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Mehner T, Palm S, Delling B, Karjalainen J, Kiełpińska J, Vogt A, Freyhof J. Genetic relationships between sympatric and allopatric Coregonus ciscoes in North and Central Europe. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:186. [PMID: 34615463 PMCID: PMC8496053 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01920-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sympatric speciation along ecological gradients has been studied repeatedly, in particular in freshwater fishes. Rapid post-glacial ecological divergence has resulted in numerous endemic species or ecologically distinct populations in lakes of the temperate zones. Here, we focus on the Baltic cisco (Coregonus albula) complex, to study the genetic similarity among two pairs of sympatric autumn- and spring-spawning populations from post-glacial German Lakes Stechlin and Breiter Luzin. For comparison, we included a similar pair of sympatric populations from the Swedish Lake Fegen. We wanted to explore potential genetic similarities between the three sympatric cisco population pairs in the three lakes, to evaluate whether the pairs may have emerged independently in the three lakes, or whether two different species may have colonized all three lakes independently. Furthermore, we considered allopatric C. albula populations from three Polish, three Finnish, and four Swedish locations, added one Siberian population of the sister species C. sardinella and a Swedish C. maraena (whitefish) population. By genotyping nine microsatellite markers in 655 individuals from these 18 populations, we wanted to elucidate how strongly the cisco populations differ across a larger geographical area within Europe. Finally, we compared the genetic differences between the spring- and autumn-spawning populations of ciscoes in the two German lakes to infer the potentially deteriorating effect of strong anthropogenic pressure on the lakes. RESULTS Dendrogram, Principal Coordinate Analysis and admixture analysis all indicated strong correspondence between population differentiation and geographical location for most cisco populations in Europe, including the Siberian population of C. sardinella. However, populations from some Swedish lakes deviated from this general pattern, by showing a distinct genetic structure. We found evidence for independent evolution of the three sympatric population pairs, because the populations co-occurring in the same lake were always most closely related. However, genetic differentiation was weak in the two German population pairs, but strong in the Swedish Lake Fegen, indicating that the weak differentiation in the German pairs reported earlier has eroded further. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the genetic differentiation at neutral genetic markers among populations of the Baltic cisco complex has evolved (and is maintained) by random genetic drift in isolated populations. However, earlier studies on the Swedish populations combining mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite data indicate that also post-glacial immigration from separate glacial refugia has shaped the present genetic population structure. The low neutral differentiation of the German sympatric pairs in contrast to the Swedish pair suggests that recent anthropogenic effects on the lakes in Germany may put the endemic spring-spawners at risk to extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mehner
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stefan Palm
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Drottningholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Delling
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jolanta Kiełpińska
- Department of Aquatic Bioengineering and Aquaculture, Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Asja Vogt
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Freyhof
- Museum Für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
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Wanke T, Brämick U, Mehner T. Fast Somatic Growth May Cause Recruitment Overfishing in Vendace (Coregonus albula) Gillnet Fisheries. ANN ZOOL FENN 2021. [DOI: 10.5735/086.058.0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Chavarie L, Voelker S, Hansen MJ, Bronte CR, Muir AM, Zimmerman MS, Krueger CC. Temporal instability of lake charr phenotypes: Synchronicity of growth rates and morphology linked to environmental variables? Evol Appl 2021; 14:1159-1177. [PMID: 33897827 PMCID: PMC8061271 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathways through which phenotypic variation among individuals arise can be complex. One assumption often made in relation to intraspecific diversity is that the stability or predictability of the environment will interact with expression of the underlying phenotypic variation. To address biological complexity below the species level, we investigated variability across years in morphology and annual growth increments between and within two sympatric lake charr Salvelinus namaycush ecotypes in Rush Lake, USA. A rapid phenotypic shift in body and head shape was found within a decade. The magnitude and direction of the observed phenotypic change were consistent in both ecotypes, which suggests similar pathways caused the variation over time. Over the same time period, annual growth increments declined for both lake charr ecotypes and corresponded with a consistent phenotypic shift of each ecotype. Despite ecotype-specific annual growth changes in response to winter conditions, the observed annual growth shift for both ecotypes was linked, to some degree, with variation in the environment. Particularly, a declining trend in regional cloud cover was associated with an increase of early-stage (ages 1-3) annual growth for lake charr of Rush Lake. Underlying mechanisms causing changes in growth rates and constrained morphological modulation are not fully understood. An improved knowledge of the biology hidden within the expression of phenotypic variation promises to clarify our understanding of temporal morphological diversity and instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Chavarie
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
- Beaty Biodiversity Research CenterUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural EnvironmentIBAHCM, Rowardennan, Loch LomondGlasgowUK
| | - Steve Voelker
- SUNY College of Environmental Science and ForestrySyracuseNYUSA
| | | | - Charles R. Bronte
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceGreen Bay Fish and Wildlife Conservation OfficeNew FrankenWIUSA
| | | | | | - Charles C. Krueger
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeCenter for Systems Integration and SustainabilityMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
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Coexistence of Two Closely Related Cyprinid Fishes (Hemiculter bleekeri and Hemiculter leucisculus) in the Upper Yangtze River, China. DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12070284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Species coexistence is one of the most important concepts in ecology for understanding how biodiversity is shaped and changed. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which two small cyprinid fishes (H. leucisculus and H. bleekeri) coexist by analyzing their niche segregation and morphological differences in the upper Yangtze River. Morphological analysis indicated that H. leucisculus has posteriorly located dorsal fins, whereas H. bleekeri has a more slender body, bigger eyes, longer anal fin base, and a higher head. Niche segregation analysis showed spatial and trophic niche segregation between these two species: on the spatial scale, H. leucisculus was more widely distributed than H. bleekeri, indicating that H. leucisculus is more of a generalist in the spatial dimension; on the trophic scale, H. bleekeri had a wider niche than H. leucisculus. Therefore, these two species adopt different adaptation mechanisms to coexist
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Delling B, Palm S. Evolution and disappearance of sympatric Coregonus albula in a changing environment-A case study of the only remaining population pair in Sweden. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12727-12753. [PMID: 31788210 PMCID: PMC6875587 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past 50 years, Fennoscandian populations of spring-spawning Baltic cisco (Coregonus albula), sympatric to common autumn-spawners, have declined or disappeared; for example, three out of four known spring-spawning populations in Sweden are regarded as extinct. Over the same period, the climate has changed and populations have been subject to other anthropogenic stressors. We compared historic (1960s) and recent (1990-2000s) morphological data from the still-existent sympatric cisco populations in Lake Fegen, Sweden. Phenotypic changes were found for spring-spawners making them more similar to the sympatric autumn-spawners that had remained virtually unchanged. Based on results for other salmoniform fishes, a phenotypically plastic response to increased temperature during early development appears unlikely. The recent material was also analyzed with microsatellite markers; long-term effective population size in spring-spawners was estimated to be about 20 times lower than autumn-spawners, with signs of long-term gene flow in both directions and a recent genetic bottleneck in spring-spawners. We suggest the change toward a less distinct phenotype in spring-spawners to reflect a recent increase in gene flow from autumn-spawners. Time since divergence was estimated to only c. 1,900 years (95% CI: 400-5,900), but still the Fegen populations represent the most morphologically and genetically distinct sympatric populations studied. Consequently, we hypothesize that less distinct population pairs can be even younger and that spring-spawning may have repeatedly evolved and disappeared in several lakes since the end of the last glaciation, concurrent with changed environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Delling
- Department of ZoologySwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
| | - Stefan Palm
- Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesDepartment of Aquatic ResourcesInstitute of Freshwater ResearchDrottningholmSweden
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Skúlason S, Parsons KJ, Svanbäck R, Räsänen K, Ferguson MM, Adams CE, Amundsen P, Bartels P, Bean CW, Boughman JW, Englund G, Guðbrandsson J, Hooker OE, Hudson AG, Kahilainen KK, Knudsen R, Kristjánsson BK, Leblanc CA, Jónsson Z, Öhlund G, Smith C, Snorrason SS. A way forward with eco evo devo: an extended theory of resource polymorphism with postglacial fishes as model systems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1786-1808. [PMID: 31215138 PMCID: PMC6852119 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A major goal of evolutionary science is to understand how biological diversity is generated and altered. Despite considerable advances, we still have limited insight into how phenotypic variation arises and is sorted by natural selection. Here we argue that an integrated view, which merges ecology, evolution and developmental biology (eco evo devo) on an equal footing, is needed to understand the multifaceted role of the environment in simultaneously determining the development of the phenotype and the nature of the selective environment, and how organisms in turn affect the environment through eco evo and eco devo feedbacks. To illustrate the usefulness of an integrated eco evo devo perspective, we connect it with the theory of resource polymorphism (i.e. the phenotypic and genetic diversification that occurs in response to variation in available resources). In so doing, we highlight fishes from recently glaciated freshwater systems as exceptionally well-suited model systems for testing predictions of an eco evo devo framework in studies of diversification. Studies on these fishes show that intraspecific diversity can evolve rapidly, and that this process is jointly facilitated by (i) the availability of diverse environments promoting divergent natural selection; (ii) dynamic developmental processes sensitive to environmental and genetic signals; and (iii) eco evo and eco devo feedbacks influencing the selective and developmental environments of the phenotype. We highlight empirical examples and present a conceptual model for the generation of resource polymorphism - emphasizing eco evo devo, and identify current gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skúli Skúlason
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySauðárkrókur, 551Iceland
- Icelandic Museum of Natural History, Brynjólfsgata 5ReykjavíkIS‐107Iceland
| | - Kevin J. Parsons
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow, G12 8QQU.K.
| | - Richard Svanbäck
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Science for Life LaboratoryUppsala University, Norbyvägen 18DUppsala, SE‐752 36Sweden
| | - Katja Räsänen
- Department of Aquatic EcologyEAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, and Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH‐Zurich, Ueberlandstrasse 133CH‐8600DübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Moira M. Ferguson
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelph, Ontario N1G 2W1Canada
| | - Colin E. Adams
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, IBAHCMUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow G12 8QQU.K.
| | - Per‐Arne Amundsen
- Freshwater Ecology Group, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUniversity of TromsöTromsö, N‐9037Norway
| | - Pia Bartels
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeå, SE‐90187Sweden
| | - Colin W. Bean
- Scottish Natural Heritage, Caspian House, Mariner Court, Clydebank Business ParkClydebank, G81 2NRU.K.
| | - Janette W. Boughman
- Department of Integrative BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824U.S.A.
| | - Göran Englund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeå, SE‐90187Sweden
| | - Jóhannes Guðbrandsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavik, 101Iceland
| | | | - Alan G. Hudson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeå, SE‐90187Sweden
| | - Kimmo K. Kahilainen
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Campus Evenstad, Anne Evenstadvei 80Koppang, NO‐2480Norway
| | - Rune Knudsen
- Freshwater Ecology Group, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUniversity of TromsöTromsö, N‐9037Norway
| | | | - Camille A‐L. Leblanc
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish BiologyHólar UniversitySauðárkrókur, 551Iceland
| | - Zophonías Jónsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavik, 101Iceland
| | - Gunnar Öhlund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeå, SE‐90187Sweden
| | - Carl Smith
- School of BiologyUniversity of St Andrews, St. AndrewsFife, KY16 9AJU.K.
| | - Sigurður S. Snorrason
- Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavik, 101Iceland
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Ghanbarifardi M, Aliabadian M, Esmaeili HR, Polgar G. Morphological divergence in the Walton's Mudskipper,Periophthalmus waltoniKoumans, 1941, from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman (Gobioidei: Gobiidae). ZOOLOGY IN THE MIDDLE EAST 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2014.914717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hirsch PE, Eckmann R, Oppelt C, Behrmann-Godel J. Phenotypic and genetic divergence within a single whitefish form - detecting the potential for future divergence. Evol Appl 2013; 6:1119-32. [PMID: 24478795 PMCID: PMC3901543 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-induced nutrient input can change the selection regime and lead to the loss of biodiversity. For example, eutrophication caused speciation reversal in polymorphic whitefish populations through a flattening of littoral–pelagic selection gradients. We investigated the current state of phenotypic and genetic diversity in whitefish (Coregonus macrophthalmus) in a newly restored lake whose nutrient load has returned to pre-eutrophication levels and found that whitefish spawning at different depths varied phenotypically and genetically: individuals spawning at shallower depth had fewer gill rakers, faster growth, and a morphology adapted to benthic feeding, and they showed higher degrees of diet specialization than deeper spawning individuals. Microsatellite analyses complemented the phenotype analyses by demonstrating reproductive isolation along different spawning depths. Our results indicate that whitefish still retain or currently regain phenotypic and genetic diversity, which was lost during eutrophication. Hence, the population documented here has a potential for future divergence because natural selection can target phenotypes specialized along re-established littoral–pelagic selection gradients. The biodiversity, however, will have better chances to return if managers acknowledge the evolutionary potential within the local whitefish and adapt fishing and stocking measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reiner Eckmann
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz Konstanz, Germany
| | - Claus Oppelt
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz Konstanz, Germany
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Ohlberger J, Brännström Å, Dieckmann U. Adaptive phenotypic diversification along a temperature-depth gradient. Am Nat 2013; 182:359-73. [PMID: 23933726 DOI: 10.1086/671169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical models suggest that sympatric speciation along environmental gradients might be common in nature. Here we present the first data-based model of evolutionary diversification along a continuous environmental gradient. On the basis of genetic analyses, it has been suggested that a pair of coregonid fishes (Coregonus spp.) in a postglacial German lake originated by sympatric speciation. Within this lake, the two species segregate vertically and show metabolic adaptations to, as well as behavioral preferences for, correspondingly different temperatures. We test the plausibility of the hypothesis that this diversifying process has been driven by adaptations to different thermal microhabitats along the lake's temperature-depth gradient. Using an adaptive-dynamics model that is calibrated with empirical data and allows the gradual evolution of a quantitative trait describing optimal foraging temperature, we show that under the specific environmental conditions in the lake, evolutionary branching of a hypothetical ancestral population into two distinct phenotypes may have occurred. We also show that the resultant evolutionary diversification yields two stably coexisting populations with trait values and depth distributions that are in agreement with those currently observed in the lake. We conclude that divergent thermal adaptations along the temperature-depth gradient might have brought about the two species observed today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ohlberger
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, D-12587 Berlin, Germany.
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Solem O, Berg OK. Morphological differences in parr of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from three regions in Norway. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 78:1451-1469. [PMID: 21539553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Morphological characters were compared in parr (total length 33-166 mm) of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar sampled from eight wild populations in three regions, three in northern, two in the middle and three in southern Norway, covering a distance of 1700 km (from 70° N to 58° N). On the basis of morphological characters 94·6% of the individuals were correctly classified into the three regions. Discrimination between populations within these three regions also had a high degree of correct classification (89·0-95·8%). Principle component analysis identified largest differences to be in head characters, notably eye diameter and jawbone, with the smallest diameter and head size among the northernmost populations. Fish from the southern rivers had a deeper body form whereas fish from the middle region had larger heads and pectoral fins. This illustrates that S. salar already in the early parr stage has morphological traits, which can be used in discrimination between regions and populations and that these differences are discernible in spite of the volume of escaped farmed fish spawning in Norwegian rivers during the past 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Solem
- Department of Biology, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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