1
|
Gong Y, Wu J, Huang S, Xu Y, Yang D, Liu Y, Liang S, Lee P. A New Species of Pareas (Squamata, Pareidae) from Guangxi Province, China. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2233. [PMID: 37444031 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We described a new species of genus Pareas from Baise City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, based on morphological and molecular evidence. Pareas baiseensis sp. nov. is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of (1) Yellowish-brown body colouration; (2) Frontal subhexagonal to diamond-shaped with its lateral sides converging posteriorly; (3) The anterior pair of chin shields is longer than it is broad; (4) Loreal not in contact with the eye, prefrontal in contact with the eye, two or three suboculars; (5) Rows of 15-15-15 dorsal scales, five rows of mid-dorsal scales keeled at the middle of the body, one vertebral scale row enlarged; (6) 187-191 ventrals, 89-97 subcaudals, all divided, cloacal plate single; (7) Two postocular stripes, the nuchal area forming a dark black four-pointed fork collar with the middle tines shorter than the outside tines. The genetic divergence (uncorrected p-distance) between the new species and other representatives of Pareas ranged from 13.9% to 24.4% for Cytochrome b (Cyt b) and 12.1% to 25.5% for NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4). Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA gene data recovered the new species from being the sister taxon to (P. boulengeri + P. chinensis) from China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Gong
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Huangshan Noah Biodiversity Institute, Huangshan 245000, China
| | - Jiaxiang Wu
- Huangshan Noah Biodiversity Institute, Huangshan 245000, China
| | - Song Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Huangshan Noah Biodiversity Institute, Huangshan 245000, China
| | - Yuhao Xu
- Huangshan Noah Biodiversity Institute, Huangshan 245000, China
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Diancheng Yang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
- Huangshan Noah Biodiversity Institute, Huangshan 245000, China
| | - Yongjin Liu
- Nanning Municipal Public Security Bureau, Nanning 530012, China
| | - Shengming Liang
- Huangshan Noah Biodiversity Institute, Huangshan 245000, China
| | - Pingshin Lee
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Das S, Greenbaum E, Meiri S, Bauer AM, Burbrink FT, Raxworthy CJ, Weinell JL, Brown RM, Brecko J, Pauwels OSG, Rabibisoa N, Raselimanana AP, Merilä J. Ultraconserved elements-based phylogenomic systematics of the snake superfamily Elapoidea, with the description of a new Afro-Asian family. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 180:107700. [PMID: 36603697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The highly diverse snake superfamily Elapoidea is considered to be a classic example of ancient, rapid radiation. Such radiations are challenging to fully resolve phylogenetically, with the highly diverse Elapoidea a case in point. Previous attempts at inferring a phylogeny of elapoids produced highly incongruent estimates of their evolutionary relationships, often with very low statistical support. We sought to resolve this situation by sequencing over 4,500 ultraconserved element loci from multiple representatives of every elapoid family/subfamily level taxon and inferring their phylogenetic relationships with multiple methods. Concatenation and multispecies coalescent based species trees yielded largely congruent and well-supported topologies. Hypotheses of a hard polytomy were not retained for any deep branches. Our phylogenies recovered Cyclocoridae and Elapidae as diverging early within Elapoidea. The Afro-Malagasy radiation of elapoid snakes, classified as multiple subfamilies of an inclusive Lamprophiidae by some earlier authors, was found to be monophyletic in all analyses. The genus Micrelaps was consistently recovered as sister to Lamprophiidae. We establish a new family, Micrelapidae fam. nov., for Micrelaps and assign Brachyophis to this family based on cranial osteological synapomorphy. We estimate that Elapoidea originated in the early Eocene and rapidly diversified into all the major lineages during this epoch. Ecological opportunities presented by the post-Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event may have promoted the explosive radiation of elapoid snakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunandan Das
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Eli Greenbaum
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Shai Meiri
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Aaron M Bauer
- Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Frank T Burbrink
- Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, 200 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA
| | - Christopher J Raxworthy
- Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, 200 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Weinell
- Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, 200 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Rafe M Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Jonathan Brecko
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Olivier S G Pauwels
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nirhy Rabibisoa
- Sciences de la Vie et de l'Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'Environnement, Université de Mahajanga, Campus Universitaire d'Ambondrona, BP 652, Mahajanga 401, Madagascar
| | - Achille P Raselimanana
- Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, BP 906, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pokfulam Road, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Costa JCL, Graboski R, Grazziotin FG, Zaher H, Rodrigues MT, Prudente ALDC. Reassessing the systematics of
Leptodeira
(Serpentes, Dipsadidae) with emphasis in the South American species. ZOOL SCR 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João C. L. Costa
- Laboratório de Herpetologia Coordenação de Zoologia Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Belém Pará Brazil
| | - Roberta Graboski
- Laboratório de Herpetologia Coordenação de Zoologia Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Belém Pará Brazil
| | - Felipe G. Grazziotin
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas Instituto Butantan São Paulo City São Paulo Brazil
| | - Hussam Zaher
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo City São Paulo Brazil
| | - Miguel T. Rodrigues
- Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo City São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia da C. Prudente
- Laboratório de Herpetologia Coordenação de Zoologia Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Belém Pará Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alshammari A, Badry A, Busais S, A. Ibrahim A, El-Abd E. Molecular phylogeny of Lytorhynchus diadema (Reptilia, Colubridae) populations in Saudi Arabia. HERPETOZOA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.34.e74009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents the molecular phylogenetic relationships among Lytorhynchus diadema (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) populations in Saudi Arabia relative to populations from Africa and Asia. This phylogenetic analysis was based on mitochondrial 16S and 12S rRNA partial gene fragments using Neighbor-joining, Maximum Parsimony, and Bayesian methods. The results strongly support the monophyly of Lytorhynchus based on two concatenated genes and the 12S rRNA gene separately. Also, a significant separation is observed between the Arabian samples from Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Oman, and the African populations from Egypt, Tunisia, and Morocco.
Collapse
|
5
|
Vogel G, Nguyen TV, Zaw T, Poyarkov NA. A new species of the Pareas monticola complex (Squamata: Serpentes: Pareidae) from Chin Mountains with additions to the Pareas fauna of Myanmar. J NAT HIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1856953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Vogel
- Department of Herpetological Systematics, Society for Southeast Asian Herpetology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tan Van Nguyen
- Department of Species Conservation, Save Vietnam’s Wildlife Center, Ninh Binh, Vietnam
| | - Than Zaw
- Department of Zoology, University of Mandalay, Maha Aung Myae, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - Nikolay A. Poyarkov
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Tropical Ecology, Joint Russian–Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center, Hanoi, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang P, Che J, Liu Q, Li K, Jin JQ, Jiang K, Shi L, Guo P. A revised taxonomy of Asian snail-eating snakes Pareas (Squamata, Pareidae): evidence from morphological comparison and molecular phylogeny. Zookeys 2020; 939:45-64. [PMID: 32577082 PMCID: PMC7297803 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.939.49309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian snail-eating snakes Pareas is the largest genus of the family Pareidae (formerly Pareatidae), and widely distributed in Southeast Asia. However, potential diversity remains poorly explored due to their highly conserved morphology and incomplete samples. Here, on basis of more extensive sampling, interspecific phylogenetic relationships of the genus Pareas were reconstructed using two mitochondrial fragments (cyt b and ND4) and two nuclear genes (c-mos and Rag1), and multivariate morphometrics conducted for external morphological data. Both Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood analyses consistently showed that the genus Pareas was comprised of two distinct, monophyletic lineages with moderate to low support values. Based on evidences from molecular phylogeny and morphological data, cryptic diversity of this genus was uncovered and two new species were described. In additional, the validity of P.macularius is confirmed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644007, China Xinjiang Agricultural University Urumqi China.,College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China Yibin University Yibin China
| | - Jing Che
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
| | - Qin Liu
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644007, China Xinjiang Agricultural University Urumqi China
| | - Ke Li
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644007, China Xinjiang Agricultural University Urumqi China
| | - Jie Qiong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
| | - Ke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
| | - Lei Shi
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China Yibin University Yibin China
| | - Peng Guo
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644007, China Xinjiang Agricultural University Urumqi China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zaher H, Murphy RW, Arredondo JC, Graboski R, Machado-Filho PR, Mahlow K, Montingelli GG, Quadros AB, Orlov NL, Wilkinson M, Zhang YP, Grazziotin FG. Large-scale molecular phylogeny, morphology, divergence-time estimation, and the fossil record of advanced caenophidian snakes (Squamata: Serpentes). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216148. [PMID: 31075128 PMCID: PMC6512042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenophidian snakes include the file snake genus Acrochordus and advanced colubroidean snakes that radiated mainly during the Neogene. Although caenophidian snakes are a well-supported clade, their inferred affinities, based either on molecular or morphological data, remain poorly known or controversial. Here, we provide an expanded molecular phylogenetic analysis of Caenophidia and use three non-parametric measures of support-Shimodaira-Hasegawa-Like test (SHL), Felsentein (FBP) and transfer (TBE) bootstrap measures-to evaluate the robustness of each clade in the molecular tree. That very different alternative support values are common suggests that results based on only one support value should be viewed with caution. Using a scheme to combine support values, we find 20.9% of the 1265 clades comprising the inferred caenophidian tree are unambiguously supported by both SHL and FBP values, while almost 37% are unsupported or ambiguously supported, revealing the substantial extent of phylogenetic problems within Caenophidia. Combined FBP/TBE support values show similar results, while SHL/TBE result in slightly higher combined values. We consider key morphological attributes of colubroidean cranial, vertebral and hemipenial anatomy and provide additional morphological evidence supporting the clades Colubroides, Colubriformes, and Endoglyptodonta. We review and revise the relevant caenophidian fossil record and provide a time-calibrated tree derived from our molecular data to discuss the main cladogenetic events that resulted in present-day patterns of caenophidian diversification. Our results suggest that all extant families of Colubroidea and Elapoidea composing the present-day endoglyptodont fauna originated rapidly within the early Oligocene-between approximately 33 and 28 Mya-following the major terrestrial faunal turnover known as the "Grande Coupure" and associated with the overall climate shift at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. Our results further suggest that the caenophidian radiation originated within the Caenozoic, with the divergence between Colubroides and Acrochordidae occurring in the early Eocene, at ~ 56 Mya.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussam Zaher
- Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo,
Brazil
- CR2P –Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie – Muséum national d’Histoire
naturelle – Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Robert W. Murphy
- Centre for Biodiversity, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming
Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | | | - Roberta Graboski
- Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo,
Brazil
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará,
Brazil
| | | | - Kristin Mahlow
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity
Science, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ana Bottallo Quadros
- Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo,
Brazil
- CR2P –Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie – Muséum national d’Histoire
naturelle – Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nikolai L. Orlov
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg,
Russia
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United
Kingdom
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming
Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan
University, Kunming, China
| | - Felipe G. Grazziotin
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, São
Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guerra-Fuentes RA, Costa JCL, Missassi AFR, Prudente ALDC. Muscular evolution of hemipenis in Imantodini snakes (Squamata: Dipsadidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Arturo Guerra-Fuentes
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Campus de Pesquisa, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - João Carlos L Costa
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Campus de Pesquisa, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Alexandre F R Missassi
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Campus de Pesquisa, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução, Departamento de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Campus de Pesquisa, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Da Costa Prudente
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Campus de Pesquisa, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
More evolution underground: Accelerated mitochondrial substitution rate in Australian burrowing freshwater crayfishes (Decapoda: Parastacidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 118:88-98. [PMID: 28966124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To further understand the evolutionary history and mitogenomic features of Australia's highly distinctive freshwater crayfish fauna, we utilized a recently described rapid mitogenome sequencing pipeline to generate 24 new crayfish mitogenomes including a diversity of burrowing crayfish species and the first for Astacopsis gouldi, the world's largest freshwater invertebrate. Whole mitogenome-based phylogeny estimates using both Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood methods substantially strengthen existing hypotheses for systematic relationships among Australian freshwater crayfish with evidence of pervasive diversifying selection and accelerated mitochondrial substitution rate among the members of the clade representing strongly burrowing crayfish that may reflect selection pressures for increased energy requirement for adaptation to terrestrial environment and a burrowing lifestyle. Further, gene rearrangements are prevalent in the burrowing crayfish mitogenomes involving both tRNA and protein coding genes. In addition, duplicated control regions were observed in two closely related Engaeus species, together with evidence for concerted evolution. This study significantly adds to the understanding of Australian freshwater crayfish evolutionary relationships and suggests a link between mitogenome evolution and adaptation to terrestrial environments and a burrowing lifestyle in freshwater crayfish.
Collapse
|
10
|
Junqueira-de-Azevedo ILM, Campos PF, Ching ATC, Mackessy SP. Colubrid Venom Composition: An -Omics Perspective. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E230. [PMID: 27455326 PMCID: PMC4999846 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8080230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms have been subjected to increasingly sensitive analyses for well over 100 years, but most research has been restricted to front-fanged snakes, which actually represent a relatively small proportion of extant species of advanced snakes. Because rear-fanged snakes are a diverse and distinct radiation of the advanced snakes, understanding venom composition among "colubrids" is critical to understanding the evolution of venom among snakes. Here we review the state of knowledge concerning rear-fanged snake venom composition, emphasizing those toxins for which protein or transcript sequences are available. We have also added new transcriptome-based data on venoms of three species of rear-fanged snakes. Based on this compilation, it is apparent that several components, including cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRiSPs), C-type lectins (CTLs), CTLs-like proteins and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), are broadly distributed among "colubrid" venoms, while others, notably three-finger toxins (3FTxs), appear nearly restricted to the Colubridae (sensu stricto). Some putative new toxins, such as snake venom matrix metalloproteinases, are in fact present in several colubrid venoms, while others are only transcribed, at lower levels. This work provides insights into the evolution of these toxin classes, but because only a small number of species have been explored, generalizations are still rather limited. It is likely that new venom protein families await discovery, particularly among those species with highly specialized diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inácio L M Junqueira-de-Azevedo
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Pollyanna F Campos
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Ana T C Ching
- Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil.
| | - Stephen P Mackessy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639-0017, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Murphy JC, Voris HK. A Checklist and Key to the Homalopsid Snakes (Reptilia, Squamata, Serpentes), with the Description of New Genera. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3158/2158-5520-14.8.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
12
|
Pyron RA, Burbrink FT, Wiens JJ. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:93. [PMID: 23627680 PMCID: PMC3682911 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 962] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extant squamates (>9400 known species of lizards and snakes) are one of the most diverse and conspicuous radiations of terrestrial vertebrates, but no studies have attempted to reconstruct a phylogeny for the group with large-scale taxon sampling. Such an estimate is invaluable for comparative evolutionary studies, and to address their classification. Here, we present the first large-scale phylogenetic estimate for Squamata. RESULTS The estimated phylogeny contains 4161 species, representing all currently recognized families and subfamilies. The analysis is based on up to 12896 base pairs of sequence data per species (average = 2497 bp) from 12 genes, including seven nuclear loci (BDNF, c-mos, NT3, PDC, R35, RAG-1, and RAG-2), and five mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, cytochrome b, ND2, and ND4). The tree provides important confirmation for recent estimates of higher-level squamate phylogeny based on molecular data (but with more limited taxon sampling), estimates that are very different from previous morphology-based hypotheses. The tree also includes many relationships that differ from previous molecular estimates and many that differ from traditional taxonomy. CONCLUSIONS We present a new large-scale phylogeny of squamate reptiles that should be a valuable resource for future comparative studies. We also present a revised classification of squamates at the family and subfamily level to bring the taxonomy more in line with the new phylogenetic hypothesis. This classification includes new, resurrected, and modified subfamilies within gymnophthalmid and scincid lizards, and boid, colubrid, and lamprophiid snakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Frank T Burbrink
- Department of Biology, The Graduate School and University Center, The City University of New York, 365 5th Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Biology, The College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, 2800 Victory Blvd., Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0088, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Siler CD, Oliveros CH, Santanen A, Brown RM. Multilocus phylogeny reveals unexpected diversification patterns in Asian wolf snakes (genusLycodon). ZOOL SCR 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron D. Siler
- Department of Biology; University of South Dakota; Vermillion; SD; 57069; USA
| | - Carl H. Oliveros
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence; KS; 66045-7561; USA
| | - Anssi Santanen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence; KS; 66045-7561; USA
| | - Rafe M. Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Kansas; Lawrence; KS; 66045-7561; USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Molecular Evidence for the Nonmonophyly of the Asian Natricid GenusXenochrophis(Serpentes, Colubroidea) as Inferred from Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genes. J HERPETOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1670/10-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
15
|
Nishiumi N. Ritual Combat ofElaphe quadrivirgataObserved Outside the Mating Season. CURRENT HERPETOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.5358/hsj.31.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
16
|
|
17
|
Moyer K, Jackson K. Phylogenetic relationships among the Stiletto Snakes (genusAtractaspis) based on external morphology. AFR J HERPETOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2010.520034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
18
|
Estrella A, Sánchez EE, Galán JA, Tao WA, Guerrero B, Navarrete LF, Rodríguez-Acosta A. Characterization of toxins from the broad-banded water snake Helicops angulatus (Linnaeus, 1758): isolation of a cysteine-rich secretory protein, Helicopsin. Arch Toxicol 2010; 85:305-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
19
|
COLSTON TIMOTHYJ, COSTA GABRIELC, VITT LAURIEJ. Snake diets and the deep history hypothesis. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
20
|
The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence and the phylogenetic position of Achalinus meiguensis (Reptilia: Squamata). Sci Bull (Beijing) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-009-0160-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
21
|
Huang S, Liu SY, Guo P, Zhang YP, Zhao EM. What are the closest relatives of the hot-spring snakes (Colubridae, Thermophis), the relict species endemic to the Tibetan Plateau? Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 51:438-46. [PMID: 19249375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We conducted phylogenetic analyses to identify the closest related living relatives of the Xizang and Sichuan hot-spring snakes (T. baileyi and T. zhaoermii) endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, using mitochondrial DNA sequences (cyt b, ND4) from eight specimens, together with sequences from 95 additional caenophidian and five henophidian genera that were downloaded from GenBank. Phylogenetic trees were obtained using Bayesian Inference and Maximum likelihood methods. Results suggest that hot-spring snakes, which are adapted to high and cold environments, were clustered in the monophyletic Xenodontinae. Xenodontinae is one of the largest subfamilies of colubrid snakes, with about 90 genera and more than 500 species known, and are primarily tropical snakes previously thought to be restricted to the New World. Our data failed to provide any evidence that the New World xenodontines diverged from Thermophis and dispersed into the New World, also failed to suggest a colonization of Asia by New World xenodontines by dispersal from the New World. An alternative plausible scenario may be that Thermophis and the New World xenodontines evolved independently in Asia and America, respectively, after the divergence of their common ancestor. The divergence of the two species in Thermophis was caused by the barrier of the Hengduan Mountains, and the speciation had almost occurred when Tibetan Plateau attained present elevation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Huang
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Huangshan University, Huangshan, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kelly CMR, Barker NP, Villet MH, Broadley DG. Phylogeny, biogeography and classification of the snake superfamily Elapoidea: a rapid radiation in the late Eocene. Cladistics 2009; 25:38-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
23
|
Oral glands in dipsadine “goo-eater” snakes: Morphology and histochemistry of the infralabial glands in Atractus reticulatus, Dipsas indica, and Sibynomorphus mikanii. Toxicon 2008; 51:898-913. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
24
|
Phylogeography and species boundaries of the western North American Nightsnake (Hypsiglena torquata): Revisiting the subspecies concept. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2008; 46:1095-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
25
|
GRAVLUND PETER. Radiation within the advanced snakes (Caenophidia) with special emphasis on African opistoglyph colubrids, based on mitochondrial sequence data. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
26
|
Phylogeny of snakes (Serpentes): Combining morphological and molecular data in likelihood, Bayesian and parsimony analyses. SYST BIODIVERS 2007. [DOI: 10.1017/s1477200007002290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
27
|
MULCAHY DANIELG. Molecular systematics of neotropical cat-eyed snakes: a test of the monophyly of Leptodeirini (Colubridae: Dipsadinae) with implications for character evolution and biogeography. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
28
|
Jackson K. The evolution of venom-conducting fangs: Insights from developmental biology. Toxicon 2007; 49:975-81. [PMID: 17337027 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 12/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study of the origin of the various types of fang represented among colubroid snakes (i.e., tubular, grooved, and ungrooved) attempts to reconcile the morphology of adult fangs with current phylogenetic hypotheses. Observations of growth series of developing tubular fangs were hypothesised to shed light on the evolutionary origin of fangs in snakes. While molecular phylogenies and evolutionary studies of venom proteins and of other anatomical components of the venom-delivery system reconstruct a consistent evolutionary scenario, the character of a tubular venom-conducting fang does not fit in this scenario. The present review offers a series of possible scenarios to resolve this anomaly. Of these, a new idea argues that a heterochronic mechanism (alteration of the timing of developmental events) may provide the answer that the ungrooved and grooved teeth of colubrid snakes evolved from an ancestral tubular fang by means of attachment of replacement tubular fangs to the maxilla at an earlier developmental stage than usual (precocial ankylosis).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Jackson
- Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 3G5.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lumsden NG, Banerjee Y, Kini RM, Kuruppu S, Hodgson WC. Isolation and characterization of rufoxin, a novel protein exhibiting neurotoxicity from venom of the psammophiine, Rhamphiophis oxyrhynchus (Rufous beaked snake). Neuropharmacology 2006; 52:1065-70. [PMID: 17194464 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Revised: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Colubrid snake venoms potentially represent a vast source of novel biological actives and structural motifs owing to their diverse phylogeny. The present study describes the identification of rufoxin, a neurotoxin from the venom of Rhamphiophis oxyrhynchus (Rufous beaked snake) which is a member of the African colubrid lineage, the psammophiines. Rufoxin (1 microM) displayed reversible post-synaptic neurotoxic activity as evidenced by significant inhibition of indirect twitches and responses to exogenous nicotinic agonists in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation. Rufoxin (0.1-1.0 microM) also caused a rightward parallel shift of cumulative concentration-response curves to carbachol (CCh; 0.6-80 microM) without a significant depression of the maximum response, suggestive of classical competitive antagonism at the skeletal muscle nicotinic receptor. Rufoxin lacks NH(2)-terminal sequence homology to previously identified snake venom toxins. This work indicates a wider distribution of neurotoxins across the advanced snake superfamily than previously described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie G Lumsden
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Functional plasticity of the venom delivery system in snakes with a focus on the poststrike prey release behavior. ZOOL ANZ 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
31
|
Vidal N, Delmas AS, David P, Cruaud C, Couloux A, Hedges SB. The phylogeny and classification of caenophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear protein-coding genes. C R Biol 2006; 330:182-7. [PMID: 17303545 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
More than 80% of the approximately 3000 living species of snakes are placed in the taxon Caenophidia (advanced snakes), a group that includes the families Acrochordidae, Viperidae, Elapidae, Atractaspididae, and the paraphyletic 'Colubridae'. Previous studies using DNA sequences have involved few nuclear genes (one or two). Several nodes have therefore proven difficult to resolve with statistical significance. Here, we investigated the higher-level relationships of caenophidian snakes with seven nuclear protein-coding genes and obtained a well-supported topology. Accordingly, some adjustments to the current classification of Caenophidia are made to better reflect the relationships of the groups. The phylogeny also indicates that, ancestrally, caenophidian snakes are Asian and nocturnal in origin, although living species occur on nearly all continents and are ecologically diverse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vidal
- Department of Biology and NASA Astrobiology Institute, 208 Mueller Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-5301, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
HIBBITTS TOBYJ, FITZGERALD LEEA. Morphological and ecological convergence in two natricine snakes. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
33
|
Balderas-Valdivia CJ, Ramírez-Bautista A. AVERSIVE BEHAVIOR OF BEADED LIZARD, HELODERMA HORRIDUM, TO SYMPATRIC AND ALLOPATRIC PREDATOR SNAKES. SOUTHWEST NAT 2005. [DOI: 10.1894/0038-4909(2005)050<0024:aboblh>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
34
|
Pinou T, Vicario S, Marschner M, Caccone A. Relict snakes of North America and their relationships within Caenophidia, using likelihood-based Bayesian methods on mitochondrial sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005; 32:563-74. [PMID: 15223038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Revised: 01/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the phylogenetic relationships of eight North American caenophidian snake species (Carphophis amoena, Contia tenuis, Diadophis punctatus, Farancia abacura, Farancia erytrogramma, Heterodon nasicus, Heterodon platyrhinos, and Heterodon simus) whose phylogenetic relationships remain controversial. Past studies have referred to these "relict" North American snakes either as colubrid, or as Neotropical dipsadids and/or xenodontids. Based on mitochondrial DNA ribosomal gene sequences and a likelihood-based Bayesian analysis, our study suggests that these North American snakes are not monophyletic and are nested within a group (Dipsadoidea) that contains the Dipsadidae, Xenodontidae, and Natricidae. In addition, we use the relationships proposed here to highlight putative examples of parallel evolution of hemipenial morphology among snake clades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Pinou
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nagy ZT, Joger U, Wink M, Glaw F, Vences M. Multiple colonization of Madagascar and Socotra by colubrid snakes: evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial gene phylogenies. Proc Biol Sci 2004; 270:2613-21. [PMID: 14728785 PMCID: PMC1691547 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2003.2547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colubrid snakes form a speciose group of unclarified phylogeny. Their almost cosmopolitan distribution could be interpreted as a product of plate-tectonic vicariance. We used sequences of the nuclear c-mos, the mitochondrial cytochrome b and the 16S rRNA genes in 41 taxa to elucidate the relationships between the endemic colubrid genera found in Madagascar and in the Socotra archipelago. The well-resolved trees indicate multiple origins of both the Malagasy and the Socotran taxa. The Malagasy genus Mimophis was nested within the Psammophiinae, and the Socotran Hemerophis was closely related to Old World representatives of the former genus Coluber. The remaining 14 genera of Malagasy colubrids formed a monophyletic sister group of the Socotran Ditypophis (together forming the Pseudoxyrhophiinae). Molecular-clock estimates place the divergence of Malagasy and Socotran colubrids from their non-insular sister groups into a time-frame between the Eocene and Miocene. Over-seas rafting is the most likely hypothesis for the origin of at least the Malagasy taxa. The discovery of a large monophyletic clade of colubrids endemic to Madagascar indicates a need for taxonomic changes. The relationship of this radiation to the Socotran Ditypophis highlights the potential of the Indian Ocean islands to act as an evolutionary reservoir for lineages that have become extinct in Africa and Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Tamás Nagy
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
|
38
|
Fry BG, Wüster W, Ryan Ramjan SF, Jackson T, Martelli P, Kini RM. Analysis of Colubroidea snake venoms by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry: evolutionary and toxinological implications. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:2047-2062. [PMID: 12955733 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of the venomous function of snakes and the diversification of the toxins has been of tremendous research interest and considerable debate. It has become recently evident that the evolution of the toxins in the advanced snakes (Colubroidea) predated the evolution of the advanced, front-fanged delivery mechanisms. Historically, the venoms of snakes lacking front-fanged venom-delivery systems (conventionally grouped into the paraphyletic family Colubridae) have been largely neglected. In this study we used liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to analyze a large number of venoms from a wide array of species representing the major advanced snake clades Atractaspididae, Colubrinae, Elapidae, Homalopsinae, Natricinae, Psammophiinae, Pseudoxyrhophiinae, Xenodontinae, and Viperidae. We also present the first sequences of toxins from Azemiops feae as well as additional toxin sequences from the Colubrinae. The large body of data on molecular masses and retention times thus assembled demonstrates a hitherto unsuspected diversity of toxins in all lineages, having implications ranging from clinical management of envenomings to venom evolution to the use of isolated toxins as leads for drug design and development. Although definitive assignment of a toxin to a protein family can only be done through demonstrated structural studies such as N-terminal sequencing, the molecular mass data complemented by LC retention information, presented here, do permit formulation of reasonable hypotheses concerning snake venom evolution and potential clinical effects to a degree not possible till now, and some hypotheses of this kind are proposed here. The data will also be useful in biodiscovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan G Fry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Voris HK, Alfaro ME, Karns DR, Starnes GL, Thompson E, Murphy JC. Phylogenetic Relationships of the Oriental-Australian Rear-Fanged Water Snakes (Colubridae: Homalopsinae) Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequences. COPEIA 2002. [DOI: 10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0906:protoa]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
40
|
|
41
|
Vidal N, Hedges SB. Higher-level relationships of caenophidian snakes inferred from four nuclear and mitochondrial genes. C R Biol 2002; 325:987-95. [PMID: 12481691 DOI: 10.1016/s1631-0691(02)01509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Higher-level caenophidian snake relationships are inferred from sequence analyses of one nuclear gene (C-mos) and three mitochondrial genes (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and ND4). Caenophidians, which are haenophidian closest relatives, have an Asiatic origin. An African clade comprising atractaspidids, psammophiines, 'lamprophiines' and 'pseudoxyrhophiines' is identified. We discern no evolutionary trend such as an improvement of the venom apparatus with a linear progression from the absence of a venom system to the presence of a front-fanged one. The venom apparatus is contemporary with the origin of colubroids and its absence in a few lineages results from secondary losses. The front-fanged venom system appeared three times independently. The active diurnal foraging mode (associated with a high metabolic rate) appears in a derived position among colubroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vidal
- Service de systématique moléculaire, Institut de systématique (CNRS FR 1541), Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 43, rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Life history has been implicated as a determinant of variation in rate of molecular evolution amongst vertebrate species because of a negative correlation between body size and substitution rate for many molecular data sets. Both the generality and the cause of the negative body size trend have been debated, and the validity of key studies has been questioned (particularly concerning the failure to account for phylogenetic bias). In this study, a comparative method has been used to test for an association between a range of life-history variables-such as body size, age at maturity, and clutch size-and DNA substitution rate for three genes (NADH4, cytochrome b, and c-mos). A negative relationship between body size and rate of molecular evolution was found for phylogenetically independent pairs of reptile species spanning turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodile, and tuatara. Although this study was limited by the number of comparisons for which both sequence and life-history data were available, the results suggest that a negative body size trend in rate of molecular evolution may be a general feature of reptile molecular evolution, consistent with similar studies of mammals and birds. This observation has important implications for uncovering the mechanisms of molecular evolution and warns against assuming that related lineages will share the same substitution rate (a local molecular clock) in order to date evolutionary divergences from DNA sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindell Bromham
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Schäuble CS, Moritz C, Slade RW. A molecular phylogeny for the frog genus Limnodynastes (Anura: myobatrachidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2000; 16:379-91. [PMID: 10991791 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.2000.0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Members of the genus Limnodynastes are a prominent and widespread feature of the Australian frog fauna. Yet despite their potential to be informative about biogeographic history and mechanisms of speciation, the relationships among these taxa are not well known. We investigated phylogenetic relationships within the genus Limnodynastes via sequencing of mitochondrial (mt)DNA from current members of the genus Limnodynastes and the monotypic genus Megistolotis. a 450-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene and a 370-bp fragment of the protein-coding gene ND4 were used to infer a molecular phylogeny. We revise traditional species groupings and now recognize four species groups within Limnodynastes: the L. ornatus group (L. ornatus and L. spenceri), the L. peronii group (L. peronii, L. tasmaniensis, L. fletcheri, the L. depressus), the L. salmini group (L. salmini, L. convexiusculus, and L. lignarius), and the L. dorsalis group (L. dorsalis, L. terraereginae, L. dumerilii and L. interioris). The L. ornatus species group forms a highly distinctive clade that is a sister group to the other Limnodynastes groups. Pending broader phylogenetic studies it could be removed from the genus Limnodynastes. Our results concur with previous suggestions that Megistolotis lignarius is nested within Limnodynastes, and we therefore reclassify this species as Limnodynastes lignarius. Furthermore, specimens identified as L. depressus form a mtDNA lineage distinct from other species in the genus, confirming the validity of the species. Specimens of species from the L. dorsalis group (L. dorsalis, L. dumerilii, L. interioris, and L. terraereginae) are closely related such that L. dumerilii is paraphyletic with two other species. Finally, our study provides broad support for previous phylogenies based on microcomplement fixation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S Schäuble
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|