1
|
Nguyen TTH, Lee DG, Apu MAI, Jung JH, Kim MK, Lim S, Chung B, Pal K, Kim D. The bifidogenic effects and dental plaque deformation of non-digestible isomaltooligosaccharides synthesized by dextransucrase and alternansucrase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 153:109955. [PMID: 34826778 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-digestible isomaltooligosaccharides (NDIMOS) are functional food and beverage ingredients that contributed to human health benefits through metabolism of gastrointestinal microorganism. In this study, NDIMOS were synthesized by combine dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides B512F/KM and alternansucrase from L. mesenteroides NRRL 1355CF10/KM using sucrose as substrate and maltose as acceptor. Their digestibility was confirmed by using digestive enzymes including α-amylase and amyloglucosidase. NDIMOS inhibited insoluble glucan formation through mutansucrase from Streptococcus mutans. The bifidogenic effect of NDIMOS was investigated by growth of four strains of Bifidobacterium in MRS broth containing NDIMOS, compared with MRS broth contain glucose and negative control. Additionally, Bifidobacterium bifidum or Bifidobacterium adolescentis inhibited the growth of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium when they were co-cultivation in MRS broth containing NDIMOS. These results suggested that NDIMOS is potential functional ingredient for food, beverage, and pharmaceutical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thanh Hanh Nguyen
- Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, 25354, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gu Lee
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, 25354, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Aminul Islam Apu
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, 25354, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Jung
- Radiation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Kim
- Radiation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Lim
- Radiation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 56212, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungsang Chung
- Ottogi Sesame Mills Co., Ltd, Eumseong-gun, 27623, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, India
| | - Doman Kim
- Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, 25354, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, 25354, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ren Z, Chen L, Li J, Li Y. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans polysaccharide synthesis by molecules targeting glycosyltransferase activity. J Oral Microbiol 2016; 8:31095. [PMID: 27105419 PMCID: PMC4841093 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v8.31095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferase (Gtf) is one of the crucial virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans, a major etiological pathogen of dental caries. All the available evidence indicates that extracellular polysaccharide, particularly glucans produced by S. mutans Gtfs, contribute to the cariogenicity of dental biofilms. Therefore, inhibition of Gtf activity and the consequential polysaccharide synthesis may impair the virulence of cariogenic biofilms, which could be an alternative strategy to prevent the biofilm-related disease. Up to now, many Gtf inhibitors have been recognized in natural products, which remain the major and largely unexplored source of Gtf inhibitors. These include catechin-based polyphenols, flavonoids, proanthocyanidin oligomers, polymeric polyphenols, and some other plant-derived compounds. Metal ions, oxidizing agents, and some other synthetic compounds represent another source of Gtf inhibitors, with some novel molecules either discovered by structure-based virtual screening or synthesized based on key structures of known inhibitors as templates. Antibodies that inhibit one or more Gtfs have also been developed as topical agents. Although many agents have been shown to possess potent inhibitory activity against glucan synthesis by Gtfs, bacterial cell adherence, and caries development in animal models, much research remains to be performed to find out their mechanism of action, biological safety, cariostatic efficacies, and overall influence on the entire oral community. As a strategy to inhibit the virulence of cariogenic microbes rather than eradicate them from the microbial community, Gtf inhibition represents an approach of great potential to prevent dental caries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Jiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China; @scu.edu.cn; @scu.edu.cn
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bowen WH, Koo H. Biology of Streptococcus mutans-derived glucosyltransferases: role in extracellular matrix formation of cariogenic biofilms. Caries Res 2011; 45:69-86. [PMID: 21346355 PMCID: PMC3068567 DOI: 10.1159/000324598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 687] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of Streptococcus mutans in the etiology and pathogenesis of dental caries is certainly controversial, in part because excessive attention is paid to the numbers of S. mutans and acid production while the matrix within dental plaque has been neglected. S. mutans does not always dominate within plaque; many organisms are equally acidogenic and aciduric. It is also recognized that glucosyltransferases from S. mutans (Gtfs) play critical roles in the development of virulent dental plaque. Gtfs adsorb to enamel synthesizing glucans in situ, providing sites for avid colonization by microorganisms and an insoluble matrix for plaque. Gtfs also adsorb to surfaces of other oral microorganisms converting them to glucan producers. S. mutans expresses 3 genetically distinct Gtfs; each appears to play a different but overlapping role in the formation of virulent plaque. GtfC is adsorbed to enamel within pellicle whereas GtfB binds avidly to bacteria promoting tight cell clustering, and enhancing cohesion of plaque. GtfD forms a soluble, readily metabolizable polysaccharide and acts as a primer for GtfB. The behavior of soluble Gtfs does not mirror that observed with surface-adsorbed enzymes. Furthermore, the structure of polysaccharide matrix changes over time as a result of the action of mutanases and dextranases within plaque. Gtfs at distinct loci offer chemotherapeutic targets to prevent caries. Nevertheless, agents that inhibit Gtfs in solution frequently have a reduced or no effect on adsorbed enzymes. Clearly, conformational changes and reactions of Gtfs on surfaces are complex and modulate the pathogenesis of dental caries in situ, deserving further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W H Bowen
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiao J, Koo H. Structural organization and dynamics of exopolysaccharide matrix and microcolonies formation by Streptococcus mutans in biofilms. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 108:2103-13. [PMID: 19941630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the structural organization and dynamics of exopolysaccharides (EPS) matrix and microcolonies formation by Streptococcus mutans during the biofilm development process. METHODS AND RESULTS Biofilms of Strep. mutans were formed on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (sHA) discs in the presence of glucose or sucrose (alone or mixed with starch). At specific time points, biofilms were subjected to confocal fluorescence imaging and computational analysis. EPS matrix was steadily formed on sHA surface in the presence of sucrose during the first 8 h followed by a threefold biomass increase between 8 and 30 h of biofilm development. The initial formation and further development of three-dimensional microcolony structure occurred concomitantly with EPS matrix synthesis. Tridimensional renderings showed EPS closely associated with microcolonies throughout the biofilm development process forming four distinct domains (i) between sHA surface and microcolonies, (ii) within, (iii) covering and (iv) filling the spaces between microcolonies. The combination of starch and sucrose resulted in rapid formation of elevated amounts of EPS matrix and faster assembly of microcolonies by Strep. mutans, which altered their structural organization and susceptibility of the biofilm to acid killing (vs sucrose-grown biofilms; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that EPS modulate the development, sequence of assembly and spatial distribution of microcolonies by Strep. mutans. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Simultaneous visualization and analysis of EPS matrix and microcolonies provide a more precise examination of the structural organization of biofilms than labelling bacteria alone, which could be a useful approach to elucidate the exact mechanisms by which Strep. mutans influences oral biofilm formation and possibly identify novel targets for effective antibiofilm therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Xiao
- Eastman Department of Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Klein MI, Duarte S, Xiao J, Mitra S, Foster TH, Koo H. Structural and molecular basis of the role of starch and sucrose in Streptococcus mutans biofilm development. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:837-41. [PMID: 19028906 PMCID: PMC2632160 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01299-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of sucrose and starch with bacterial glucosyltransferases and human salivary amylase may enhance the pathogenic potential of Streptococcus mutans within biofilms by influencing the structural organization of the extracellular matrix and modulating the expression of genes involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis and specific sugar transport and two-component systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M I Klein
- Eastman Department of Dentistry and Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14620, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ajdić D, Pham VTT. Global transcriptional analysis of Streptococcus mutans sugar transporters using microarrays. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:5049-59. [PMID: 17496079 PMCID: PMC1951856 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00338-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of carbohydrates by Streptococcus mutans is accomplished by the phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphotransferase system (PTS) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. To undertake a global transcriptional analysis of all S. mutans sugar transporters simultaneously, we used a whole-genome expression microarray. Global transcription profiles of S. mutans UA159 were determined for several monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose, and mannose), disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose, and trehalose), a beta-glucoside (cellobiose), oligosaccharides (raffinose, stachyose, and maltotriose), and a sugar alcohol (mannitol). The results revealed that PTSs were responsible for transport of monosaccharides, disaccharides, beta-glucosides, and sugar alcohol. Six PTSs were transcribed only if a specific sugar was present in the growth medium; thus, they were regulated at the transcriptional level. These included transporters for fructose, lactose, cellobiose, and trehalose and two transporters for mannitol. Three PTSs were repressed under all conditions tested. Interestingly, five PTSs were always highly expressed regardless of the sugar source used, presumably suggesting their availability for immediate uptake of most common dietary sugars (glucose, fructose, maltose, and sucrose). The ABC transporters were found to be specific for oligosaccharides, raffinose, stachyose, and isomaltosaccharides. Compared to the PTSs, the ABC transporters showed higher transcription under several tested conditions, suggesting that they might be transporting multiple substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Ajdić
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 940 S. L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vacca-Smith AM, Venkitaraman AR, Quivey RG, Bowen WH. Interactions of streptococcal glucosyltransferases with alpha-amylase and starch on the surface of saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. Arch Oral Biol 1996; 41:291-8. [PMID: 8735015 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(95)00129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The salivary pellicle consists of various proteins and glycoproteins which may interact with one another. Experiments were performed to elucidate the interactions of streptococcal glucosyltransferase (Gtf) enzymes with human salivary alpha-amylase in solution and on the surface of saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (SHA) beads. The Gtf enzymes -B, -C and -D, when immobilized on to SHA beads, reduced the activity of adsorbed amylase; GtfD showed the highest inhibition of salivary amylase activity. The presence of glucan produced by immobilized GtfD did not further reduce amylase activity. The amount of amylase adsorbed on to hydroxyapatite beads was reduced when salivary amylase was added simultaneously with any of the Gtf enzymes, suggesting that amylase and Gtfs may compete with each other for binding sites on hydroxyapatite. Starch hydrolysates produced by SHA-surface-bound salivary amylase were tested for their effect on glucan production from sucrose by Gtf enzymes in solution and on SHA beads; glucan production by SHA-immobilized GtfB was stimulated in the presence of starch hydrolysates. Glucan synthesized by SHA-immobilized GtfB in the presence of starch hydrolysates was less susceptible to hydrolysis by the fungal enzyme mutanase than was glucan made by SHA-immobilized GtfB in the absence of starch hydrolysates. Glucan production by GtfB associated with streptococci immobilized on to SHA was also enhanced in the presence of starch hydrolysates. The adhesion of oral micro-organisms to SHA coated with glucan made in the presence and absence of starch hydrolysates was investigated, and some bacteria displayed higher adhesion activities for the glucan made in the presence of the hydrolysates. Therefore, the interaction of amylase and Gtf enzymes on a SHA surface may modulate the formation of glucan and the adherence of oral micro-organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Vacca-Smith
- Department of Dental Research, Rochester Caries Research Center, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Steinberg D, Beeman D, Bowen WH. The effect of delmopinol on glucosyltransferase adsorbed on to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite. Arch Oral Biol 1992; 37:33-8. [PMID: 1317701 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(92)90150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to explore the effects of delmopinol, a substituted amino-alcohol compound recently reported as a potential antiplaque agent, on GTF activity in solution and when adsorbed on to sHA. Delmopinol was without a significant effect on GTF activity in solution. In contrast, a reduction in the bound glucans synthesized by the adsorbed GTF was found in the presence of delmopinol. Delmopinol did not displace the adsorbed GTF from the sHA, nor was there significant desorption of glucans from sHA. The total glucan synthesis (bound and unbound) was reduced in the presence of delmopinol. Inhibition of GTF was not reversed by sucrose. Inhibition of GTF activity by delmopinol apparently results from drug-enzyme interaction on the surface of sHA beads. These observations provide further support for the important differences in the properties of adsorbed GTF and GTF in solution, illustrating that GTF-drug interaction differs between enzyme adsorbed to surfaces and enzyme in solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Steinberg
- Department of Dental Research, University of Rochester, NY 14642
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Minami T, Fujiwara T, Ooshima T, Nakajima Y, Hamada S. Interaction of structural isomers of sucrose in the reaction between sucrose and glucosyltransferases from mutans streptococci. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1990; 5:189-94. [PMID: 2150553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1990.tb00644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Structural isomers of sucrose, i.e. disaccharides composed of glucose and fructose molecules with different glucosidic linkages, were examined for their effect on the reaction between sucrose and various glucosyltransferases (GTases) from Streptococcus mutans MT8148 and Streptococcus sobrinus 6715. Trehalulose (alpha 1-1), turanose (alpha 1-3), maltulose (alpha 1-4), and palatinose (alpha 1-6) were used as the sucrose analogues. Mutans streptococci were found not to utilize these sucrose analogues. Analysis of enzymatic products of GTase and sucrose with thin layer chromatography clearly revealed that glucan synthesis from [14C]sucrose by the various purified GTase preparations from S. mutans and S. sobrinus was inhibited in the presence of these sucrose analogues except turanose, resulting in the release of increased amounts of [14C]fructose and [14C]oligosaccharides. It was also found that the fructose residues in the oligosaccharides were derived from those of sucrose analogues but not sucrose itself. The Lineweaver-Burk plots of the substrate saturation kinetics of GTase vs sucrose indicated increased Km and Vmax in the presence of sucrose analogue, as compared with sucrose alone. Finally, these sucrose analogues except turanose inhibited sucrose dependent cellular adherence of S. sobrinus 6715 to a glass surface, while they scarcely inhibited the adherence of S. mutans MT8148. Among the analogues, maltulose appeared the most effective inhibitor against GTases in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Minami
- Osaka University, Research and Development Department, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sela MN, Steinberg D, Segal R. Inhibition of the activity of glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus mutans by glycyrrhizin. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1987; 2:125-8. [PMID: 2976928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1987.tb00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
11
|
Nisizawa T, Takeuchi K, Imai S, Kitahata S, Okada S. Difference in mode of inhibition between alpha-D-xylosyl beta-D-fructoside and alpha-isomaltosyl beta-D-fructoside in synthesis of glucan by Streptococcus mutans D-glucosyltransferase. Carbohydr Res 1986; 147:135-44. [PMID: 2938734 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(86)85012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Both alpha-isomaltosyl beta-D-fructoside and alpha-D-xylosyl beta-D-fructoside show strong inhibition of the synthesis of water-insoluble and water-soluble D-glucans from sucrose by a partially purified preparation of a D-glucosyltransferase (GTase) from Streptococcus mutans 6715; however, the inhibitory modes differ substantially. In the presence of alpha-isomaltosyl beta-D-fructoside, the production of reducing sugars and the consumption of sucrose are remarkably enhanced, compared with a control of sucrose alone. Under these conditions, a large proportion of low-molecular-weight glycan (lmwg) and a series of nonreducing oligosaccharides (both containing D-fructosyl groups or residues) are produced. In contrast, in the presence of alpha-D-xylosyl beta-D-fructoside, the production of reducing sugars and the sucrose consumption are strikingly suppressed, and no lmwg or oligosaccharides are produced. Thus, it may be concluded that alpha-isomaltosyl beta-D-fructoside acts as an alternative acceptor for the D-glucosyl and/or D-glucanosyl transfer reactions of the enzyme, and serves to lessen the formation of insoluble and soluble D-glucan, although it stimulates the transferring activity of the enzyme. On the other hand, alpha-D-xylosyl beta-D-fructoside competitively inhibits the sucrose-splitting activity of the enzyme as an analog to sucrose, and thereby diminishes the synthesis of D-glucan.
Collapse
|