1
|
Dos Santos CH, Gustani EC, Machado LPDB, Mateus RP. Dietary Variation Effect on Life History Traits and Energy Storage in Neotropical Species of Drosophila (Diptera; Drosophilidae). NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 53:578-595. [PMID: 38687423 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-024-01147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The ability of an organism to respond to nutritional stress can be a plastic character under the action of natural selection, affecting several characteristics, including life history and energy storage. The genus Drosophila (Diptera; Drosophilidae) presents high variability regarding natural resource exploration. However, most works on this theme have studied the model species D. melanogaster Meigen, 1830 and little is known about Neotropical drosophilids. Here we evaluate the effects of three diets, with different carbohydrate-to-protein ratios, on life history (viability and development time) and metabolic pools (triglycerides, glycogen, and total soluble protein contents) of three Neotropical species of Drosophila: D. maculifrons Duda, 1927; D. ornatifrons Duda, 1927, both of the subgenus Drosophila Sturtevant, 1939, and D. willistoni Sturtevant, 1916 of the subgenus Sophophora Sturtevant, 1939. Our results showed that only D. willistoni was viable on all diets, D. maculifrons was not viable on the sugary diet, while D. ornatifrons was barely viable on this diet. The sugary diet increased the development time of D. willistoni and D. ornatifrons, and D. willistoni glycogen content. Thus, the viability of D. maculifrons and D. ornatifrons seems to depend on a certain amount of protein and/or a low concentration of carbohydrate in the diet. A more evident effect of the diets on triglyceride and protein pools was detected in D. ornatifrons, which could be related to the adult attraction to dung and carrion baited pitfall as food resource tested in nature. Our results demonstrated that the evolutionary history and differential adaptations to natural macronutrient resources are important to define the amplitude of response that a species can present when faced with dietary variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Heloise Dos Santos
- Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, Biological Sciences Department, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Paes de Barros Machado
- Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, Biological Sciences Department, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Biological Sciences Department, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Rogério Pincela Mateus
- Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, Biological Sciences Department, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Biological Sciences Department, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maxwell LM, Clark JD, Walsh J, Conway M, Olsen BJ, Kovach AI. Ecological characteristics explain neutral genetic variation of three coastal sparrow species. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17316. [PMID: 38481075 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Eco-phylogeographic approaches to comparative population genetic analyses allow for the inclusion of intrinsic influences as drivers of intraspecific genetic structure. This insight into microevolutionary processes, including changes within a species or lineage, provides better mechanistic understanding of species-specific interactions and enables predictions of evolutionary responses to environmental change. In this study, we used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified from reduced representation sequencing to compare neutral population structure, isolation by distance (IBD), genetic diversity and effective population size (Ne) across three closely related and co-distributed saltmarsh sparrow species differing along a specialization gradient-Nelson's (Ammospiza nelsoni subvirgata), saltmarsh (A. caudacuta) and seaside sparrows (A. maritima maritima). Using an eco-phylogeographic lens within a conservation management context, we tested predictions about species' degree of evolutionary history and ecological specialization to tidal marshes, habitat, current distribution and population status on population genetic metrics. Population structure differed among the species consistent with their current distribution and habitat factors, rather than degree of ecological specialization: seaside sparrows were panmictic, saltmarsh sparrows showed hierarchical structure and Nelson's sparrows were differentiated into multiple, genetically distinct populations. Neutral population genetic theory and demographic/evolutionary history predicted patterns of genetic diversity and Ne rather than degree of ecological specialization. Patterns of population variation and evolutionary distinctiveness (Shapely metric) suggest different conservation measures for long-term persistence and evolutionary potential in each species. Our findings contribute to a broader understanding of the complex factors influencing genetic variation, beyond specialist-generalist status and support the role of an eco-phylogeographic approach in population and conservation genetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Logan M Maxwell
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jonathan D Clark
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jennifer Walsh
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
- Fuller Evolutionary Biology Program, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Meaghan Conway
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Brian J Olsen
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Adrienne I Kovach
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bisesi AT, Möbius W, Nadell CD, Hansen EG, Bowden SD, Harcombe WR. Bacteriophage specificity is impacted by interactions between bacteria. mSystems 2024; 9:e0117723. [PMID: 38376179 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01177-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Predators play a central role in shaping community structure, function, and stability. The degree to which bacteriophage predators (viruses that infect bacteria) evolve to be specialists with a single bacterial prey species versus generalists able to consume multiple types of prey has implications for their effect on microbial communities. The presence and abundance of multiple bacterial prey types can alter selection for phage generalists, but less is known about how interactions between prey shape predator specificity in microbial systems. Using a phenomenological mathematical model of phage and bacterial populations, we find that the dominant phage strategy depends on prey ecology. Given a fitness cost for generalism, generalist predators maintain an advantage when prey species compete, while specialists dominate when prey are obligately engaged in cross-feeding interactions. We test these predictions in a synthetic microbial community with interacting strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica by competing a generalist T5-like phage able to infect both prey against P22vir, an S. enterica-specific phage. Our experimental data conform to our modeling expectations when prey species are competing or obligately mutualistic, although our results suggest that the in vitro cost of generalism is caused by a combination of biological mechanisms not anticipated in our model. Our work demonstrates that interactions between bacteria play a role in shaping ecological selection on predator specificity in obligately lytic bacteriophages and emphasizes the diversity of ways in which fitness trade-offs can manifest. IMPORTANCE There is significant natural diversity in how many different types of bacteria a bacteriophage can infect, but the mechanisms driving this diversity are unclear. This study uses a combination of mathematical modeling and an in vitro system consisting of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, a T5-like generalist phage, and the specialist phage P22vir to highlight the connection between bacteriophage specificity and interactions between their potential microbial prey. Mathematical modeling suggests that competing bacteria tend to favor generalist bacteriophage, while bacteria that benefit each other tend to favor specialist bacteriophage. Experimental results support this general finding. The experiments also show that the optimal phage strategy is impacted by phage degradation and bacterial physiology. These findings enhance our understanding of how complex microbial communities shape selection on bacteriophage specificity, which may improve our ability to use phage to manage antibiotic-resistant microbial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ave T Bisesi
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wolfram Möbius
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Carey D Nadell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Eleanore G Hansen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Steven D Bowden
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - William R Harcombe
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
García-Varela M, López-Jiménez A, González-García MT, Sereno-Uribe AL, Andrade-Gómez L. Contrasting the population genetic structure of a specialist ( Hexaglandula corynosoma: Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) and a generalist parasite ( Southwellina hispida) distributed sympatrically in Mexico. Parasitology 2023; 150:1-11. [PMID: 36748352 PMCID: PMC10090582 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphidae is a monophyletic group of acanthocephalans distributed worldwide. Within this family, Hexaglandula corynosoma is a specialist species that uses a single bird species as a definitive host. Southwellina hispida is a generalist species that uses a broad spectrum of definitive hosts to complete its life cycle. In the current research, sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) from mitochondrial DNA were generated from 44 specimens of H. corynosoma and 76 of S. hispida distributed sympatrically in 6 biogeographic provinces of Mexico with the objective of characterizing and comparing the population genetic structure of 2 acanthocephalan species with opposing life strategies. The phylogeographic studies indicated that the populations of both species lacked a phylogeographic structure and exhibited high haplotype diversity, low nucleotide diversity and low Fst values among the biogeographic provinces; in combination with negative values on the neutrality test, this suggests that the populations of acanthocephalans are expanding. Paratenic hosts are key for the transmission from intermediate to definitive hosts in the generalist species. However, the inclusion of paratenic hosts does not play a principal role in the population genetic structure of S. hispida within its distribution along the coasts of Mexico.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martín García-Varela
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510 México City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra López-Jiménez
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510 México City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510 México City, Mexico
| | - Marcelo Tonatiuh González-García
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510 México City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510 México City, Mexico
| | - Ana Lucia Sereno-Uribe
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510 México City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Andrade-Gómez
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Mérida, Km 4.5 Carretera Mérida-Tetiz, Ucú, Yucatán CP 97357, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Leone JB, Pennarola NP, Larson JL, Oberhauser K, Larson DL. Divergent responses of butterflies and bees to burning and grazing management in tallgrass prairies. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9532. [PMID: 36479035 PMCID: PMC9719824 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Butterflies and bees contribute significantly to grassland biodiversity and play important roles as pollinators and herbivores. Grassland conservation and management must be seen through the lens of insect conservation and management if these species are to thrive. In North America, grasslands are a product of climate and natural disturbances such as fire and grazing. These natural disturbances have changed considerably since European colonization and subsequent landscape fragmentation. The aim of this study was to better understand the impacts of fire and grazing management on butterfly and bee communities in tallgrass prairie, enabling land managers and conservationists to better protect and manage remnant prairie. We examined butterfly and bee abundance, species richness, and diversity in Minnesota tallgrass prairies managed by grazing or fire. In 2016 and 2017, we surveyed butterflies, bees, vegetation, and surrounding land use at 20 remnant prairies (10 burned and 10 grazed) with known management histories. Butterfly and bee abundance at our study sites were significantly negatively correlated. Butterfly abundance, but not species richness, was higher in burned than grazed prairies, and prairie-associated grass-feeding butterflies were more abundant at sites with higher plant species richness. Bee abundance was unrelated to management type but was higher at sites with sandier soils; bee species richness was positively associated with forb frequency. These findings highlight the challenges of designing management plans tailored to wide groups of pollinators and the potential pitfalls of using one group of pollinators as indicators for another. They also point to the importance of a mosaic of management practices across the prairie landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia B. Leone
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Jennifer L. Larson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research CenterSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Karen Oberhauser
- University of Wisconsin Arboretum, University of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Diane L. Larson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research CenterSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wray AK, Gratton C, Jusino MA, Wang JJ, Kochanski JM, Palmer JM, Banik MT, Lindner DL, Peery MZ. Disease‐related population declines in bats demonstrate non‐exchangeability in generalist predators. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8978. [PMID: 35784069 PMCID: PMC9170538 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which persisting species may fill the functional role of extirpated or declining species has profound implications for the structure of biological communities and ecosystem functioning. In North America, arthropodivorous bats are threatened on a continent‐wide scale by the spread of white‐nose syndrome (WNS), a disease caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans. We tested whether bat species that display lower mortality from this disease can partially fill the functional role of other bat species experiencing population declines. Specifically, we performed high‐throughput amplicon sequencing of guano from two generalist predators: the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) and big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus). We then compared changes in prey consumption before versus after population declines related to WNS. Dietary niches contracted for both species after large and abrupt declines in little brown bats and smaller declines in big brown bats, but interspecific dietary overlap did not change. Furthermore, the incidence and taxonomic richness of agricultural pest taxa detected in diet samples decreased following bat population declines. Our results suggest that persisting generalist predators do not necessarily expand their dietary niches following population declines in other predators, providing further evidence that the functional roles of different generalist predators are ecologically distinct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy K. Wray
- Department of Forest & Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Claudio Gratton
- Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Michelle A. Jusino
- Center for Forest Mycology Research Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Jing Jamie Wang
- Department of Forest & Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Jade M. Kochanski
- Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Jonathan M. Palmer
- Center for Forest Mycology Research Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Mark T. Banik
- Center for Forest Mycology Research Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Daniel L. Lindner
- Center for Forest Mycology Research Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - M. Zachariah Peery
- Department of Forest & Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Snetsinger M, Row JR, Hazell ME, Plain D, Lougheed SC. Comparing the population structure of the specialist Butler’s Gartersnake (Thamnophis butleri) and the generalist Eastern Gartersnake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis) in Ontario (Canada) and Michigan (USA). CAN J ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2020-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Species differing in life-history attributes vary in their responses to features within a shared landscape. We evaluated genetic structure of sympatric gartersnake species in southwestern Ontario (Canada) and southeastern Michigan (USA), where habitat fragmentation is high due to agriculture and urbanization. We surveyed genetic structure of a habitat specialist, Butler’s Gartersnake (Thamnophis butleri (Cope, 1889)), and a habitat generalist, Eastern Gartersnake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (Linnaeus, 1758)), using DNA microsatellites. Bayesian clustering, discriminant analysis of principal components, and pairwise population comparisons revealed genetic differentiation among three major regional clusters of Butler’s Gartersnake with evidence of further division within one. Genetic clustering of Butler’s Gartersnake suggest that inhospitable habitat limits dispersal. Eastern Gartersnakes showed less structure, with assignment tests implying a single genetic cluster. We found positive significant Mantel’s r for both species in the smallest distance class (<15 km), but significant isolation by distance for Butler’s Gartersnake only. These findings together imply that connectivity for Eastern Gartersnakes is less impacted by habitat loss and fragmentation or that we were less able to detect their effects. Our study shows the value of multispecies comparisons in studies seeking to understand the underlying causes of genetic structure in natural populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Snetsinger
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R. Row
- Minnow Environmental Inc., 2 Lamb Street, Georgetown, ON L7G 3M9, Canada
| | - Megan E. Hazell
- Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Dennis Plain
- Aamjiwnaang First Nation, Band Office, 978 Tashmoo Avenue, Sarnia, ON N7T 7H5, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
von der Dunk SHA, Snel B, Hogeweg P. OUP accepted manuscript. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:6575312. [PMID: 35482058 PMCID: PMC9086953 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many questions remain about the interplay between adaptive and neutral processes leading to genome expansion and the evolution of cellular complexity. Genome size appears to be tightly linked to the size of the regulatory repertoire of cells (van Nimwegen E. 2003. Scaling laws in the functional content of genomes. Trends Gen. 19(9):479–484). In the context of gene regulation, we here study the interplay between adaptive and nonadaptive forces on genome and regulatory network in a computational model of cell-cycle adaptation to different environments. Starting from the well-known Caulobacter crescentus network, we report on ten replicate in silico evolution experiments where cells evolve cell-cycle control by adapting to increasingly harsh spatial habitats. We find adaptive expansion of the regulatory repertoire of cells. Having a large genome is inherently costly, but also allows for improved cell-cycle behavior. Replicates traverse different evolutionary trajectories leading to distinct eco-evolutionary strategies. In four replicates, cells evolve a generalist strategy to cope with a variety of nutrient levels; in two replicates, different specialist cells evolve for specific nutrient levels; in the remaining four replicates, an intermediate strategy evolves. These diverse evolutionary outcomes reveal the role of contingency in a system under strong selective forces. This study shows that functionality of cells depends on the combination of regulatory network topology and genome organization. For example, the positions of dosage-sensitive genes are exploited to signal to the regulatory network when replication is completed, forming a de novo evolved cell cycle checkpoint. Our results underline the importance of the integration of multiple organizational levels to understand complex gene regulation and the evolution thereof.
Collapse
|
9
|
Schwarz R, Stark G, Antonopolous A, Itescu Y, Pafilis P, Chapple DG, Meiri S. Specialist versus Generalist at the Intraspecific Level: Functional Morphology and Substrate Preference of Mediodactylus kotschyi Geckos. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:62-75. [PMID: 34010416 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations of the same species occupying different microhabitats can either exhibit generalized traits across them or display intraspecific variability, adapting to each microhabitat in order to maximize performance. Intraspecific variability contributes to the generation of diversity, following selection and adaptation, and understanding such variability is important for comprehending how individuals choose their microhabitats. Compared with interspecific variability, however, intraspecific variability in functional morphology and its relationship with microhabitat preference and use have been relatively little studied. Here we examined whether populations of the gecko Mediodactylus kotschyi that differ in the substrates they occupy display habitat-specific behaviors and differing morphologies associated with functional adaptation to their microhabitats. We collected 207 geckos from under or on rocks or on trees from seven populations in Greece. On large islands individuals occupy both substrates; whereas small islets are devoid of trees and the geckos are restricted to rocks, while on the mainland they are only found on trees. We determined gecko substrate preferences in the laboratory, together with their clinging abilities to the different substrates. We measured their limbs, digits, and claws and assessed how these measurements relate to clinging ability. Geckos from all populations preferred the tree made available to them, but this preference was not statistically significant. Geckos from both large and small islands clung better to the tree than to the rock in the laboratory, while those from the mainland clung similarly to both substrates. Geckos collected from trees had longer manual digits and hind limbs. Geckos collected from large and small islands had taller (longer on the dorso-ventral axis; henceforth "deeper") claws. Longer digits and deeper but shorter claws were associated with a better ability to cling to rocks. Our findings suggest that while M. kotschyi is potentially preferentially arboreal, due to the great variation and plasticity it possesses, it can successfully also exploit the habitats available on the smallest, treeless islets in the Aegean Sea. Our study suggests that the dichotomous use of generalist versus specialist in describing species' habitat use is oversimplified, and we suggest the use of a generalist-specialist gradient instead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Schwarz
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Gavin Stark
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Antonis Antonopolous
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 157 72, Greece
| | - Yuval Itescu
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin 12587, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Panayiotis Pafilis
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 157 72, Greece
| | - David G Chapple
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Shai Meiri
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.,The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Menéndez I, Gómez Cano AR, Cantalapiedra JL, Peláez‐Campomanes P, Álvarez‐Sierra MÁ, Hernández Fernández M. A multi‐layered approach to the diversification of squirrels. Mamm Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Menéndez
- Departamento de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid C/ José Antonio Novais 12 Madrid28040 Spain
- Departamento de Cambio Medioambiental Instituto de Geociencias (UCM, CSIC) C/Severo Ochoa 7 Madrid28040 Spain
| | | | - Juan L. Cantalapiedra
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, GloCEE Global Change Ecology and Evolution Research Group Universidad de Alcalá Plaza de San Diego s/n, Alcalá de Henares Madrid28801 Spain
| | - Pablo Peláez‐Campomanes
- Departameto de Paleobiología Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN‐CSIC C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2 Madrid28006 Spain
| | - María Ángeles Álvarez‐Sierra
- Departamento de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid C/ José Antonio Novais 12 Madrid28040 Spain
- Departamento de Cambio Medioambiental Instituto de Geociencias (UCM, CSIC) C/Severo Ochoa 7 Madrid28040 Spain
| | - Manuel Hernández Fernández
- Departamento de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid C/ José Antonio Novais 12 Madrid28040 Spain
- Departamento de Cambio Medioambiental Instituto de Geociencias (UCM, CSIC) C/Severo Ochoa 7 Madrid28040 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Law B, Chidel M, Law PR. Multi-year population dynamics of a specialist trawling bat at streams with contrasting disturbance. J Mammal 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Habitat degradation leads to homogenization of biological communities, often due to the dominance of generalist species over specialists. Yet data as to how life history attributes of specialists vary with such perturbations remain sparse. We compared long-term population dynamics of a specialist trawling bat, the large-footed myotis (Myotis macropus), between two forested catchments. One forest stream was nutrient-enriched from dairy farming in its headwaters and a portion of its surrounding catchment was harvested for timber during the study, while the other was located in primarily undisturbed forest. We caught and banded bats annually at their roosts over 14 years and banded 529 individuals with a 45% recapture rate. The maximum time to recapture was nine years and there was no evidence for transiency in our populations. Mark-recapture analyses allowed for investigation of the dependence of survival on time, sex, and age at marking. Our study spanned extreme El Niño and La Niña weather events, but we found little variation in survival, although recruitment was lower during drought. Mean minimum winter temperature (positive) and rainfall (positive) had weak influences on survival. Survival of adults (~0.70) and population size of adult females was similar between the two sites, suggesting that neither timber harvesting with retained riparian buffers nor eutrophication from farming influenced survival. Survival of adult males and females was similar, but survival of juveniles was less than half that of adults, probably due to a combination of mortality and dispersal. Survival was three times lower immediately after one of the timber bridges used as a roost fully collapsed. Specializing on aquatic habitats buffered M. macropus from most extreme weather, but there was also evidence for possible mortality and recovery after an intense rainfall and flooding event immediately prior to the study. More frequent intense rainfall predicted with global warming may reduce the species’ resilience over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Chidel
- Forest Science Unit, NSW Primary Industries, Locked Bag 5123, Parramatta 2124, NSW Australia
- The Hills Shire Council, P.O. Box 75, Castle Hill, 1765, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter R Law
- Research Associate, Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Derocles SA, Navasse Y, Buchard C, Plantegenest M, Le Ralec A. "Generalist" Aphid Parasitoids Behave as Specialists at the Agroecosystem Scale. INSECTS 2019; 11:E6. [PMID: 31861737 PMCID: PMC7023390 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The degree of trophic specialization of interacting organisms impacts on the structure of ecological networks and has consequences for the regulation of crop pests. However, it remains difficult to assess in the case of parasitoids. Host ranges are often established by listing host records from various years and geographic areas in the literature. Here, we compared the actual hosts exploited at a local farm-scale by aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae), to the available species listed as hosts for each parasitoid species. We sampled aphids and their parasitoids in cultivated and uncultivated areas in an experimental farm from April to November 2014 and thereafter used DNA-based data to determine whether a differentiation in sequences existed. Twenty-nine parasitoid species were found on 47 potential aphid hosts. Our results showed that the great majority of the parasitoid tested used fewer host species than expected according to data published in the literature and parasitized a limited number of hosts even when other potential hosts were available in the environment. Moreover, individuals of the most generalist species differed in their DNA sequences, according to the aphid species and/or the host plant species. At a local scale, only obligate or facultative specialist aphid parasitoids were detected. Local specialization has to be considered when implementing the use of such parasitoids in pest regulation within agroecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane A.P. Derocles
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne-Loire, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Yoann Navasse
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne-Loire, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christelle Buchard
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, 35650 Le Rheu, France
| | - Manuel Plantegenest
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne-Loire, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Anne Le Ralec
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne-Loire, 35000 Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Loxdale HD, Balog A, Harvey JA. Generalism in Nature…The Great Misnomer: Aphids and Wasp Parasitoids as Examples. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10100314. [PMID: 31554276 PMCID: PMC6835564 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the present article we discuss why, in our view, the term ‘generalism’ to define the dietary breadth of a species is a misnomer and should be revised by entomologists/ecologists with the more exact title relating to the animal in question’s level of phagy—mono-, oligo, or polyphagy. We discard generalism as a concept because of the indisputable fact that all living organisms fill a unique ecological niche, and that entry and exit from such niches are the acknowledged routes and mechanisms driving ecological divergence and ultimately speciation. The term specialist is probably still useful and we support its continuing usage simply because all species and lower levels of evolutionary diverge are indeed specialists to a large degree. Using aphids and parasitoid wasps as examples, we provide evidence from the literature that even some apparently highly polyphagous agricultural aphid pest species and their wasp parasitoids are probably not as polyphagous as formerly assumed. We suggest that the shifting of plant hosts by herbivorous insects like aphids, whilst having positive benefits in reducing competition, and reducing antagonists by moving the target organism into ‘enemy free space’, produces trade-offs in survival, involving relaxed selection in the case of the manicured agro-ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Loxdale
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoara Str. 1C., 540485 Tirgu-Mures, Romania.
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Herrera P, Suárez JP, Sánchez-Rodríguez A, Molina MC, Prieto M, Méndez M. Many broadly-shared mycobionts characterize mycorrhizal interactions of two coexisting epiphytic orchids in a high elevation tropical forest. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
15
|
Refsnider JM, Carter SE, Kramer GR, Siefker AD, Streby HM. Is dietary or microhabitat specialization associated with environmental heterogeneity in horned lizards ( Phrynosoma)? Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5542-5550. [PMID: 31160981 PMCID: PMC6540669 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Niche breadth is predicted to correlate with environmental heterogeneity, such that generalists will evolve in heterogeneous environments and specialists will evolve in environments that vary less over space and time. We tested the hypothesis that lizards in a heterogeneous environment were generalists compared to lizards in a homogeneous environment. We compared niche breadths of greater short-horned lizards by quantifying resource selection in terms of two different niche axes, diet (prey items and trophic level), and microhabitat (ground cover and shade cover) between two populations occurring at different elevations. We assessed the heterogeneity of dietary and microhabitat resources within each population's environment by quantifying the availability of prey items, ground cover, and shade cover in each environment. Overall, our results demonstrate that despite differences in resource heterogeneity between elevations, resource selection did not consistently differ between populations. Moreover, environmental heterogeneity was not associated with generalization of resource use. The low-elevation site had a broader range of available prey items, yet lizards at the high-elevation site demonstrated more generalization in diet. In contrast, the high-elevation site had a broader range of available microhabitats, but the lizard populations at both sites were similarly generalized for shade cover selection and were similarly specialized for ground cover selection. Our results demonstrate that environmental heterogeneity of a particular resource does not necessarily predict the degree to which organisms specialize on that resource.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E. Carter
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of ToledoToledoOhio
| | - Gunnar R. Kramer
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of ToledoToledoOhio
| | - Adam D. Siefker
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of ToledoToledoOhio
| | - Henry M. Streby
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of ToledoToledoOhio
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Linscott J. Digest: Unlocking the creative potential of specialization. Evolution 2019; 73:1322-1323. [PMID: 31006852 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Do constant environments produce ecological specialists? Wang et al. test this common assumption in Drosophila melanogaster and find that the converse may be true: constant environments sometimes produce robust generalists that can withstand change. In this study, increased tolerance to change may be best explained as a by-product of adaptation to a particularly harsh salt-enriched environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Linscott
- Department of Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nguyen HN, Lu CW, Chu JH, Grismer LL, Hung CM, Lin SM. Historical demography of four gecko species specializing in boulder cave habitat: Implications in the evolutionary dead end hypothesis and conservation. Mol Ecol 2018; 28:772-784. [PMID: 30580492 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Specialization in narrow ecological niches may not only help species to survive in competitive or unique environments but also contribute to their extermination over evolutionary time. Although the "evolutionary dead end" hypothesis has long been debated, empirical evidence from species with detailed information on niche specialization and evolutionary history remains rare. Here we use a group of four closely related Cnemaspis gecko species that depend highly on granite boulder caves in the Mekong Delta to investigate the potential impact of ecological specialization on their evolution and population dynamics. Isolated by unsuitable floodplain habitats, these boulder-dwelling geckos are among the most narrowly distributed Squamata in the world. We applied several coalescence-based approaches combined with the RAD-seq technique to estimate their divergence times, gene flow and demographic fluctuations during the speciation and population differentiation processes. Our results reveal long-term population shrinkage in the four geckos and limited gene flow during their divergence. The results suggest that the erosion and fragmentation of the granite boulder hills have greatly impacted population divergence and declines. The habitat specialization of these geckos has led to fine-scaled speciation in these granite rocky hills; in contrast, specialization might also have pushed these species toward the edge of extinction. Our study also emphasizes the conservation urgency of these vulnerable, cave-dependent geckos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung N Nguyen
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Zoology, Southern Institute of Ecology, Vietnam Academia of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hua Chu
- Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chih-Ming Hung
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Si-Min Lin
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kjeldsen SR, Raadsma HW, Leigh KA, Tobey JR, Phalen D, Krockenberger A, Ellis WA, Hynes E, Higgins DP, Zenger KR. Genomic comparisons reveal biogeographic and anthropogenic impacts in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): a dietary-specialist species distributed across heterogeneous environments. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 122:525-544. [PMID: 30209291 PMCID: PMC6461856 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Australian koala is an iconic marsupial with highly specific dietary requirements distributed across heterogeneous environments, over a large geographic range. The distribution and genetic structure of koala populations has been heavily influenced by human actions, specifically habitat modification, hunting and translocation of koalas. There is currently limited information on population diversity and gene flow at a species-wide scale, or with consideration to the potential impacts of local adaptation. Using species-wide sampling across heterogeneous environments, and high-density genome-wide markers (SNPs and PAVs), we show that most koala populations display levels of diversity comparable to other outbred species, except for those populations impacted by population reductions. Genetic clustering analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction reveals a lack of support for current taxonomic classification of three koala subspecies, with only a single evolutionary significant unit supported. Furthermore, ~70% of genetic variance is accounted for at the individual level. The Sydney Basin region is highlighted as a unique reservoir of genetic diversity, having higher diversity levels (i.e., Blue Mountains region; AvHecorr=0.20, PL% = 68.6). Broad-scale population differentiation is primarily driven by an isolation by distance genetic structure model (49% of genetic variance), with clinal local adaptation corresponding to habitat bioregions. Signatures of selection were detected between bioregions, with no single region returning evidence of strong selection. The results of this study show that although the koala is widely considered to be a dietary-specialist species, this apparent specialisation has not limited the koala’s ability to maintain gene flow and adapt across divergent environments as long as the required food source is available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Kjeldsen
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
| | - Herman W Raadsma
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Private Mail Bag 4003, Narellan, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Kellie A Leigh
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Private Mail Bag 4003, Narellan, NSW, 2570, Australia.,Science for Wildlife, PO Box 286, Cammeray, NSW, 2062, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Tobey
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, CA, 92027, USA
| | - David Phalen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Private Mail Bag 4003, Narellan, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Andrew Krockenberger
- Centre for Tropical Biodiversity and Climate Change, Division of Research and Innovation, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4878, Australia
| | - William A Ellis
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Emily Hynes
- Ecoplan Australia, PO Box 968, Torquay, VIC, 3228, Australia
| | - Damien P Higgins
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kyall R Zenger
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Braga MP, Araujo SBL, Agosta S, Brooks D, Hoberg E, Nylin S, Janz N, Boeger WA. Host use dynamics in a heterogeneous fitness landscape generates oscillations in host range and diversification. Evolution 2018; 72:1773-1783. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P. Braga
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Salvatore Agosta
- Center for Environmental Studies and Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia 23284
| | - Daniel Brooks
- Institute for Advanced Studies Kőszeg, Europe House, Kőszeg Chernel st. 14 H‐9730 Hungary
| | - Eric Hoberg
- US National Parasite Collection, US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Beltsville Maryland 20705
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Niklas Janz
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Walter A. Boeger
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Parasitology, Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba PR 81531 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Phylogenetic analysis of trophic niche evolution reveals a latitudinal herbivory gradient in Clupeoidei (herrings, anchovies, and allies). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 124:151-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
21
|
Zimmermann B, Bağcıoğlu M, Tafinstseva V, Kohler A, Ohlson M, Fjellheim S. A high-throughput FTIR spectroscopy approach to assess adaptive variation in the chemical composition of pollen. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10839-10849. [PMID: 29299262 PMCID: PMC5743575 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The two factors defining male reproductive success in plants are pollen quantity and quality, but our knowledge about the importance of pollen quality is limited due to methodological constraints. Pollen quality in terms of chemical composition may be either genetically fixed for high performance independent of environmental conditions, or it may be plastic to maximize reproductive output under different environmental conditions. In this study, we validated a new approach for studying the role of chemical composition of pollen in adaptation to local climate. The approach is based on high-throughput Fourier infrared (FTIR) characterization and biochemical interpretation of pollen chemical composition in response to environmental conditions. The study covered three grass species, Poa alpina, Anthoxanthum odoratum, and Festuca ovina. For each species, plants were grown from seeds of three populations with wide geographic and climate variation. Each individual plant was divided into four genetically identical clones which were grown in different controlled environments (high and low levels of temperature and nutrients). In total, 389 samples were measured using a high-throughput FTIR spectrometer. The biochemical fingerprints of pollen were species and population specific, and plastic in response to different environmental conditions. The response was most pronounced for temperature, influencing the levels of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in pollen of all species. Furthermore, there is considerable variation in plasticity of the chemical composition of pollen among species and populations. The use of high-throughput FTIR spectroscopy provides fast, cheap, and simple assessment of the chemical composition of pollen. In combination with controlled-condition growth experiments and multivariate analyses, FTIR spectroscopy opens up for studies of the adaptive role of pollen that until now has been difficult with available methodology. The approach can easily be extended to other species and environmental conditions and has the potential to significantly increase our understanding of plant male function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Zimmermann
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Murat Bağcıoğlu
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Valeria Tafinstseva
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Achim Kohler
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
- Nofima ASÅsNorway
| | - Mikael Ohlson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Siri Fjellheim
- Faculty of BiosciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dapporto L, Cini A, Menchetti M, Vodă R, Bonelli S, Casacci LP, Dincă V, Scalercio S, Hinojosa JC, Biermann H, Forbicioni L, Mazzantini U, Venturi L, Zanichelli F, Balletto E, Shreeve TG, Dennis RLH, Vila R. Rise and fall of island butterfly diversity: Understanding genetic differentiation and extinction in a highly diverse archipelago. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Dapporto
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra); Barcelona Spain
- Dipartimento di Biologia; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
| | - Alessandro Cini
- Dipartimento di Biologia; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
| | - Mattia Menchetti
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra); Barcelona Spain
- Dipartimento di Biologia; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
| | - Raluca Vodă
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi; Università degli Studi di Torino; Turin Italy
| | - Simona Bonelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi; Università degli Studi di Torino; Turin Italy
| | - Luca P. Casacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi; Università degli Studi di Torino; Turin Italy
| | - Vlad Dincă
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra); Barcelona Spain
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics; Biodiversity Institute of Ontario; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - Stefano Scalercio
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria; Centro di ricerca Foreste e Legno; Contrada Li Rocchi; Rende Italy
| | - Joan C. Hinojosa
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra); Barcelona Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Franca Zanichelli
- Parco Nazionale Arcipelago Toscano; Località Enfola; Portoferraio Italy
| | - Emilio Balletto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi; Università degli Studi di Torino; Turin Italy
| | - Tim G. Shreeve
- Centre for Ecology, Environment and Conservation; Department of Biological and Medical Sciences; Oxford Brookes University; Oxford UK
| | - Roger L. H. Dennis
- Centre for Ecology, Environment and Conservation; Department of Biological and Medical Sciences; Oxford Brookes University; Oxford UK
- Institute for Environment, Sustainability and Regeneration; Staffordshire University; Stoke-on-Trent UK
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra); Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chenuil A, Saucède T, Hemery LG, Eléaume M, Féral JP, Améziane N, David B, Lecointre G, Havermans C. Understanding processes at the origin of species flocks with a focus on the marine Antarctic fauna. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:481-504. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Chenuil
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE-UMR7263); Aix-Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, Station Marine d'Endoume, Chemin de la Batterie des Lions; F-13007 Marseille France
| | - Thomas Saucède
- UMR6282 Biogéosciences; CNRS - Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel; F-21000 Dijon France
| | - Lenaïg G. Hemery
- DMPA, UMR 7208 BOREA/MNHN/CNRS/Paris VI/ Univ Caen, 57 rue Cuvier; 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Marc Eléaume
- UMR7205 Institut de Systématique; Evolution et Biodiversité, CNRS-MNHN-UPMC-EPHE, CP 24, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier; 75005 Paris France
| | - Jean-Pierre Féral
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE-UMR7263); Aix-Marseille Univ, Univ Avignon, CNRS, IRD, Station Marine d'Endoume, Chemin de la Batterie des Lions; F-13007 Marseille France
| | - Nadia Améziane
- UMR7205 Institut de Systématique; Evolution et Biodiversité, CNRS-MNHN-UPMC-EPHE, CP 24, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier; 75005 Paris France
| | - Bruno David
- UMR6282 Biogéosciences; CNRS - Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 boulevard Gabriel; F-21000 Dijon France
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier; 75005 Paris France
| | - Guillaume Lecointre
- UMR7205 Institut de Systématique; Evolution et Biodiversité, CNRS-MNHN-UPMC-EPHE, CP 24, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier; 75005 Paris France
| | - Charlotte Havermans
- Marine Zoology, Bremen Marine Ecology (BreMarE); University of Bremen, PO Box 330440; 28334 Bremen Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12; D-27570 Bremerhaven Germany
- OD Natural Environment; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29; B-1000 Brussels Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gnanadesikan GE, Pearse WD, Shaw AK. Evolution of mammalian migrations for refuge, breeding, and food. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5891-5900. [PMID: 28808552 PMCID: PMC5551087 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms migrate between distinct habitats, exploiting variable resources while profoundly affecting ecosystem services, disease spread, and human welfare. However, the very characteristics that make migration captivating and significant also make it difficult to study, and we lack a comprehensive understanding of which species migrate and why. Here we show that, among mammals, migration is concentrated within Cetacea and Artiodactyla but also diffusely spread throughout the class (found in 12 of 27 orders). We synthesize the many ecological drivers of round‐trip migration into three types of movement—between breeding and foraging sites, between breeding and refuge sites, and continuous tracking of forage/prey—each associated with different traits (body mass, diet, locomotion, and conservation status). Our results provide only partial support for the hypothesis that migration occurs without phylogenetic constraint. Furthermore, our findings suggest that categorizing migration into these three types may aid predictions of migrants’ responses to environmental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali E Gnanadesikan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA.,Present address: School of Anthropology University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - William D Pearse
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA.,Department of Biology McGill University Montréal QC Canada.,Département des Sciences Biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal Montréal QC Canada.,Department of Biology & Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT USA
| | - Allison K Shaw
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA.,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA.,Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Correll MD, Wiest WA, Olsen BJ, Shriver WG, Elphick CS, Hodgman TP. Habitat specialization explains avian persistence in tidal marshes. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen D. Correll
- School of Biology and Ecology The University of Maine Orono Maine 04469 USA
| | - Whitney A. Wiest
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology The University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Brian J. Olsen
- School of Biology and Ecology The University of Maine Orono Maine 04469 USA
| | - W. Gregory Shriver
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology The University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Chris S. Elphick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Center for Conservation and Biodiversity University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut 06269 USA
| | - Thomas P. Hodgman
- Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife Bangor Maine 04401 USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Trivellini G, Polidori C, Pasquaretta C, Orsenigo S, Bogliani G. Nestedness of habitat specialists within habitat generalists in a butterfly assemblage. INSECT CONSERVATION AND DIVERSITY 2016; 9:495-505. [PMID: 32336986 PMCID: PMC7165506 DOI: 10.1111/icad.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The habitat requirements of a species are the resources, conditions and space required for survival and reproduction. The habitat requirements of butterflies have been well studied, but the extent to which individuals within a species and between species utilise and share the habitat is poorly known.In a butterfly assemblage in northern Italy, we found that adults from 30 species avoid deciduous high-density forests and their ecotones, and they were positively related to open areas and their ecotones. Besides these common features, five groups of species can be discriminated in relation to a gradient from open area to forest, and species within groups were not equally specialised, as observed from a bipartite network analysis. In particular, some species appeared to be specialised and others appeared to be generalist, suggesting a nested pattern of resource use, rather than a clustered pattern in which each species uses a different subset of habitat types.The degree of variation in specialisation among species varied with the number of species falling in each group. Thus, an increased number of species, and thus possibly competition, is more likely to promote the co-occurrence of generalist and specialised species (nested patterns) rather than an increased niche segregation among species.Ascertaining how species overlap their habitat use at a local scale can be relevant for conservation purposes, because specialised populations are potentially more susceptible to network distortions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Trivellini
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
- ElianteNon‐Profit Organisation for the EnvironmentMilanoItaly
| | - Carlo Polidori
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales (ICAM)Universidad de Castilla‐La ManchaToledoSpain
| | - Cristian Pasquaretta
- Department of Ecology, Physiology and EthologyIPHCCNRS‐UDSStrasbourg CedexFrance
| | - Simone Orsenigo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali – Produzione, Territorio, AgroenergiaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly
| | - Giuseppe Bogliani
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Moll RJ, Kilshaw K, Montgomery RA, Abade L, Campbell RD, Harrington LA, Millspaugh JJ, Birks JDS, Macdonald DW. Clarifying habitat niche width using broad‐scale, hierarchical occupancy models: a case study with a recovering mesocarnivore. J Zool (1987) 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. J. Moll
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - K. Kilshaw
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology University of Oxford Tubney, Oxfordshire UK
| | - R. A. Montgomery
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology University of Oxford Tubney, Oxfordshire UK
| | - L. Abade
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology University of Oxford Tubney, Oxfordshire UK
| | - R. D. Campbell
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology University of Oxford Tubney, Oxfordshire UK
| | - L. A. Harrington
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology University of Oxford Tubney, Oxfordshire UK
| | - J. J. Millspaugh
- School of Natural Resources University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
| | | | - D. W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology University of Oxford Tubney, Oxfordshire UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Loxdale HD, Harvey JA. The ‘generalism’ debate: misinterpreting the term in the empirical literature focusing on dietary breadth in insects. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D. Loxdale
- School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; The Sir Martin Evans Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX UK
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology; Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Remonti L, Balestrieri A, Raubenheimer D, Saino N. Functional implications of omnivory for dietary nutrient balance. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Remonti
- Inst. Agricole Régional; Regione La Rochère 1/A IT-11100 Aosta Italy
| | | | - David Raubenheimer
- The Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty of Veterinary Science and School of Biological Sciences; Univ. of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Nicola Saino
- Dept of Biosciences; Univ. of Milan; via Celoria 26 IT-20133 Milan Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Senior AM, Nakagawa S, Lihoreau M, Simpson SJ, Raubenheimer D. An Overlooked Consequence of Dietary Mixing: A Varied Diet Reduces Interindividual Variance in Fitness. Am Nat 2015; 186:649-59. [PMID: 26655777 DOI: 10.1086/683182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The determinants of diet breadth are of interest to nutritionists, ecologists, and evolutionary biologists. A recent synthesis addressing this issue found conflicting evidence for the relationship between diet breadth and mean individual fitness. Specifically, it found that while, on average, a mixed diet does increase mean fitness, in some instances, a single food provides equal (or higher) fitness than a mixed diet. Critical to ecological and evolutionary considerations of diet, however, is not only mean fitness but also variance in fitness. We combine contemporary meta-analytic methods with models of nutritional geometry to evaluate how diet affects between-individual variance in fitness within generalist consumers from a range of trophic levels. As predicted by nutritional geometry, we found that between-individual variance in fitness-related traits is higher on single-food than mixed diets. The effect was strong for longevity traits (57% higher) and reproductive traits (37%) and present but weaker for size-related traits (10%). Further, the effect became stronger as the number of available foods increased. The availability of multiple foods likely allows individuals with differing nutritional optima to customize intake, each maximizing their own fitness. Importantly, these findings may suggest that selection on traits correlated with nutritional requirements is weak in heterogeneous nutritional environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair M Senior
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gu Q, Zhang M, Zhou C, Zhu G, Dong J, Gao Y, Chen J, Chen P. Analysis of genetic diversity and population structure of Bellamya quadrata from lakes of middle and lower Yangtze River. Genetica 2015; 143:545-54. [PMID: 26092369 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-015-9852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As an endemic species of freshwater gastropods in China, Bellamya quadrata plays an important role in ecosystem service provision and commercial importance. However, the species is overharvested and its natural habitats are under severe threat due to fragmentation and loss. To estimate the genetic diversity and population structure of B. quadrata, 285 individuals from eight lake populations across middle and lower Yangtze River were sampled. Seven microsatellite loci were genotyped. Our results showed that (i) the genetic diversity of B. quadrata was high in most of the studied populations, yet effective population sizes appear to be rather small in some populations; (ii) low levels of genetic differentiation exists among populations but gene flow was generally high; (iii) no clear geographic or genetic structure was observed in the studied region, implying mechanisms (zoochoric dispersal and anthropogenic translocations) that enhance dispersal and gene flow have promoted population connectivity. However, the comparatively high genetic diversity of B. quadrata could be attributed to a lag phase, suggesting that the genetic diversity of this species may be lost in the future and the priorities for conservation of B. quadrata are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianhong Gu
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, People's Republic of China,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Navarro-López J, Fargallo JA. Trophic Niche in a Raptor Species: The Relationship between Diet Diversity, Habitat Diversity and Territory Quality. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128855. [PMID: 26047025 PMCID: PMC4457527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research reports that many populations of species showing a wide trophic niche (generalists) are made up of both generalist individuals and individuals with a narrow trophic niche (specialists), suggesting trophic specializations at an individual level. If true, foraging strategies should be associated with individual quality and fitness. Optimal foraging theory predicts that individuals will select the most favourable habitats for feeding. In addition, the “landscape heterogeneity hypothesis” predicts a higher number of species in more diverse landscapes. Thus, it can be predicted that individuals with a wider realized trophic niche should have foraging territories with greater habitat diversity, suggesting that foraging strategies, territory quality and habitat diversity are inter-correlated. This was tested for a population of common kestrels Falco tinnunculus. Diet diversity, territory occupancy (as a measure of territory quality) and habitat diversity of territories were measured over an 8-year period. Our results show that: 1) territory quality was quadratically correlated with habitat diversity, with the best territories being the least and most diverse; 2) diet diversity was not correlated with territory quality; and 3) diet diversity was negatively correlated with landscape heterogeneity. Our study suggests that niche generalist foraging strategies are based on an active search for different prey species within or between habitats rather than on the selection of territories with high habitat diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Navarro-López
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales—C.S.I.C., José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Juan Antonio Fargallo
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales—C.S.I.C., José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Si X, Baselga A, Ding P. Revealing Beta-diversity patterns of breeding bird and lizard communities on inundated land-bridge islands by separating the turnover and nestedness components. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127692. [PMID: 25992559 PMCID: PMC4436251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta diversity describes changes in species composition among sites in a region and has particular relevance for explaining ecological patterns in fragmented habitats. However, it is difficult to reveal the mechanisms if broad sense beta-diversity indices (i.e. yielding identical values under nestedness and species replacement) are used. Partitioning beta diversity into turnover (caused by species replacement from site to site) and nestedness-resultant components (caused by nested species losses) could provide a unique way to understand the variation of species composition in fragmented habitats. Here, we collected occupancy data of breeding birds and lizards on land-bridge islands in an inundated lake in eastern China. We decomposed beta diversity of breeding bird and lizard communities into spatial turnover and nestedness-resultant components to assess their relative contributions and respective relationships to differences in island area, isolation, and habitat richness. Our results showed that spatial turnover contributed more to beta diversity than the nestedness-resultant component. The degree of isolation had no significant effect on overall beta diversity or its components, neither for breeding birds nor for lizards. In turn, in both groups the nestedness-resultant component increased with larger differences in island area and habitat richness, respectively, while turnover component decreased with them. The major difference among birds and lizards was a higher relevance of nestedness-resultant dissimilarity in lizards, suggesting that they are more prone to local extinctions derived from habitat fragmentation. The dominance of the spatial turnover component of beta diversity suggests that all islands have potential conservation value for breeding bird and lizard communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingfeng Si
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Andrés Baselga
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, c/Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ping Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Altaba CR. Once a land of big wild rivers: specialism is context-dependent for riparian snails (Pulmonata: Valloniidae) in central Europe. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian R. Altaba
- Human Evolution and Cognition Group (EVOCOG); Universitat de les Illes Balears; 07122 Palma Balearic Islands Spain
- Laboratori de Natura; Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona; Passeig Picasso s/n 08003 Barcelona Catalonia Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang M, Liu F, Lin P, Yang S, Liu H. Evolutionary dynamics of ecological niche in three Rhinogobio fishes from the upper Yangtze River inferred from morphological traits. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:567-77. [PMID: 25691981 PMCID: PMC4328762 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, it has been debated whether ecological niche should be conserved among closely related species (phylogenetic niche conservatism, PNC) or largely divergent (traditional ecological niche theory and ecological speciation) and whether niche specialist and generalist might remain in equilibrium or niche generalist could not appear. In this study, we employed morphological traits to describe ecological niche and test whether different niche dimensions exhibit disparate evolutionary patterns. We conducted our analysis on three Rhinogobio fish species (R. typus,R. cylindricus, and R. ventralis) from the upper Yangtze River, China. Among the 32 measured morphological traits except body length, PCA extracted the first four principal components with their loading scores >1.000. To find the PNC among species, Mantel tests were conducted with the Euclidean distances calculated from the four principal components (representing different niche dimensions) against the pairwise distances calculated from mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence variations. The results showed that the second and the third niche dimension, both related to swimming ability and behavior, exhibited phylogenetic conservatism. Further comparison on niche breadth among these three species revealed that the fourth dimension of R. typus showed the greatest width, indicating that this dimension exhibited niche generalism. In conclusion, our results suggested that different niche dimensions could show different evolutionary dynamic patterns: they may exhibit PNC or not, and some dimensions may evolve generalism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China ; The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China ; The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Pengcheng Lin
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China ; The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Shaorong Yang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China ; China Three Gorges Corporation Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Huanzhang Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China ; The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Habel JC, Brückmann SV, Krauss J, Schwarzer J, Weig A, Husemann M, Steffan-Dewenter I. Fragmentation genetics of the grassland butterfly Polyommatus coridon: Stable genetic diversity or extinction debt? CONSERV GENET 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-014-0679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
37
|
Koshel EI, Aleshin VV, Eroshenko GA, Kutyrev VV. Phylogenetic analysis of entomoparasitic nematodes, potential control agents of flea populations in natural foci of plague. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:135218. [PMID: 24804197 PMCID: PMC3996313 DOI: 10.1155/2014/135218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Entomoparasitic nematodes are natural control agents for many insect pests, including fleas that transmit Yersinia pestis, a causative agent of plague, in the natural foci of this extremely dangerous zoonosis. We examined the flea samples from the Volga-Ural natural focus of plague for their infestation with nematodes. Among the six flea species feeding on different rodent hosts (Citellus pygmaeus, Microtus socialis, and Allactaga major), the rate of infestation varied from 0 to 21%. The propagation rate of parasitic nematodes in the haemocoel of infected fleas was very high; in some cases, we observed up to 1,000 juveniles per flea specimen. Our study of morphology, life cycle, and rDNA sequences of these parasites revealed that they belong to three distinct species differing in the host specificity. On SSU and LSU rRNA phylogenies, these species representing three genera (Rubzovinema, Psyllotylenchus, and Spilotylenchus), constitute a monophyletic group close to Allantonema and Parasitylenchus, the type genera of the families Allantonematidae and Parasitylenchidae (Nematoda: Tylenchida). We discuss the SSU-ITS1-5.8S-LSU rDNA phylogeny of the Tylenchida with a special emphasis on the suborder Hexatylina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. I. Koshel
- Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”, Saratov 410005, Russia
| | - V. V. Aleshin
- Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 127994, Russia
- National Research Institute of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Nutrition of Farm Animals, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kaluga Region, Borovsk 249013, Russia
| | - G. A. Eroshenko
- Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”, Saratov 410005, Russia
| | - V. V. Kutyrev
- Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute “Microbe”, Saratov 410005, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li S, Jovelin R, Yoshiga T, Tanaka R, Cutter AD. Specialist versus generalist life histories and nucleotide diversity in Caenorhabditis nematodes. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132858. [PMID: 24403340 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Species with broad ecological amplitudes with respect to a key focal resource, niche generalists, should maintain larger and more connected populations than niche specialists, leading to the prediction that nucleotide diversity will be lower and more subdivided in specialists relative to their generalist relatives. This logic describes the specialist-generalist variation hypothesis (SGVH). Some outbreeding species of Caenorhabditis nematodes use a variety of invertebrate dispersal vectors and have high molecular diversity. By contrast, Caenorhabditis japonica lives in a strict association and synchronized life cycle with its dispersal host, the shield bug Parastrachia japonensis, itself a diet specialist. Here, we characterize sequence variation for 20 nuclear loci to investigate how C. japonica's life history shapes nucleotide diversity. We find that C. japonica has more than threefold lower polymorphism than other outbreeding Caenorhabditis species, but that local populations are not genetically disconnected. Coupled with its restricted range, we propose that its specialist host association contributes to a smaller effective population size and lower genetic variation than host generalist Caenorhabditis species with outbreeding reproductive modes. A literature survey of diverse organisms provides broader support for the SGVH. These findings encourage further testing of ecological and evolutionary hypotheses with comparative population genetics in Caenorhabditis and other taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Li
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, , Toronto, Ontario, Canada , M5S 3B2, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Saga University, , Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nylin S, Slove J, Janz N. Host plant utilization, host range oscillations and diversification in nymphalid butterflies: a phylogenetic investigation. Evolution 2014; 68:105-24. [PMID: 24372598 PMCID: PMC3912913 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that phenotypic plasticity is a major factor in the diversification of life, and that variation in host range in phytophagous insects is a good model for investigating this claim. We explore the use of angiosperm plants as hosts for nymphalid butterflies, and in particular the evidence for past oscillations in host range and how they are linked to host shifts and to diversification. At the level of orders of plants, a relatively simple pattern of host use and host shifts emerges, despite the 100 million years of history of the family Nymphalidae. We review the evidence that these host shifts and the accompanying diversifications were associated with transient polyphagous stages, as suggested by the "oscillation hypothesis." In addition, we investigate all currently polyphagous nymphalid species and demonstrate that the state of polyphagy is rare, has a weak phylogenetic signal, and a very apical distribution in the phylogeny; we argue that these are signs of its transient nature. We contrast our results with data from the bark beetles Dendroctonus, in which a more specialized host use is instead the apical state. We conclude that plasticity in host use is likely to have contributed to diversification in nymphalid butterflies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Trophic niche width, offspring condition and immunity in a raptor species. Oecologia 2013; 174:1215-24. [PMID: 24368708 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Strategies developed by organisms to maximize foraging efficiency have a strong influence on fitness. The way in which the range of food resources is exploited has served to classify species, populations and individuals from more specialist (narrow trophic niche) to more generalist (broad trophic niche). Recent studies have provided evidence that many of the considered generalist species/populations are actually composed of different specialist individuals (individual specialization). Even the existence of generalism as an adaptive strategy has been questioned. In this study, we investigated the relationship between trophic niche width, individual quality and offspring viability in a population of common kestrel Falco tinnunculus during 4 years. We showed that the diet of kestrels varied significantly among years and that individuals of better quality fed their offspring with a higher diversity of prey species and a higher amount of food. Moreover, body condition and immune response of nestlings were positively correlated with diversity of prey delivered by parents. Our study suggests that generalism has the potential to increase fitness and that broadening the trophic niche may be an adaptive strategy in unpredictable environments.
Collapse
|
41
|
Scriber JM. Climate-Driven Reshuffling of Species and Genes: Potential Conservation Roles for Species Translocations and Recombinant Hybrid Genotypes. INSECTS 2013; 5:1-61. [PMID: 26462579 PMCID: PMC4592632 DOI: 10.3390/insects5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Comprising 50%-75% of the world's fauna, insects are a prominent part of biodiversity in communities and ecosystems globally. Biodiversity across all levels of biological classifications is fundamentally based on genetic diversity. However, the integration of genomics and phylogenetics into conservation management may not be as rapid as climate change. The genetics of hybrid introgression as a source of novel variation for ecological divergence and evolutionary speciation (and resilience) may generate adaptive potential and diversity fast enough to respond to locally-altered environmental conditions. Major plant and herbivore hybrid zones with associated communities deserve conservation consideration. This review addresses functional genetics across multi-trophic-level interactions including "invasive species" in various ecosystems as they may become disrupted in different ways by rapid climate change. "Invasive genes" (into new species and populations) need to be recognized for their positive creative potential and addressed in conservation programs. "Genetic rescue" via hybrid translocations may provide needed adaptive flexibility for rapid adaptation to environmental change. While concerns persist for some conservationists, this review emphasizes the positive aspects of hybrids and hybridization. Specific implications of natural genetic introgression are addressed with a few examples from butterflies, including transgressive phenotypes and climate-driven homoploid recombinant hybrid speciation. Some specific examples illustrate these points using the swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae) with their long-term historical data base (phylogeographical diversity changes) and recent (3-decade) climate-driven temporal and genetic divergence in recombinant homoploid hybrids and relatively recent hybrid speciation of Papilio appalachiensis in North America. Climate-induced "reshuffling" (recombinations) of species composition, genotypes, and genomes may become increasingly ecologically and evolutionarily predictable, but future conservation management programs are more likely to remain constrained by human behavior than by lack of academic knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Mark Scriber
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, MI 48824, USA.
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Audusseau H, Nylin S, Janz N. Implications of a temperature increase for host plant range: predictions for a butterfly. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:3021-9. [PMID: 24101991 PMCID: PMC3790548 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although changes in phenology and species associations are relatively well-documented responses to global warming, the potential interactions between these phenomena are less well understood. In this study, we investigate the interactions between temperature, phenology (in terms of seasonal timing of larval growth) and host plant use in the polyphagous butterfly Polygonia c-album. We found that the hierarchy of larval performance on three natural host plants was not modified by a temperature increase as such. However, larval performance on each host plant and temperature treatment was affected by rearing season. Even though larvae performed better at the higher temperature regardless of the time of the rearing, relative differences between host plants changed with the season. For larvae reared late in the season, performance was always better on the herbaceous plant than on the woody plants. In this species, it is likely that a prolonged warming will lead to a shift from univoltinism to bivoltinism. The demonstrated interaction between host plant suitability and season means that such a shift is likely to lead to a shift in selective regime, favoring specialization on the herbaceous host. Based on our result, we suggest that host range evolution in response to temperature increase would in this species be highly contingent on whether the population undergoes a predicted shift from one to two generations. We discuss the effect of global warming on species associations and the outcome of asynchrony in rates of phenological change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Audusseau
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 18 B, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Skoracka A, Kuczyński L, Szydło W, Rector B. The wheat curl miteAceria tosichella(Acari: Eriophyoidea) is a complex of cryptic lineages with divergent host ranges: evidence from molecular and plant bioassay data. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skoracka
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology; Institute of Environmental Biology; Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University; Umultowska 89; 61-614; Poznań; Poland
| | - Lechosław Kuczyński
- Department of Avian Biology and Ecology; Institute of Environmental Biology; Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University; Umultowska 89; 61-614; Poznań; Poland
| | - Wiktoria Szydło
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology; Institute of Environmental Biology; Faculty of Biology; Adam Mickiewicz University; Umultowska 89; 61-614; Poznań; Poland
| | - Brian Rector
- USDA-ARS; Great Basin Rangelands Research Unit; Reno; NV; 89512; USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Orłowski G, Karg J, Czarnecka J. Substantial contribution of invertebrates to the diet of a winter seed-eater, the reed buntingEmberiza schoeniclus, wintering in a sewage farm in south-western Poland. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.02026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Orłowski
- Institute of Agricultural and Forest Environment; Polish Academy of Sciences; Bukowska 19; 60-809; Poznań; Poland
| | - Jerzy Karg
- Institute of Agricultural and Forest Environment; Polish Academy of Sciences; Bukowska 19; 60-809; Poznań; Poland
| | - Joanna Czarnecka
- Ecology Department; Institute of Biology and Biochemistry; Maria Curie-Skłodowska University; Akademicka 19; 20-033; Lublin; Poland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Peers MJL, Thornton DH, Murray DL. Reconsidering the specialist-generalist paradigm in niche breadth dynamics: resource gradient selection by Canada lynx and bobcat. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51488. [PMID: 23236508 PMCID: PMC3517500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-standing view in ecology is that disparity in overall resource selection is the basis for identifying niche breadth patterns, with species having narrow selection being classified "specialists" and those with broader selection being "generalists". The standard model of niche breadth characterizes generalists and specialists as having comparable levels of overall total resource exploitation, with specialists exploiting resources at a higher level of performance over a narrower range of conditions. This view has gone largely unchallenged. An alternate model predicts total resource use being lower for the specialized species with both peaking at a comparable level of performance over a particular resource gradient. To reconcile the niche breadth paradigm we contrasted both models by developing range-wide species distribution models for Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, and bobcat, Lynx rufus. Using a suite of environmental factors to define each species' niche, we determined that Canada lynx demonstrated higher total performance over a restricted set of variables, specifically those related to snow and altitude, while bobcat had higher total performance across most variables. Unlike predictions generated by the standard model, bobcat level of exploitation was not compromised by the trade-off with peak performance, and Canada lynx were not restricted to exploiting a narrower range of conditions. Instead, the emergent pattern was that specialist species have a higher total resource utilization and peak performance value within a smaller number of resources or environmental axes than generalists. Our results also indicate that relative differences in niche breadth are strongly dependent on the variable under consideration, implying that the appropriate model describing niche breadth dynamics between specialists and generalists may be more complex than either the traditional heuristic or our modified version. Our results demonstrate a need to re-evaluate traditional, but largely untested, assumptions regarding resource utilization in species with broad and narrow niches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J L Peers
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Finlay-Doney M, Walter GH. The conceptual and practical implications of interpreting diet breadth mechanistically in generalist predatory insects. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Finlay-Doney
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane; Qld; 4072; Australia
| | - Gimme H. Walter
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane; Qld; 4072; Australia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Paull JS, Martin RA, Pfennig DW. Increased competition as a cost of specialization during the evolution of resource polymorphism. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Paull
- Department of Biology, CB #3280, Coker Hall; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill; NC; 27599-3280; USA
| | - Ryan A. Martin
- Department of Biology, CB #3280, Coker Hall; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill; NC; 27599-3280; USA
| | - David W. Pfennig
- Department of Biology, CB #3280, Coker Hall; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill; NC; 27599-3280; USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
ARBIV A, KHOKHLOVA IS, OVADIA O, NOVOPLANSKY A, KRASNOV BR. Use it or lose it: reproductive implications of ecological specialization in a haematophagous ectoparasite. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1140-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
49
|
Dapporto L, Bruschini C, Dincă V, Vila R, Dennis RLH. Identifying zones of phenetic compression in West Mediterranean butterflies (Satyrinae): refugia, invasion and hybridization. DIVERS DISTRIB 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|