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Zhang X, Liang F, Liu X. A New Genus and Species of the Suborder Trogiomorpha (Insecta, Psocodea) from Mid-Cretaceous Amber of Myanmar. INSECTS 2022; 13:1064. [PMID: 36421967 PMCID: PMC9696995 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We established a new genus with a new species Brachyantennum spinosum Liang et Liu, gen. et sp. nov. from mid-Cretaceous Burmese Kachin amber. It is tentatively placed into the suborder Trogiomorpha, based on the strong external valve, the reduced dorsal and ventral valve, and the short subgenital plate covering the basal part of the external valve. This new genus is apparently close to the family Cormopsocidae, based on the well-developed and very long hindwing Sc vein. However, its familial placement is ambiguous and it can be excluded from the established families of Trogiomorpha by the presence of the tarsal ctenidiobothria on the mid- and hindleg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Feiyang Liang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Xingyue Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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2
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Kawata A, Ogawa N, Yoshizawa K. Morphology and phylogenetic significance of the thoracic muscles in Psocodea (Insecta: Paraneoptera). J Morphol 2022; 283:1106-1119. [PMID: 35848485 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The thoracic musculature of the insect order Psocodea has been examined in only a few species of a single suborder to date. In the present study, we examined the thoracic musculature of species selected from all three suborders of Psocodea to elucidate the ground plan of the order and to examine the phylogenetic utility of the character system. The sister-group relationship between the suborders Troctomorpha and Psocomorpha received support from two novel nonhomoplasious synapomorphies, although the support from other morphological characters for this relationship is ambiguous. The sister-group relationship between the infraorders Epipsocetae and Psocetae also received support from one nonhomoplasious synapomorphy, although no other morphological characters supporting this relationship have been identified to date. The present examination revealed the potential of thoracic muscle characters for estimating deep phylogeny, possibly including interordinal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azuma Kawata
- Systematic Entomology, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoki Ogawa
- Systematic Entomology, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yoshizawa
- Systematic Entomology, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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3
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Li S, Yoshizawa K, Wang Q, Ren D, Bai M, Yao Y. New Genus and Species of Empheriidae (Insecta: Psocodea: Trogiomorpha) and Their Implication for the Phylogeny of Infraorder Atropetae. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.907903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two species of psocids discovered from the Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, Latempheria kachinensis Li, Yoshizawa, and Yao, gen. et sp. nov. and Burmempheria curvatavena Li, Yoshizawa, and Yao, sp. nov., are described and assigned to the Empheriidae (Trogiomorpha: Atropetae) family. A phylogenetic analysis of the infraorder Atropetae is conducted based on 38 morphological characters of three outgroups and fifteen ingroups, which supported the monophyly of Atropetae including fossil and extant taxa. In the phylogenetic result, all the genera of fossil families Empheriidae and Archaeatropidae form a monophyletic group, sister to the extant members of Atropetae. The two fossil families also share a lot of similarities in morphology, locality, and geological period. Recently discovered fossil species exhibited combined morphological characters of both families. Based on these observations and the results of the phylogenetic analysis, Archaeatropidae is treated here as a new junior synonym of Empheriidae.
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Cheng Z, Yoshizawa K. Exploration of the homology among the muscles associated with the female genitalia of the three suborders of Psocodea (Insecta). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2022; 66:101141. [PMID: 35114596 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
By using μCT technology, we reconstructed 3D models of the female genital structures and associated muscles of seven species from three suborders of Psocodea (free-living species only, formerly known as independent insect order "Psocoptera"). The homology of the female genital structures and associated muscles of different species is discussed. A total of 21 muscle groups were observed, and except for one muscle, all were homologized throughout the order. Moreover, some of the homologous muscles could be identified confidently in holometabolan insects. Using the muscles as landmarks, we discuss the homology of the ovipositor valves between Psocodea and other neopteran insects. Most importantly, the ovipositor of the suborder Trogiomorpha was identified to consist of the well-developed external valve (V3) plus a remnant of the dorsal valve (V2). We also examined the phylogenetic information included in the female genital muscles and found that certain muscles provide useful information and support deeper nodes (e.g., monophyly of the suborder Psocomorpha). The present study of female genital muscles not only helps us to better understand the phylogeny of Psocodea but also provides a solid foundation for research on muscle evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Cheng
- Systematic Entomology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Yoshizawa
- Systematic Entomology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan
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Lienhard C. A new species of Prionoglaris Enderlein (Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’: Prionoglarididae) from an Armenian cave, with an account of the distribution of the genus. REV SUISSE ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.35929/rsz.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Lienhard
- Muséum d'histoire naturelle, C. P. 6434, CH-1211 Genève 6, Switzerland. E-mail:
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6
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de Moya RS, Yoshizawa K, Walden KKO, Sweet AD, Dietrich CH, Kevin P J. Phylogenomics of Parasitic and Nonparasitic Lice (Insecta: Psocodea): Combining Sequence Data and Exploring Compositional Bias Solutions in Next Generation Data Sets. Syst Biol 2020; 70:719-738. [PMID: 32979270 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect order Psocodea is a diverse lineage comprising both parasitic (Phthiraptera) and nonparasitic members (Psocoptera). The extreme age and ecological diversity of the group may be associated with major genomic changes, such as base compositional biases expected to affect phylogenetic inference. Divergent morphology between parasitic and nonparasitic members has also obscured the origins of parasitism within the order. We conducted a phylogenomic analysis on the order Psocodea utilizing both transcriptome and genome sequencing to obtain a data set of 2370 orthologous genes. All phylogenomic analyses, including both concatenated and coalescent methods suggest a single origin of parasitism within the order Psocodea, resolving conflicting results from previous studies. This phylogeny allows us to propose a stable ordinal level classification scheme that retains significant taxonomic names present in historical scientific literature and reflects the evolution of the group as a whole. A dating analysis, with internal nodes calibrated by fossil evidence, suggests an origin of parasitism that predates the K-Pg boundary. Nucleotide compositional biases are detected in third and first codon positions and result in the anomalous placement of the Amphientometae as sister to Psocomorpha when all nucleotide sites are analyzed. Likelihood-mapping and quartet sampling methods demonstrate that base compositional biases can also have an effect on quartet-based methods.[Illumina; Phthiraptera; Psocoptera; quartet sampling; recoding methods.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S de Moya
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Kazunori Yoshizawa
- Systematic Entomology, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kimberly K O Walden
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Andrew D Sweet
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christopher H Dietrich
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Johnson Kevin P
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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Cheng Z, Yoshizawa K. Functional morphology of Trichadenotecnum male and female genitalia analyzed using μCT (Insecta: Psocodea: Psocomorpha). J Morphol 2019; 280:555-567. [PMID: 30775799 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although the great genital diversity of the barklouse genus Trichadenotecnum has been described in previous studies, the specific function of the genital structures during the copulation process has received less investigative attention. We reconstructed 3D-models of each structure of the male and female genitalia of Trichadenotecnum incognitum in copula and those of uncopulated male and female of Trichadenotecnum pseudomedium. By comparing the changes in male and female genital structures and related muscles in copulated and uncopulated states, the function of each genital structure can be described. During the copulation, we found that the female subgenital plate was hooked into the male body by the distal process on the male paraproct and was fixed by the male epiproct, hypandrium and phallosome. In addition, sexual coevolution was suggested by tightly contacting structures, that is, thorny male hypandrium and thickened membrane around the female spermapore plate. These results not only give us a new understanding copulation process of Trichadenotecnum, but also explain the reasons why genital structures are so divers in the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Cheng
- Systematic Entomology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yoshizawa
- Systematic Entomology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Valbuza MDAF, Aldrete ANG, Potenza MR, Campos AEDEC. Psocoptera (Psocodea) in Spice and Medicinal Dehydrated Plants Sold in Bulk in a Big Metropolis in Brazil. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1810-1814. [PMID: 30299979 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In Brazil, the production of dried herbs and condiments is on a smaller scale than that of its other agricultural sectors; however, it has been growing and attracting new producers, driven by the stimulus to provide healthy and gourmet foods. Insects in the order Psocoptera may cause loss of quality in such dried foods, and because of their small size, these insects can be easily transported by commerce. No information is available on how these insects may be entering Brazil via the importation of dehydrated products or how they may be exported with the increase of Brazilian dried food production. To examine these issues, 10 sites offering foods sold in bulk within the city of São Paulo, Brazil, were chosen. At each food site, the same 20 species of aromatic spice and medicinal dehydrated plants were purchased. In the laboratory, they were analyzed for the presence of insects immediately after acquisition. After removal of nymphal and adult psocopterans, the plants were kept in vials under environmental conditions to be investigated 40 days later. Psocopterans were found in 12 of the 20 dehydrated plant species. Eleven psocopteran species were recorded, including six species of unidentified Liposcelis. Liposcelis bostrychophila (Badonnel) was found in all samples with the presence of insects. The other frequent species were Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein) and Lepinotus reticulatus (Enderlein). Lepinotus reticulatus constitutes the first record in Brazil. In total, 1,021 insects were recorded in the evaluation right after purchase, and this number grew to 3,734 individuals recovered 40 days later under laboratory conditions. The data show that in a relatively short period of storage, a population increase occurs that may cause loss of product quality and a decrease in organoleptic properties. Thus, it is necessary to have greater surveillance of the products so that consumers have access to quality dehydrated foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia DA Fonseca Valbuza
- 1 Instituto Biológico, Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Pragas Urbanas, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1252, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04014-002, Brazil (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6165-9720 [A.E.C.C.])
| | - Alfonso Neri García Aldrete
- 2 Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marcos Roberto Potenza
- 1 Instituto Biológico, Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Pragas Urbanas, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1252, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04014-002, Brazil (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6165-9720 [A.E.C.C.])
| | - Ana Eugênia DE Carvalho Campos
- 1 Instituto Biológico, Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Pragas Urbanas, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1252, São Paulo, São Paulo, 04014-002, Brazil (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6165-9720 [A.E.C.C.])
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9
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Feng S, Stejskal V, Wang Y, Li Z. The mitochondrial genomes of the barklice, Lepinotus reticulatus and Dorypteryx domestica (Psocodea: Trogiomorpha): Insight into phylogeny of the order Psocodea. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:247-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Mitochondrial phylogenomics and genome rearrangements in the barklice (Insecta: Psocodea). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 119:118-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ogawa N, Yoshizawa K. Origin and transformation of the in-flight wing-coupling structure in Psocodea (Insecta: Paraneoptera). J Morphol 2017; 279:517-530. [PMID: 29226378 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Many four-winged insects have mechanisms that unite the forewings and hindwings in a single plane. Such an in-flight wing coupling apparatus may improve flight performance in four-winged insects, but its structure is variable among different insect groups. The wings of bark lice (Insecta: Psocodea: "Psocoptera") also have an in-flight wing coupling apparatus, but to date, its morphology has not been studied in detail. In this study, we examined the wing-coupling structure in representative species of the three suborders of bark lice (Trogiomorpha, Troctomorpha, and Psocomorpha) and inferred its origin and transformation. We conclude that the main component of the psocodean wing coupling apparatus evolved once in the common ancestor via modification of cuticular structures at the apex of the forewing CuP vein. Morphological differences in components of the coupling structures are phylogenetically informative at the intraorder level and include an autapomorphy that characterizes Troctomorpha and a synapomorphy that supports a sister relationship between Troctomorpha and Psocomorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ogawa
- Systematic Entomology, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yoshizawa
- Systematic Entomology, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
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12
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Yoshizawa K, Johnson KP. Phylogeny of the suborder Psocomorpha: congruence and incongruence between morphology and molecular data (Insecta: Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’). Zool J Linn Soc 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Yoshizawa
- Systematic Entomology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-8589 Japan
| | - Kevin P. Johnson
- Illinois Natural History Survey; University of Illinois; Champaign IL 61820 USA
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Johnson KP, Walden KK, Robertson HM. Next-generation phylogenomics using a Target Restricted Assembly Method. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 66:417-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Azar D, Nel A. The oldest psyllipsocid booklice, in Lower Cretaceous amber from Lebanon (Psocodea, Trogiomorpha, Psocathropetae, Psyllipsocidae). Zookeys 2012:153-65. [PMID: 22259273 PMCID: PMC3260756 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.130.1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Libanopsyllipsocus alexanderasnitsynigen. et sp. n., of Psyllipsocidae is described and figured from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon. The position of the new taxon is discussed and the fossil is compared to other psyllipsocids. The species represents the earliest record of the family Psyllipsocidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Azar
- Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences II, Department of Natural Sciences, Fanar, Fanar - Matn - P.O. Box 26110217, Lebanon
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15
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Nel A, Prokop J, Nel P, Grandcolas P, Huang DY, Roques P, Guilbert E, Dostál O, Szwedo J. Traits and evolution of wing venation pattern in paraneopteran insects. J Morphol 2011; 273:480-506. [PMID: 22162020 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.11036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Nel
- CNRS UMR 7205, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 50, Entomologie, 45 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France.
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16
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Wei DD, Yuan ML, Wang ZY, Wang D, Wang BJ, Dou W, Wang JJ. Sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers region in psocids (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) for phylogenetic inference and species discrimination. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 104:1720-1729. [PMID: 22066203 DOI: 10.1603/ec11177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Psocids (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae: Liposcelis spp.) are major pests of stored grain and commonly occur on a wide range of stored products. Increasingly, the genus of Liposcelis has gained recognition of their importance due to their feeding on stored grains, contaminating food, and agricultural commodities as well as transmitting harmful microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria. Psocids have close morphological similarities and often commix occur at the same ecosystems. Therefore, a first step necessary to further implement population studies is the accurate identification of species, based on molecular methods. In this study, we determined nucleotide sequences of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1-5.8S-ITS2 region in 100 individuals of six Liposcelis species (including Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein), Liposcelis decolor (Pearman), Liposcelis tricolor Badonnel, Liposcelis paeta Pearman, and Liposcelis yunnaniensis Li & Li) from 16 locations of China. We evaluated the suitability of this marker for phylogenetic inference study in the Liposcelis species. We also developed a molecular identification method for six Liposcelis species based on ITS2 sequence. Results demonstrate that ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences are a useful tool for the population genetic study and phylogeny estimation of Liposcelis species. The results of this study indicate that the ITS2 sequences can be a reliable tool for species discrimination of the six species of psocids tested here. In addition, the multiplex method described proved reliable when tested across different geographical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, People's Republic of China
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Yoshizawa K, Johnson KP. How stable is the “Polyphyly of Lice” hypothesis (Insecta: Psocodea)?: A comparison of phylogenetic signal in multiple genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 55:939-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Perotti MA, Allen JM, Reed DL, Braig HR. Host‐symbiont interactions of the primary endosymbiont of human head and body lice. FASEB J 2007; 21:1058-66. [PMID: 17227954 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-6808com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The first mycetome was discovered more than 340 yr ago in the human louse. Despite the remarkable biology and medical and social importance of human lice, its primary endosymbiont has eluded identification and characterization. Here, we report the host-symbiont interaction of the mycetomic bacterium of the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis and the body louse P. h. humanus. The endosymbiont represents a new bacterial lineage in the gamma-Proteobacteria. Its closest sequenced relative is Arsenophonus nasoniae, from which it differs by more than 10%. A. nasoniae is a male-killing endosymbiont of jewel wasps. Using microdissection and multiphoton confocal microscopy, we show the remarkable interaction of this bacterium with its host. This endosymbiont is unique because it occupies sequentially four different mycetomes during the development of its host, undergoes three cycles of proliferation, changes in length from 2-4 microm to more than 100 microm, and has two extracellular migrations, during one of which the endosymbionts have to outrun its host's immune cells. The host and its symbiont have evolved one of the most complex interactions: two provisional or transitory mycetomes, a main mycetome and a paired filial mycetome. Despite the close relatedness of body and head lice, differences are present in the mycetomic provisioning and the immunological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Perotti
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Bangor, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
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