Rodrigues
- Departamento de Zoologia; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; Caixa Postal 11.461, CEP 05422-970 São Paulo SP Brazil
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15
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Friesen CR, Uhrig EJ, Squire MK, Mason RT, Brennan PLR. Sexual conflict over mating in red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) as indicated by experimental manipulation of genitalia. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132694. [PMID: 24225467 PMCID: PMC3843848 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual conflict over mating can result in sex-specific morphologies and behaviours that allow each sex to exert control over the outcome of reproduction. Genital traits, in particular, are often directly involved in conflict interactions. Via genital manipulation, we experimentally investigated whether genital traits in red-sided garter snakes influence copulation duration and formation of a copulatory plug. The hemipenes of male red-sided garter snakes have a large basal spine that inserts into the female cloaca during mating. We ablated the spine and found that males were still capable of copulation but copulation duration was much shorter and copulatory plugs were smaller than those produced by intact males. We also anaesthetized the female cloacal region and found that anaesthetized females copulated longer than control females, suggesting that female cloacal and vaginal contractions play a role in controlling copulation duration. Both results, combined with known aspects of the breeding biology of red-sided garter snakes, strongly support the idea that sexual conflict is involved in mating interactions in this species. Our results demonstrate the complex interactions among male and female traits generated by coevolutionary processes in a wild population. Such complexity highlights the importance of simultaneous examination of male and female traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Friesen
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence Building AO8, Science Road, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Emily J. Uhrig
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Mattie K. Squire
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Robert T. Mason
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Patricia L. R. Brennan
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, 221 Morrill Science Center, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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16
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Showalter I, Todd BD, Brennan PLR. Intraspecific and interspecific variation of female genitalia in two species of watersnake. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Showalter
- Department of Biology; University of Massachusetts Amherst; 611 N. Pleasant Street Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Brian D. Todd
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology; University of California; Davis, One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Patricia L. R. Brennan
- Department of Biology; University of Massachusetts Amherst; 611 N. Pleasant Street Amherst MA 01003 USA
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Program and Department of Psychology; UMASS Amherst; Amherst MA 01003 USA
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17
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McVay JD, Carstens B. Testing monophyly without well-supported gene trees: Evidence from multi-locus nuclear data conflicts with existing taxonomy in the snake tribe Thamnophiini. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 68:425-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Friesen CR, Shine R, Krohmer RW, Mason RT. Not just a chastity belt: the functional significance of mating plugs in garter snakes, revisited. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Friesen
- Department of Zoology; Oregon State University; Cordley Hall 3029; Corvallis; OR; 97330; USA
| | - Richard Shine
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Sydney; Heydon-Laurence Building A08; Sydney; NSW; 2006; Australia
| | - Randolph W. Krohmer
- Department of Biological Sciences; Saint Xavier University; 3700 W. 103rd ST.; Chicago; IL; 60655; USA
| | - Robert T. Mason
- Department of Zoology; Oregon State University; Cordley Hall 3029; Corvallis; OR; 97330; USA
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19
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Seasonal, Condition-Dependent, and Individual Variation in Testosterone in a Natricine Snake. J HERPETOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1670/12-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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21
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Barros TR, Jadin RC, Caicedo-Portilla JR, Rivas GA. Discovery of a rare snail-eater snake in Venezuela (Dipsadinae, Dipsas pratti), with additions to its natural history and morphology. ZOOSYST EVOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/zoos.201200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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22
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Barker BS, Phillips PC, Arnold SJ. A TEST OF THE CONJECTURE THAT G-MATRICES ARE MORE STABLE THAN B-MATRICES. Evolution 2010; 64:2601-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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