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Blackburn DG, Hughes DF. Phylogenetic analysis of viviparity, matrotrophy, and other reproductive patterns in chondrichthyan fishes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1314-1356. [PMID: 38562006 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The reproductive diversity of extant cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes) is extraordinarily broad, reflecting more than 400 million years of evolutionary history. Among their many notable reproductive specialisations are viviparity (live-bearing reproduction) and matrotrophy (maternal provision of nutrients during gestation). However, attempts to understand the evolution of these traits have yielded highly discrepant conclusions. Here, we compile and analyse the current knowledge on the evolution of reproductive diversity in Chondrichthyes with particular foci on the frequency, phylogenetic distribution, and directionality of evolutionary changes in their modes of reproduction. To characterise the evolutionary transformations, we amassed the largest empirical data set of reproductive parameters to date covering nearly 800 extant species and analysed it via a comprehensive molecular-based phylogeny. Our phylogenetic reconstructions indicated that the ancestral pattern for Chondrichthyes is 'short single oviparity' (as found in extant holocephalans) in which females lay successive clutches (broods) of one or two eggs. Viviparity has originated at least 12 times, with 10 origins among sharks, one in batoids, and (based on published evidence) another potential origin in a fossil holocephalan. Substantial matrotrophy has evolved at least six times, including one origin of placentotrophy, three separate origins of oophagy (egg ingestion), and two origins of histotrophy (uptake of uterine secretions). In two clades, placentation was replaced by histotrophy. Unlike past reconstructions, our analysis reveals no evidence that viviparity has ever reverted to oviparity in this group. Both viviparity and matrotrophy have arisen by a variety of evolutionary sequences. In addition, the ancestral pattern of oviparity has given rise to three distinct egg-laying patterns that increased clutch (brood) size and/or involved deposition of eggs at advanced stages of development. Geologically, the ancestral oviparous pattern arose in the Paleozoic. Most origins of viviparity and matrotrophy date to the Mesozoic, while a few that are represented at low taxonomic levels are of Cenozoic origin. Coupled with other recent work, this review points the way towards an emerging consensus on reproductive evolution in chondrichthyans while offering a basis for future functional and evolutionary analyses. This review also contributes to conservation efforts by highlighting taxa whose reproductive specialisations reflect distinctive evolutionary trajectories and that deserve special protection and further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Blackburn
- Department of Biology & Electron Microscopy Center, Trinity College, 300 Summit St, Hartford, Connecticut, 06106, USA
| | - Daniel F Hughes
- Department of Biology, Coe College, 1220 First Avenue NE, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 52402, USA
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Factors Affecting Shark Detection from Drone Patrols in Southeast Queensland, Eastern Australia. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11111552. [PMID: 36358255 PMCID: PMC9687398 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Drones enable the monitoring for sharks in real-time, enhancing the safety of ocean users with minimal impact on marine life. Yet, the effectiveness of drones for detecting sharks (especially potentially dangerous sharks; i.e., white shark, tiger shark, bull shark) has not yet been tested at Queensland beaches. To determine effectiveness, it is necessary to understand how environmental and operational factors affect the ability of drones to detect sharks. To assess this, we utilised data from the Queensland SharkSmart drone trial, which operated at five southeast Queensland beaches for 12 months in 2020−2021. The trial conducted 3369 flights, covering 1348 km and sighting 174 sharks (48 of which were >2 m in length). Of these, eight bull sharks and one white shark were detected, leading to four beach evacuations. The shark sighting rate was 3% when averaged across all beaches, with North Stradbroke Island (NSI) having the highest sighting rate (17.9%) and Coolum North the lowest (0%). Drone pilots were able to differentiate between key shark species, including white, bull and whaler sharks, and estimate total length of the sharks. Statistical analysis indicated that location, the sighting of other fauna, season and flight number (proxy for time of day) influenced the probability of sighting sharks.
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Santander-Neto J, Yokota L, Meneses TSD. Parturition time for the Blacktip shark, Carcharhinus limbatus (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae), in Southwestern Atlantic. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2020-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract The determination of the period of parturition and identification of nursery areas are fundamental for the management and conservation of a fishing resource. Through combination of monthly abundance, length measurements, and development time of embryos we inferred about parturition time of the Blacktip sharks, Carcharhinus limbatus, from Southwestern Atlantic. Specimens of C. limbatus were caught from 2002 and 2008 by artisanal fleets from three different locations along the Brazilian coast using gillnets (mesh width ranging between 30 and 120 mm between opposite knots and operating from 9 to 120 m in depth), handlines (19 to 140 m depth) and longlines (6 to 90 m depth). Through a comparative analysis of fisheries landing data collected, we have verified neonatal (< 90 cm) catch peaks at specific times of the year in different locations and, matching with birth prediction of embryos, propose that C. limbatuspresents a well-defined parturition time in late spring-early summer in Southwestern Atlantic. Moreover, we indicate supposed nursery grounds for the species along the Brazilian coast. This information will be crucial for stock assessments of the species and may serve as a basis for determining fisheries management measures.
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White WT, Kyne PM, Harris M. Lost before found: A new species of whaler shark Carcharhinus obsolerus from the Western Central Pacific known only from historic records. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209387. [PMID: 30601867 PMCID: PMC6314596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcharhinus obsolerus is described based on three specimens from Borneo, Thailand and Vietnam in the Western Central Pacific. It belongs to the porosus subgroup which is characterised by having the second dorsal-fin insertion opposite the anal-fin midbase. It most closely resembles C. borneensis but differs in tooth morphology and counts and a number of morphological characters, including lack of enlarged hyomandibular pores which are diagnostic of C. borneensis. The historic range of C. obsolerus sp. nov. is under intense fishing pressure and this species has not been recorded anywhere in over 80 years. There is an urgent need to assess its extinction risk status for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. With so few known records, there is a possibility that Carcharhinus obsolerus sp. nov. has been lost from the marine environment before any understanding could be gained of its full historic distribution, biology, ecosystem role, and importance in local fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T. White
- CSIRO Australian National Fish Collection, National Research Collections Australia, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Peter M. Kyne
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Mark Harris
- F.F.C. Elasmobranch Studies, New Port Richey, Florida, United States of America
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Johnson GJ, Buckworth RC, Lee H, Morgan JAT, Ovenden JR, McMahon CR. A novel field method to distinguish between cryptic carcharhinid sharks, Australian blacktip shark Carcharhinus tilstoni and common blacktip shark C. limbatus, despite the presence of hybrids. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:39-60. [PMID: 27774596 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Multivariate and machine-learning methods were used to develop field identification techniques for two species of cryptic blacktip shark. From 112 specimens, precaudal vertebrae (PCV) counts and molecular analysis identified 95 Australian blacktip sharks Carcharhinus tilstoni and 17 common blacktip sharks Carcharhinus limbatus. Molecular analysis also revealed 27 of the 112 were C. tilstoni × C. limbatus hybrids, of which 23 had C. tilstoni PCV counts and four had C. limbatus PCV counts. In the absence of further information about hybrid phenotypes, hybrids were assigned as either C. limbatus or C. tilstoni based on PCV counts. Discriminant analysis achieved 80% successful identification, but machine-learning models were better, achieving 100% successful identification, using six key measurements (fork length, caudal-fin peduncle height, interdorsal space, second dorsal-fin height, pelvic-fin length and pelvic-fin midpoint to first dorsal-fin insertion). Furthermore, pelvic-fin markings could be used for identification: C. limbatus has a distinct black mark >3% of the total pelvic-fin area, while C. tilstoni has markings with diffuse edges, or has smaller or no markings. Machine learning and pelvic-fin marking identification methods were field tested achieving 87 and 90% successful identification, respectively. With further refinement, the techniques developed here will form an important part of a multi-faceted approach to identification of C. tilstoni and C. limbatus and have a clear management and conservation application to these commercially important sharks. The methods developed here are broadly applicable and can be used to resolve species identities in many fisheries where cryptic species exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Johnson
- Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Aquatic Resource Research Unit, G. P. O Box 3000, Darwin, NT, 0801, Australia
| | - R C Buckworth
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, PMB 44 Winnellie, Darwin, NT, 0822, Australia
| | - H Lee
- Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Aquatic Resource Research Unit, G. P. O Box 3000, Darwin, NT, 0801, Australia
| | - J A T Morgan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, P. O. Box 6097, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - J R Ovenden
- Molecular Fisheries Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - C R McMahon
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 2001, Australia
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Santana-Garcon J, Braccini M, Langlois TJ, Newman SJ, McAuley RB, Harvey ES. Calibration of pelagic stereo-BRUVs and scientific longline surveys for sampling sharks. Methods Ecol Evol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Santana-Garcon
- The UWA Oceans Institute (M470) and School of Plant Biology; Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Western Australia; Crawley 6009 Western Australia Australia
| | - Matias Braccini
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories; Department of Fisheries; Government of Western Australia; P.O. Box 20 North Beach 6920 Western Australia Australia
| | - Tim J. Langlois
- The UWA Oceans Institute (M470) and School of Plant Biology; Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Western Australia; Crawley 6009 Western Australia Australia
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories; Department of Fisheries; Government of Western Australia; P.O. Box 20 North Beach 6920 Western Australia Australia
| | - Stephen J. Newman
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories; Department of Fisheries; Government of Western Australia; P.O. Box 20 North Beach 6920 Western Australia Australia
- Department of Environment and Agriculture; School of Science; Curtin University; Bentley Campus Bentley 6485 Western Australia Australia
| | - Rory B. McAuley
- Western Australian Fisheries and Marine Research Laboratories; Department of Fisheries; Government of Western Australia; P.O. Box 20 North Beach 6920 Western Australia Australia
| | - Euan S. Harvey
- Department of Environment and Agriculture; School of Science; Curtin University; Bentley Campus Bentley 6485 Western Australia Australia
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White J, Simpfendorfer CA, Tobin AJ, Heupel MR. Age and growth parameters of shark-like batoids. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 84:1340-1353. [PMID: 24702252 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Estimates of life-history parameters were made for shark-like batoids of conservation concern Rhynchobatus spp. (Rhynchobatus australiae, Rhynchobatus laevis and Rhynchobatus palpebratus) and Glaucostegus typus using vertebral ageing. The sigmoid growth functions, Gompertz and logistic, best described the growth of Rhynchobatus spp. and G. typus, providing the best statistical fit and most biologically appropriate parameters. The two-parameter logistic was the preferred model for Rhynchobatus spp. with growth parameter estimates (both sexes combined) L(∞) = 2045 mm stretch total length, LST and k = 0·41 year⁻¹. The same model was also preferred for G. typus with growth parameter estimates (both sexes combined) L∞ = 2770 mm LST and k = 0·30 year⁻¹. Annual growth-band deposition could not be excluded in Rhynchobatus spp. using mark-recaptured individuals. Although morphologically similar G. typus and Rhynchobatus spp. have differing life histories, with G. typus longer lived, slower growing and attaining a larger maximum size.
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Affiliation(s)
- J White
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture & School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
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