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Büsse S, Ware JL. Taxonomic note on the species status of Epiophlebiadiana (Insecta, Odonata, Epiophlebiidae), including remarks on biogeography and possible species distribution. Zookeys 2022; 1127:79-90. [PMID: 36760358 PMCID: PMC9836702 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1127.83240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The species included in the genus Epiophlebia Calvert, 1903 represent an exception within Recent lineages - they do not belong to either dragonflies (Anisoptera) nor damselflies (Zygoptera). Nowadays, the genus is solely known from the Asian continent. Due to their stenoecious lifestyle, representatives of Epiophlebia are found in often very small relict populations in Nepal, Bhutan, India, Vietnam, China, North Korea, and Japan. We here present a taxonomic re-evaluation on the species status of Epiophlebiadiana Carle, 2012, known from the Sichuan province in China, supplemented with a morphological character mapping on a genetic tree to highlight synapomorphies of E.diana and E.laidlawi Tillyard, 1921. We conclude that E.diana is a junior synonym of E.laidlawi. Furthermore, we discuss the Recent distribution of the group, allowing for predictions of new habitats of representatives of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Büsse
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, GermanyKiel UniversityKielGermany
| | - Jessica L. Ware
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, 200 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024, USAAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkUnited States of America
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2
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Rutschmann S, Chen P, Zhou C, Monaghan MT. Three mitochondrial genomes of early-winged insects (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae and Leptophlebiidae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2021; 6:2969-2971. [PMID: 34553062 PMCID: PMC8451626 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1974966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) are a semi-aquatic insect order with comparatively few genomic data available despite their phylogenetic position at the root of the winged-insects and possession of ancestral traits. Here, we provide three mitochondrial genomes (mtgenomes) from representatives of the two most species-rich families, Baetis rutilocylindratus and Cloeon dipterum (Baetidae), and Habrophlebiodes zijinensis (Leptophlebiidae). All mtgenomes had a complete set of 13 protein-coding genes and a conserved orientation except for two inverted tRNAs in H. zijinensis. Phylogenetic reconstructions using 21 mayfly mtgenomes and representatives of seven additional orders recovered both Baetidae and Leptophlebiidae as well supported monophyletic clades, with Ephemeroptera as the sister-taxon to all other winged insects (i.e. Odonata and Neoptera).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sereina Rutschmann
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ping Chen
- College of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changfa Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Michael T. Monaghan
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Garibian PG, Karabanov DP, Neretina AN, Taylor DJ, Kotov AA. Bosminopsis deitersi (Crustacea: Cladocera) as an ancient species group: a revision. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11310. [PMID: 33981506 PMCID: PMC8074845 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Water fleas (Crustacea: Cladocera) of the Family Bosminidae have been studied since the founding of paleolimnology and freshwater ecology. However, one species, Bosminopsis deitersi, stands out for its exceptional multicontinental range and broad ecological requirements. Here we use an integrated morphological and multilocus genetic approach to address the species problem in B. deitersi. We analyzed 32 populations of B. deitersi s. lat. Two nuclear and two mitochondrial loci were used to carry out the bGMYC, mPTP and STACEY algorithms for species delimitation. Detailed morphological study was also carried out across continents. The evidence indicated a widely distributed cryptic species in the Old World (Bosminopsis zernowi) that is genetically divergent from B. deitersi s.str. We revised the taxonomy and redescribed the species in this complex. Our sampling indicated that B. zernowi had weak genetic differentiation across its range. A molecular clock and biogeographic analysis with fossil calibrations suggested a Mesozoic origin for the Bosminopsis deitersi group. Our evidence rejects the single species hypothesis for B. deitersi and is consistent with an ancient species group (potentially Mesozoic) that shows marked morphological conservation. The family Bosminidae, then, has examples of both rapid morphological evolution (Holocene Bosmina), and morphological stasis (Bosminopsis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr G. Garibian
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Invasions, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry P. Karabanov
- Laboratory of Fish Ecology, I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters of Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Yaroslavl Area, Russia
| | - Anna N. Neretina
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Invasions, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Derek J. Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Alexey A. Kotov
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Invasions, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Chou A, Lin C, Cronin TW. Visual metamorphoses in insects and malacostracans: Transitions between an aquatic and terrestrial life. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2020; 59:100974. [PMID: 32822960 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.100974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arthropods operate in an outrageous diversity of environments. From the deep sea to dense tropical forests, to wide open arctic tundra, they have colonized almost every possible habitat. Within these environments, the presence of light is nearly ubiquitous, varying in intensity, wavelength, and polarization. Light provides critical information about the environment, such as time of day or where food sources may be located. Animals take advantage of this prevalent and informative cue to make behavioral choices. However, the types of choices animals face depend greatly on their environments and needs at any given time. In particular, animals that undergo metamorphosis, with arthropods being the prime example, experience dramatic changes in both behavior and ecology, which in turn may require altering the structure and function of sensory systems such as vision. Amphibiotic organisms maintain aquatic lifestyles as juveniles before transitioning to terrestrial lifestyles as adults. However, light behaves differently in water than in air, resulting in distinct aquatic and terrestrial optical environments. Visual changes in response to these optical differences can occur on multiple levels, from corneal structure down to neural organization. In this review, we summarize examples of alterations in the visual systems of amphibiotic larval and adult insects and malacostracan crustaceans, specifically those attributed to environmental differences between metamorphic phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Chou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Chan Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Thomas W Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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5
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Song N, Li X, Yin X, Li X, Yin J, Pan P. The mitochondrial genomes of palaeopteran insects and insights into the early insect relationships. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17765. [PMID: 31780743 PMCID: PMC6883079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships of basal insects remain a matter of discussion. In particular, the relationships among Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Neoptera are the focus of debate. In this study, we used a next-generation sequencing approach to reconstruct new mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from 18 species of basal insects, including six representatives of Ephemeroptera and 11 of Odonata, plus one species belonging to Zygentoma. We then compared the structures of the newly sequenced mitogenomes. A tRNA gene cluster of IMQM was found in three ephemeropteran species, which may serve as a potential synapomorphy for the family Heptageniidae. Combined with published insect mitogenome sequences, we constructed a data matrix with all 37 mitochondrial genes of 85 taxa, which had a sampling concentrating on the palaeopteran lineages. Phylogenetic analyses were performed based on various data coding schemes, using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inferences under different models of sequence evolution. Our results generally recovered Zygentoma as a monophyletic group, which formed a sister group to Pterygota. This confirmed the relatively primitive position of Zygentoma to Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Neoptera. Analyses using site-heterogeneous CAT-GTR model strongly supported the Palaeoptera clade, with the monophyletic Ephemeroptera being sister to the monophyletic Odonata. In addition, a sister group relationship between Palaeoptera and Neoptera was supported by the current mitogenomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Song
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Xinxin Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xinming Yin
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xinghao Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jian Yin
- Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, 464001, China
| | - Pengliang Pan
- Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, 464001, China
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7
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Sharma PP. Integrating morphology and phylogenomics supports a terrestrial origin of insect flight. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2796-2798. [PMID: 30696764 PMCID: PMC6386717 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1822087116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant P Sharma
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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8
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Li XD, Jiang GF, Yan LY, Li R, Mu Y, Deng WA. Positive Selection Drove the Adaptation of Mitochondrial Genes to the Demands of Flight and High-Altitude Environments in Grasshoppers. Front Genet 2018; 9:605. [PMID: 30568672 PMCID: PMC6290170 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular evolution of mitochondrial genes responds to changes in energy requirements and to high altitude adaptation in animals, but this has not been fully explored in invertebrates. The evolution of atmospheric oxygen content from high to low necessarily affects the energy requirements of insect movement. We examined 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes (PCGs) of grasshoppers to test whether the adaptive evolution of genes involved in energy metabolism occurs in changes in atmospheric oxygen content and high altitude adaptation. Our molecular evolutionary analysis of the 13 PCGs in 15 species of flying grasshoppers and 13 related flightless grasshoppers indicated that, similar to previous studies, flightless grasshoppers have experienced relaxed selection. We found evidence of significant positive selection in the genes ATP8, COX3, ND2, ND4, ND4L, ND5, and ND6 in flying lineages. This results suggested that episodic positive selection allowed the mitochondrial genes of flying grasshoppers to adapt to increased energy demands during the continuous reduction of atmospheric oxygen content. Our analysis of five grasshopper endemic to the Tibetan Plateau and 13 non-Tibetan grasshoppers indicated that, due to positive selection, more non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions accumulated in Tibetan grasshoppers than in non-Tibetan grasshoppers. We also found evidence for significant positive selection in the genes ATP6, ND2, ND3, ND4, and ND5 in Tibetan lineages. Our results thus strongly suggest that, in grasshoppers, positive selection drives mitochondrial genes to better adapt both to the energy requirements of flight and to the high altitude of the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, China
| | - Guo-Fang Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- College of Oceanology and Food Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Li-Yun Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Mu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-An Deng
- School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, China
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9
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Simon S, Blanke A, Meusemann K. Reanalyzing the Palaeoptera problem - The origin of insect flight remains obscure. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:328-338. [PMID: 29763650 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships of the winged insect lineages - mayflies (Ephemeroptera), damselflies and dragonflies (Odonata), and all other winged insects (Neoptera) - are still controversial with three hypotheses supported by different datasets: Palaeoptera, Metapterygota and Chiastomyaria. Here, we reanalyze available phylogenomic data with a focus on detecting confounding and alternative signal. In this context, we provide a framework to quantitatively evaluate and assess incongruent molecular phylogenetic signal inherent in phylogenomic datasets. Despite overall support for the Palaeoptera hypothesis, we also found considerable signal for Chiastomyaria, which is not easily detectable by standardized tree inference approaches. Analyses of the accumulation of signal across gene partitions showed that signal accumulates gradually. However, even in case signal only slightly supported one over the other hypothesis, topologies inferred from large datasets switch from statistically strongly supported Palaeoptera to strongly supported Chiastomyaria. From a morphological point of view, Palaeoptera currently appears to be the best-supported hypothesis; however, recent analyses were restricted to head characters. Phylogenetic approaches covering all organ systems including analyses of potential functional or developmental convergence are still pending so that the Palaeoptera problem has to be considered an open question in insect systematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Simon
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Alexander Blanke
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HU6 7RX, Hull, UK
| | - Karen Meusemann
- Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, Institute for Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg (Brsg.), Germany; Center of Molecular Biodiversity Research (ZMB), Zoological Research Museum A. Koenig (ZFMK), Adenauerallee 160, D-53113 Bonn, Germany.
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10
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Grzywacz B, Lehmann AW, Chobanov DP, Lehmann GU. Multiple origin of flightlessness in Phaneropterinae bushcrickets and redefinition of the tribus Odonturini (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea: Phaneropteridae). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-018-0370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Erséus C, Envall I, De Wit P, Gustavsson LM. Molecular data reveal a tropical freshwater origin of Naidinae (Annelida, Clitellata, Naididae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 115:115-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Blanke A, Watson PJ, Holbrey R, Fagan MJ. Computational biomechanics changes our view on insect head evolution. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20162412. [PMID: 28179518 PMCID: PMC5310608 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite large-scale molecular attempts, the relationships of the basal winged insect lineages dragonflies, mayflies and neopterans, are still unresolved. Other data sources, such as morphology, suffer from unclear functional dependencies of the structures considered, which might mislead phylogenetic inference. Here, we assess this problem by combining for the first time biomechanics with phylogenetics using two advanced engineering techniques, multibody dynamics analysis and finite-element analysis, to objectively identify functional linkages in insect head structures which have been used traditionally to argue basal winged insect relationships. With a biomechanical model of unprecedented detail, we are able to investigate the mechanics of morphological characters under biologically realistic load, i.e. biting. We show that a range of head characters, mainly ridges, endoskeletal elements and joints, are indeed mechanically linked to each other. An analysis of character state correlation in a morphological data matrix focused on head characters shows highly significant correlation of these mechanically linked structures. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction under different data exclusion schemes based on the correlation analysis unambiguously supports a sistergroup relationship of dragonflies and mayflies. The combination of biomechanics and phylogenetics as it is proposed here could be a promising approach to assess functional dependencies in many organisms to increase our understanding of phenotypic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Blanke
- Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Peter J Watson
- Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Richard Holbrey
- Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Michael J Fagan
- Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, School of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
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13
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Wheeler WC, Coddington JA, Crowley LM, Dimitrov D, Goloboff PA, Griswold CE, Hormiga G, Prendini L, Ramírez MJ, Sierwald P, Almeida‐Silva L, Alvarez‐Padilla F, Arnedo MA, Benavides Silva LR, Benjamin SP, Bond JE, Grismado CJ, Hasan E, Hedin M, Izquierdo MA, Labarque FM, Ledford J, Lopardo L, Maddison WP, Miller JA, Piacentini LN, Platnick NI, Polotow D, Silva‐Dávila D, Scharff N, Szűts T, Ubick D, Vink CJ, Wood HM, Zhang J. The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target‐gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling. Cladistics 2016; 33:574-616. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ward C. Wheeler
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th St. New York NY 10024 USA
| | - Jonathan A. Coddington
- Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History 10th and Constitution NW Washington DC 20560‐0105 USA
| | - Louise M. Crowley
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th St. New York NY 10024 USA
| | - Dimitar Dimitrov
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences The George Washington University 2029 G St. NW Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Pablo A. Goloboff
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo FML—CONICET Miguel Lillo 251 4000 SM. de Tucumán Argentina
| | - Charles E. Griswold
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Department of Biological Sciences The George Washington University 2029 G St. NW Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Lorenzo Prendini
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th St. New York NY 10024 USA
| | - Martín J. Ramírez
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’—CONICET Av. Angel Gallardo 470 C1405DJR Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Petra Sierwald
- The Field Museum of Natural History 1400 S Lake Shore Drive Chicago IL 60605 USA
| | - Lina Almeida‐Silva
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
- Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas Instituto Butantan Av. Vital Brasil, 1500 05503‐900 São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fernando Alvarez‐Padilla
- Department of Biological Sciences The George Washington University 2029 G St. NW Washington DC 20052 USA
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
- Departamento de Biología Comparada Facultad de Ciencias Laboratório de Acarología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Distrito Federal Del. Coyoacán CP 04510 México
| | - Miquel A. Arnedo
- Departamento de Biología Animal Facultat de Biología Institut de Recerca de la Bioversitat Universitat de Barcelona Av. Diagonal 643 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Ligia R. Benavides Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences The George Washington University 2029 G St. NW Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Suresh P. Benjamin
- Department of Biological Sciences The George Washington University 2029 G St. NW Washington DC 20052 USA
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies Hantana Road Kandy 20000 Sri Lanka
| | - Jason E. Bond
- Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Museum of Natural History Auburn University Rouse Life Sciences Building Auburn AL 36849 USA
| | - Cristian J. Grismado
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’—CONICET Av. Angel Gallardo 470 C1405DJR Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Emile Hasan
- Department of Biological Sciences The George Washington University 2029 G St. NW Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Marshal Hedin
- Department of Biology San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego CA 92182 USA
| | - Matías A. Izquierdo
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’—CONICET Av. Angel Gallardo 470 C1405DJR Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Facundo M. Labarque
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’—CONICET Av. Angel Gallardo 470 C1405DJR Buenos Aires Argentina
- Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas Instituto Butantan Av. Vital Brasil, 1500 05503‐900 São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Joel Ledford
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
- Department of Plant Biology University of California Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Lara Lopardo
- Department of Biological Sciences The George Washington University 2029 G St. NW Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Wayne P. Maddison
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia 6270 University Boulevard Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Jeremy A. Miller
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis Postbus 9517 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Luis N. Piacentini
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’—CONICET Av. Angel Gallardo 470 C1405DJR Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Norman I. Platnick
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th St. New York NY 10024 USA
| | - Daniele Polotow
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
- Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas Instituto Butantan Av. Vital Brasil, 1500 05503‐900 São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Diana Silva‐Dávila
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
- Departamento de Entomología Museo de Historia Natural Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Av. Arenales 1256 Apartado Postal 140434 Lima 14 Peru
| | - Nikolaj Scharff
- Biodiversity Section Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 15 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Tamás Szűts
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
- Department of Zoology University of West Hungary H9700 Szombathely Hungary
| | - Darrell Ubick
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
| | - Cor J. Vink
- Department of Biology San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego CA 92182 USA
- Canterbury Museum Rolleston Avenue Christchurch 8013 New Zealand
| | - Hannah M. Wood
- Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History 10th and Constitution NW Washington DC 20560‐0105 USA
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
| | - Junxia Zhang
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia 6270 University Boulevard Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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14
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Kjer KM, Simon C, Yavorskaya M, Beutel RG. Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics. J R Soc Interface 2016; 13:20160363. [PMID: 27558853 PMCID: PMC5014063 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogeny of insects has been both extensively studied and vigorously debated for over a century. A relatively accurate deep phylogeny had been produced by 1904. It was not substantially improved in topology until recently when phylogenomics settled many long-standing controversies. Intervening advances came instead through methodological improvement. Early molecular phylogenetic studies (1985-2005), dominated by a few genes, provided datasets that were too small to resolve controversial phylogenetic problems. Adding to the lack of consensus, this period was characterized by a polarization of philosophies, with individuals belonging to either parsimony or maximum-likelihood camps; each largely ignoring the insights of the other. The result was an unfortunate detour in which the few perceived phylogenetic revolutions published by both sides of the philosophical divide were probably erroneous. The size of datasets has been growing exponentially since the mid-1980s accompanied by a wave of confidence that all relationships will soon be known. However, large datasets create new challenges, and a large number of genes does not guarantee reliable results. If history is a guide, then the quality of conclusions will be determined by an improved understanding of both molecular and morphological evolution, and not simply the number of genes analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl M Kjer
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, 1282 Academic Surge, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Chris Simon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3043, USA
| | - Margarita Yavorskaya
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, FSU Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf G Beutel
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, FSU Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Ma Y, He K, Yu P, Yu D, Cheng X, Zhang J. The complete mitochondrial genomes of three bristletails (Insecta: Archaeognatha): the paraphyly of Machilidae and insights into archaeognathan phylogeny. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117669. [PMID: 25635855 PMCID: PMC4323385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The order Archaeognatha was an ancient group of Hexapoda and was considered as the most primitive of living insects. Two extant families (Meinertellidae and Machilidae) consisted of approximately 500 species. This study determined 3 complete mitochondrial genomes and 2 nearly complete mitochondrial genome sequences of the bristletail. The size of the 5 mitochondrial genome sequences of bristletail were relatively modest, containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and one control region. The gene orders were identical to that of Drosophila yakuba and most bristletail species suggesting a conserved genome evolution within the Archaeognatha. In order to estimate archaeognathan evolutionary relationships, phylogenetic analyses were conducted using concatenated nucleotide sequences of 13 protein-coding genes, with four different computational algorithms (NJ, MP, ML and BI). Based on the results, the monophyly of the family Machilidae was challenged by both datasets (W12 and G12 datasets). The relationships among archaeognathan subfamilies seemed to be tangled and the subfamily Machilinae was also believed to be a paraphyletic group in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Institute of Ecology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kun He
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Panpan Yu
- Institute of Ecology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Danna Yu
- Institute of Ecology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuefang Cheng
- Institute of Ecology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiayong Zhang
- Institute of Ecology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China
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Shimmi O, Matsuda S, Hatakeyama M. Insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying diversified wing venation among insects. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20140264. [PMID: 25009057 PMCID: PMC4100500 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect wings are great resources for studying morphological diversities in nature as well as in fossil records. Among them, variation in wing venation is one of the most characteristic features of insect species. Venation is therefore, undeniably a key factor of species-specific functional traits of the wings; however, the mechanism underlying wing vein formation among insects largely remains unexplored. Our knowledge of the genetic basis of wing development is solely restricted to Drosophila melanogaster. A critical step in wing vein development in Drosophila is the activation of the decapentaplegic (Dpp)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathway during pupal stages. A key mechanism is the directional transport of Dpp from the longitudinal veins into the posterior crossvein by BMP-binding proteins, resulting in redistribution of Dpp that reflects wing vein patterns. Recent works on the sawfly Athalia rosae, of the order Hymenoptera, also suggested that the Dpp transport system is required to specify fore- and hindwing vein patterns. Given that Dpp redistribution via transport is likely to be a key mechanism for establishing wing vein patterns, this raises the interesting possibility that distinct wing vein patterns are generated, based on where Dpp is transported. Experimental evidence in Drosophila suggests that the direction of Dpp transport is regulated by prepatterned positional information. These observations lead to the postulation that Dpp generates diversified insect wing vein patterns through species-specific positional information of its directional transport. Extension of these observations in some winged insects will provide further insights into the mechanisms underlying diversified wing venation among insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Shimmi
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Shinya Matsuda
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Masatsugu Hatakeyama
- Division of Insect Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Owashi, Tsukuba 305-8634, Japan
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Mitterboeck TF, Adamowicz SJ. Flight loss linked to faster molecular evolution in insects. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20131128. [PMID: 23884090 PMCID: PMC3735250 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of flight ability has occurred thousands of times independently during insect evolution. Flight loss may be linked to higher molecular evolutionary rates because of reductions in effective population sizes (Ne) and relaxed selective constraints. Reduced dispersal ability increases population subdivision, may decrease geographical range size and increases (sub)population extinction risk, thus leading to an expected reduction in Ne. Additionally, flight loss in birds has been linked to higher molecular rates of energy-related genes, probably owing to relaxed selective constraints on energy metabolism. We tested for an association between insect flight loss and molecular rates through comparative analysis in 49 phylogenetically independent transitions spanning multiple taxa, including moths, flies, beetles, mayflies, stick insects, stoneflies, scorpionflies and caddisflies, using available nuclear and mitochondrial protein-coding DNA sequences. We estimated the rate of molecular evolution of flightless (FL) and related flight-capable lineages by ratios of non-synonymous-to-synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) and overall substitution rates (OSRs). Across multiple instances of flight loss, we show a significant pattern of higher dN/dS ratios and OSRs in FL lineages in mitochondrial but not nuclear genes. These patterns may be explained by relaxed selective constraints in FL ectotherms relating to energy metabolism, possibly in combination with reduced Ne.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fatima Mitterboeck
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Thomas JA, Trueman JWH, Rambaut A, Welch JJ. Relaxed Phylogenetics and the Palaeoptera Problem: Resolving Deep Ancestral Splits in the Insect Phylogeny. Syst Biol 2013; 62:285-97. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/sys093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK; 2Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia; 3Institute for Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK; and 4Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK; 2Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia; 3Institute for Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK; and 4Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - John W. H. Trueman
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK; 2Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia; 3Institute for Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK; and 4Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK; 2Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia; 3Institute for Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK; and 4Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - John J. Welch
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK; 2Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia; 3Institute for Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK; and 4Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
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Büsse S, von Grumbkow P, Hummel S, Shah DN, Tachamo Shah RD, Li J, Zhang X, Yoshizawa K, Wedmann S, Hörnschemeyer T. Phylogeographic analysis elucidates the influence of the ice ages on the disjunct distribution of relict dragonflies in Asia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38132. [PMID: 22666462 PMCID: PMC3364219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unusual biogeographic patterns of closely related groups reflect events in the past, and molecular analyses can help to elucidate these events. While ample research on the origin of disjunct distributions of different organism groups in the Western Paleartic has been conducted, such studies are rare for Eastern Palearctic organisms. In this paper we present a phylogeographic analysis of the disjunct distribution pattern of the extant species of the strongly cool-adapted Epiophlebia dragonflies from Asia. We investigated sequences of the usually more conserved 18 S rDNA and 28 S rDNA genes and the more variable sequences of ITS1, ITS2 and CO2 of all three currently recognised Epiophlebia species and of a sample of other odonatan species. In all genes investigated the degrees of similarity between species of Epiophlebia are very high and resemble those otherwise found between different populations of the same species in Odonata. This indicates that substantial gene transfer between these populations occurred in the comparatively recent past. Our analyses imply a wide distribution of the ancestor of extant Epiophlebia in Southeast Asia during the last ice age, when suitable habitats were more common. During the following warming phase, its range contracted, resulting in the current disjunct distribution. Given the strong sensitivity of these species to climatic parameters, the current trend to increasing global temperatures will further reduce acceptable habitats and seriously threaten the existences of these last representatives of an ancient group of Odonata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Büsse
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Morphology, Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp von Grumbkow
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Historical Anthropology and Human Ecology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Hummel
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Historical Anthropology and Human Ecology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Deep Narayan Shah
- Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institutes and Natural History Museums, Gelnhausen, Germany
| | | | | | - Xueping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Monitoring of Geographic Environment, College of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
| | - Kazunori Yoshizawa
- Systematic Entomology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sonja Wedmann
- Senckenberg Research Institutes and Natural History Museums, Research Station Messel Pit, Messel, Germany
| | - Thomas Hörnschemeyer
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Department of Morphology, Systematics and Evolutionary Biology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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21
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Ravara A, Wiklund H, Cunha MR, Pleijel F. Phylogenetic relationships within Nephtyidae (Polychaeta, Annelida). ZOOL SCR 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Watson GS, Cribb BW, Watson JA. How micro/nanoarchitecture facilitates anti-wetting: an elegant hierarchical design on the termite wing. ACS NANO 2010; 4:129-36. [PMID: 20099910 DOI: 10.1021/nn900869b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The termite is an insect which is a weak flier, has a large wing area in relation to its body mass, and many species typically fly during rain or storm periods. Water droplets placed on these insects' wings will spontaneously roll off the surface. Here we show how the intricate hierarchical array design of these insect wings achieves anti-wetting properties with water bodies of various sizes by reducing contact area and thus adhesion. To repel large droplets, the termite uses an array of hairs with a specially designed nanoarchitecture, which we demonstrate is critical for this function. By coating single hairs with a polymer of varying thicknesses (with a similar hydrophobicity to insect cuticle), we demonstrate that hairs of the same chemistry and with the complete nanoarchitecture show the greatest resistance to penetrating water bodies. The wings also consist of an underlying non-wetting membrane substructure comprising an array of star-shaped microstructures which minimize interaction with micro-sized droplets of water. The sophisticated micro/nanostructured hierarchy on the termite wing membrane not only results in non-wetting at different length scales but also demonstrates a design for weight and material minimization while achieving this state. Elucidating the function of such structures has implications for understanding insect biology and the evolution of wings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Watson
- School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
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Huber BA, Sinclair BJ, Schmitt M. The evolution of asymmetric genitalia in spiders and insects. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2007; 82:647-98. [PMID: 17944621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2007.00029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetries are a pervading phenomenon in otherwise bilaterally symmetric organisms and recent studies have highlighted their potential impact on our understanding of fundamental evolutionary processes like the evolution of development and the selection for morphological novelties caused by behavioural changes. One character system that is particularly promising in this respect is animal genitalia because (1) asymmetries in genitalia have evolved many times convergently, and (2) the taxonomic literature provides a tremendous amount of comparative data on these organs. This review is an attempt to focus attention on this promising but neglected topic by summarizing what we know about insect genital asymmetries, and by contrasting this with the situation in spiders, a group in which genital asymmetries are rare. In spiders, only four independent origins of genital asymmetry are known, two in Theridiidae (Tidarren/Echinotheridion, Asygyna) and two in Pholcidae (Metagonia, Kaliana). In insects, on the other hand, genital asymmetry is a widespread and common phenomenon. In some insect orders or superorders, genital asymmetry is in the groundplan (e.g. Dictyoptera, Embiidina, Phasmatodea), in others it has evolved multiple times convergently (e.g. Coleoptera, Diptera, Heteroptera, Lepidoptera). Surprisingly, the huge but widely scattered information has not been reviewed for over 70 years. We combine data from studies on taxonomy, mating behaviour, genital mechanics, and phylogeny, to explain why genital asymmetry is so common in insects but so rare in spiders. We identify further fundamental differences between spider and insect genital asymmetries: (1) in most spiders, the direction of asymmetry is random, in most insects it is fixed; (2) in most spiders, asymmetry evolved first (or only) in the female while in insects genital asymmetry is overwhelmingly limited to the male. We thus propose that sexual selection has played a crucial role in the evolution of insect genital asymmetry, via a route that is accessible to insects but not to spiders. The centerpiece in this insect route to asymmetry is changes in mating position. Available evidence strongly suggests that the plesiomorphic neopteran mating position is a female-above position. Changes to male-dominated positions have occurred frequently, and some of the resulting positions require abdominal twisting, flexing, and asymmetric contact between male and female genitalia. Insects with their median unpaired sperm transfer organ may adopt a one-sided asymmetric position and still transfer the whole amount of sperm. Spiders with their paired sperm transfer organs can only mate in symmetrical or alternating two-sided positions without foregoing transfer of half of their sperm. We propose several hypotheses regarding the evolution of genital asymmetry. One explains morphological asymmetry as a mechanical compensation for evolutionary and behavioural changes of mating position. The morphological asymmetry per se is not advantageous, but rather the newly adopted mating position is. The second hypothesis predicts a split of functions between right and left sides. In contrast to the previous hypothesis, morphological asymmetry per se is advantageous. A third hypothesis evokes internal space constraints that favour asymmetric placement and morphology of internal organs and may secondarily affect the genitalia. Further hypotheses appear supported by a few exceptional cases only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard A Huber
- Alexander Koenig Research Museum of Zoology, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
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Abstract
Over half of all described species are insects, but until recently our understanding of the reasons for this diversity was based on very little macroevolutionary evidence. Here I summarize the hypotheses that have been posed, tests of these hypotheses and their results, and hence identify gaps in knowledge for future researchers to pursue. I focus on inferences from the following sources: (i) the fossil record, normally at family level, and (ii) insect phylogenies, sometimes combined with: (iii) the species richness of insect higher taxa, and (iv) current extinction risks. There is evidence that the species richness of insects has been enhanced by: (i) their relative age, giving time for diversification to take place; (ii) low extinction rates. There is little evidence that rates of origination have generally been high or that there are limits on numbers of species. However, the evidence on macroevolutionary rates is not yet so extensive or coherent as to present unequivocal messages. As regards morphological, ecological, or behavioural hypotheses, there is evidence that diversity has been enhanced by (iii) flight or properties resulting from it like enhanced dispersal, (iv) wing folding, and (v) complete metamorphosis. However, in all these cases the evidence is somewhat equivocal, either because of statistical issues or because evidence from different sources is conflicting. There is extensive evidence that diversity is affected by (vi) the ecological niche. Comparative studies indicate that phytophagy generally increases net diversification rates, and reduces extinction risk. However, niche specialization is also associated with an increase in extinction risk. Small body size (vii) is often associated with low extinction risk in comparative studies, but as yet there is no solid evidence that it consistently enhances net rates of diversification. Mouthpart diversity (viii) has generally increased over time in the insects, but cannot explain the apparent great increase in diversity seen in the Cretaceous and Tertiary. Sexual selection and sexual conflict (ix) are two processes that are widespread in insects, and there is comparative evidence linking both to increased diversification. Although some comparative evidence links tropical distributions (x) to increased rates of diversification, the extent to which latitudinal richness gradients are unusual in insects is equivocal. There is little to no direct evidence from fossils and phylogenies that insect diversity has generally been affected by (i) sensory- or neuro-sophistication, (ii) population size or density, (iii) generation time or fecundity, (iv) the presence of an exoskeleton or cuticle, (v) segmentation or appendage diversity, (vi) adaptability or genetic versatility, though all of these remain plausible hypotheses awaiting further tests. The data suggest that the insect body ground plan itself had no direct effect on insect diversity. Thus, whilst studies to date have given substantial understanding, substantial gaps still remain. Future challenges include: (i) interpreting conflicting messages from different sources of data; (ii) rating the importance of different hypotheses that are statistically supported; (iii) linking specific proximate to specific ultimate explanations and vice versa; and (iv) understanding how different ultimate hypotheses might be dependent on each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Mayhew
- Department of Biology (Area 18), University of York, PO Box 373, York, YO10 5YW, UK.
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Gillespie JJ, Johnston JS, Cannone JJ, Gutell RR. Characteristics of the nuclear (18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S) and mitochondrial (12S and 16S) rRNA genes of Apis mellifera (Insecta: Hymenoptera): structure, organization, and retrotransposable elements. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 15:657-86. [PMID: 17069639 PMCID: PMC2048585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
As an accompanying manuscript to the release of the honey bee genome, we report the entire sequence of the nuclear (18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S) and mitochondrial (12S and 16S) ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-encoding gene sequences (rDNA) and related internally and externally transcribed spacer regions of Apis mellifera (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apocrita). Additionally, we predict secondary structures for the mature rRNA molecules based on comparative sequence analyses with other arthropod taxa and reference to recently published crystal structures of the ribosome. In general, the structures of honey bee rRNAs are in agreement with previously predicted rRNA models from other arthropods in core regions of the rRNA, with little additional expansion in non-conserved regions. Our multiple sequence alignments are made available on several public databases and provide a preliminary establishment of a global structural model of all rRNAs from the insects. Additionally, we provide conserved stretches of sequences flanking the rDNA cistrons that comprise the externally transcribed spacer regions (ETS) and part of the intergenic spacer region (IGS), including several repetitive motifs. Finally, we report the occurrence of retrotransposition in the nuclear large subunit rDNA, as R2 elements are present in the usual insertion points found in other arthropods. Interestingly, functional R1 elements usually present in the genomes of insects were not detected in the honey bee rRNA genes. The reverse transcriptase products of the R2 elements are deduced from their putative open reading frames and structurally aligned with those from another hymenopteran insect, the jewel wasp Nasonia (Pteromalidae). Stretches of conserved amino acids shared between Apis and Nasonia are illustrated and serve as potential sites for primer design, as target amplicons within these R2 elements may serve as novel phylogenetic markers for Hymenoptera. Given the impending completion of the sequencing of the Nasonia genome, we expect our report eventually to shed light on the evolution of the hymenopteran genome within higher insects, particularly regarding the relative maintenance of conserved rDNA genes, related variable spacer regions and retrotransposable elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Gillespie
- Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Monaghan MT, Gattolliat JL, Sartori M, Elouard JM, James H, Derleth P, Glaizot O, de Moor F, Vogler AP. Trans-oceanic and endemic origins of the small minnow mayflies (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae) of Madagascar. Proc Biol Sci 2005; 272:1829-36. [PMID: 16096096 PMCID: PMC1559867 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relative importance of dispersal and vicariance in forming the Madagascar insect fauna, sequencing approximately 2300bp from three rRNA gene regions to investigate the phylogeny of Afrotropical small minnow mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Six lineages contained trans-oceanic sister taxa, and variation in genetic divergence between sister taxa revealed relationships that range from very recent dispersal to ancient vicariance. Dispersal was most recent and frequent in species that spend the larval stage in standing water, adding to evidence that these evolutionarily unstable habitats may select for ecological traits that increase dispersal in insects. Ancestral state likelihood analysis suggested at least one Afrotropical lineage had its origin in Madagascar, demonstrating that unidirectional dispersal from a continental source may be too simplistic. We conclude that the Malagasy mayfly fauna should be considered in a biogeographical context that extends beyond Madagascar itself, encompassing trans-oceanic dispersal within multiple lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Monaghan
- Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
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Frydrychová R, Grossmann P, Trubac P, Vítková M, Marec F. Phylogenetic distribution of TTAGG telomeric repeats in insects. Genome 2004; 47:163-78. [PMID: 15060613 DOI: 10.1139/g03-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined the presence of TTAGG telomeric repeats in 22 species from 20 insect orders with no or inconclusive information on the telomere composition by single-primer polymerase chain reaction with (TTAGG)6 primers, Southern hybridization of genomic DNAs, and fluorescence in situ hybridization of chromosomes with (TTAGG)n probes. The (TTAGG)n sequence was present in 15 species and absent in 7 species. In a compilation of new and published data, we combined the distribution of (TTAGG)n telomere motif with the insect phylogenetic tree. The pattern of phylogenetic distribution of the TTAGG repeats clearly supported a hypothesis that the sequence was an ancestral motif of insect telomeres but was lost repeatedly during insect evolution. The motif was conserved in the "primitive" apterous insect orders, the Archaeognatha and Zygentoma, in the "lower" Neoptera (Plecoptera, Phasmida, Orthoptera, Blattaria, Mantodea, and Isoptera) with the exception of Dermaptera, and in Paraneoptera (Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, Auchenorrhyncha, and Sternorrhyncha) with the exception of Heteroptera. Surprisingly, the (TTAGG)n motif was not found in the "primitive" pterygotes, the Palaeoptera (Ephemeroptera and Odonata). The Endopterygota were heterogeneous for the occurrence of TTAGG repeats. The motif was conserved in Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Trichoptera but was lost in one clade formed by Diptera, Siphonaptera, and Mecoptera. It was also lost in Raphidioptera, whereas it was present in Megaloptera. In contrast with previous authors, we did not find the motif in Neuroptera. Finally, both TTAGG-positive and TTAGG-negative species were reported in Coleoptera. The repeated losses of TTAGG in different branches of the insect phylogenetic tree and, in particular, in the most successful lineage of insect evolution, the Endopterygota, suggest a backup mechanism in the genome of insects that enabled them frequent evolutionary changes in telomere composition.
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Abstract
The nuclear small subunit rRNA (18S) has played a dominant role in the estimation of relationships among insect orders from molecular data. In previous studies, 18S sequences have been aligned by unadjusted automated approaches (computer alignments that are not manually readjusted), most recently with direct optimization (simultaneous alignment and tree building using a program called "POY"). Parsimony has been the principal optimality criterion. Given the problems associated with the alignment of rRNA, and the recent availability of the doublet model for the analysis of covarying sites using Bayesian MCMC analysis, a different approach is called for in the analysis of these data. In this paper, nucleotide sequence data from the 18S small subunit rRNA gene of insects are aligned manually with reference to secondary structure, and analyzed under Bayesian phylogenetic methods with both GTR+I+G and doublet models in MrBayes. A credible phylogeny of Insecta is recovered that is independent of the morphological data and (unlike many other analyses of 18S in insects) not contradictory to traditional ideas of insect ordinal relationships based on morphology. Hexapoda, including Collembola, are monophyletic. Paraneoptera are the sister taxon to a monophyletic Holometabola but weakly supported. Ephemeroptera are supported as the sister taxon of Neoptera, and this result is interpreted with respect to the evolution of direct sperm transfer and the evolution of flight. Many other relationships are well-supported but several taxa remain problematic, e.g., there is virtually no support for relationships among orthopteroid orders. A website is made available that provides aligned 18S data in formats that include structural symbols and Nexus formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl M Kjer
- Department of Ecology Evolution and Natural Resources, 14 College Farm Road, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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