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Zhou X, Hou X, Xiao G, Liu B, Jia H, Wei J, Mi X, Guo Q, Wei Y, Zhai SL. Emergence of a Novel G4P[6] Porcine Rotavirus with Unique Sequence Duplication in NSP5 Gene in China. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1790. [PMID: 38929409 PMCID: PMC11200575 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is a major causative agent of diarrhoea in children, infants, and young animals around the world. The associated zoonotic risk necessitates the serious consideration of the complete genetic information of rotavirus. A segmented genome makes rotavirus prone to rearrangement and the formation of a new viral strain. Monitoring the molecular epidemiology of rotavirus is essential for its prevention and control. The quantitative RT-PCR targeting the NSP5 gene was used to detect rotavirus group A (RVA) in pig faecal samples, and two pairs of universal primers and protocols were used for amplifying the G and P genotype. The genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of 11 genes were performed by RT-PCR and a basic bioinformatics method. A unique G4P[6] rotavirus strain, designated S2CF (RVA/Pig-tc/CHN/S2CF/2023/G4P[6]), was identified in one faecal sample from a piglet with severe diarrhoea in Guangdong, China. Whole genome sequencing and analysis suggested that the 11 segments of the S2CF strain showed a unique Wa-like genotype constellation and a typical porcine RVA genomic configuration of G4-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1. Notably, 4 of the 11 gene segments (VP4, VP6, VP2, and NSP5) clustered consistently with human-like RVAs, suggesting independent human-to-porcine interspecies transmission. Moreover, a unique 344-nt duplicated sequence was identified for the first time in the untranslated region of NSP5. This study further reveals the genetic diversity and potential inter-species transmission of porcine rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Z.); (X.H.); (G.X.); (B.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Xueyan Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Z.); (X.H.); (G.X.); (B.L.); (H.J.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China;
| | - Guifa Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Z.); (X.H.); (G.X.); (B.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Bo Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Z.); (X.H.); (G.X.); (B.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Handuo Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Z.); (X.H.); (G.X.); (B.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Jie Wei
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi 830013, China; (J.W.); (X.M.)
| | - Xiaoyun Mi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi 830013, China; (J.W.); (X.M.)
| | - Qingyong Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China;
| | - Yurong Wei
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi 830013, China; (J.W.); (X.M.)
| | - Shao-Lun Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.Z.); (X.H.); (G.X.); (B.L.); (H.J.)
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Le LKT, Chu MNT, Tate JE, Jiang B, Bowen MD, Esona MD, Gautam R, Jaimes J, Pham TPT, Huong NT, Anh DD, Trang NV, Parashar U. Genetic diversity of G9, G3, G8 and G1 rotavirus group A strains circulating among children with acute gastroenteritis in Vietnam from 2016 to 2021. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 118:105566. [PMID: 38316245 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Rotavirus group A (RVA) is the most common cause of severe childhood diarrhea worldwide. The introduction of rotavirus vaccination programs has contributed to a reduction in hospitalizations and mortality caused by RVA. From 2016 to 2021, we conducted surveillance to monitor RVA prevalence and genotype distribution in Nam Dinh and Thua Thien Hue (TT Hue) provinces where a pilot Rotavin-M1 vaccine (Vietnam) implementation took place from 2017 to 2020. Out of 6626 stool samples, RVA was detected in 2164 (32.6%) by ELISA. RT-PCR using type-specific primers were used to determine the G and P genotypes of RVA-positive specimens. Whole genome sequences of a subset of 52 specimens randomly selected from 2016 to 2021 were mapped using next-generation sequencing. From 2016 to 2021, the G9, G3 and G8 strains dominated, with detected frequencies of 39%, 23%, and 19%, respectively; of which, the most common genotypes identified were G9P[8], G3P[8] and G8P[8]. G1 strains re-emerged in Nam Dinh and TT Hue (29.5% and 11.9%, respectively) from 2020 to 2021. G3 prevalence decreased from 74% to 20% in TT Hue and from 21% to 13% in Nam Dinh province between 2017 and 2021. The G3 strains consisted of 52% human typical G3 (hG3) and 47% equine-like G3 (eG3). Full genome analysis showed substantial diversity among the circulating G3 strains with different backgrounds relating to equine and feline viruses. G9 prevalence decreased sharply from 2016 to 2021 in both provinces. G8 strains peaked during 2019-2020 in Nam Dinh and TT Hue provinces (68% and 46%, respectively). Most G8 and G9 strains had no genetic differences over the surveillance period with very high nucleotide similarities of 99.2-99.9% and 99.1-99.7%, respectively. The G1 strains were not derived from the RVA vaccine. Changes in the genotype distribution and substantial diversity among circulating strains were detected throughout the surveillance period and differed between the two provinces. Determining vaccine effectiveness against circulating strains over time will be important to ensure that observed changes are due to natural secular variation and not from vaccine pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly K T Le
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Mai N T Chu
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Jacqueline E Tate
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Baoming Jiang
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Michael D Bowen
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Mathew D Esona
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Rashi Gautam
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Jose Jaimes
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Thao P T Pham
- Center for Research and Production of Vaccines and Biologicals, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen T Huong
- Center for Research and Production of Vaccines and Biologicals, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Dang D Anh
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen V Trang
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam.
| | - Umesh Parashar
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Wang SJ, Chen LN, Wang SM, Zhou HL, Qiu C, Jiang B, Qiu TY, Chen SL, von Seidlein L, Wang XY. Genetic characterization of two G8P[8] rotavirus strains isolated in Guangzhou, China, in 2020/21: evidence of genome reassortment. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:579. [PMID: 35764948 PMCID: PMC9238253 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The G8 rotavirus genotype has been detected frequently in children in many countries and even became the predominant strain in sub-Saharan African countries, while there are currently no reports from China. In this study we described the genetic characteristics and evolutionary relationship between rotavirus strains from Guangzhou in China and the epidemic rotavirus strains derived from GenBank, 2020–2021. Methods Virus isolation and subsequent next-generation sequencing were performed for confirmed G8P[8] specimens. The genetic characteristics and evolutionary relationship were analyzed in comparison with epidemic rotavirus sequences obtained from GenBank. Results The two Guangzhou G8 strains were DS-1-like with the closest genetic distance to strains circulating in Southeast Asia. The VP7 genes of the two strains were derived from a human, not an animal G8 rotavirus. Large genetic distances in several genes suggested that the Guangzhou strains may not have been transmitted directly from Southeast Asian countries, but have emerged following reassortment events. Conclusions We report the whole genome sequence information of G8P[8] rotaviruses recently detected in China; their clinical and epidemiological significance remains to be explored further. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07542-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jie Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MoE & MoH, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Na Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MoE & MoH, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Song-Mei Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Training Center of Medical Experiments, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Lu Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Qiu
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoming Jiang
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tian-Yi Qiu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sheng-Li Chen
- Pediatric Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue Central, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lorenz von Seidlein
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Xuan-Yi Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MoE & MoH, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Lucero Y, O'Ryan M, Liparoti G, Huerta N, Mamani N, Ramani S, Lagomarcino AJ, Del Canto F, Quense J. Predominance of Rotavirus G8P[8] in a City in Chile, a Country Without Rotavirus Vaccination. J Pediatr 2019; 204:298-300.e1. [PMID: 30297290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus G8P[8] infection has been common in Africa, but rare in the Americas. Among 23 rotavirus episodes observed during 18 months of surveillance of 100 families in Chile, 11 (48%) were identified as G8P[8]. Genotypes from these strains shared >99% identity with rotavirus sequences described in Asia, and may be misclassified as mixed G8/G12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Lucero
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel O'Ryan
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millenium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Giulia Liparoti
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Nicole Huerta
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nora Mamani
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Anne J Lagomarcino
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Del Canto
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Quense
- Geography Institute, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Pang LL, Wang MX, Sun XM, Yuan Y, Qing Y, Xin Y, Zhang JY, Li DD, Duan ZJ. Glycan binding patterns of human rotavirus P[10] VP8* protein. Virol J 2018; 15:161. [PMID: 30340611 PMCID: PMC6195756 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rotaviruses (RVs) are a major cause of acute children gastroenteritis. The rotavirus P [10] belongs to P[I] genogroup of group A rotaviruses that mainly infect animals, while the rotavirus P [10] was mainly identified from human infection. The rotavirus P [10] is an unusual genotype and the recognition pattern of cellular receptors remains unclear. Methods We expressed and purified the RV P [10] VP8* protein and investigated the saliva and oligosaccharide binding profiles of the protein. A homology model of the P [10] VP8* core protein was built and the superimposition structural analysis of P [10] VP8* protein on P [19] VP8* in complex with mucin core 2 was performed to explore the possible docking structural basis of P [10] VP8* and mucin cores. Results Our data showed that rotavirus P [10] VP8* protein bound to all ABO secretor and non-secretor saliva. The rotavirus P [10] could bind strongly to mucin core 2 and weakly to mucin core 4. The homology modeling indicated that RV P [10] VP8* binds to mucin core 2 using a potential glycan binding site that is the same to P [19] VP8* belonging to P[II] genogroup. Conclusion Our results suggested an interaction of rotavirus P [10] VP8* protein with mucin core 2 and mucin core 4. These findings offer potential for elucidating the mechanism of RV A host specificity, evolution and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Pang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Meng-Xuan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Lushan College of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545616, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Basic Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Yu Qing
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Lushan College of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545616, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Xin
- Basic Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Jia-Yan Zhang
- Department of Food and Chemical Engineering, Lushan College of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545616, Guangxi, China
| | - Dan-di Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Zhao-Jun Duan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Hakim MS, Nirwati H, Aman AT, Soenarto Y, Pan Q. Significance of continuous rotavirus and norovirus surveillance in Indonesia. World J Pediatr 2018; 14:4-12. [PMID: 29446040 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-018-0122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea significantly contributes to the global burden of diseases, particularly in developing countries. Rotavirus and norovirus are the most dominant viral agents responsible for diarrheal disease globally. The aim of this review was to conduct a comprehensive assessment of rotavirus and norovirus study in Indonesia. DATA SOURCES Articles about rotavirus and norovirus surveillance in Indonesia were collected from databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar. Manual searching was performed to identify additional studies. Furthermore, relevant articles about norovirus diseases were included. RESULTS A national surveillance of rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis has been conducted for years, resulting in substantial evidence about the high burden of the diseases in Indonesia. In contrast, norovirus infection received relatively lower attention and very limited data are available about the incidence and circulating genotypes. Norovirus causes sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis globally. It is also emerging as a health problem in immunocompromised individuals. During post-rotavirus vaccination era, norovirus potentially emerges as the most frequent cause of diarrheal diseases. CONCLUSIONS Our review identifies knowledge gaps in Indonesia about the burden of norovirus diseases and the circulating genotypes. Therefore, there is a pressing need to conduct national surveillance to raise awareness of the community and national health authority about the actual burden of norovirus disease in Indonesia. Continuing rotavirus surveillance is also important to assess vaccine effectiveness and to continue tracking any substantial changes of circulating rotavirus genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Saifudin Hakim
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center and Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Room Na-1001, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Hera Nirwati
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Abu Tholib Aman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yati Soenarto
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center and Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Room Na-1001, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Role of rotavirus vaccination on an emerging G8P[8] rotavirus strain causing an outbreak in central Japan. Vaccine 2017; 36:43-49. [PMID: 29183732 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we examined the effectiveness of RV1 and RV5 vaccines during an outbreak of G8P[8] rotavirus group A strain (G8P[8]-RVA). These vaccines were originally designed to provide protection against severe diseases caused by common circulating strains, whereas G8P[8]-RVA remains emerging strain and partially heterotypic to the vaccines. It is imperative to investigate vaccine effectiveness (VE) against G8P[8]-RVA because this strain appears to be predominant in recent years, particularly, in post-vaccine era. METHODS RVA infection and genotypes were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequence-based genotyping. VE was determined during an outbreak of G8P[8]-RVA in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, in February-July 2017, retrospectively, by comparing vaccination status of children suffering from acute gastroenteritis (AGE) between 'PCR-positive' and 'PCR-negative' cases using conditional logistic regression adjusted for age. RESULTS Among 80 AGE children, RVA was detected in 58 (73%), of which 53 (66%) was G8P[8]-RVA. The clinical characteristics of G8P[8]-RVA and other RVA strains were identically severe. Notably, the attack rates of G8P[8]-RVA in vaccinated (61.1%) and unvaccinated (65.5%) children were almost similar. Indeed, no substantial effectiveness were found against G8P[8]-RVA (VE, 14% [95% CI: -140% to 70%]) or other RVA strains (VE, 58% [95% CI: -20% to 90%]) for mild infections. However, these vaccines remained strongly effective against moderate (VE, 75% [95% CI: 1% to 40%]) and severe (VE, 92% [95% CI: 60% to 98%]) RVA infections. The disease severity including Vesikari score, duration and frequency of diarrhea, and body temperature were significantly lower in vaccinated children. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the effectiveness of current RV vaccines against moderate and severe, but not against the mild infections during an outbreak caused by unusual G8P[8]-RVA, which was virtually not targeted in the vaccines.
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Nagai M, Shimada S, Fujii Y, Moriyama H, Oba M, Katayama Y, Tsuchiaka S, Okazaki S, Omatsu T, Furuya T, Koyama S, Shirai J, Katayama K, Mizutani T. H2 genotypes of G4P[6], G5P[7], and G9[23] porcine rotaviruses show super-short RNA electropherotypes. Vet Microbiol 2015; 176:250-6. [PMID: 25724331 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
During group A rotavirus (RVA) surveillance of pig farms in Japan, we detected three RVA strains (G4P[6], G5P[7], and G9P[23] genotypes), which showed super-short RNA patterns by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in samples from a healthy eight-day-old pig and two pigs of seven and eight days old with diarrhea from three farms. Reverse transcription PCR and sequencing revealed that the full-length NSP5 gene of these strains contained 952 or 945 nucleotides, which is consistent with their super-short electropherotypes. Due to a lack of whole genome data on Japanese porcine RVAs, we performed whole genomic analyses of the three strains. The genomic segments of these RVA strains showed typical porcine RVA constellations, except for H2 NSP5 genotype, (G4,5,9-P[6,7,23]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H2 representing VP7-VP4-VP6-VP1-VP2-VP3-NSP1-NSP2-NSP3-NSP4-NSP5 genes). In phylogenetic analyses, these porcine RVA strains clustered with porcine and porcine-like human RVA strains and showed a typical porcine RVA backbone, except for the NSP5 gene; however, intra-genotype reassortment events among porcine and porcine-like human RVA strains were observed. The NSP5 gene segments of these strains were clustered within the H2b genotype with super-short human RVA strains. The H2 genotype has to date only been identified in human and lapine RVA strains. Thus, to our knowledge, this report presents the first case of H2 NSP5 genotype showing a super-short RNA pattern in porcine RVA. These data suggest the possibility of interspecies transmission between pigs and humans and imply that super-short porcine RVA strains possessing H2 genotype are circulating among both asymptomatic and diarrheic porcine populations in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nagai
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine Faculty and Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Saya Shimada
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Faculty and Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Fujii
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Moriyama
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mami Oba
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yukie Katayama
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shinobu Tsuchiaka
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Sachiko Okazaki
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Furuya
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine Faculty and Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koyama
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Faculty and Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Junsuke Shirai
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine Faculty and Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Do LP, Nakagomi T, Nakagomi O. A rare G1P[6] super-short human rotavirus strain carrying an H2 genotype on the genetic background of a porcine rotavirus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 21:334-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Full-genome characterization of a G8P[8] rotavirus that emerged among children with diarrhea in Croatia in 2006. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1583-8. [PMID: 23426928 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00396-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The whole genome of a G8P[8] rotavirus from the 2006 epidemic in Croatia was sequenced and showed a Wa-like genotype constellation. Its VP7 gene clustered with DS-1-like G8 African rotaviruses and a G8P[4] German strain. Remaining genes clustered with contemporary Belgian G1P[8] rotaviruses, suggesting reassortment between human G8 and G1P[8] rotaviruses in Croatia or other European countries.
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11
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Ahmed S, Klena J, Albana A, Alhamdani F, Oskoff J, Soliman M, Heylen E, Teleb N, Husain T, Matthijnssens J. Characterization of human rotaviruses circulating in Iraq in 2008: atypical G8 and high prevalence of P[6] strains. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 16:212-7. [PMID: 23340225 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fecal samples from 976 children with gastroenteritis were collected and analyzed for group A rotavirus (RVA), in three different cities in Iraq between January 2008 and December 2008. RVA antigen was detected in 394 (40%) of the samples, and 98 samples were available for further genotype analyses using multiplex RT-PCR and sequence analyses for untypeable strains. The G/P-genotype combination was determined for 69 samples, and 19, 2 and 8 samples remained P-untypeable, G-untypeable and G/P-untypeable (UT), respectively. The most prevalent genotype was G2 (40%, 39/98) most often associated with P[6]. G1 was the second most common genotype (16%, 16/98) mainly associated with P[8] and P[UT]. G3, G4 and G9 were detected at a lower prevalence (3%, 11%, 3%, respectively), mainly associated with P[6]. Surprisingly, five G8P[6], and seven G12 RVA strains in combination with P[6] and P[8] were also detected for the first time in Iraq. Overall, a striking high prevalence of 47% of the analyzed samples possessed the P[6] genotype (65% of the P-typed RVA strains). Atypical genotype combinations such as G1P[4], G1P[6], G2P[8] or strains with mixed G-types were detected sporadically. The detection of unusual G8P[6] RVA strains prompted us to further analyze the NSP2, NSP3, NSP4 and NSP5 gene segments of three selected G8P[6] strains, resulting in their designation to the N2, T2, E2 and H2 genotypes, respectively. The VP7, VP4, NSP2, NSP3 and NSP5 gene segments clustered closely with common human RVA strains, whereas the NSP4 gene sequences were found to cluster with animal derived RVA strains, suggesting a potential reassortment event. The high prevalence of RVA strains with the G8, G12 and P[6] genotypes in combination with a DS-1-like genotype constellation in Iraq, needs to be monitored closely as these RVA strains might challenge the effectiveness of current RVA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Ahmed
- United States Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt.
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12
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Ghosh S, Urushibara N, Kawaguchiya M, Shintani T, Kobayashi N. The origin of two rare human P[10] rotavirus strains. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Mukherjee A, Mullick S, Deb AK, Panda S, Chawla-Sarkar M. First report of human rotavirus G8P[4] gastroenteritis in India: evidence of ruminants-to-human zoonotic transmission. J Med Virol 2012; 85:537-45. [PMID: 23280762 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses are the major cause of childhood gastroenteritis worldwide. Due to close proximity of human and cattle in rural areas of developing countries like India, interspecies transmission or zoonotic transmission is a major source of rapid generation of reassortants and genetic or antigenic variants. Previously, many human group A rotaviruses were found with porcine or bovine characteristics from eastern and north-eastern India. In this study, four unusual human G8P[4] strains were identified which had artiodactyl-like origins. During an ongoing community based surveillance for epidemiological profiling of diarrheal pathogens, these unusual human group A rotavirus G8P[4] strains were detected from the stool samples of 3-14 months old children with acute diarrhea in Sonarpur, eastern India. Analysis of eleven complete and/or partial gene segments of these unusual G8P[4] strains were done by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) followed by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The VP7 nucleotide sequences revealed a close phylogenetic relationship to the G8P[7] porcine strain D-1 and bovine strain KJ59-2 from South Korea. Whereas the VP4 gene segments were also related closely to human rotavirus prototype strain DS-1. Other nine gene segments of these G8P[4] rotaviruses were related closely to either animal or animal-derived rotavirus members of the DS-1-like family. These results suggest that origin of these G8P[4] strains might have been resulted from multiple reassortment events between artiodactyls and ruminant-derived reassortant human rotaviruses. To date, this is the first report of G8P[4] rotavirus from India and the first genomic analysis of G8P[4] strains from Asian continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
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14
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Ghosh S, Gatheru Z, Nyangao J, Adachi N, Urushibara N, Kobayashi N. Full genomic analysis of a G8P[1] rotavirus strain isolated from an asymptomatic infant in Kenya provides evidence for an artiodactyl-to-human interspecies transmission event. J Med Virol 2011; 83:367-76. [PMID: 21181935 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotavirus (GAR) G8P[1] strains, found sometimes in cattle, have been reported rarely from humans. Therefore, analysis of the full genomes of human G8P[1] strains are of significance in the context of studies on interspecies transmission of rotaviruses. However, to date, only partial-length nucleotide sequences are available for the 11 genes of a single human G8P[1] strain, while the partial sequences of two other strains have been reported. The present study reports the first complete genome sequence of a human G8P[1] strain, B12, detected from an asymptomatic infant in Kenya in 1987. By nucleotide sequence identities and phylogenetic analyses, the full-length nucleotide sequences of VP7-VP4-VP6-VP1-VP2-VP3-NSP1-NSP2-NSP3-NSP4-NSP5 genes of strain B12 were assigned to G8-P[1]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2-H3 genotypes, respectively. Each of the 11 genes of strain B12 appeared to be more related to cognate genes of artiodactyl (ruminant and/or camelid) and/or artiodactyl-derived human GAR strains than those of most other rotaviruses. Strain B12 exhibited low levels of genetic relatedness to canonical human GAR strains, such as Wa and DS-1, ruling out the possibility of its origin from reassortment events between artiodactyl-like human and true human strains. These observations suggest that strain B12 might have been directly transmitted from artiodactyls to humans. Unhygienic conditions and close proximity of humans to livestock at the sampling site might have facilitated this rare event. This is the first report on a full genomic analysis of a rotavirus strain from Kenya. To our knowledge, strain B12 might be the oldest G8 strain characterized molecularly from the Africa continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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15
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Gómez M, Volotão E, de Mendonça ML, Tort L, da Silva M, Leite J. Detection of uncommon rotavirus a strains P[8]G8 and P[4]G8 in the city of Rio de Janeiro, 2002. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1272-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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16
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Swiatek DL, Palombo EA, Lee A, Coventry MJ, Britz ML, Kirkwood CD. Characterisation of G8 human rotaviruses in Australian children with gastroenteritis. Virus Res 2010; 148:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Nagashima S, Kobayashi N, Paul SK, Alam MM, Chawla-Sarkar M, Krishnan T. Characterization of full-length VP4 genes of OP354-like P[8] human rotavirus strains detected in Bangladesh representing a novel P[8] subtype. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1223-31. [PMID: 19572186 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The G1 and G9 rotavirus strains MMC71 and MMC38 (subgroup II, NSP4 genogroup B), respectively, isolated from children in Bangladesh, were analyzed genetically. Full-length VP4 genes of these strains had 98.9% identity to each other and showed 83.9-89.4% identity to those of the P[4] and P[8] rotaviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of VP4 nucleotide sequences revealed that strains MMC38 and MMC71 were located in a lineage of P[8] strains. However, the cluster was highly divergent from the previously established P[8] strains. The VP8* portions of strains MMC38 and MMC71 showed more than 93.9% nucleotide sequence identity to OP354-like P[8] strains, and these strains were clustered into the same lineage. These findings indicate that the VP4 of these strains should be classified into a subtype of the P[8] genotype (P[8]b) that is distinct from that of common P[8] rotaviruses (P[8]a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Nagashima
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1 W-17 Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan.
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18
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Cao D, Igboeli B, Yuan L, Kapikian AZ, Ayers JL, Abinanti FR, Hoshino Y. A longitudinal cohort study in calves evaluated for rotavirus infections from 1 to 12 months of age by sequential serological assays. Arch Virol 2009; 154:755-63. [PMID: 19343476 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using an immunocytochemical staining assay involving six different recombinant baculoviruses with each expressing one of the major bovine rotavirus VP7 (G6, G8 and G10) and VP4 (P6[1], P7[5] and P8[11]) serotypes, we analyzed IgG antibody responses to individual proteins in archival serum samples collected from 31 calves monthly from 1 to 12 months of age during 1974-1975 in Higley, Arizona. Seroresponses to VP7 and VP4, as determined by a fourfold or greater antibody response, were not always elicited concurrently following infection: in some calves, (1) seroresponses to VP7 were detected earlier than to VP4 or vice versa; and (2) a subsequent second seroresponse was detected for VP7 or VP4 only. In addition, a second infection was more likely to be caused by different G and/or P types. Analyses of serum samples showed that the most frequent G-P combination was G8P6[1], followed by G8P7[5], G8P8[11] and G6P6[1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianjun Cao
- Epidemiology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 6308, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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19
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Khamrin P, Maneekarn N, Peerakome S, Malasao R, Thongprachum A, Chan-it W, Mizuguchi M, Okitsu S, Ushijima H. Molecular characterization of VP4, VP6, VP7, NSP4, and NSP5/6 genes identifies an unusual G3P[10] human rotavirus strain. J Med Virol 2008; 81:176-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Molecular characterization of VP4, VP6 and VP7 genes of a rare G8P[14] rotavirus strain detected in an infant with gastroenteritis in Italy. Virus Res 2008; 137:163-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Group A human rotavirus genomics: evidence that gene constellations are influenced by viral protein interactions. J Virol 2008; 82:11106-16. [PMID: 18786998 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01402-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A human rotaviruses (HRVs) are the major cause of severe viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children. To gain insight into the level of genetic variation among HRVs, we determined the genome sequences for 10 strains belonging to different VP7 serotypes (G types). The HRVs chosen for this study, D, DS-1, P, ST3, IAL28, Se584, 69M, WI61, A64, and L26, were isolated from infected persons and adapted to cell culture to use as serotype references. Our sequencing results revealed that most of the individual proteins from each HRV belong to one of three genotypes (1, 2, or 3) based on their similarities to proteins of genogroup strains (Wa, DS-1, or AU-1, respectively). Strains D, P, ST3, IAL28, and WI61 encode genotype 1 (Wa-like) proteins, whereas strains DS-1 and 69M encode genotype 2 (DS-1-like) proteins. Of the 10 HRVs sequenced, 3 of them (Se584, A64, and L26) encode proteins belonging to more than one genotype, indicating that they are intergenogroup reassortants. We used amino acid sequence alignments to identify residues that distinguish proteins belonging to HRV genotype 1, 2, or 3. These genotype-specific changes cluster in definitive regions within each viral protein, many of which are sites of known protein-protein interactions. For the intermediate viral capsid protein (VP6), the changes map onto the atomic structure at the VP2-VP6, VP4-VP6, and VP7-VP6 interfaces. The results of this study provide evidence that group A HRV gene constellations exist and may be influenced by interactions among viral proteins during replication.
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22
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Matthijnssens J, Rahman M, Yang X, Delbeke T, Arijs I, Kabue JP, Muyembe JJT, Van Ranst M. G8 rotavirus strains isolated in the Democratic Republic of Congo belong to the DS-1-like genogroup. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:1801-9. [PMID: 16672410 PMCID: PMC1479174 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.5.1801-1809.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several G8P[6] and G8P[8] rotavirus strains were isolated from hospitalized patients in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2003. To investigate their overall genomic relatedness and to determine to which genogroup they belonged, the complete genomes of strains DRC88 (G8P[8]) and DRC86 (G8P[6]) were determined. Genomic comparison of these two African G8 strains revealed that 10 out of their 11 gene segments, except for VP4, were nearly identical (>98.9% identical at the nucleotide level), suggesting that this rare G8P[8] rotavirus strain originated recently from a reassortment between a common G8P[6] strain and a strain with a P[8] specificity. A very close evolutionary relationship between 9 out of the 11 gene segments of DRC88 and DRC86 and rotavirus strains belonging to the DS-1-like (G2P[4]) "genogroup" was found, and several possible reassortment events preceding the occurrence of G8P[8] and G8P[6] human rotaviruses were hypothesized. Since the genes of G2P[4] rotavirus strains are very well adapted to infect humans, the acquirement of a new VP7 (G8) gene, and especially the replacement of P[6] (believed to be of animal origin) by P[8] (most common in human rotaviruses), might make DRC88-like rotaviruses very well equipped to become a predominant human rotavirus strain and an important pathogen on the African continent and the rest of the world. These findings have important implications for rotavirus vaccine development and highlight that typing of new rotavirus strains by merely sequencing their VP7 and VP4 genes provides us with only the tip of the iceberg regarding rotavirus diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Matthijnssens
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Santos N, Hoshino Y. Global distribution of rotavirus serotypes/genotypes and its implication for the development and implementation of an effective rotavirus vaccine. Rev Med Virol 2005; 15:29-56. [PMID: 15484186 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 907] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A safe and effective rotavirus vaccine is urgently needed, particularly in developing countries. Critical to vaccine development and implementation is a knowledge base concerning the epidemiology of rotavirus G and P serotypes/genotypes throughout the world. The temporal and geographical distribution of human rotavirus G and P types was reviewed by analysing a total of 45571 strains collected globally from 124 studies reported from 52 countries on five continents published between 1989 and 2004. Four common G types (G1, G2, G3 and G4) in conjunction with P[8] or P[4] represented over 88% of the strains analysed worldwide. In addition, serotype G9 viruses associated with P[8] or P[6] were shown to have emerged as the fourth globally important G type with the relative frequency of 4.1%. When the global G and/or P type distributions were divided into five continents/subcontinents, several characteristic features emerged. For example, the P[8]G1 represented over 70% of rotavirus infections in North America, Europe and Australia, but only about 30% of the infections in South America and Asia, and 23% in Africa. In addition, in Africa (i) the relative frequency of G8 was as high as that of the globally common G3 or G4, (ii) P[6] represented almost one-third of all P types identified and (iii) 27% of the infections were associated with rotavirus strains bearing unusual combinations such as P[6]G8 or P[4]G8. Furthermore, in South America, uncommon G5 virus appeared to increase its epidemiological importance among children with diarrhea. Such findings have (i) confirmed the importance of continued active rotavirus strain surveillance in a variety of geographical settings and (ii) provided important considerations for the development and implementation of an effective rotavirus vaccine (e.g. a geographical P-G type adjustment in the formulation of next generation multivalent vaccines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Santos
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21.941-590, Brazil.
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24
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Palombo EA. Genetic analysis of Group A rotaviruses: evidence for interspecies transmission of rotavirus genes. Virus Genes 2003; 24:11-20. [PMID: 11928984 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014073618253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the major cause of severe gastroenteritis in young children and animals. The rotavirus genome is composed of eleven segments of double-stranded RNA and can undergo genetic reassortment during mixed infections, leading to progeny viruses with novel or atypical phenotypes. There are numerous descriptions of rotavirus strains isolated from human and animals that share genetic and antigenic features of viruses from heterologous species. In many cases, genetic analysis by hybridization has clearly demonstrated the genetic relatedness of gene segments to those from viruses isolated from different species. Together with the observation that some virus strains appear to have been transmitted to a different species as a whole genome constellation, these data suggest that interspecies transmission occurs naturally, albeit at low frequencies. Although interspecies transmission has not been documented directly, there is an increasing number of reports of atypical rotaviruses that are apparently derived from transmission between: humans, cats and dogs; humans and cattle; humans and pigs; pigs and cattle; and pigs and horses. Interspecies evolutionary relationships are supported by phylogenetic analysis of rotavirus genes from different species. The emergence of novel strains derived from interspecies transmission has implications for the design and implementation of successful human rotavirus vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo A Palombo
- School of Engineering and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia.
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25
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Fukai K, Maeda Y, Fujimoto K, Itou T, Sakai T. Changes in the prevalence of rotavirus G and P types in diarrheic calves from the Kagoshima prefecture in Japan. Vet Microbiol 2002; 86:343-9. [PMID: 11955784 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
G8 bovine group A rotavirus was the most predominant serotype in calf diarrheal fecal specimens examined between 1995 and 1996 in Japan [Vet. Microbiol. 66 (1999) 301]. To date, no evidence that G8 was the most predominant in the typeable specimens has been observed outside Japan. To investigate whether G8 continues to be as common as G6 and G10, the incidence of the main serotypes was determined in the same area (Kagoshima prefecture) between 1997 and 1998 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. From a total of 104 rotavirus-positive specimens, we successfully identified G type in 79 (76.0%) and P type in 71 (68.3%). The combination of G and P types varied periodically; in 1995, G10P[11] was most common. The most predominant types changed drastically in 1996, and G8 and mixed P types were the most predominant. A dramatic shift of the most predominant type occurred again in 1997 when G6P[5] was most common. This frequency of G6P[5] also continued in 1998. These results suggest that the serotypes prevailing in certain areas change periodically.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fukai
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, 252-8510, Kanagawa, Japan
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26
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Cunliffe NA, Gondwe JS, Graham SM, Thindwa BD, Dove W, Broadhead RL, Molyneux ME, Hart CA. Rotavirus strain diversity in Blantyre, Malawi, from 1997 to 1999. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:836-43. [PMID: 11230392 PMCID: PMC87838 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.3.836-843.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a 2-year study of viral gastroenteritis in children in Blantyre, Malawi, the diversity of rotavirus strains was investigated by using electropherotyping, reverse transcription-PCR amplification of the VP7 and VP4 genes (G and P genotyping), and nucleotide sequencing. Of 414 rotavirus strains characterized, the following strain types were identified: P[8], G1 (n = 111; 26.8%); P[6], G8 (n = 110; 26.6%); P[8], G3 (n = 93; 22.5%); P[4], G8 (n = 31; 7.5%); P[8], G4 (n = 21; 5.1%); P[6], G3 (n = 12; 2.9%); P[6], G1 (n = 7; 1.7%); P[6], G9 (n = 3; 0.7%); P[6], G4 (n = 3; 0.7%); P[4], G3 (n = 1; 0.2%); and mixed (n = 15; 3.6%). While all strains could be assigned a G type, seven strains (1.7%) remained P nontypeable. The majority of serotype G8 strains and all serotype G9 strains had short electropherotype profiles. All remaining typeable strains had long electropherotypes. Divergent serotype G1 rotaviruses, which contained multiple base substitutions in the 9T-1 primer binding site, were commonly identified in the second year of surveillance. Serotype G2 was not identified. Overall, G8 was the most frequently identified VP7 serotype (n = 144; 34.8%) and P[8] was the most frequently detected VP4 genotype (n = 227; 54.8%). Partial sequence analysis of the VP4 gene of genotype P[8] rotaviruses identified three distinct clusters, which predominantly (but not exclusively) comprised strains belonging to a distinct VP7 serotype (G1, G3, or G4). As a result of mutations in the 1T-1 primer binding site, strains belonging to each cluster required a separate primer for efficient typing. One cluster, represented by P[8], G4 strain OP354, was highly divergent from the established Wa and F45 VP4 P[8] lineages. As is the case for some other countries, the diversity of rotaviruses in Malawi implies that rotavirus vaccines in development will need to protect against a wider panel of serotypes than originally envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Cunliffe
- Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
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27
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Cunliffe NA, Gentsch JR, Kirkwood CD, Gondwe JS, Dove W, Nakagomi O, Nakagomi T, Hoshino Y, Bresee JS, Glass RI, Molyneux ME, Hart CA. Molecular and serologic characterization of novel serotype G8 human rotavirus strains detected in Blantyre, Malawi. Virology 2000; 274:309-20. [PMID: 10964774 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During a 2-year study of diarrhea among children in Blantyre, Malawi, greater than 50% of rotavirus strains genotyped by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction possessed previously unrecognized combinations of the neutralization proteins VP7 and VP4. Serotype G8 rotaviruses, which have been identified recently in several African countries, were found to possess P[4] or P[6] VP4 genotype specificity. Two of these short electropherotype rotaviruses were further investigated: these comprised a P[6], G8 representative strain (MW23) and a P[4], G8 representative strain (MW333). The VP7 gene sequences of both strains exhibited greatest homology to human and animal serotype G8 rotaviruses. Sequence analysis of the VP4 gene of MW23 indicated closest identity to the P2A[6], G9 strain US1205 from the United States. The VP4 gene of MW333 was most closely related to the P[4], G12 strain L26 isolated in the Philippines and the Australian P[4], G2 strain RV-5. The NSP4 gene sequences of both strains were classified in NSP4 genetic group I. RNA-RNA hybridization demonstrated that each of these two strains is related to the DS-1 genogroup of human rotaviruses. Subgroup analysis and virus neutralization confirmed complete antigenic characterization of MW23 as subgroup I, P2A[6], G8 and MW333 as subgroup I, P1B[4], G8. The similarity of the VP7 gene sequences of the prototype strains described in this report to bovine serotype G8 rotaviruses suggests that they may represent human/bovine reassortant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Cunliffe
- Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories, Blantyre, Malawi
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28
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Fukai K, Sakai T, Hirose M, Itou T. Prevalence of calf diarrhea caused by bovine group A rotavirus carrying G serotype 8 specificity. Vet Microbiol 1999; 66:301-11. [PMID: 10384891 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
One hundred and seventeen rectal fecal specimens were collected in 1995 and 1996 from calves with diarrhea in Kagoshima Prefecture in Japan. The bovine group A rotavirus was detected by enzyme immunoassay in 43 of 117 specimens and isolated from 33 of the 43 specimens that were positive. G serotype, P serotype, and P genotype of 33 isolates were identified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and 20 of 33 isolates (60.6%) were identified as G serotype 8. Thus, we discovered that calf diarrhea caused by bovine group A rotavirus carrying G serotype 8 specificity was prevalent in this research area during this research period. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the prevalence of calf diarrhea caused by the bovine group A rotavirus carrying G serotype 8 specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fukai
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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30
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Cunliffe NA, Gondwe JS, Broadhead RL, Molyneux ME, Woods PA, Bresee JS, Glass RI, Gentsch JR, Hart CA. Rotavirus G and P types in children with acute diarrhea in Blantyre, Malawi, from 1997 to 1998: Predominance of novel P[6]G8 Strains. J Med Virol 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199903)57:3<308::aid-jmv15>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Santos N, Lima RC, Pereira CF, Gouvea V. Detection of rotavirus types G8 and G10 among Brazilian children with diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:2727-9. [PMID: 9705422 PMCID: PMC105192 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.9.2727-2729.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of 49 rotavirus-positive stool specimens from children with diarrhea in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1996 and 1997 revealed a great diversity of rotavirus G types. Conventional types G1 and G3 accounted for 27 and 12% of the infections, respectively, whereas 60% of the infections were caused by unconventional types G5 (25%), G10 (16%), and G8 (4%) and mixed G types (16%).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Santos
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil.
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32
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Holmes IH. Development of rotavirus molecular epidemiology: electropherotyping. ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY. SUPPLEMENTUM 1996; 12:87-91. [PMID: 9015105 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6553-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Early in the era of rotavirology it was realized that the characteristic patterns of bands produced in polyacrylamide gels following electrophoresis of genomic dsRNA were useful for checking the identity of rotavirus isolates. However it was Romilio Espejo who first proposed the use of this technique for epidemiology, although most others did not take the suggestion seriously because the technique was then rather specialized and RNA staining methods were not very sensitive. Using samples collected by Ruth Bishop in Melbourne following the original identification of human rotaviruses, Sue Rodger recorded the "electropherotypes" of all samples available to 1979 and painstakingly compared them, side by side (since minor variations in conditions, especially temperature, alter the relative migration distances of dsRNA bands). These efforts produced the first longitudinal, extensive study of human rotavirus strain variation. Since then, technical improvements have greatly increased the sensitivity of the procedures, and electropherotyping has been recognized as a powerful and economical method for epidemiological studies of rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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33
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Li B, Hoshino Y, Gorziglia M. Identification of a unique VP4 serotype that is shared by a human rotavirus (69M strain) and an equine rotavirus (H-2 strain). Arch Virol 1996; 141:155-60. [PMID: 8629943 DOI: 10.1007/bf01718596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone representing the VP4-encoding gene of human rotavirus strain 69M(VP7 serotype 8) was constructed and inserted into a baculovirus expression vector. Baculovirus recombinants that expressed the 69 M VP4 protein in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells were screened by immunofluorescence with hyperimmune antiserum to the 69M strain and purified by terminal dilution. The expressed VP4 was detected by Coomassie blue staining of PAGE-separated proteins. The antigenic relationships between the VP4 of the 69M strain and those of various human and other animal rotavirus strains representing ten established VP4 serotypes were examined by plaque reduction neutralization. Hyperimmune antiserum produced in guinea pigs following immunization with a lysate of Sf9 cells infected with a 69M gene 4-baculovirus recombinant neutralized the infectivity of the homologous human rotavirus 69M strain as well as heterologous equine rotavirus H-2 strain to a high titer. The anti-69M VP4 hyperimmune antiserum did not neutralize significantly other rotavirus strains of human, simian, porcine, bovine, or murine origin. It thus appears that the human rotavirus 69M strain has a distinct VP4 serotype (designated as P serotype 4) which is closely related antigenically to equine rotavirus H-2 VP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Li
- Epidemiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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34
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Ito H, Minamoto N, Sasaki I, Goto H, Sugiyama M, Kinjo T, Sugita S. Sequence analysis of cDNA for the VP6 protein of group A avian rotavirus: a comparison with group A mammalian rotaviruses. Arch Virol 1995; 140:605-12. [PMID: 7733831 DOI: 10.1007/bf01718436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
cDNA corresponding to the genomic segment 6 of avian rotavirus strain PO-13, which has group A common and subgroup I antigens, but does not hybridize in Northern blots with RNA probes from group A mammalian rotaviruses, was cloned and sequenced. When the deduced amino acid sequence was compared between strain PO-13 and eight group A mammalian rotaviruses, the extent of homology ranged from 73-75%. An alignment of the amino acid sequences allowed us to identify three amino acids (Positions 120, 317 and 350) that may contribute to determining the subgroup epitopes. A phylogenetic tree constructed on the basis of nucleotide substitutions in the VP6 gene of nine rotaviruses strongly suggests that the avian rotavirus is an ancestral prototype of mammalian rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ito
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Japan
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35
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Kobayashi N, Taniguchi K, Urasawa T, Urasawa S. Reactivity of anti-human rotavirus VP4 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies with animal rotaviruses and with unusual human rotaviruses having different P and G serotypes. RESEARCH IN VIROLOGY 1993; 144:201-7. [PMID: 8395075 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2516(06)80030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of five anti-human rotavirus VP4 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (N-mAb) with 20 animal rotavirus strains and three unusual human rotavirus (HRV) strains was investigated. Five N-mAb prepared previously by the immunization of mice with HRV were employed in this study. They were found to neutralize HRV belonging to P types 4, 6 and 8, which were designated according to P (or VP4) type nomenclature proposed by Estes and Cohen (1989). A porcine rotavirus strain Gottfried was reactive with four of the five mAb both in neutralization tests and in ELISA. However, no other animal rotaviruses were neutralized by any of the mAb. Fourteen animal strains were reactive with only one or two mAb in ELISA, and five animal strains were inactive with all. These results indicate that neutralization epitopes on VP4 are serologically considerably different between HRV (except for unusual Indonesian strains 57M and 69M) and animal rotaviruses (except for porcine rotavirus strain Gottfried).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Japan
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36
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Xu Z, Hardy ME, Williams JD, Woode GN, Ramig RF. Immunodominant neutralizing antigens depend on the virus strain during a primary immune response in calves to bovine rotaviruses. Vet Microbiol 1993; 35:33-43. [PMID: 8395744 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(93)90114-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Sera obtained from gnotobiotic calves (GC antisera) infected with bovine rotavirus strain NCDV or B223 from a previous study (Woode et al., 1987), which have different G (G6 and G10 respectively) and P serotypes, were compared for their neutralization (NT) properties to a number of human and animal rotaviruses (representing G serotype 1-6, 8-10). Two distinct patterns of neutralization were identified from these GC antisera. Of all the serotypes tested, NCDV GC antisera neutralized only B641 to a relatively high titer compared with the homologous titer, implying a narrow pattern of NT response. Analysis with reassortants indicated that the response was primarily to VP4. In contrast, B223 GC antisera neutralized most of the G serotypes tested to titers within 3-7 fold of the homologous titer, demonstrating a broad pattern of NT response. In the earlier study B223 was shown to induce a heterotypic protection against bovine rotavirus B641 (G serotype 6), and the serologic data obtained from this study indicates that a B223 vaccine might provide broad protection against several different serotypes of human and animal rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Xu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4467
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37
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Kitamoto N, Ramig RF, Matson DO, Estes MK. Comparative growth of different rotavirus strains in differentiated cells (MA104, HepG2, and CaCo-2). Virology 1991; 184:729-37. [PMID: 1653495 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90443-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The production of viral antigen after infection of MA104, HepG2 (derived from human liver), and CaCo-2 (derived from human colon) cells with various cultivatable human and animal rotavirus strains was compared using immunofluorescence tests. All rotavirus strains examined expressed antigen in CaCo-2 cells and MA104 cells, but only some virus strains, namely, SA11-Cl3 (simian), RRV (simian), CU-1 (canine), and Ty1 (turkey), produced antigen in numbers of infected HepG2 cells comparable to infections in MA104 and CaCo-2 cells. Fl-14 (equine), OSU (porcine), NCDV (bovine), and Ch2 (chicken) strains were found to infect moderate numbers of HepG2 cells. Most human rotaviruses (representing viruses in serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 9), a simian rotavirus variant (SA11-4F), lapine (Ala, C-11 and R-2) viruses and porcine (Gottfried) virus infections resulted either in no detectable antigen or antigen synthesis in a low percentage of HepG2 cells. Human rotavirus isolates obtained from the stool specimens of an immunocompromised child with rotavirus antigen in his liver showed two different patterns of replication in HepG2 cells. Examination of the replication of a subset of viruses in the liver and intestinal tissues of orally infected suckling mice showed the CU-1 and Ty1 strains replicated well, while the OSU and human rotavirus strains did not. These results indicate that growth restriction in HepG2 cells is not serotype-specific, and growth of a virus in HepG2 cells does not necessarily correlate with the hepatotropic potential of a virus strain. Factors that may influence these differences of virus infectivity in HepG2 cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kitamoto
- Division of Molecular Virology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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38
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Qian Y, Green KY. Human rotavirus strain 69M has a unique VP4 as determined by amino acid sequence analysis. Virology 1991; 182:407-12. [PMID: 1850912 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The group A rotavirus strain 69M has recently been classified as a new rotavirus serotype, G8, based on the antigenic specificity of its VP7 outer capsid glycoprotein. The fourth gene of 69M, which encodes the other outer capsid protein VP4, was sequenced. The gene is 2362 nucleotides in length and contains one long open reading frame beginning at the 10th nucleotide from the 5' end and terminating with a stop codon 22 bases from the 3' end. The encoded VP4 contains 776 amino acids. Comparative analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence with other rotavirus strains demonstrated that the VP4 of strain 69M shares 68.9 to 74.5% amino acid identity with the VP4 from strains known to represent four human rotavirus VP4 genetic alleles and 74.9 to 86.2% identity with VP4 from various animal rotaviruses. Northern blot hybridization with either radiolabeled ssRNA transcripts from 69M or cloned 69M gene 4 cDNA as probes indicated that the fourth gene of strain 69M is genetically distinct from any group A rotavirus gene 4 described thus far. These data suggest that at least one additional antigenic specificity of VP4 exists in circulating human group A rotavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qian
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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39
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Ohshima A, Takagi T, Nakagomi T, Matsuno S, Nakagomi O. Molecular characterization by RNA-RNA hybridization of a serotype 8 human rotavirus with "super-short" RNA electropherotype. J Med Virol 1990; 30:107-12. [PMID: 2156004 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890300206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A human rotavirus isolate (the 69M strain) with a "super-short" RNA electropherotype has been classified as serotype 8, a new human serotype [Matsuno et al., 1985]RNA-RNA hybridization using 32P-labeled transcription probes was used to assess the genetic relatedness of the 69M strain to a panel of human and animal rotaviruses. The 69M strain showed a medium level of homology with subgroup 1, serotype 2 human rotaviruses with short RNA electropherotypes. However, the 69M strain was not significantly related to any other human rotavirus strains tested in this study, including recently identified serotype 9 strains (represented by the WI61 strain) and subgroup 1 human rotaviruses with long RNA electropherotypes (represented by the AU-1 strain) that are shown to be genetically distinct from other human rotavirus strains. Unexpectedly, a medium level of homology was also found between the 69M probe and the double-stranded RNAs from bovine rotavirus strains (represented by the NCDV strain).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ohshima
- Department of Third Internal Medicine, Akita University Hospital and Medical School, Japan
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40
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Matsui SM, Mackow ER, Matsuno S, Paul PS, Greenberg HB. Sequence analysis of gene 11 equivalents from "short" and "super short" strains of rotavirus. J Virol 1990; 64:120-4. [PMID: 2152809 PMCID: PMC249061 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.1.120-124.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis for the aberrant migration pattern of the gene 11 equivalent in rotaviruses with "short" (human DS-1) and "super short" (human 69M and bovine VMRI) electropherotypes was investigated. The mRNAs of these viruses were synthesized in vitro, and the entire gene 11 equivalent of each of these viruses was sequenced with specific synthetic oligonucleotide primers. These sequences were compared with previously published sequences of "long" pattern rotavirus gene 11 segments. The increased lengths of the gene 11 equivalents of DS-1, 69M, and VMRI are due to a prolonged, 3' untranslated region in this gene segment. The 3' untranslated region of the VMRI gene 11 equivalent contains a clear duplication of a portion of its coding sequence. A stretch of 18 consecutive nucleotides within the 330-nucleotide, 3' untranslated region of 69M is identical to a section of UK coding sequence. The DS-1 and the remainder of the 69M 3'-end additional sequences are similar to each other, but neither is similar to any other currently available rotavirus gene sequence. This finding suggests that a process other than homologous duplication is involved in the evolution of these sequences. The widespread occurrence of human and animal rotaviruses with short and super short electropherotypes provides evidence that intragenic and possibly intergenic recombinational events associated with an error-prone viral RNA polymerase may play a role in increasing the genetic repertoire of rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Matsui
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, California 94305
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41
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Abstract
A genome rearrangement involving RNA segment 11 of a bovine rotavirus has been analysed by molecular cloning and sequencing. This revealed that the rearranged genome segment was generated by a head to tail concatemerisation of two almost full length copies of segment 11. The upstream copy of the gene has lost its 3' end and the downstream copy its 5' end. The truncation of the upstream copy of the gene occurs within the termination codon for VP11 converting it from a UAG to a UGA, the rearranged gene is therefore still able to encode a normal VP11. The possible mechanisms by which this rearrangement may have been generated are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Scott
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands, U.K
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42
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Bellinzoni R, Xi JA, Tanaka TN, Scodeller E, Estes MK. Rotavirus gene detection with biotinylated single-stranded RNA probes. Mol Cell Probes 1989; 3:233-44. [PMID: 2552300 DOI: 10.1016/0890-8508(89)90004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Biotinylated single-stranded RNA probes from two of the eleven genome segments of the simian rotavirus SA11 were synthesized from cloned DNA and used in dot-blot and Northern-blot hybridization assays. Different types of membranes and conditions to prepare and use synthetic non-radioactive transcript probes were evaluated to obtain optimal test results. Nytran membranes showed the highest sensitivity and lowest backgrounds for hybridization with biotinylated RNA probes. When a gene 6 single-stranded biotinylated probe was used in a dot-blot format, test sensitivity was 0.1 ng for detection of homologous RNA and 0.4-1.5 micrograms for detection of RNA from heterologous rotavirus strains. When used in Northern blots, detection with this gene 6 probe required 1 ng of total SA11RNA or 50 ng of heterologous RNA to be applied to the gels for transfer. Simultaneous hybridization with probes from two different genes on one membrane showed a detection level similar to that seen with single probes alone. The advantages of using biotinylated single-stranded RNA probes to detect or characterize the genes of viruses with double-stranded RNA genomes are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bellinzoni
- Division of Molecular Virology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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43
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Nuttall SD, Hum CP, Holmes IH, Dyall-Smith ML. Sequences of VP9 genes from short and supershort rotavirus strains. Virology 1989; 171:453-7. [PMID: 2548328 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Segment 10 genes from a short (RV-5, serotype G2) and a supershort (B37, a new G serotype) strain were cloned and their sequences compared to the (corresponding) segment 11 sequences of Wa, SA11, and UK rotaviruses. The determined nucleotide sequences were 817 (RV-5) and 947 (B37) bases in length and showed extensively conserved 5' noncoding and protein coding regions. The major open reading frame codes for a protein of 200 (RV-5) or 198 (B37) amino acids, and the newly proposed second open reading frame can code for a protein of 92 amino acids. Compared to long strain gene segments, the base sequences of the short and supershort strains were found to contain extended, AT-rich 3' noncoding regions which were not significantly homologous to each other, to other parts of the VP9 gene, or to other rotavirus genes that have been sequenced. The function(s) of these 3' regions is not apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Nuttall
- Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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44
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Hum CP, Dyall-Smith ML, Holmes IH. The VP7 gene of a new G serotype of human rotavirus (B37) is similar to G3 proteins in the antigenic c region. Virology 1989; 170:55-61. [PMID: 2541556 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The human rotavirus isolate B37 has a characteristic "super-short" RNA electropherotype and has been shown to represent a new VP7 serotype (M. J. Albert, L. E. Unicomb, and R. F. Bishop, 1987, J. Clin. Microbiol. 25, 183-185). The VP7 gene was cloned, and its nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences were compared to other published VP7 gene sequences. Consistent with the serological evidence, two major antigenic regions of the B37 VP7 (i.e., regions A and B) differ in sequence from those of other G serotypes. Unexpectedly, the C antigenic region shows close similarity to G3 rotaviruses, but we were unable to detect a serological relationship using serotype 3 monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Hum
- School of Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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45
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Mattion NM, Bellinzoni RC, Blackhall JO, La Torre JL, Scodeller EA. Antigenic characterization of swine rotaviruses in Argentina. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27:795-8. [PMID: 2542369 PMCID: PMC267425 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.27.4.795-798.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fecal samples from 156 diarrheic piglets were collected from several herds located in two main breeding areas of Argentina. Rotaviruses were detected in 60 samples (38.4%) by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and in 55 samples by a group A-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All samples which were positive by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and negative by ELISA had elicited atypical electropherotypes resembling those of group B or C. ELISA-positive samples showing genome rearrangements were also detected (R.C. Bellinzoni, N.M. Mattion, O.R. Burrone, S.A. González, J.L. La Torre, and E.A. Scodeller, J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:952-954, 1987; N.M. Mattion, S.A. González, O.R. Burrone, R.C. Bellinzoni, J.L. La Torre, and E.A. Scodeller, J. Gen. Virol. 69:695-698, 1988). By subgrouping with monoclonal antibodies, it was found that of 32 positive samples, 13 belonged to subgroup I, 2 belonged to subgroup II, 2 samples had both specificities, and 15 samples were neither subgroup I nor subgroup II (non-I/II). In addition, 10 samples were adapted to grow in tissue culture, cloned, and serotyped by means of neutralization assays. Two samples were classified as serotype 5, and none of them were classified as serotype 4. The other strains showed only a one-way relationship with serotype 5 and can be tentatively classified as new porcine serotypes. Two samples with rearranged genomes had a one-way relationship with antiserum to human strain 69M, which displays a supershort electropherotype and was classified as a new human serotype (S. Matsuno, A. Hasegawa, A. Mukoyama, and S. Inouye, J. Virol. 54:623-624, 1985). At one farm, similar rearranged strains were detected during three successive years. Serotype changes were found between the isolates of the first and the second year, suggesting that a high degree of antigenic variability went on during continuous circulation of these strains in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Mattion
- Centro de Virología Animal (CEVAN-CONICET), Capital Federal, Argentina
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46
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Paul PS, Lyoo YS, Woode GN, Zheng SL, Greenberg HB, Matsui S, Schwartz KJ, Hill HT. Isolation of a bovine rotavirus with a "super-short" RNA electrophoretic pattern from a calf with diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26:2139-43. [PMID: 2846639 PMCID: PMC266832 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.26.10.2139-2143.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A rotavirus with a "super-short" RNA electropherotype was isolated from a calf with diarrhea and was designated VMRI strain. Segments 10 and 11 of this rotavirus migrated more slowly than did those of bovine rotavirus strains NCDV, B641, and B223. The electrophoretic pattern of the VMRI strain was similar to that reported for rotaviruses with super-short RNA electropherotypes from humans and rabbits. Northern (RNA) blot hybridization indicated that gene 11 of the VMRI strain was altered and migrated between gene segments 9 and 10. The subgroup of the VMRI strain was shown to be subgroup I. The VMRI strain of bovine rotavirus was neutralized by antisera containing polyclonal antibodies to rotavirus serotype 6 (bovine rotavirus serotype I) strains NCDV and B641 and by ascitic fluid containing monoclonal antibodies directed to VP7 of serotype 6 rotavirus. The VMRI strain was not neutralized by either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies to strain B223 (bovine rotavirus serotype II). Collective data on the neutralization of the VMRI strain with monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies suggest that this virus is a member of the NCDV group (serotype 6) of rotaviruses (bovine rotavirus serotype I).
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Paul
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
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Matsuno S, Mukoyama A, Hasegawa A, Taniguchi K, Inouye S. Characterization of a human rotavirus strain which is possibly a naturally-occurring reassortant virus. Virus Res 1988; 10:167-75. [PMID: 2842969 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(88)90013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the antigenic and genetic characters of one of two human rotavirus strains 69M and 57M isolated in Indonesia, both of which showed a "super-short" RNA electrophoretic pattern (A. Hasegawa et al., Microbiol. Immunol. 28, 719-722, 1984). By an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with subgroup-specific monoclonal antibodies, one virus, strain 57M, was found to have subgroup II antigenicity. The cross-reaction of this strain, in a plaque neutralization test, with a serotype 4 strain was high whereas that of strain 69M was low. When radiolabeled RNA probes prepared from this virus were hybridized with RNAs from reference strains of different serotypes, treated with S-1 nuclease and then subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we found that (i) RNA segment 10 (the super-short segment) hybridized with that of another super-short pattern virus, strain 69M; (ii) segment 7, coding for a neutralization antigen, hybridized with that of the serotype 4 virus; (iii) segment 6, coding for a major inner-shell protein, hybridized with that of a serotype 1 virus; and (iv), some other segments hybridized with those of the reference viruses of serotypes other than 2 and 3. We suspect that this strain is possibly a naturally-occurring reassortant virus whose genetic segments are derived from different human rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matsuno
- Central Virus Diagnostic Laboratory, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
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Bellinzoni RC, Mattion NM, Burrone O, Gonzalez A, La Torre JL, Scodeller EA. Isolation of group A swine rotaviruses displaying atypical electropherotypes. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25:952-4. [PMID: 3034969 PMCID: PMC266131 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.25.5.952-954.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine rotaviruses displaying distinctive electropherotypes were isolated from the feces of diarrheic piglets in two swine herds in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. In one case all samples isolated showed abnormal electropherotypes. All samples were classified as group A reactive when assayed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Three samples from this herd were adapted to grow in tissue culture. The electrophoretic pattern of the genomic RNA as well as the group A reactivity of one of these viruses was retained after cloning in MA-104 cells. In the other pig unit were found samples displaying both classical and abnormal electropherotypes. These viruses were also positive in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; however, since they could not be adapted to grow in tissue culture, this classification must be considered tentative. The abnormal electropherotype exhibited by these pig viruses strongly resembles those of human origin called super short.
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Albert MJ, Unicomb LE, Bishop RF. Cultivation and characterization of human rotaviruses with "super short" RNA patterns. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25:183-5. [PMID: 3025250 PMCID: PMC265857 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.25.1.183-185.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Two group A, subgroup I, rotavirus strains possessing "super short" RNA patterns were adapted to growth in MA-104 cells. Both produced marked cytopathic effect in primary culture. Reciprocal cross-neutralization titers, polypeptide analysis, and the serum neutralizing antibody response of an infected child suggested that super short viruses are serotypically distinct from the four recognized human serotypes.
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Albert MJ. Detection of human rotaviruses with a 'super-short' RNA pattern. ACTA PAEDIATRICA SCANDINAVICA 1985; 74:975-6. [PMID: 2418623 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1985.tb10069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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