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Kulkarni S, Wood HM, Hormiga G. Advances in the reconstruction of the spider tree of life: A roadmap for spider systematics and comparative studies. Cladistics 2023; 39:479-532. [PMID: 37787157 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade and a half, advances in genetic sequencing technologies have revolutionized systematics, transforming the field from studying morphological characters or a few genetic markers, to genomic datasets in the phylogenomic era. A plethora of molecular phylogenetic studies on many taxonomic groups have come about, converging on, or refuting prevailing morphology or legacy-marker-based hypotheses about evolutionary affinities. Spider systematics has been no exception to this transformation and the inter-relationships of several groups have now been studied using genomic data. About 51 500 extant spider species have been described, all with a conservative body plan, but innumerable morphological and behavioural peculiarities. Inferring the spider tree of life using morphological data has been a challenging task. Molecular data have corroborated many hypotheses of higher-level relationships, but also resulted in new groups that refute previous hypotheses. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the reconstruction of the spider tree of life and highlight areas where additional effort is needed with potential solutions. We base this review on the most comprehensive spider phylogeny to date, representing 131 of the 132 spider families. To achieve this sampling, we combined six Sanger-based markers with newly generated and publicly available genome-scale datasets. We find that some inferred relationships between major lineages of spiders (such as Austrochiloidea, Palpimanoidea and Synspermiata) are robust across different classes of data. However, several new hypotheses have emerged with different classes of molecular data. We identify and discuss the robust and controversial hypotheses and compile this blueprint to design future studies targeting systematic revisions of these problematic groups. We offer an evolutionary framework to explore comparative questions such as evolution of venoms, silk, webs, morphological traits and reproductive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Kulkarni
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 1000 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Hannah M Wood
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 1000 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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Pantoja P, Bonaldo AB, Xavier C. On the symphytognathoid spider genus Mysmenopsis Simon, 1898 (Araneae: Mysmenidae) from the Brazilian Amazonian region: description of five new species and new records. Zootaxa 2023; 5319:57-75. [PMID: 37518250 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5319.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Five new species of Mysmenopsis from the Brazilian Amazonian region are described: M. rodriguesae n. sp. and M. nadineae n. sp. known by males and females, M snethlageae n. sp., M. lopardoae n. sp. and M. regiae n. sp. known only by males. Three species, M. cienaga Müller, 1987 (previously known from Peru and Colombia), M. penai Platnick & Shadab, 1978 (Ecuador and Colombia), and M. shushufindi Dupérré & Tapia, 2020 (Ecuador) are recorded for the first time in Brazilian Amazonian region. An additional record of M. penai from northeastern Brazil is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Pantoja
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi-MPEG; Coordenação de Zoologia; Laboratório de Aracnologia; Avenida Perimetral; 1901; Terra Firme; CEP: 66077-830; Belém; Pará; Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia-Universidade Federal do Pará - Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi.
| | - Alexandre Bragio Bonaldo
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi-MPEG; Coordenação de Zoologia; Laboratório de Aracnologia; Avenida Perimetral; 1901; Terra Firme; CEP: 66077-830; Belém; Pará; Brazil.
| | - Cláudia Xavier
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi-MPEG; Coordenação de Zoologia; Laboratório de Aracnologia; Avenida Perimetral; 1901; Terra Firme; CEP: 66077-830; Belém; Pará; Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia-Universidade Federal do Pará - Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi.
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Kulkarni S, Wood HM, Hormiga G. Phylogenomics illuminates the evolution of orb webs, respiratory systems and the biogeographic history of the world's smallest orb-weaving spiders (Araneae, Araneoidea, Symphytognathoids). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023:107855. [PMID: 37311493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The miniature orb weaving spiders (symphytognathoids) are a group of small spiders (< 2 mm), including the smallest adult spider Patu digua (0.37 mm in body length), that have been classified into five families. The species of one of its constituent lineages, the family Anapidae, build a remarkable diversity of webs (ranging from orbs to sheet webs and irregular tangles) and even include a webless kleptoparasitic species. Anapids are also exceptional because of the extraordinary diversity of their respiratory systems. The phylogenetic relationships of symphytognathoid families have been recalcitrant with different classes of data, such as, monophyletic with morphology and its concatenation with Sanger-based six markers, paraphyletic (including a paraphyletic Anapidae) with solely Sanger-based six markers, and polyphyletic with transcriptomes. In this study, we capitalized on a large taxonomic sampling of symphytognathoids, focusing on Anapidae, and using de novo sequenced ultraconserved elements (UCEs) combined with UCEs recovered from available transcriptomes and genomes. We evaluated the conflicting relationships using a variety of support metrics and topology tests. We found support for the phylogenetic hypothesis proposed using morphology to obtain the "symphytognathoids'' clade, Anterior Tracheal System (ANTS) Clade and monophyly of the family Anapidae. Anapidae can be divided into three major lineages, the Vichitra Clade (including Teutoniella, Holarchaea, Sofanapis and Acrobleps), the subfamily Micropholcommatinae and the Orb-weaving anapids (Owa) Clade. Biogeographic analyses reconstructed a hypothesis of multiple long-distance transoceanic dispersal events, potentially influenced by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and West Wind Drift. In symphytognathoids, the ancestral anterior tracheal system transformed to book lungs four times and reduced book lungs five times. The posterior tracheal system was lost six times. The orb web structure was lost four times independently and transformed into sheet web once.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Kulkarni
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA; Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 1000 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560, USA; (currently) Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53706, USA.
| | - Hannah M Wood
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 1000 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA.
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Wang S, Lu Y, Li Y, Li S, Lin Y. Systematic notes on three troglobitic Anapistula (Araneae, Symphytognathidae) spiders from China, with the descriptions of two new species. Zookeys 2022; 1130:167-189. [PMID: 36761017 PMCID: PMC9836665 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1130.91467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Three cave-dwelling spider species belonging to the family Symphytognathidae Hickman, 1931, i.e., Anapistulasanjiao sp. nov. (♂♀), A.walayaku sp. nov. (♂♀), and A.panensis Lin, Tao & Li, 2013 (♂♀), are reported from southwest China. DNA sequences and detailed illustrations of the habitus, male palps and epigynes are provided, and their distributions are mapped. Their phylogenetic position within symphytognathids and relationships were tested and assessed using previously published phylogenetic analyses on symphytognathoids. The results showed that they form a clade with A.choojaiae Rivera-Quiroz, Petcharad & Miller, 2021 from Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ying Lu
- The Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Ya Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shuqiang Li
- The Sichuan Key Laboratory for Conservation Biology of Endangered Wildlife, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yucheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Silva-Moreira T, Hormiga G. Revision and phylogenetics of the Neotropical sheet weaving spider genus. INVERTEBR SYST 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/is21047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Mounded Posterior Median Eyes (MPME) clade is a group of linyphiid spiders characterized by having posterior median eyes (PME) on a mound. The species diversity of this lineage, especially in the Neotropical region, is still largely unknown. In this study, we tackled one of the MPME groups, the genus Diplothyron Millidge, 1991. We have studied numerous specimens from both museums and freshly collected specimens to monograph Diplothyron. We also compiled both morphological and behavioral data from Diplothyron and representatives of higher-level lineages within Linyphiidae and several potential MPME groups to infer the phylogenetic relationships. We redescribed the type species, Diplothyron fuscus Millidge, 1991 and described the previously unknown male, and six new species: Diplothyron ballesterosi sp. nov., D. dianae sp. nov., D. monteverde sp. nov., D. nubilosus sp. nov., D. sandrae sp. nov. and D. solitarius sp. nov. We also transferred the following species from Linyphia to Diplothyron based on the study of the type material: D. chiapasia (Gertsch & Davies, 1946) comb. nov., D. linguatulus (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902) comb. nov., D. nigritus (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902) comb. nov., D. simplicatus (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902) comb. nov. and D. trifalcatus (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902) comb. nov. Diplothyron species are mainly found in the cloud forests of Central and South America, with the distribution stretching from the Colombian Andes to the Mexican Sierra Madre across the Central American mountain chains. We also provide a detailed morphological comparison between Diplothyron and closely related genera in the MPME clade, focusing on the genital morphology, including identification keys to both the MPME genera and species of Diplothyron. Our cladistic analyses recovered Diplothyron as a monophyletic group placed within the MPME clade. A newly circumscribed lineage now includes the genera Diplothyron, Dubiaranea Mello-Leitão, 1943; Linyphia Latreille, 1804; Lomaita Bryant, 1948; Microlinyphia Gerhardt, 1928; Neriene Blackwall, 1833; Notiohyphantes Millidge, 1985; Novafrontina Millidge, 1991 and Pityohyphantes Simon, 1929.
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Ramírez MJ, Magalhaes I, Pizarro-Araya J, Ballarin F, Marusik YM, Eskov KY. A new species of the spider genus Tekellina Levi, 1957 from Chile, with a broadened definition of the family Synotaxidae (Arachnida, Araneae). ZOOL ANZ 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Lin SW, Lopardo L, Uhl G. Evolution of nuptial-gift-related male prosomal structures: taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the genus Oedothorax (Araneae: Linyphiidae: Erigoninae). Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sexual selection has been shown to drive speciation. In dwarf spiders (erigonines), males possess diverse, sexually selected prosomal structures with nuptial-gift-producing glands. The genus Oedothorax is suitable for investigating the evolution of these features due to high structural variation. We have re-delimited this genus based on a phylogenetic analysis. Ten species are Oedothorax s.s.; five are transferred back to their original generic placement; 25 remain unplaced as ‘Oedothorax’. Four junior synonymies are proposed: Callitrichia simplex to Ca. holmi comb. nov.; Gongylidioides kougianensis to G. insulanus comb. nov.; Ummeliata ziaowutai to U. esyunini comb. nov.; Oe. kathmandu to Mitrager unicolor comb. nov. Oedothorax seminolus is a junior synonym of Soulgas corticarius and the transfer of Oe. alascensis to Halorates is confirmed. The replacement name Ca. hirsuta is proposed for Ca. pilosa. The male of Callitrichia longiducta comb. nov. and the female of ‘Oedothorax’ nazareti are newly described. Thirty-eight Oedothorax species are transferred to other genera. Callitrichia spinosa is transferred to Holmelgonia. Three genera are erected: Cornitibia, Emertongone and Jilinus. Ophrynia and Toschia are synonymized with Callitrichia. Character optimization suggests multiple origins of different prosomal modification types. Convergent evolution in these traits suggests that sexual selection has played an important role in erigonine diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Wang Lin
- Department of General and Systematic Zoology, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lara Lopardo
- Department of General and Systematic Zoology, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gabriele Uhl
- Department of General and Systematic Zoology, University of Greifswald, Germany
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Lopardo L, Michalik P, Hormiga G. Take a deep breath… The evolution of the respiratory system of symphytognathoid spiders (Araneae, Araneoidea). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-021-00524-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSpiders are unique in having a dual respiratory system with book lungs and tracheae, and most araneomorph spiders breathe simultaneously via book lungs and tracheae, or tracheae alone. The respiratory organs of spiders are diverse but relatively conserved within families. The small araneoid spiders of the symphytognathoid clade exhibit a remarkably high diversity of respiratory organs and arrangements, unparalleled by any other group of ecribellate orb weavers. In the present study, we explore and review the diversity of symphytognathoid respiratory organs. Using a phylogenetic comparative approach, we reconstruct the evolution of the respiratory system of symphytognathoids based on the most comprehensive phylogenetic frameworks to date. There are no less than 22 different respiratory system configurations in symphytognathoids. The phylogenetic reconstructions suggest that the anterior tracheal system evolved from fully developed book lungs and, conversely, reduced book lungs have originated independently at least twice from its homologous tracheal conformation. Our hypothesis suggests that structurally similar book lungs might have originated through different processes of tracheal transformation in different families. In symphytognathoids, the posterior tracheal system has either evolved into a highly branched and complex system or it is completely lost. No evident morphological or behavioral features satisfactorily explains the exceptional variation of the symphytognathoid respiratory organs.
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Kallal RJ, Kulkarni SS, Dimitrov D, Benavides LR, Arnedo MA, Giribet G, Hormiga G. Converging on the orb: denser taxon sampling elucidates spider phylogeny and new analytical methods support repeated evolution of the orb web. Cladistics 2021; 37:298-316. [PMID: 34478199 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High throughput sequencing and phylogenomic analyses focusing on relationships among spiders have both reinforced and upturned long-standing hypotheses. Likewise, the evolution of spider webs-perhaps their most emblematic attribute-is being understood in new ways. With a matrix including 272 spider species and close arachnid relatives, we analyze and evaluate the relationships among these lineages using a variety of orthology assessment methods, occupancy thresholds, tree inference methods and support metrics. Our analyses include families not previously sampled in transcriptomic analyses, such as Symphytognathidae, the only araneoid family absent in such prior works. We find support for the major established spider lineages, including Mygalomorphae, Araneomorphae, Synspermiata, Palpimanoidea, Araneoidea and the Retrolateral Tibial Apophysis Clade, as well as the uloborids, deinopids, oecobiids and hersiliids Grade. Resulting trees are evaluated using bootstrapping, Shimodaira-Hasegawa approximate likelihood ratio test, local posterior probabilities and concordance factors. Using structured Markov models to assess the evolution of spider webs while accounting for hierarchically nested traits, we find multiple convergent occurrences of the orb web across the spider tree-of-life. Overall, we provide the most comprehensive spider tree-of-life to date using transcriptomic data and use new methods to explore controversial issues of web evolution, including the origins and multiple losses of the orb web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Kallal
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.,Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Siddharth S Kulkarni
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.,Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Dimitar Dimitrov
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, Bergen, 5020, Norway
| | - Ligia R Benavides
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Miquel A Arnedo
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Giribet
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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10
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da Silva Moreira T, Hormiga G. Systematics of the Neotropical spider genera Jalapyphantes and Selenyphantes and the circumscription of the Pocobletus clade (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We have revised the linyphiid genera Jalapyphantes and Selenyphantes. Jalapyphantes now includes five species, one of them new (J. tricolor sp. nov.). Selenyphantes now consists of six species of which five are new (S. costaricensis sp. nov., S. gaimani sp. nov., S. iztactepetl sp. nov., S. orizabae sp. nov. and S. volcanicus sp. nov.). To infer the phylogenetic position of Jalapyphantes and Selenyphantes, we analysed nucleotide sequence data from five markers (16S,18S, 28S, COI and histone H3) combined with morphological and behavioural data. Both genera are monophyletic and sister to each other. Both Jalapyphantes and Selenyphantes are included within the newly circumscribed Pocobletus clade, which includes all known species of Pocobletus plus several undescribed species. Pocobletus has nomenclatural priority over the junior synonyms Exechopsis, Exocora and Graphomoa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
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Xu H, Zhang X, Yao Z, Ali A, Li S. Thirty-five new species of the spider genus Pimoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) from Pan-Himalaya. Zookeys 2021; 1029:1-92. [PMID: 33935549 PMCID: PMC8050015 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1029.64080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five new species of the Pimoa Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943 are described from Pan-Himalaya: P.anning Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.bomi Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.cawarong Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀), P.daman Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀), P.danba Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀), P.deqen Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀), P.dongjiu Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.guiqing Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀), P.gyaca Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀), P.gyara Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.gyirong Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.heishui Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.jinchuan Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.khaptad Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀), P.koshi Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀), P.lhatog Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀), P.mechi Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.miandam Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.miero Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.mude Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀), P.muli Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.naran Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀), P.ninglang Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀), P.nyalam Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.phaplu Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.putou Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀), P.rara Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀), P.sangri Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.shigatse Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀), P.tengchong Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.xiahe Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.yejiei Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀), P.yele Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.zayu Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.zhigangi Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀). The DNA barcodes of the thirty-five new species are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China Shenyang Normal University Shenyang China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zhiyuan Yao
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China Shenyang Normal University Shenyang China
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Punjab, Pakistan University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan.,College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China Shenyang Normal University Shenyang China
| | - Shuqiang Li
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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Berger CA, Brewer MS, Kono N, Nakamura H, Arakawa K, Kennedy SR, Wood HM, Adams SA, Gillespie RG. Shifts in morphology, gene expression, and selection underlie web loss in Hawaiian Tetragnatha spiders. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:48. [PMID: 33752590 PMCID: PMC7983290 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A striking aspect of evolution is that it often converges on similar trajectories. Evolutionary convergence can occur in deep time or over short time scales, and is associated with the imposition of similar selective pressures. Repeated convergent events provide a framework to infer the genetic basis of adaptive traits. The current study examines the genetic basis of secondary web loss within web-building spiders (Araneoidea). Specifically, we use a lineage of spiders in the genus Tetragnatha (Tetragnathidae) that has diverged into two clades associated with the relatively recent (5 mya) colonization of, and subsequent adaptive radiation within, the Hawaiian Islands. One clade has adopted a cursorial lifestyle, and the other has retained the ancestral behavior of capturing prey with sticky orb webs. We explore how these behavioral phenotypes are reflected in the morphology of the spinning apparatus and internal silk glands, and the expression of silk genes. Several sister families to the Tetragnathidae have undergone similar web loss, so we also ask whether convergent patterns of selection can be detected in these lineages. RESULTS The cursorial clade has lost spigots associated with the sticky spiral of the orb web. This appears to have been accompanied by loss of silk glands themselves. We generated phylogenies of silk proteins (spidroins), which showed that the transcriptomes of cursorial Tetragnatha contain all major spidroins except for flagelliform. We also found an uncharacterized spidroin that has higher expression in cursorial species. We found evidence for convergent selection acting on this spidroin, as well as genes involved in protein metabolism, in the cursorial Tetragnatha and divergent cursorial lineages in the families Malkaridae and Mimetidae. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide strong evidence that independent web loss events and the associated adoption of a cursorial lifestyle are based on similar genetic mechanisms. Many genes we identified as having evolved convergently are associated with protein synthesis, degradation, and processing, which are processes that play important roles in silk production. This study demonstrates, in the case of independent evolution of web loss, that similar selective pressures act on many of the same genes to produce the same phenotypes and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory A Berger
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, #3114, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114, USA.
- MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, Cambridge, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - Michael S Brewer
- Department of Biology, N1088 Howell Science Complex, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Nobuaki Kono
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Enzyme Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Arakawa
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Susan R Kennedy
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Tancha 1919-1, Onna, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Hannah M Wood
- Smithsonian Institution, Entomology, MRC105, Natural History Bldg. E519, 1000 Constitution Ave NW, Washington DC, 20560-0188, USA
| | - Seira A Adams
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, #3114, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114, USA
| | - Rosemary G Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, #3114, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114, USA
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13
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Kulkarni S, Kallal RJ, Wood H, Dimitrov D, Giribet G, Hormiga G. Interrogating Genomic-Scale Data to Resolve Recalcitrant Nodes in the Spider Tree of Life. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:891-903. [PMID: 32986823 PMCID: PMC7947752 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-scale data sets are converging on robust, stable phylogenetic hypotheses for many lineages; however, some nodes have shown disagreement across classes of data. We use spiders (Araneae) as a system to identify the causes of incongruence in phylogenetic signal between three classes of data: exons (as in phylotranscriptomics), noncoding regions (included in ultraconserved elements [UCE] analyses), and a combination of both (as in UCE analyses). Gene orthologs, coded as amino acids and nucleotides (with and without third codon positions), were generated by querying published transcriptomes for UCEs, recovering 1,931 UCE loci (codingUCEs). We expected that congeners represented in the codingUCE and UCEs data would form clades in the presence of phylogenetic signal. Noncoding regions derived from UCE sequences were recovered to test the stability of relationships. Phylogenetic relationships resulting from all analyses were largely congruent. All nucleotide data sets from transcriptomes, UCEs, or a combination of both recovered similar topologies in contrast with results from transcriptomes analyzed as amino acids. Most relationships inferred from low-occupancy data sets, containing several hundreds of loci, were congruent across Araneae, as opposed to high occupancy data matrices with fewer loci, which showed more variation. Furthermore, we found that low-occupancy data sets analyzed as nucleotides (as is typical of UCE data sets) can result in more congruent relationships than high occupancy data sets analyzed as amino acids (as in phylotranscriptomics). Thus, omitting data, through amino acid translation or via retention of only high occupancy loci, may have a deleterious effect in phylogenetic reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Kulkarni
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
| | - Robert J Kallal
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
| | - Hannah Wood
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
| | - Dimitar Dimitrov
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gonzalo Giribet
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
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14
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Souza LHB, Silva BC, Costa CC, Brescovit AD, Rincão MP, Dias AL, Araujo D. First chromosomal analysis in Deinopidae (Araneae) reveals Sex Chromosome System X 1X 2X 3X 4, B chromosomes and polymorphism for centric fusion. ZOOLOGY 2021; 146:125906. [PMID: 33636668 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we present the first cytogentic study concerning Deinopidae and their controversial phylogenetic position. This study karyologically analyzed one population of Deinopis biaculeata Simon, 1906 and five populations of Deinopis plurituberculata Mello-Leitão, 1925. The majority of specimens of D. plurituberculata exhibited 2n♂ = 40 and 2n♀ = 44 telocentric chromosomes (however some of them showed B chromosomes, belongs to Aquidauana and Botucatu population). The Deinopis biaculeata and D. plurituberculata meiosis of males showed 18 autosomal bivalents + X1X2X3X4, n = 22 and n = 18, a rare sex chromosome system (SCS) in spiders. Some individuals of D. plurituberculata from the Campo Grande population exhibited 2n♂ = 39 and 2n♀ = 43, with a metacentric chromosome (heterozygotes for centric fusion). The D. plurituberculata males with the rearrangement exhibit diplotenes with 16 autosomal bivalents + 1 autosomal trivalent + X1X2X3X4 and metaphases II with n = 22 (18 telocentric autosomes + X1X2X3X4), n = 21 (16 telocentric autosomes + a metacentric autosome + X1X2X3X4), n = 18 (18 telocentric autosomes) and n = 17 (16 telocentric autosomes + a metacentric autosome). The Ag-NORs (silver impregnation) are terminally located in a pair, coinciding with secondary constriction, which is the most common configuration for Araneae. The relatively high diploid number in Deinopis corroborates phylogenies that place it in a basal position among Entelegynes, in the UDOH grade (Uloboridae, Deinopidae, Oecobiidae and Hersiliidae). Centric fusion in only one population of D. plurituberculata suggests low dispersion capacity of this species and an absence of homozygotes for fusion suggests their low viability or a need to increase the population sampling of D. plurituberculata exhibiting the rearrangement. B chromosomes were detected in D. plurituberculata, with interpopulacional, intrapopulacional and intraindividual numerical variation, with cells presenting 0 - 3 and 0 - 6 B chromosomes in populations of Aquidauana and Botucatu, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Henrique Bonfim Souza
- Laboratório de Citotaxonomia e Evolução Cromossômica Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Instituto de Biociências, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Cansanção Silva
- Laboratório de Citotaxonomia e Evolução Cromossômica Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Instituto de Biociências, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Caroline Correia Costa
- Laboratório de Citotaxonomia e Evolução Cromossômica Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Instituto de Biociências, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Antonio Domingos Brescovit
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP 05503-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Pires Rincão
- Laboratório de Citogenética Animal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral. Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, CEP 86055-900, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Dias
- Laboratório de Citogenética Animal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral. Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, CEP 86055-900, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Douglas Araujo
- Laboratório de Citotaxonomia e Evolução Cromossômica Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Instituto de Biociências, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 549, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, Brazil
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15
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Rivera-Quiroz FA, Petcharad B, Miller JA. First records and three new species of the family Symphytognathidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Thailand, and the circumscription of the genus Crassignatha Wunderlich, 1995. Zookeys 2021; 1012:21-53. [PMID: 33584107 PMCID: PMC7854560 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1012.57047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Symphytognathidae is reported from Thailand for the first time. Three new species: Anapistula choojaiae sp. nov., Crassignatha seeliam sp. nov., and Crassignatha seedam sp. nov. are described and illustrated. Distribution is expanded and additional morphological data are reported for Patu shiluensis Lin & Li, 2009. Specimens were collected in Thailand between July and August 2018. The newly described species were found in the north mountainous region of Chiang Mai, and Patu shiluensis was collected in the coastal region of Phuket. DNA sequences are provided for all the species here studied. The relations of these symphytognathid species were tested using previously published phylogenetic analyses on micro orb-weavers. Also, we used micro CT analysis to build 3D models of the male genitalia and somatic characters of two species of Crassignatha Wunderlich, 1995. The molecular phylogeny and 3D models were used to discuss the taxonomy and circumscription of the currently valid symphytognathid genera, with focus on Crassignatha and Patu Marples, 1951. Based on this, three new combinations are suggested: Crassignatha bicorniventris (Lin & Li, 2009), comb. nov., Crassignatha quadriventris (Lin & Li, 2009), comb. nov., and Crassignatha spinathoraxi (Lin & Li, 2009), comb. nov. A new record of Crassignatha danaugirangensisMiller et al. 2014 is reported from Brunei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Andres Rivera-Quiroz
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Understanding Evolution group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333CR Leiden, the NetherlandsNaturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Institute for Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, the NetherlandsLeiden UniversityLeidenNetherlands
| | - Booppa Petcharad
- Institute for Biology Leiden (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE Leiden, the NetherlandsLeiden UniversityLeidenNetherlands
| | - Jeremy A. Miller
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Understanding Evolution group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333CR Leiden, the NetherlandsNaturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenNetherlands
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16
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Abstract
Spiders (Araneae) make up a remarkably diverse lineage of predators that have successfully colonized most terrestrial ecosystems. All spiders produce silk, and many species use it to build capture webs with an extraordinary diversity of forms. Spider diversity is distributed in a highly uneven fashion across lineages. This strong imbalance in species richness has led to several causal hypotheses, such as codiversification with insects, key innovations in silk structure and web architecture, and loss of foraging webs. Recent advances in spider phylogenetics have allowed testing of some of these hypotheses, but results are often contradictory, highlighting the need to consider additional drivers of spider diversification. The spatial and historical patterns of diversity and diversification remain contentious. Comparative analyses of spider diversification will advance only if we continue to make progress with studies of species diversity, distribution, and phenotypic traits, together with finer-scale phylogenies and genomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Dimitrov
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
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17
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Bellvert A, Gillespie RG, Arnedo MA. A happy family: systematic revision of the endemic Theridion spiders (Araneae, Theridiidae) of the Hawaiian Islands. INVERTEBR SYST 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/is20001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the description in 1900 of the iconic Happy Face spider, Theridion grallator, Simon, along with nine relatives, the Theridion fauna of the Hawaiian Islands has remained unstudied. Here, we present a systematic revision of the Hawaiian Theridion, which includes the examination of abundant material collected during the last 50 years, with scanning of the genitalia of several species using SEM techniques, and a cladistic analysis based on 22 morphological characters, to provide a first hypothesis of the phylogenetic structure of the group. We describe eight new species, namely T. ariel, sp. nov., T. caliban, sp. nov., T. ceres, sp. nov., T. ferdinand, sp. nov., T. juno, sp. nov., T. miranda, sp. nov., T. prospero, sp. nov. and T. sycorax, sp. nov. Additionally, we provide new diagnoses for former species and illustrate and describe for the first time the male of T. kauaiense Simon, 1900 and the female of T. praetextum Simon, 1900. We further propose that T. campestratum Simon, 1900 is a junior synonym of T. melinum Simon, 1900 and T. praetextum concolor Simon, 1900 is a junior synonym of T. praetextum. Finally, we provide updated information on the distribution of the species. Most species are easily diagnosed based on the male and female genitalia, but we also reveal the existence of somatic characters that differ among species, such as the body size and the shape and size of the chelicerae, which may have played a role in the diversification and coexistence of some of the species. The preferred cladogram from the cladistic analysis, although compatible with a progression rule, also suggests a complex pattern of multiple back and forward colonisations, albeit most of the clades are poorly supported.
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18
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Kono N, Nakamura H, Mori M, Tomita M, Arakawa K. Spidroin profiling of cribellate spiders provides insight into the evolution of spider prey capture strategies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15721. [PMID: 32973264 PMCID: PMC7515903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72888-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Orb-weaving spiders have two main methods of prey capture: cribellate spiders use dry, sticky capture threads, and ecribellate spiders use viscid glue droplets. Predation behaviour is a major evolutionary driving force, and it is important on spider phylogeny whether the cribellate and ecribellate spiders each evolved the orb architecture independently or both strategies were derived from an ancient orb web. These hypotheses have been discussed based on behavioural and morphological characteristics, with little discussion on this subject from the perspective of molecular materials of orb web, since there is little information about cribellate spider-associated spidroin genes. Here, we present in detail a spidroin catalogue of six uloborid species of cribellate orb-weaving spiders, including cribellate and pseudoflagelliform spidroins, with transcriptome assembly complemented with long read sequencing, where silk composition is confirmed by proteomics. Comparative analysis across families (Araneidae and Uloboridae) shows that the gene architecture, repetitive domains, and amino acid frequencies of the orb web constituting silk proteins are similar among orb-weaving spiders regardless of the prey capture strategy. Notably, the fact that there is a difference only in the prey capture thread proteins strongly supports the monophyletic origin of the orb web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Kono
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 403-1 Nipponkoku, Daihouji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0017, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Spiber Inc., 234-1 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Masaru Mori
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 403-1 Nipponkoku, Daihouji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0017, Japan
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 403-1 Nipponkoku, Daihouji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0017, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Arakawa
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 403-1 Nipponkoku, Daihouji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0017, Japan
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19
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Zhang X, Lan T, Nie L, Li S. Eight new species of the spider genus Pimoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) from Tibet, China. Zookeys 2020; 940:79-104. [PMID: 32581632 PMCID: PMC7303224 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.940.49793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight new species of the spider genus Pimoa Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943 are described from Tibet, China: P.cona Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.duiba Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.lemenba Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀), P.mainling Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.nyingchi Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.rongxar Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P.samyai Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), and P.yadong Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀). The DNA barcodes of the eight new species are documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Zhang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Tianqi Lan
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, China Shenyang Normal University Liaoning China
| | - Lei Nie
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Shuqiang Li
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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20
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Pantoja P, Drago-Bisneto M, Saturnino R. Updates on Berlandiella (Araneae: Philodromidae): a new species, description of the male of B. querencia and new diagnosis for the genus. ZOOLOGIA 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.37.e37384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Berlandiella Mello-Leitão, 1929 is currently composed of six Neotropical species, of which Berlandiella querencia Lise & Silva, 2011 is known only from female specimens; the other species of the genus were described based on both males and females. In this paper, we describe and illustrate Berlandiella zabelesp. nov., based on a few individuals collected in Sete Cidades National Park, Piracuruca and Brasileira, state of Piauí, Brazil. We illustrate and describe the previously unknown male of B. querencia, based on a specimen collected from Reserva Mocambo, Belém, state of Pará, Brazil. The taxa described herein have scopula in the tarsi and metatarsi, and the males have a cymbial process, characters recorded for the first time for the genus. Additionally, we present an updated diagnosis for Berlandiella.
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21
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Benavides LR, Hormiga G. A morphological and combined phylogenetic analysis of pirate spiders (Araneae, Mimetidae): evolutionary relationships, taxonomy and character evolution. INVERTEBR SYST 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/is19032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mimetidae is one of the three families within Araneoidea whose members do not spin foraging webs, but are unique in displaying a complex prey-capture behaviour known as aggressive mimicry. Mimetids are distributed worldwide and are most diverse in the tropics of Central and South America. Here we provide a comprehensive phylogeny of pirate spiders (Mimetidae) based on analyses that combine morphological and multigene nucleotide sequence data. We scored 147 morphological characters for 55 mimetids and 16 outgroup taxa and combined it in a total-evidence approach with the sequence data of Benavides et al. (2017) which included two nuclear ribosomal genes, 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA, two mitochondrial ribosomal genes, 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA, the nuclear protein-encoding gene histone H3 and the mitochondrial protein-encoding gene cytochromec oxidase subunitI. We analysed the combined dataset using parsimony, maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. Our results support the monophyly of Mimetidae and of the genera Gelanor, Ero, Anansi and Australomimetus. Mimetidae is sister to Arkyidae + Tetragnathidae. Mimetus as currently circumscribed is not monophyletic under any analytical approach used, although several lineages within the genus are consistently found in our analyses. We describe, illustrate and discuss the morphological synapomorphies that support the main clades of Mimetidae. The following nomenclatural changes are proposed: Ermetus koreanus (Paik, 1967), the sole species of the genus, is transferred to Ero C.L. Koch, 1836 and thus Ermetus Ponomarev, 2008 is a junior synonym of Ero C.L. Koch, 1836 (new synonymy) and Ero koreana Paik, 1967 becomes a revalidated combination. Phobetinus sagittifer Simon, 1895, the type species of the genus, is transferred to Mimetus Hentz, 1832 and thus Phobetinus Simon, 1895 is a junior synonym of Mimetus Hentz, 1832 (new synonymy), which results in two changes: Mimetus sagittifer (Simon, 1895), new combination and Mimetus investus (Simon, 1909), new combination. Reo latro Brignoli, 1979, the type species of the genus, is transferred to Mimetus and thus Reo Brignoli, 1979 is a junior synonym of Mimetus (new synonymy), which results in the following two changes: Mimetus latro Brignoli, 1979, new combination and Mimetus eutypus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935, revalidated combination. Arochoides integrans Mello-Leitão, 1935 is transferred to Tetragnathidae (new family placement). The type specimen of Arochoides integrans, the only species in this genus, is a subadult male of Azilia (Tetragnathidae), most likely Azilia histrio Simon, 1895. Arochoides is a junior synonym of Azilia (new synonymy).
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:90F6B3DA-232B-428C-BF38-AEA8953D7685
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22
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Cabra-García J, Hormiga G. Exploring the impact of morphology, multiple sequence alignment and choice of optimality criteria in phylogenetic inference: a case study with the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana (Araneae: Araneidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We present a total evidence phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical orb-weaving spider genus Wagneriana and discuss the phylogenetic impacts of methodological choices. We analysed 167 phenotypic characters and nine loci scored for 115 Wagneriana and outgroups, including 46 newly sequenced species. We compared total evidence analyses and molecular-only analyses to evaluate the impact of phenotypic evidence, and we performed analyses using the programs POY, TNT, RAxML, GARLI, IQ-TREE and MrBayes to evaluate the effects of multiple sequence alignment and optimality criteria. In all analyses, Wagneriana carimagua and Wagneriana uropygialis were nested in the genera Parawixia and Alpaida, respectively, and the remaining species of Wagneriana fell into three main clades, none of which formed a pair of sister taxa. However, sister-group relationships among the main clades and their internal relationships were strongly influenced by methodological choices. Alignment methods had comparable topological effects to those of optimality criteria in terms of ‘subtree pruning and regrafting’ moves. The inclusion of phenotypic evidence, 2.80–3.05% of the total evidence matrices, increased support irrespective of the optimality criterion used. The monophyly of some groups was recovered only after the addition of morphological characters. A new araneid genus, Popperaneus gen. nov., is erected, and Paraverrucosa is resurrected. Four new synonymies and seven new combinations are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Cabra-García
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, AA, Colombia
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- The George Washington University, Department of Biological Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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23
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Kulkarni S, Wood H, Lloyd M, Hormiga G. Spider-specific probe set for ultraconserved elements offers new perspectives on the evolutionary history of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae). Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 20:185-203. [PMID: 31599100 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenomic methods have proven useful for resolving deep nodes and recalcitrant groups in the spider tree of life. Across arachnids, transcriptomic approaches may generate thousands of loci, and target-capture methods, using the previously designed arachnid-specific probe set, can target a maximum of about 1,000 loci. Here, we develop a specialized target-capture probe set for spiders that contains over 2,000 ultraconserved elements (UCEs) and then demonstrate the utility of this probe set through sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. We designed the 'spider-specific' probe set using three spider genomes (Loxosceles, Parasteatoda and Stegodyphus) and ensured that the newly designed probe set includes UCEs from the previously designed Arachnida probe set. The new 'spider-specific' probes were used to sequence UCE loci in 51 specimens. The remaining samples included five spider genomes and taxa that were enriched using Arachnida probe set. The 'spider-specific' probes were also used to gather loci from a total of 84 representative taxa across Araneae. On mapping these 84 taxa to the Arachnida probe set, we captured at most 710 UCE loci, while the spider-specific probe set captured up to 1,547 UCE loci from the same taxon sample. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood and coalescent methods corroborate most nodes resolved by recent transcriptomic analyses, but not all (e.g. UCE data suggest monophyly of 'symphytognathoids'). Our preferred hypothesis based on topology tests, suggests monophyly of the 'symphytognathoids' (the miniature orb weavers), which in previous studies has only been supported by a combination of morphological and behavioural characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Kulkarni
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hannah Wood
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael Lloyd
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA.,The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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24
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Feng C, Miller JA, Lin Y, Shu Y. Further study of two Chinese cave spiders (Araneae, Mysmenidae), with description of a new genus. Zookeys 2019; 870:77-100. [PMID: 31423079 PMCID: PMC6694075 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.870.35971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The current paper expands knowledge of two Chinese cave spider species originally described in the genus Maymena Gertsch, 1960: M. paquini Miller, Griswold & Yin, 2009 and M. kehen Miller, Griswold & Yin, 2009. With the exception of these two species, the genus Maymena is endemic to the western hemisphere, and new evidence presented here supports the creation of a new genus for the Chinese species, which we name Yamaneta gen. nov. The male of Y. kehen is described for the first time. Detailed illustrations of the habitus, male palps and epigyne are provided for these two species, as well as descriptions of their webs. DNA sequences are provided for both Yamaneta species. We build on a previously published phylogenetic analysis of Mysmenidae to assess the phylogenetic position of Yamaneta and its relationship to true Maymena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, ChinaSichuan UniversitySichuanChina
| | - Jeremy A. Miller
- Department of Biodiversity Discovery, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Postbus 9517 2300 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsNaturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Yucheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, ChinaSichuan UniversitySichuanChina
| | - Yunfei Shu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, ChinaSichuan UniversitySichuanChina
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Takasuka K, Matsumoto R, Maeto K. Oviposition behaviour by a spider‐ectoparasitoid,
Zatypota maculata
, exploits the specialized prey capture technique of its spider host. J Zool (1987) 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Takasuka
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences Keio University Tsuruoka Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science Kobe University Kobe Japan
| | | | - K. Maeto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science Kobe University Kobe Japan
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26
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Orb-web spiders as Bayesian learners. Naturwissenschaften 2019; 106:22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-019-1615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Scharff N, Coddington JA, Blackledge TA, Agnarsson I, Framenau VW, Szűts T, Hayashi CY, Dimitrov D. Phylogeny of the orb‐weaving spider family Araneidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Cladistics 2019; 36:1-21. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Scharff
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History 10th and Constitution NW Washington DC 20560‐0105 USA
| | - Jonathan A. Coddington
- Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History 10th and Constitution NW Washington DC 20560‐0105 USA
| | - Todd A. Blackledge
- Integrated Bioscience Program Department of Biology University of Akron Akron OH USA
| | - Ingi Agnarsson
- Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History 10th and Constitution NW Washington DC 20560‐0105 USA
- Department of Biology University of Vermont 109 Carrigan Drive Burlington VT 05405‐0086 USA
| | - Volker W. Framenau
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology Western Australian Museum Locked Bag 49 Welshpool DC WA 6986 Australia
- School of Animal Biology University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Harry Butler Institute Murdoch University 90 South St. Murdoch WA 6150 Australia
| | - Tamás Szűts
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Ecology University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest H1077 Budapest Hungary
| | - Cheryl Y. Hayashi
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology and Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics American Museum of Natural History New York NY 10024 USA
| | - Dimitar Dimitrov
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo PO Box 1172, Blindern NO‐0318 Oslo Norway
- Department of Natural History University Museum of Bergen University of Bergen Bergen Norway
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Silk genes and silk gene expression in the spider Tengella perfuga (Zoropsidae), including a potential cribellar spidroin (CrSp). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203563. [PMID: 30235223 PMCID: PMC6147414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most spiders spin multiple types of silk, including silks for reproduction, prey capture, and draglines. Spiders are a megadiverse group and the majority of spider silks remain uncharacterized. For example, nothing is known about the silk molecules of Tengella perfuga, a spider that spins sheet webs lined with cribellar silk. Cribellar silk is a type of adhesive capture thread composed of numerous fibrils that originate from a specialized plate-like spinning organ called the cribellum. The predominant components of spider silks are spidroins, members of a protein family synthesized in silk glands. Here, we use silk gland RNA-Seq and cDNA libraries to infer T. perfuga silks at the protein level. We show that T. perfuga spiders express 13 silk transcripts representing at least five categories of spider silk proteins (spidroins). One category is a candidate for cribellar silk and is thus named cribellar spidroin (CrSp). Studies of ontogenetic changes in web construction and spigot morphology in T. perfuga have documented that after sexual maturation, T. perfuga females continue to make capture webs but males halt web maintenance and cease spinning cribellar silk. Consistent with these observations, our candidate CrSp was expressed only in females. The other four spidroin categories correspond to paralogs of aciniform, ampullate, pyriform, and tubuliform spidroins. These spidroins are associated with egg sac and web construction. Except for the tubuliform spidroin, the spidroins from T. perfuga contain novel combinations of amino acid sequence motifs that have not been observed before in these spidroin types. Characterization of T. perfuga silk genes, particularly CrSp, expand the diversity of the spidroin family and inspire new structure/function hypotheses.
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Fernández R, Kallal RJ, Dimitrov D, Ballesteros JA, Arnedo MA, Giribet G, Hormiga G. Phylogenomics, Diversification Dynamics, and Comparative Transcriptomics across the Spider Tree of Life. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1489-1497.e5. [PMID: 29706520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dating back to almost 400 mya, spiders are among the most diverse terrestrial predators [1]. However, despite considerable effort [1-9], their phylogenetic relationships and diversification dynamics remain poorly understood. Here, we use a synergistic approach to study spider evolution through phylogenomics, comparative transcriptomics, and lineage diversification analyses. Our analyses, based on ca. 2,500 genes from 159 spider species, reject a single origin of the orb web (the "ancient orb-web hypothesis") and suggest that orb webs evolved multiple times since the late Triassic-Jurassic. We find no significant association between the loss of foraging webs and increases in diversification rates, suggesting that other factors (e.g., habitat heterogeneity or biotic interactions) potentially played a key role in spider diversification. Finally, we report notable genomic differences in the main spider lineages: while araneoids (ecribellate orb-weavers and their allies) reveal an enrichment in genes related to behavior and sensory reception, the retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) clade-the most diverse araneomorph spider lineage-shows enrichment in genes related to immune responses and polyphenic determination. This study, one of the largest invertebrate phylogenomic analyses to date, highlights the usefulness of transcriptomic data not only to build a robust backbone for the Spider Tree of Life, but also to address the genetic basis of diversification in the spider evolutionary chronicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Fernández
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Robert J Kallal
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA
| | - Dimitar Dimitrov
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway; Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesús A Ballesteros
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA
| | - Miquel A Arnedo
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, & Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio) Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Giribet
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2029 G St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA
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30
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Heiss A, Park D, Joel AC. The Calamistrum of the Feather-Legged Spider Uloborus plumipes Investigated by Focused Ion Beam and Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2018; 24:139-146. [PMID: 29560845 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spiders are natural specialists in fiber processing. In particular, cribellate spiders manifest this ability as they produce a wool of nanofibers to capture prey. During its production they deploy a sophisticated movement of their spinnerets to darn in the fibers as well as a comb-like row of setae, termed calamistrum, on the metatarsus which plays a key role in nanofiber processing. In comparison to the elaborate nanofiber extraction and handling process by the spider's calamistrum, the human endeavors of spinning and handling of artificial nanofibers is still a primitive technical process. An implementation of biomimetics in spinning technology could lead to new materials and applications. Despite the general progress in related fields of nanoscience, the expected leap forward in spinning technology depends on a better understanding of the specific shapes and surfaces that control the forces at the nanoscale and that are involved in the mechanical processing of the nanofibers, respectively. In this study, the authors investigated the morphology of the calamistrum of the cribellate spider Uloborus plumipes. Focused ion beam and scanning electron microscopy tomography provided a good image contrast and the best trade-off between investigation volume and spatial resolution. A comprehensive three-dimensional model is presented and the putative role of the calamistrum in nanofiber processing is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heiss
- 1The Research Institute for Precious Metals and Metals Chemistry (fem),Katharinenstrasse 17,73525 Schwaebisch Gmuend,Germany
| | - Daesung Park
- 2Central Facility for Electron Microscopy,RWTH Aachen University,Ahornstrasse 55,52074 Aachen,Germany
| | - Anna-Christin Joel
- 3Institute for Biology II,RWTH Aachen University,Worringerweg 3,52074 Aachen,Germany
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31
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Raven TJ, Maidment SCR. The systematic position of the enigmatic thyreophoran dinosaur Paranthodon africanus, and the use of basal exemplifiers in phylogenetic analysis. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4529. [PMID: 29576986 PMCID: PMC5865477 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The first African dinosaur to be discovered, Paranthodon africanus was found in 1845 in the Lower Cretaceous of South Africa. Taxonomically assigned to numerous groups since discovery, in 1981 it was described as a stegosaur, a group of armoured ornithischian dinosaurs characterised by bizarre plates and spines extending from the neck to the tail. This assignment has been subsequently accepted. The type material consists of a premaxilla, maxilla, a nasal, and a vertebra, and contains no synapomorphies of Stegosauria. Several features of the maxilla and dentition are reminiscent of Ankylosauria, the sister-taxon to Stegosauria, and the premaxilla appears superficially similar to that of some ornithopods. The vertebral material has never been described, and since the last description of the specimen, there have been numerous discoveries of thyreophoran material potentially pertinent to establishing the taxonomic assignment of the specimen. An investigation of the taxonomic and systematic position of Paranthodon is therefore warranted. This study provides a detailed re-description, including the first description of the vertebra. Numerous phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that the systematic position of Paranthodon is highly labile and subject to change depending on which exemplifier for the clade Stegosauria is used. The results indicate that the use of a basal exemplifier may not result in the correct phylogenetic position of a taxon being recovered if the taxon displays character states more derived than those of the basal exemplifier, and we recommend the use, minimally, of one basal and one derived exemplifier per clade. Paranthodon is most robustly recovered as a stegosaur in our analyses, meaning it is one of the youngest and southernmost stegosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Raven
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Environment & Technology, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Susannah C R Maidment
- School of Environment & Technology, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
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32
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Walter A. Tracing the evolutionary origin of a visual signal: the coincidence of wrap attack and web decorating behaviours in orb web spiders (Araneidae). Evol Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-018-9930-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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33
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Townley MA, Harms D. Comparative study of spinning field development in two species of araneophagic spiders (Araneae, Mimetidae, Australomimetus). EVOLUTIONARY SYSTEMATICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3897/evolsyst.1.14765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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34
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Wheeler WC, Coddington JA, Crowley LM, Dimitrov D, Goloboff PA, Griswold CE, Hormiga G, Prendini L, Ramírez MJ, Sierwald P, Almeida‐Silva L, Alvarez‐Padilla F, Arnedo MA, Benavides Silva LR, Benjamin SP, Bond JE, Grismado CJ, Hasan E, Hedin M, Izquierdo MA, Labarque FM, Ledford J, Lopardo L, Maddison WP, Miller JA, Piacentini LN, Platnick NI, Polotow D, Silva‐Dávila D, Scharff N, Szűts T, Ubick D, Vink CJ, Wood HM, Zhang J. The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target‐gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling. Cladistics 2016; 33:574-616. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ward C. Wheeler
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th St. New York NY 10024 USA
| | - Jonathan A. Coddington
- Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History 10th and Constitution NW Washington DC 20560‐0105 USA
| | - Louise M. Crowley
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th St. New York NY 10024 USA
| | - Dimitar Dimitrov
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences The George Washington University 2029 G St. NW Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Pablo A. Goloboff
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo FML—CONICET Miguel Lillo 251 4000 SM. de Tucumán Argentina
| | - Charles E. Griswold
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Department of Biological Sciences The George Washington University 2029 G St. NW Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Lorenzo Prendini
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th St. New York NY 10024 USA
| | - Martín J. Ramírez
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’—CONICET Av. Angel Gallardo 470 C1405DJR Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Petra Sierwald
- The Field Museum of Natural History 1400 S Lake Shore Drive Chicago IL 60605 USA
| | - Lina Almeida‐Silva
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
- Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas Instituto Butantan Av. Vital Brasil, 1500 05503‐900 São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fernando Alvarez‐Padilla
- Department of Biological Sciences The George Washington University 2029 G St. NW Washington DC 20052 USA
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
- Departamento de Biología Comparada Facultad de Ciencias Laboratório de Acarología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Distrito Federal Del. Coyoacán CP 04510 México
| | - Miquel A. Arnedo
- Departamento de Biología Animal Facultat de Biología Institut de Recerca de la Bioversitat Universitat de Barcelona Av. Diagonal 643 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Ligia R. Benavides Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences The George Washington University 2029 G St. NW Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Suresh P. Benjamin
- Department of Biological Sciences The George Washington University 2029 G St. NW Washington DC 20052 USA
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies Hantana Road Kandy 20000 Sri Lanka
| | - Jason E. Bond
- Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Museum of Natural History Auburn University Rouse Life Sciences Building Auburn AL 36849 USA
| | - Cristian J. Grismado
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’—CONICET Av. Angel Gallardo 470 C1405DJR Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Emile Hasan
- Department of Biological Sciences The George Washington University 2029 G St. NW Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Marshal Hedin
- Department of Biology San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego CA 92182 USA
| | - Matías A. Izquierdo
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’—CONICET Av. Angel Gallardo 470 C1405DJR Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Facundo M. Labarque
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’—CONICET Av. Angel Gallardo 470 C1405DJR Buenos Aires Argentina
- Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas Instituto Butantan Av. Vital Brasil, 1500 05503‐900 São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Joel Ledford
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
- Department of Plant Biology University of California Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Lara Lopardo
- Department of Biological Sciences The George Washington University 2029 G St. NW Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Wayne P. Maddison
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia 6270 University Boulevard Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Jeremy A. Miller
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis Postbus 9517 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Luis N. Piacentini
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’—CONICET Av. Angel Gallardo 470 C1405DJR Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Norman I. Platnick
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th St. New York NY 10024 USA
| | - Daniele Polotow
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
- Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas Instituto Butantan Av. Vital Brasil, 1500 05503‐900 São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Diana Silva‐Dávila
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
- Departamento de Entomología Museo de Historia Natural Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Av. Arenales 1256 Apartado Postal 140434 Lima 14 Peru
| | - Nikolaj Scharff
- Biodiversity Section Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 15 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Tamás Szűts
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
- Department of Zoology University of West Hungary H9700 Szombathely Hungary
| | - Darrell Ubick
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
| | - Cor J. Vink
- Department of Biology San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Drive San Diego CA 92182 USA
- Canterbury Museum Rolleston Avenue Christchurch 8013 New Zealand
| | - Hannah M. Wood
- Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History 10th and Constitution NW Washington DC 20560‐0105 USA
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden State Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
| | - Junxia Zhang
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia 6270 University Boulevard Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Dimitrov D, Benavides LR, Arnedo MA, Giribet G, Griswold CE, Scharff N, Hormiga G. Rounding up the usual suspects: a standard target‐gene approach for resolving the interfamilial phylogenetic relationships of ecribellate orb‐weaving spiders with a new family‐rank classification (Araneae, Araneoidea). Cladistics 2016; 33:221-250. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Dimitrov
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo P.O. Box 1172 Blindern NO‐0318 Oslo Norway
| | - Ligia R. Benavides
- Department of Biological Sciences The George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
- Museum of Comparative Zoology & Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University 26 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Miquel A. Arnedo
- Museum of Comparative Zoology & Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University 26 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Departament de Biologia Animal and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio) Universitat de Barcelona Avinguda Diagonal 643 Barcelona 08071 Catalonia Spain
| | - Gonzalo Giribet
- Museum of Comparative Zoology & Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University 26 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Charles E. Griswold
- Arachnology California Academy of Sciences 55 Music Concourse Drive, Golden Gate Park San Francisco CA 94118 USA
| | - Nikolaj Scharff
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 15 Copenhagen DK‐2100 Denmark
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Department of Biological Sciences The George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
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36
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Garrison NL, Rodriguez J, Agnarsson I, Coddington JA, Griswold CE, Hamilton CA, Hedin M, Kocot KM, Ledford JM, Bond JE. Spider phylogenomics: untangling the Spider Tree of Life. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1719. [PMID: 26925338 PMCID: PMC4768681 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiders (Order Araneae) are massively abundant generalist arthropod predators that are found in nearly every ecosystem on the planet and have persisted for over 380 million years. Spiders have long served as evolutionary models for studying complex mating and web spinning behaviors, key innovation and adaptive radiation hypotheses, and have been inspiration for important theories like sexual selection by female choice. Unfortunately, past major attempts to reconstruct spider phylogeny typically employing the "usual suspect" genes have been unable to produce a well-supported phylogenetic framework for the entire order. To further resolve spider evolutionary relationships we have assembled a transcriptome-based data set comprising 70 ingroup spider taxa. Using maximum likelihood and shortcut coalescence-based approaches, we analyze eight data sets, the largest of which contains 3,398 gene regions and 696,652 amino acid sites forming the largest phylogenomic analysis of spider relationships produced to date. Contrary to long held beliefs that the orb web is the crowning achievement of spider evolution, ancestral state reconstructions of web type support a phylogenetically ancient origin of the orb web, and diversification analyses show that the mostly ground-dwelling, web-less RTA clade diversified faster than orb weavers. Consistent with molecular dating estimates we report herein, this may reflect a major increase in biomass of non-flying insects during the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution 125-90 million years ago favoring diversification of spiders that feed on cursorial rather than flying prey. Our results also have major implications for our understanding of spider systematics. Phylogenomic analyses corroborate several well-accepted high level groupings: Opisthothele, Mygalomorphae, Atypoidina, Avicularoidea, Theraphosoidina, Araneomorphae, Entelegynae, Araneoidea, the RTA clade, Dionycha and the Lycosoidea. Alternatively, our results challenge the monophyly of Eresoidea, Orbiculariae, and Deinopoidea. The composition of the major paleocribellate and neocribellate clades, the basal divisions of Araneomorphae, appear to be falsified. Traditional Haplogynae is in need of revision, as our findings appear to support the newly conceived concept of Synspermiata. The sister pairing of filistatids with hypochilids implies that some peculiar features of each family may in fact be synapomorphic for the pair. Leptonetids now are seen as a possible sister group to the Entelegynae, illustrating possible intermediates in the evolution of the more complex entelegyne genitalic condition, spinning organs and respiratory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Garrison
- Department of Biological Sciences and Auburn University Museum of Natural History, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Juanita Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences and Auburn University Museum of Natural History, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ingi Agnarsson
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Coddington
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washingtion, DC, United States
| | - Charles E. Griswold
- Arachnology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christopher A. Hamilton
- Department of Biological Sciences and Auburn University Museum of Natural History, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Marshal Hedin
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kevin M. Kocot
- Department of Biological Sciences and Alabama Museum of Natural History, University of Alabama—Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Joel M. Ledford
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jason E. Bond
- Department of Biological Sciences and Auburn University Museum of Natural History, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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37
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Joel AC, Kappel P, Adamova H, Baumgartner W, Scholz I. Cribellate thread production in spiders: Complex processing of nano-fibres into a functional capture thread. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2015; 44:568-573. [PMID: 26248293 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Spider silk production has been studied intensively in the last years. However, capture threads of cribellate spiders employ an until now often unnoticed alternative of thread production. This thread in general is highly interesting, as it not only involves a controlled arrangement of three types of threads with one being nano-scale fibres (cribellate fibres), but also a special comb-like structure on the metatarsus of the fourth leg (calamistrum) for its production. We found the cribellate fibres organized as a mat, enclosing two parallel larger fibres (axial fibres) and forming the typical puffy structure of cribellate threads. Mat and axial fibres are punctiform connected to each other between two puffs, presumably by the action of the median spinnerets. However, this connection alone does not lead to the typical puffy shape of a cribellate thread. Removing the calamistrum, we found a functional capture thread still being produced, but the puffy shape of the thread was lost. Therefore, the calamistrum is not necessary for the extraction or combination of fibres, but for further processing of the nano-scale cribellate fibres. Using data from Uloborus plumipes we were able to develop a model of the cribellate thread production, probably universally valid for cribellate spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Christin Joel
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biology II, Worringerweg 3, Germany.
| | - Peter Kappel
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biology II, Worringerweg 3, Germany
| | - Hana Adamova
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biology II, Worringerweg 3, Germany
| | - Werner Baumgartner
- JKU Linz, Institute of Biomedical Mechatronics, Altenberger Straße 69, Austria
| | - Ingo Scholz
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Biology II, Worringerweg 3, Germany
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A revised and dated phylogeny of cobweb spiders (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae): A predatory Cretaceous lineage diversifying in the era of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 94:658-675. [PMID: 26454029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cobweb spiders (Theridiidae) are highly diverse from the perspective of species richness, morphological diversity, variety of web architecture, and behavioral repertoires. The family includes over 50% of social spiders, a behavioral rarity among the order, and members of the family are furthermore the subject of research on venom, silk biomechanics, kleptoparasitism and web building, among other traits. Theridiidae is one of the most abundant groups of spiders, and thus key insect predators in many different ecosystems and is among relatively few spider families that show high degree of myrmecophagy. Modern comparative studies on all these fronts are best buttressed on a phylogenetic foundation. Our goal here is to offer a revised, dated, phylogenetic hypothesis for the family by summarizing previously published data from multiple molecular and morphological studies through data-mining, and adding novel data from several genera. We also test the hypothesis that the origin and diversification of cobweb spiders coincides with that of ants on which many species specialize as prey. The new phylogeny is largely congruent with prior studies and current taxonomy and should provide a useful tool for theridiid classification and for comparative analyses. Nevertheless, we also highlight the limitations of currently available data-the state of the art in Theridiidae phylogenetics-offering weak support for most of the deeper nodes in the phylogeny. Thus the need is clear for modern phylogenomic approaches to obtain a more solid understanding, especially of relationships among subfamilies. We recover the monophyly of currently recognized theridiid subfamilies with the exception of some enigmatic 'pholcommatines' (Styposis, Phoroncidia) and putative 'hadrotarsines' (Audifia, Tekellina) whose placement is uncertain in our analyses. Theridiidae dates back some 100 mya to the Cretaceous, a period of diversification in flowering plants and many groups of insects, including ants. The origin of cobweb spiders, and hence the cobweb-a speciallized trap for pedestrian prey-coincides with a major diversification shift in ants. The family becomes abundant in fossil record 50-40 mya as ants also diversify and reach dominance and contemporary patterns of abundances of theridiids and ants show the same trends, with increasing relative abundance towards the equator and at lower altitudes. We find that among orbiculariae, lineages that specialize on ant prey are non-randomly clustered within Theridiidae. Given these findings we hypothesize that the origin of the gumfoot web was a stepping stone that facilitated the capture of ants and resulted in specialized myrmecophagy in a number of 'basal' theridiids. We also document a subsequent loss in myrmecophagy, and associated increase in speciation rates, as 'recent' theridiid groups evolve diverse web forms and many return to the capture of aerial prey.
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40
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Gregorič M, Agnarsson I, Blackledge TA, Kuntner M. Phylogenetic position and composition of Zygiellinae andCaerostris, with new insight into orb-web evolution and gigantism. Zool J Linn Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Gregorič
- Institute of Biology; Scientific Research Centre; Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts; Novi trg 2 P. O. Box 306 SI-1001 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Integrated Bioscience Program; Department of Biology; University of Akron; Akron OH 44325-3908 USA
| | - Ingi Agnarsson
- Department of Biology; University of Vermont; Burlington VT USA
- Department of Entomology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington, DC USA
| | - Todd A. Blackledge
- Integrated Bioscience Program; Department of Biology; University of Akron; Akron OH 44325-3908 USA
| | - Matjaž Kuntner
- Institute of Biology; Scientific Research Centre; Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts; Novi trg 2 P. O. Box 306 SI-1001 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Department of Entomology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington, DC USA
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution; College of Life Sciences; Hubei University; Wuhan Hubei China
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41
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Verdeny-Vilalta O, Fox CW, Wise DH, Moya-Laraño J. Foraging mode affects the evolution of egg size in generalist predators embedded in complex food webs. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1225-33. [PMID: 25882583 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ecological networks incorporate myriad biotic interactions that determine the selection pressures experienced by the embedded populations. We argue that within food webs, the negative scaling of abundance with body mass and foraging theory predict that the selective advantages of larger egg size should be smaller for sit-and-wait than active-hunting generalist predators, leading to the evolution of a difference in egg size between them. Because body mass usually scales negatively with predator abundance and constrains predation rate, slightly increasing egg mass should simultaneously allow offspring to feed on more prey and escape from more predators. However, the benefits of larger offspring would be relatively smaller for sit-and-wait predators because (i) due to their lower mobility, encounters with other predators are less common, and (ii) they usually employ a set of alternative hunting strategies that help to subdue relatively larger prey. On the other hand, for active predators, which need to confront prey as they find them, body-size differences may be more important in subduing prey. This difference in benefits should lead to the evolution of larger egg sizes in active-hunting relative to sit-and-wait predators. This prediction was confirmed by a phylogenetically controlled analysis of 268 spider species, supporting the view that the structure of ecological networks may serve to predict relevant selective pressures acting on key life history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Verdeny-Vilalta
- Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Almería, Spain
| | - C W Fox
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - D H Wise
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Institute for Environmental Science & Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Moya-Laraño
- Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC, Almería, Spain.,Cantabrian Institute of Biodiversity, Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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42
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Lopardo L, Hormiga G. Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea). Zool J Linn Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Lopardo
- Department of Biological Sciences; The George Washington University; 2023 G Street NW Washington DC WA 20052 USA
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Department of Biological Sciences; The George Washington University; 2023 G Street NW Washington DC WA 20052 USA
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Fernández R, Hormiga G, Giribet G. Phylogenomic analysis of spiders reveals nonmonophyly of orb weavers. Curr Biol 2014; 24:1772-7. [PMID: 25042584 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Spiders constitute one of the most successful clades of terrestrial predators. Their extraordinary diversity, paralleled only by some insects and mites, is often attributed to the use of silk, and, in one of the largest lineages, to stereotyped behaviors for building foraging webs of remarkable biomechanical properties. However, our understanding of higher-level spider relationships is poor and is largely based on morphology. Prior molecular efforts have focused on a handful of genes but have provided little resolution to key questions such as the origin of the orb weavers. We apply a next-generation sequencing approach to resolve spider phylogeny, examining the relationships among its major lineages. We further explore possible pitfalls in phylogenomic reconstruction, including missing data, unequal rates of evolution, and others. Analyses of multiple data sets all agree on the basic structure of the spider tree and all reject the long-accepted monophyly of Orbiculariae, by placing the cribellate orb weavers (Deinopoidea) with other groups and not with the ecribellate orb weavers (Araneoidea). These results imply independent origins for the two types of orb webs (cribellate and ecribellate) or a much more ancestral origin of the orb web with subsequent loss in the so-called RTA clade. Either alternative demands a major reevaluation of our current understanding of the spider evolutionary chronicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Fernández
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Gustavo Hormiga
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA
| | - Gonzalo Giribet
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Michalik P, Ramírez MJ. Evolutionary morphology of the male reproductive system, spermatozoa and seminal fluid of spiders (Araneae, Arachnida)--current knowledge and future directions. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2014; 43:291-322. [PMID: 24907603 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The male reproductive system and spermatozoa of spiders are known for their high structural diversity. Spider spermatozoa are flagellate and males transfer them to females in a coiled and encapsulated state using their modified pedipalps. Here, we provide a detailed overview of the present state of knowledge of the primary male reproductive system, sperm morphology and the structural diversity of seminal fluids with a focus on functional and evolutionary implications. Secondly, we conceptualized characters for the male genital system, spermiogenesis and spermatozoa for the first time based on published and new data. In total, we scored 40 characters for 129 species from 56 families representing all main spider clades. We obtained synapomorphies for several taxa including Opisthothelae, Araneomorphae, Dysderoidea, Scytodoidea, Telemidae, Linyphioidea, Mimetidae, Synotaxidae and the Divided Cribellum Clade. Furthermore, we recovered synspermia as a synapomorphy for ecribellate Haplogynae and thus propose Synspermiata as new name for this clade. We hope that these data will not only contribute to future phylogenetic studies but will also stimulate much needed evolutionary studies of reproductive systems in spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Michalik
- Allgemeine und Systematische Zoologie, Zoologisches Institut und Museum, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, J.-S.-Bach-Straße 11/12, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Martín J Ramírez
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" - CONICET, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ramírez MJ. The Morphology And Phylogeny Of Dionychan Spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2014. [DOI: 10.1206/821.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cabra-García J, Hormiga G, Brescovit AD. Female genital morphology in the secondarily haplogyne spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), with comments on its phylogenetic significance. J Morphol 2014; 275:1027-40. [PMID: 24788235 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Female genital morphology of secondarily haplogyne spiders has been poorly studied, hampering the analysis of its possible phylogenetic significance. We conduct a comparative morphological study of 12 species of the secondarily haplogyne spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 using scanning electron microscopy. Representatives of the closely related genera Pachygnatha Sundevall, 1823 and Dyschiriognatha Simon, 1893 were also examined. The female genitalia of Glenognatha, Dyschiriognatha, and Pachygnatha species examined are composed of a spiracle-shape gonopore, a membranous chamber, a pair of copulatory ducts (CD) leading to spermathecae and a large uterus externus (UE). The most significant variation among Glenognatha species, previously unregistered within Araneoidea, is related with the absence or presence of CD and spermathecae. In addition, several characters as the form and distribution of long stem gland ductules and compartmentalization of the UE may be important for phylogenetic inference at species and generic level. Our results corroborate the close relationship between Dyshiriognatha and Glenognatha. A table with potentially informative female genitalic characters for phylogenetic inference within Glenognatha is provided. Understanding the general structure of the female genitalia in secondarily haplogyne taxa is a crucial step in order to propose characters for phylogenetic inference and to understand its possible functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Cabra-García
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil; Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
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Chaw RC, Zhao Y, Wei J, Ayoub NA, Allen R, Atrushi K, Hayashi CY. Intragenic homogenization and multiple copies of prey-wrapping silk genes in Argiope garden spiders. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:31. [PMID: 24552485 PMCID: PMC3933166 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spider silks are spectacular examples of phenotypic diversity arising from adaptive molecular evolution. An individual spider can produce an array of specialized silks, with the majority of constituent silk proteins encoded by members of the spidroin gene family. Spidroins are dominated by tandem repeats flanked by short, non-repetitive N- and C-terminal coding regions. The remarkable mechanical properties of spider silks have been largely attributed to the repeat sequences. However, the molecular evolutionary processes acting on spidroin terminal and repetitive regions remain unclear due to a paucity of complete gene sequences and sampling of genetic variation among individuals. To better understand spider silk evolution, we characterize a complete aciniform spidroin gene from an Argiope orb-weaving spider and survey aciniform gene fragments from congeneric individuals. Results We present the complete aciniform spidroin (AcSp1) gene from the silver garden spider Argiope argentata (Aar_AcSp1), and document multiple AcSp1 loci in individual genomes of A. argentata and the congeneric A. trifasciata and A. aurantia. We find that Aar_AcSp1 repeats have >98% pairwise nucleotide identity. By comparing AcSp1 repeat amino acid sequences between Argiope species and with other genera, we identify regions of conservation over vast amounts of evolutionary time. Through a PCR survey of individual A. argentata, A. trifasciata, and A. aurantia genomes, we ascertain that AcSp1 repeats show limited variation between species whereas terminal regions are more divergent. We also find that average dN/dS across codons in the N-terminal, repetitive, and C-terminal encoding regions indicate purifying selection that is strongest in the N-terminal region. Conclusions Using the complete A. argentata AcSp1 gene and spidroin genetic variation between individuals, this study clarifies some of the molecular evolutionary processes underlying the spectacular mechanical attributes of aciniform silk. It is likely that intragenic concerted evolution and functional constraints on A. argentata AcSp1 repeats result in extreme repeat homogeneity. The maintenance of multiple AcSp1 encoding loci in Argiope genomes supports the hypothesis that Argiope spiders require rapid and efficient protein production to support their prolific use of aciniform silk for prey-wrapping and web-decorating. In addition, multiple gene copies may represent the early stages of spidroin diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Crystal Chaw
- Department of Biology, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside 92507, Riverside, CA, USA.
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Selden PA, Shih C, Ren D. A giant spider from the Jurassic of China reveals greater diversity of the orbicularian stem group. Naturwissenschaften 2013; 100:1171-81. [PMID: 24317464 PMCID: PMC3889289 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-013-1121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A large female spider, Nephila jurassica, was described from Middle Jurassic strata of north-east China and placed in the modern genus Nephila (family Nephilidae) on the basis of many morphological similarities, but, as with many ancient fossils, the single specimen lacked synapomorphies of the family (Selden et al. 2011). In order to test the placement within the nephilid phylogenetic tree, Kuntner et al. (2013) calibrated the molecular phylogeny using N. jurassica in three different scenarios based on inferred mitochondrial substitution rates. They concluded that N. jurassica fitted better as a stem orbicularian than a nephilid. Now, a giant male spider has been discovered at the same locality that yielded N. jurassica. The two sexes are considered conspecific based on their similar morphological features, size, and provenance. The male cannot be accommodated in Nephilidae because of its pedipalp morphology, so the new genus Mongolarachne and family Mongolarachnidae are erected for the species. Comparison with possibly related families show that Mongolarachnidae is most likely on the orbicularian stem, close to other cribellate orbicularians (e.g., Deinopoidea), which suggests a greater diversity of cribellate orbicularians during the Middle Jurassic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Selden
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048 China
- Paleontological Institute and Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
- Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - ChungKun Shih
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048 China
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048 China
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Lane AK, Hayashi CY, Whitworth GB, Ayoub NA. Complex gene expression in the dragline silk producing glands of the Western black widow (Latrodectus hesperus). BMC Genomics 2013; 14:846. [PMID: 24295234 PMCID: PMC3879032 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orb-web and cob-web weaving spiders spin dragline silk fibers that are among the strongest materials known. Draglines are primarily composed of MaSp1 and MaSp2, two spidroins (spider fibrous proteins) expressed in the major ampullate (MA) silk glands. Prior genetic studies of dragline silk have focused mostly on determining the sequence of these spidroins, leaving other genetic aspects of silk synthesis largely uncharacterized. Results Here, we used deep sequencing to profile gene expression patterns in the Western black widow, Latrodectus hesperus. We sequenced millions of 3′-anchored “tags” of cDNAs derived either from MA glands or control tissue (cephalothorax) mRNAs, then associated the tags with genes by compiling a reference database from our newly constructed normalized L. hesperus cDNA library and published L. hesperus sequences. We were able to determine transcript abundance and alternative polyadenylation of each of three loci encoding MaSp1. The ratio of MaSp1:MaSp2 transcripts varied between individuals, but on average was similar to the estimated ratio of MaSp1:MaSp2 in dragline fibers. We also identified transcription of TuSp1 in MA glands, another spidroin family member that encodes the primary component of egg-sac silk, synthesized in tubuliform glands. In addition to the spidroin paralogs, we identified 30 genes that are more abundantly represented in MA glands than cephalothoraxes and represent new candidates for involvement in spider silk synthesis. Conclusions Modulating expression rates of MaSp1 variants as well as MaSp2 and TuSp1 could lead to differences in mechanical properties of dragline fibers. Many of the newly identified candidate genes likely encode secreted proteins, suggesting they could be incorporated into dragline fibers or assist in protein processing and fiber assembly. Our results demonstrate previously unrecognized transcript complexity in spider silk glands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nadia A Ayoub
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, 204 W, Washington St,, Lexington, VA 24450, USA.
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50
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Perea GB, Plaza GR, Guinea GV, Elices M, Velasco B, Pérez-Rigueiro J. The variability and interdependence of spider viscid line tensile properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 216:4722-8. [PMID: 24072798 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.094011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
True stress-true strain curves of naturally spun viscid line fibres retrieved directly from the spiral of orb-webs built by Argiope trifasciata spiders were measured using a novel methodology. This new procedure combines a method for removing the aqueous coating of the fibres and a technique that allows the accurate measurement of their cross-sectional area. Comparison of the tensile behaviour of different samples indicated that naturally spun viscid lines show a large variability, comparable to that of other silks, such as major ampullate gland silk and silkworm silk. Nevertheless, application of a statistical analysis allowed the identification of two independent parameters that underlie the variability and characterize the observed range of true stress-true strain curves. The combination of this result with previous mechanical and microstructural data suggested the assignment of these two independent effects to the degree of alignment of the protein chains and to the local relative humidity, which, in turn, depends on the composition of the viscous coating and on the external environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracia Belén Perea
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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