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Ripley DM, De Giorgio S, Gaffney K, Thomas L, Shiels HA. Ocean warming impairs the predator avoidance behaviour of elasmobranch embryos. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab045. [PMID: 34150212 PMCID: PMC8210470 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is a vulnerable stage in elasmobranch development due in part to high predation mortality. Embryonic elasmobranchs respond to potential predators by displaying a freezing behaviour, characterized by the cessation of pharyngeal respiration followed immediately by coiling of the tail around the body. We hypothesized that the duration of this freeze response is limited by the embryo's requirement for oxygen. Here, Scyliorhinus canicula embryos were incubated at either 15°C or 20°C during embryogenesis and tested for the duration of, and metabolic consequence of, the freeze response at their respective incubation temperature. Freeze response duration was negatively impacted by routine metabolic rate; embryos at 20°C had 7-fold shorter freeze duration than those at 15°C, potentially increasing their susceptibility to predation. These data demonstrate the capacity for climate change stressors to affect animal behaviour and suggest that this may occur by eliciting changes in the organism's metabolism. We suggest altered predator avoidance behaviour is a new factor to consider when assessing the impact of climate change on the conservation and management of oviparous elasmobranch species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Ripley
- Corresponding authors: Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Core Research Facility, The University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, UK. ;
| | - Sara De Giorgio
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Core Research Facility, The University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Kirstin Gaffney
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Core Research Facility, The University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Lowri Thomas
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Core Research Facility, The University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Core Research Facility, The University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
- Corresponding authors: Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Core Research Facility, The University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, UK. ;
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Sánchez-García MA, Zottoli SJ, Roberson LM. Hypoxia Has a Lasting Effect on Fast-Startle Behavior of the Tropical Fish Haemulon plumieri. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2019; 237:48-62. [PMID: 31441698 DOI: 10.1086/704337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities and climate change have resulted in an increase of hypoxic conditions in nearshore ecosystems worldwide. Depending on the persistence of a hypoxic event, the survival of aquatic animals can be compromised. Temperate fish exposed to hypoxia display a reduction in the probability of eliciting startle responses thought to be important for escape from predation. Here we examine the effect of hypoxia on the probability of eliciting fast-startle responses (fast-starts) of a tropical fish, the white grunt (Haemulon plumieri), and whether hypoxia has a prolonged impact on behavior once the fish are returned to normoxic conditions. White grunts collected from the San Juan Bay Estuary in Puerto Rico were exposed to an oxygen concentration of 2.5 mg L-1 (40% dissolved oxygen). We found a significant reduction in auditory-evoked fast-starts that lasted for at least 24 hours after fish were returned to normoxic conditions. Accessibility to the neuronal networks that underlie startle responses was an important motivator for this study. Mauthner cells are identifiable neurons found in most fish and amphibians, and these cells are known to initiate fast-starts in teleost fishes. The assumption that most of the short-latency responses in this study are Mauthner cell initiated provided the impetus to characterize the white grunt Mauthner cell. The identification of the cell provides a first step in understanding how low oxygen levels may impact a single cell and its circuit and the behavior it initiates.
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Domenici P, Allan BJM, Lefrançois C, McCormick MI. The effect of climate change on the escape kinematics and performance of fishes: implications for future predator-prey interactions. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz078. [PMID: 31723432 PMCID: PMC6839432 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can have a pronounced impact on the physiology and behaviour of fishes. Notably, many climate change stressors, such as global warming, hypoxia and ocean acidification (OA), have been shown to alter the kinematics of predator-prey interactions in fishes, with potential effects at ecological levels. Here, we review the main effects of each of these stressors on fish escape responses using an integrative approach that encompasses behavioural and kinematic variables. Elevated temperature was shown to affect many components of the escape response, including escape latencies, kinematics and maximum swimming performance, while the main effect of hypoxia was on escape responsiveness and directionality. OA had a negative effect on the escape response of juvenile fish by decreasing their directionality, responsiveness and locomotor performance, although some studies show no effect of acidification. The few studies that have explored the effects of multiple stressors show that temperature tends to have a stronger effect on escape performance than OA. Overall, the effects of climate change on escape responses may occur through decreased muscle performance and/or an interference with brain and sensory functions. In all of these cases, since the escape response is a behaviour directly related to survival, these effects are likely to be fundamental drivers of changes in marine communities. The overall future impact of these stressors is discussed by including their potential effects on predator attack behaviour, thereby allowing the development of potential future scenarios for predator-prey interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Domenici
- CNR-IAS, Oristano, 09170 Italy
- Corresponding author: CNR-IAS, Oristano 09170, Italy.
| | - Bridie J M Allan
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark I McCormick
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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Wang J, Lu DQ, Jiang B, Luo HL, Lu GL, Li AX. The effect of intermittent hypoxia under different temperature on the immunomodulation in Streptococcus agalactiae vaccinated Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:181-192. [PMID: 29684601 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperature are the potential immunomodulators in fish and play the important roles in regulating immunity. We studied the effect of intermittent hypoxia under different temperature on the immunomodulation in vaccinated Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The expression of immune-related genes, enzymatic activities, histology, cumulative mortality, and S. agalactiae clearance were assessed. Study conditions were intermittently hypoxic (4.0 ± 1.0 mg/L DO) at 30 ± 0.5 °C or 35 ± 0.5 °C. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) mRNA expression in spleen and head kidney were significantly lower in vaccinated hypoxic fish compared to the vaccinated normoxic fish. Levels of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in tissues showed an opposite tendency. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were significantly lower in vaccinated hypoxic fish. Malondialdehyde levels were significantly greater under hypoxic conditions. In vitro studies evaluated the effects of intermittent hypoxia at different temperatures on cells of vaccinated O. niloticus. Phagocytic activity of peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in head kidney cells were significantly decreased by intermittent hypoxia at either 30 °C or 35 °C, while nitric oxide levels in tissues cells increased significantly under hypoxic conditions. These changes were well reflected by the further suppression modulation on S. agalactiae clearance in vaccinated O. niloticus and higher cumulative mortality by intermittent hypoxia. Taken together, intermittent hypoxia at either 30 °C or 35 °C could suppress immunomodulation in vaccinated Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Dan-Qi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Biao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Heng-Li Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Ge-Ling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - An-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong Province, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, Shandong Province, PR China.
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Domenici P, Steffensen JF, Marras S. The effect of hypoxia on fish schooling. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0236. [PMID: 28673914 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-oxygen areas are expanding in the oceans as a result of climate change. Work carried out during the past two decades suggests that, in addition to impairing basic physiological functions, hypoxia can also affect fish behaviour. Given that many fish species are known to school, and that schooling is advantageous for their survival, the effect of hypoxia on schooling behaviour may have important ecological consequences. Here, we review the effects of hypoxia on school structure and dynamics, together with the mechanisms that cause an increase in school volume and that ultimately lead to school disruption. Furthermore, the effect of hypoxia generates a number of trade-offs in terms of schooling positions and school structure. Field observations have found that large schools of fish can exacerbate hypoxic conditions, with potential consequences for school structure and size. Therefore, previous models that predict the maximum size attainable by fish schools in relation to oxygen levels are also reviewed. Finally, we suggest that studies on the effect of hypoxia on schooling need to be integrated with those on temperature and ocean acidifications within a framework aimed at increasing our ability to predict the effect of multiple stressors of climate change on fish behaviour.This article is part of the themed issue 'Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Domenici
- IAMC-CNR, Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council, Torregrande 09170, Oristano, Italy
| | - John F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Københavns Universitet, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Stefano Marras
- IAMC-CNR, Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council, Torregrande 09170, Oristano, Italy
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Ibarra-Zatarain Z, Fatsini E, Rey S, Chereguini O, Martin I, Rasines I, Alcaraz C, Duncan N. Characterization of stress coping style in Senegalese sole ( Solea senegalensis) juveniles and breeders for aquaculture. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160495. [PMID: 28018634 PMCID: PMC5180132 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to characterize stress coping styles of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles and breeders and to select an operational behavioural screening test (OBST) that can be used by the aquaculture industry to classify and select between behavioural phenotypes in order to improve production indicators. A total of 61 juveniles and 59 breeders were subjected to five individual behavioural tests and two grouping tests. At the end of the individual tests, all animals were blood sampled in order to measure cortisol, glucose and lactate. Three tests (restraining, new environment and confinement) characterized the stress coping style behaviour of Senegalese sole juveniles and breeders and demonstrated inter-individual consistency. Further, the tests when incorporated into a principal components analysis (PCA) (i) identified two principal axes of personality traits: 'fearfulness-reactivity' and 'activity-exploration', (ii) were representative of the physiological axis of stress coping style, and (iii) were validated by established group tests. This study proposed for the first time three individual coping style tests that reliably represented proactive and reactive personalities of Senegalese sole juveniles and breeders. In addition, the three proposed tests met some basic operational criteria (rapid testing, no special equipment and easy to apply and interpret) that could prove attractive for fish farmers to identify fish with a specific behaviour that gives advantages in the culture system and that could be used to establish selection-based breeding programmes to improve domestication and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Ibarra-Zatarain
- IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
- CENIT, Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología, Av. Emilio M. González s/n., CP 63173. Tepic, México
| | - E. Fatsini
- IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - S. Rey
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK
| | - O. Chereguini
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Santander Oceanographic Centre, Promontorio San Martín, s/n. PO 240, 39004 Santander, Spain
| | - I. Martin
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Santander Oceanographic Centre, Promontorio San Martín, s/n. PO 240, 39004 Santander, Spain
| | - I. Rasines
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Santander Oceanographic Centre, Promontorio San Martín, s/n. PO 240, 39004 Santander, Spain
| | - C. Alcaraz
- IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - N. Duncan
- IRTA, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Carretera de Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
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Rupia EJ, Binning SA, Roche DG, Lu W. Fight-flight or freeze-hide? Personality and metabolic phenotype mediate physiological defence responses in flatfish. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:927-37. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel J. Rupia
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources; Ministry of Education; Shanghai 201306 China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science; Shanghai Ocean University; Shanghai 201306 China
| | - Sandra A. Binning
- Institute of Biology; University of Neuchâtel; CH-2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Dominique G. Roche
- Institute of Biology; University of Neuchâtel; CH-2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Weiqun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources; Ministry of Education; Shanghai 201306 China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science; Shanghai Ocean University; Shanghai 201306 China
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Kreitsberg R, Baršienė J, Freiberg R, Andreikėnaitė L, Tammaru T, Rumvolt K, Tuvikene A. Biomarkers of effects of hypoxia and oil-shale contaminated sediments in laboratory-exposed gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 98:227-235. [PMID: 24018143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In North-East Estonia, considerable amounts of toxicants (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenols, heavy metals) leach into water bodies through discharges from the oil-shale industry. In addition, natural and anthropogenic hypoxic events in water bodies affect the health of aquatic organisms. Here we report a study on the combined effects of contaminated sediment and hypoxia on the physiology of gibel carp (Carssius auratus gibelio). We conducted a laboratory exposure study that involved exposure to polluted sediments from oil-shale industries (River Purtse) and sediments from a relatively clean environment (River Selja), together with sediments spiked with PAHs. The oxygen content (saturation vs. hypoxia (< 2 mg/L)) was changed to reflect hypoxia. A multi-biomarker approach was chosen to enable the combined effects to be assessed comprehensively and integratively. We used HPLC to measure the PAH concentration in sediment and fish muscle, fixed wavelength fluorescence (FF) analyses to indicate the presence of PAH metabolites in fish bile, and nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes as markers of geno- and cyto-toxicity; and we monitored the change in body condition and measured EROD activity to indicate CYP1A induction. High levels of PAH conjugates in fish bile were found in the group exposed to the Purtse River sediment under hypoxia. The results suggested that induction of the CYP1A gene was modulated by hypoxia as well as by heavy metals. We found a correlation between several erythrocyte abnormalities (8-shaped nuclei and blebbed nuclei) and PAH metabolite content in fish. In conclusion, a measurable effect of pollution from the oil-shale industry on fish health parameters was clear under different oxygen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randel Kreitsberg
- Centre for Limnology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Rannu, 61117 Tartu County, Estonia; Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51020 Tartu, Estonia.
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