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Yang Y, Ding L, Wang T, Liao H, Tang C. Morphological Characterization of the Antenna and Scent Patch of Three Danaus Species (Papilionoidea: Nymphalidae, Danainae). INSECTS 2024; 15:121. [PMID: 38392540 PMCID: PMC10889466 DOI: 10.3390/insects15020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The scent system of Danaus is important for the study of butterfly sexual communication and relevant investigations in biomimetics due to its involvement with mimicry. Using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy, the morphological characteristics of Danaus' antennae and scent patches of the scent system for three species, D. chrysippus, D. genutia, and D. plexippus, were investigated herein. Their apical clubs of the flagellums contain sensilla trichodea, sensilla chaetica, and sensilla coeloconica. The scent patch scales typically have a tree-like structure in its lumen at the nano-scale. Comparisons were made between the androconial scales and the other scales in scent patches. Rank sum tests showed significant differences in scent patch scales' characteristics between the species, as well as in the ultrastructure of antennal segments between species and sexes. Spearman's correlation tests showed significant correlations between the morphological characteristics of androconial scales in scent patches. Moreover, the antennal characteristics were significantly correlated. The morphological characteristics of the females' antennae were significantly correlated with those of the males' antennae and androconial scales. However, the significance and coefficient of these correlations were inconsistent across species and sexes. This study provides fundamental morphological information that helps in understanding the pheromone recognition system of Danaus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Yang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Linyun Ding
- Central Laboratory, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Central Laboratory, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Huaijian Liao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chufei Tang
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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Chowdhury S, Fuller RA, Dingle H, Chapman JW, Zalucki MP. Migration in butterflies: a global overview. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1462-1483. [PMID: 33783119 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect populations including butterflies are declining worldwide, and they are becoming an urgent conservation priority in many regions. Understanding which butterfly species migrate is critical to planning for their conservation, because management actions for migrants need to be coordinated across time and space. Yet, while migration appears to be widespread among butterflies, its prevalence, as well as its taxonomic and geographic distribution are poorly understood. The study of insect migration is hampered by their small size and the difficulty of tracking individuals over long distances. Here we review the literature on migration in butterflies, one of the best-known insect groups. We find that nearly 600 butterfly species show evidence of migratory movements. Indeed, the rate of 'discovery' of migratory movements in butterflies suggests that many more species might in fact be migratory. Butterfly migration occurs across all families, in tropical as well as temperate taxa; Nymphalidae has more migratory species than any other family (275 species), and Pieridae has the highest proportion of migrants (13%; 133 species). Some 13 lines of evidence have been used to ascribe migration status in the literature, but only a single line of evidence is available for 92% of the migratory species identified, with four or more lines of evidence available for only 10 species - all from the Pieridae and Nymphalidae. Migratory butterflies occur worldwide, although the geographic distribution of migration in butterflies is poorly resolved, with most data so far coming from Europe, USA, and Australia. Migration is much more widespread in butterflies than previously realised - extending far beyond the well-known examples of the monarch Danaus plexippus and the painted lady Vanessa cardui - and actions to conserve butterflies and insects in general must account for the spatial dependencies introduced by migratory movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawan Chowdhury
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Richard A Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Hugh Dingle
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Biosciences, Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK.,College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Myron P Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Pyrcz TW, Collins S, Lachowska-Cierlik D, Lees DC, Sáfian S, Florczyk K. A Malagasy element in Continental Africa: a new subspecies of the rare Amauris nossima (Nymphalidae, Danainae) from the Kenyan coast. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2020.1824588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz W Pyrcz
- Entomology Department, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Steve Collins
- African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dorota Lachowska-Cierlik
- Entomology Department, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Szabolcs Sáfian
- Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, University of Sopron, Sopron, Hungary
| | - Klaudia Florczyk
- Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Smith DAS, Traut W, Martin SH, Ireri P, Omufwoko KS, Ffrench-Constant R, Gordon IJ. Neo Sex Chromosomes, Colour Polymorphism and Male-Killing in the African Queen Butterfly, Danaus chrysippus (L.). INSECTS 2019; 10:E291. [PMID: 31505824 PMCID: PMC6780594 DOI: 10.3390/insects10090291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Danaus chrysippus (L.), one of the world's commonest butterflies, has an extensive range throughout the Old-World tropics. In Africa it is divided into four geographical subspecies which overlap and hybridise freely in the East African Rift: Here alone a male-killing (MK) endosymbiont, Spiroplasma ixodetis, has invaded, causing female-biased populations to predominate. In ssp. chrysippus, inside the Rift only, an autosome carrying a colour locus has fused with the W chromosome to create a neo-W chromosome. A total of 40-100% of Rift females are neo-W and carry Spiroplasma, thus transmitting a linked, matrilineal neo-W, MK complex. As neo-W females have no sons, half the mother's genes are lost in each generation. Paradoxically, although neo-W females have no close male relatives and are thereby forced to outbreed, MK restricts gene flow between subspecies and may thus promote speciation. The neo-W chromosome originated in the Nairobi region around 2.2 k years ago and subsequently spread throughout the Rift contact zone in some 26 k generations, possibly assisted by not having any competing brothers. Our work on the neo-W chromosome, the spread of Spiroplasma and possible speciation is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walther Traut
- Institut für Biologie, Zentrum für Medionische Struktur-und Zellbiologie, Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Simon H Martin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
| | - Piera Ireri
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi P.O. Box 43844-00100, Kenya.
| | - Kennedy S Omufwoko
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki P.O. Box 555-10400, Kenya.
| | | | - Ian J Gordon
- BirdLife International Kigali Office, Kigali Post Office, Kigali P.O. Box 2527, Rwanda.
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Ramos BDCM, Trigo JR, Rodrigues D. The specialization continuum: Decision-making in butterflies with different diet requirements. Behav Processes 2019; 165:14-22. [PMID: 31176684 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Differences in diet requirements may be reflected in how floral visitors make decisions when probing nectar sources that differ in chemical composition. We examined decision-making in butterflies that form a specialization continuum involving pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) when interacting with PA and non-PA plants: Agraulis vanillae (non-specialist), Danaus erippus (low demanding PA-specialist) and D. gilippus (high demanding PA-specialist). In addition, we assessed whether experience affected decision-making. Butterflies were tested on either Tridax procumbens (absence of PAs in nectar) or Ageratum conyzoides flowers (presence of PAs in nectar). Agraulis vanillae showed more acceptance for T. procumbens and more rejection for A. conyzoides; no differences were recorded for both Danaus species. Agraulis vanillae fed less on A. conyzoides than both Danaus species, which did not differ in this regard. In all butterfly species, experience on PA flowers did not affect feeding time. In the field, butterflies rarely visited PA flowers, regardless of the specialization degree. Our findings reveal that the specialization continuum seen in butterflies explains, at least in part, decision-making processes related to feeding. Additional factors as local adaptation mediated by the use of alternative nectar sources can affect flower visitation by specialist butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna de Cássia Menezes Ramos
- Laboratório de Interações Inseto-Planta and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, PO Box 68020. 21941-902. Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - José Roberto Trigo
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, PO Box 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Interações Inseto-Planta and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, PO Box 68020. 21941-902. Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Ramos BDCM, Rodríguez-Gironés MA, Rodrigues D. Learning in two butterfly species when using flowers of the tropical milkweed Asclepias curassavica: No benefits for pollination. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:1168-1178. [PMID: 28790090 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The ability of insect visitors to learn to manipulate complex flowers has important consequences for foraging efficiency and plant fitness. We investigated learning by two butterfly species, Danaus erippus and Heliconius erato, as they foraged on the complex flowers of Asclepias curassavica, as well as the consequences for pollination. METHODS To examine learning with respect to flower manipulation, butterflies were individually tested during four consecutive days under insectary conditions. At the end of each test, we recorded the number of pollinaria attached to the body of each butterfly and scored visited flowers for numbers of removed and inserted pollinia. We also conducted a field study to survey D. erippus and H. erato visiting flowers of A. curassavica, as well as to record numbers of pollinaria attached to the butterflies' bodies, and surveyed A. curassavica plants in the field to inspect flowers for pollinium removal and insertion. KEY RESULTS Learning improves the ability of both butterfly species to avoid the nonrewarding flower parts and to locate nectar more efficiently. There were no experience effects, for either species, on the numbers of removed and inserted pollinia. Heliconius erato removed and inserted more pollinia than D. erippus. For both butterfly species, pollinium removal was higher than pollinium insertion. CONCLUSION This study is the first to show that Danaus and Heliconius butterflies can learn to manipulate complex flowers, but this learning ability does not confer benefits to pollination in A. curassavica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna de Cássia Menezes Ramos
- Laboratório de Interações Inseto-Planta, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 68020, 21.941-902 Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angel Rodríguez-Gironés
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA/CSIC), Ctra. de Sacramento S/N, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Daniela Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Interações Inseto-Planta, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 68020, 21.941-902 Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, P.O. Box 68020, 21.941-902 Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Barriga PA, Sternberg ED, Lefèvre T, de Roode JC, Altizer S. Occurrence and host specificity of a neogregarine protozoan in four milkweed butterfly hosts (Danaus spp.). J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 140:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Aardema ML, Andolfatto P. Phylogenetic incongruence and the evolutionary origins of cardenolide-resistant forms of Na(+) ,K(+) -ATPase in Danaus butterflies. Evolution 2016; 70:1913-21. [PMID: 27405795 PMCID: PMC4980202 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many distantly related insect species are specialized feeders of cardenolide-containing host plants such as milkweed (Asclepias spp.). Previous studies have revealed frequent, parallel substitution of a functionally important amino acid substitution (N122H) in the alpha subunit of Na(+) ,K(+) -ATPase in a number of these species. This substitution facilitates the ability of these insects to feed on their toxic hosts and sequester cardenolides for their own use in defense. Among milkweed butterflies of the genus Danaus, the previously established phylogeny for this group suggests that N122H arose independently and fixed in two distinct lineages. We reevaluate this conclusion by examining Danaus phylogenetic relationships using >400 orthologous gene sequences assembled from transcriptome data. Our results indicate that the three Danaus species known to harbor the N122H substitution are more closely related than previously thought, consistent with a single, common origin for N122H. However, we also find evidence of both incomplete lineage sorting and post-speciation genetic exchange among these butterfly species, raising the possibility of collateral evolution of cardenolide-insensitivity in this species group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Aardema
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544.
- Current Address: American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, 10024.
| | - Peter Andolfatto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544
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Liseki SD, Vane-Wright RI. Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae. J NAT HIST 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Gasmi L, Boulain H, Gauthier J, Hua-Van A, Musset K, Jakubowska AK, Aury JM, Volkoff AN, Huguet E, Herrero S, Drezen JM. Recurrent Domestication by Lepidoptera of Genes from Their Parasites Mediated by Bracoviruses. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005470. [PMID: 26379286 PMCID: PMC4574769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bracoviruses are symbiotic viruses associated with tens of thousands of species of parasitic wasps that develop within the body of lepidopteran hosts and that collectively parasitize caterpillars of virtually every lepidopteran species. Viral particles are produced in the wasp ovaries and injected into host larvae with the wasp eggs. Once in the host body, the viral DNA circles enclosed in the particles integrate into lepidopteran host cell DNA. Here we show that bracovirus DNA sequences have been inserted repeatedly into lepidopteran genomes, indicating this viral DNA can also enter germline cells. The original mode of Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) unveiled here is based on the integrative properties of an endogenous virus that has evolved as a gene transfer agent within parasitic wasp genomes for ≈100 million years. Among the bracovirus genes thus transferred, a phylogenetic analysis indicated that those encoding C-type-lectins most likely originated from the wasp gene set, showing that a bracovirus-mediated gene flux exists between the 2 insect orders Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. Furthermore, the acquisition of bracovirus sequences that can be expressed by Lepidoptera has resulted in the domestication of several genes that could result in adaptive advantages for the host. Indeed, functional analyses suggest that two of the acquired genes could have a protective role against a common pathogen in the field, baculovirus. From these results, we hypothesize that bracovirus-mediated HGT has played an important role in the evolutionary arms race between Lepidoptera and their pathogens. Eukaryotes are generally thought to evolve mainly through the modification of existing genetic information. However, evidence of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in eukaryotes-the accidental acquisition of a novel gene from another species, allowing acquisition of novel traits—is now recognized as an important factor in their evolution. We show here that in several lineages, lepidopteran genomes have acquired genes from a bracovirus that is symbiotically used by parasitic wasps to inhibit caterpillar host immune defences. Integration of parts of the viral genome into host caterpillar DNA strongly suggests that integration can sporadically occur in the germline, leading to the production of lepidopteran lineages that harbor bracovirus sequences. Moreover, some of the transferred bracovirus genes reported here originate from the wasp genome, demonstrating that a gene flux exists between the two insect orders Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera that diverged ≈300 MYA. As bracovirus gene organisation has evolved to allow expression in Lepidoptera, these transferred genes can be readily domesticated. Additionally, we present functional analyses suggesting that some of the acquired genes confer to caterpillars a protection toward baculovirus, a very common pathogen in the field. This phenomenon may have implications for understanding how caterpillars acquire resistance against baculoviruses used in biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Gasmi
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Helene Boulain
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Jeremy Gauthier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Aurelie Hua-Van
- Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud UMR9191, IRD UMR247, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karine Musset
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Agata K. Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jean-Marc Aury
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Genoscope (Centre National de Séquençage), Evry, France
| | - Anne-Nathalie Volkoff
- Diversity, Genomes and Interactions Between Microorganisms and Insects Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC 101, Montpellier, France
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Salvador Herrero
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- * E-mail: (SH); (JMD)
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- * E-mail: (SH); (JMD)
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de Oliveira MV, Trigo JR, Rodrigues D. Southern Monarchs do not Develop Learned Preferences for Flowers With Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:662-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0598-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Li C, Wang F, Chen X, Zhou C, Yao J. Adult Behavior of Tirumala limniace (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:iev061. [PMID: 26106088 PMCID: PMC4535579 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tirumala limniace Cramer as an ornamental butterfly is utilized in butterfly garden, in this article we study their adult activities include flight, foraging, courtship, mating, and oviposition. We found that males spent 22.1% of its time flying, 14.1% foraging, 63.8% in courtship and mating. And females spent 30.8% of its time flying, 10.1% foraging, 57.1% in courtship and mating, and 2% ovipositing. Adults emerged from pupae when temperatures were above 23.5°C and eclosion took only ∼1 min, typically followed by a small amount of flight on the first day. Flight activity peaked from the ninth to the thirteenth day after eclosion, and there were two daily peak flight times: 10:00-13:00 and 15:00-18:00. The peak of flower-visiting activity was from the eighth to the thirteenth day after eclosion, and there were two daily peak foraging times: 11:00-12:00 and 16:00-17:00. Flight and foraging frequency and time were positively correlated and both were closely related to temperature, with very little flight or foraging below 18°C and an increase at temperatures above 22°C. Courtship and mating took place on the sixth day after eclosion, while oviposition occurred the following day. Oviposition occurred over 8 d, and the shortest time of a single oviposition was 2 s. The average life expectancy of males was 16.5 d, while that of females was 15 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhe Li
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Fanyan Wang
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengli Zhou
- Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Yao
- The Center of Butterfly Research and Development, Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
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Rodrigues D. Both associative learning and speed–accuracy trade-off occur in the southern monarch butterfly when visiting flowers. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2015.1016118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Braby MF, Farias Quipildor GE, Vane-Wright RI, Lohman DJ. Morphological and molecular evidence supports recognition ofDanaus petilia(Stoll, 1790) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) as a species distinct fromD. chrysippus(Linnaeus, 1758). SYST BIODIVERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2014.992378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Wilson JJ, Sing KW, Sofian-Azirun M. Building a DNA barcode reference library for the true butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Peninsula Malaysia: what about the subspecies? PLoS One 2013; 8:e79969. [PMID: 24282514 PMCID: PMC3839974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to build a DNA barcode reference library for the true butterflies of Peninsula Malaysia and assess the value of attaching subspecies names to DNA barcode records. A new DNA barcode library was constructed with butterflies from the Museum of Zoology, University of Malaya collection. The library was analysed in conjunction with publicly available DNA barcodes from other Asia-Pacific localities to test the ability of the DNA barcodes to discriminate species and subspecies. Analyses confirmed the capacity of the new DNA barcode reference library to distinguish the vast majority of species (92%) and revealed that most subspecies possessed unique DNA barcodes (84%). In some cases conspecific subspecies exhibited genetic distances between their DNA barcodes that are typically seen between species, and these were often taxa that have previously been regarded as full species. Subspecies designations as shorthand for geographically and morphologically differentiated groups provide a useful heuristic for assessing how such groups correlate with clustering patterns of DNA barcodes, especially as the number of DNA barcodes per species in reference libraries increases. Our study demonstrates the value in attaching subspecies names to DNA barcode records as they can reveal a history of taxonomic concepts and expose important units of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-James Wilson
- Museum of Zoology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kong-Wah Sing
- Museum of Zoology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sofian-Azirun
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Gordon IJ, Ireri P, Smith DAS. Hologenomic speciation: synergy between a male-killing bacterium and sex-linkage creates a ‘magic trait’ in a butterfly hybrid zone. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Gordon
- Environmental Health Division; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE); PO Box 30772-00100 Nairobi Kenya
- BirdLife International; Africa Partnership Secretariat; PO Box 3502-00100 Nairobi Kenya
- Department of Entomology; National Museums of Kenya; PO Box 40658-00100 Nairobi Kenya
| | - Piera Ireri
- Environmental Health Division; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE); PO Box 30772-00100 Nairobi Kenya
- Department of Zoological Sciences; Kenyatta University; Nairobi Kenya
| | - David A. S. Smith
- Environmental Health Division; International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE); PO Box 30772-00100 Nairobi Kenya
- Natural History Museum; Eton College; Windsor SL4 6EW UK
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GORDON IANJ, EDMUNDS MALCOLM, EDGAR JOHNA, LAWRENCE JAMES, SMITH DAVIDAS. Linkage disequilibrium and natural selection for mimicry in the Batesian mimic Hypolimnas misippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Afrotropics. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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HAY-ROE MIRIANM, LAMAS GERARDO, NATION JAMESL. Pre- and postzygotic isolation and Haldane rule effects in reciprocal crosses of Danaus erippus and Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danainae), supported by differentiation of cuticular hydrocarbons, establish their status as separate species. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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LUSHAI GUGS, ALLEN JOHNA, GOULSON DAVE, MACLEAN NORMAN, SMITH DAVIDAS. The butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.) in East Africa comprises polyphyletic, sympatric lineages that are, despite behavioural isolation, driven to hybridization by female-biased sex ratios. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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