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The localization and migration of natural killer cells in health and disease. NATURAL KILLER CELLS 2010. [PMCID: PMC7150348 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-370454-2.00010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells comprise a finite lymphocyte lineage with distinctive gene expression patterns. Natural killer (NK) cells develop in the bone marrow (BM) and are not static but populate secondary and primary lymphoid organs. A unique feature of NK cells is their expression of activating and inhibitory receptors, which allow them to respond either when ligands for activating receptors are upregulated or when ligands for inhibitory receptors are downregulated. The unique transcriptome of NK cells renders them capable of protecting the host from a vast array of disease states. Their undisputed importance in host protection is conferred by their ability to eliminate unhealthy cells. However, in order for NK cells to exert their effects, they need to be strategically located at the right places. This chapter provides an overview of the current understanding of the localization of NK cell populations and their ability to migrate in response to homeostatic and pathological conditions. NK cells develop in the BM, which they exit using specific molecular interactions. Exit from the BM is followed by localization to a number of tissues, including secondary lymphoid organs. Within each tissue, NK cells often acquire unique function and phenotype that is regulated by the local microenvironment. Their localization is primarily directed by the action of chemokines and therefore is in tight association with the activation status of the organism. Changes in chemokine expression during disease results in further NK cell mobilization and allows them to protect the host from infection and malignancy. Thus, from their time of production until their end, NK cells travel exhaustively over long distances and visit places that influence their already dynamic life.
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Kinoshita N, Hiroi T, Ohta N, Fukuyama S, Park EJ, Kiyono H. Autocrine IL-15 mediates intestinal epithelial cell death via the activation of neighboring intraepithelial NK cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:6187-92. [PMID: 12444123 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.11.6187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), which reside between the basolateral faces of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), provide a first-line defense against pathogens via their cytotoxic activity. Although IEC-derived IL-7 and IL-15 are key regulatory cytokines for the development and activation of IELs, we report here that IL-15 but not IL-7 mediates the reciprocal interaction between IELs and IECs, an important interaction for the regulation of appropriate mucosal immunohomeostasis. IL-15-treated IELs induced cell death in IECs via the cytotoxic activity in vitro. Among the different subsets of IL-15-treated IELs, CD4(-)CD8(-)TCR(-) IELs, which express NK marker (DX5 or NK1.1), showed the most potent syngenic IEC killing activity. These intraepithelial NK cells expressed Ly-49 molecules, NKG2 receptors, and perforin. These results suggest the possibility that the cell death program of IECs could be regulated by self-produced IL-15 through the activation of intraepithelial NK cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Interleukin-15/metabolism
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Intestine, Small/cytology
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotoshi Kinoshita
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Jonak ZL, Trulli S, Maier C, McCabe FL, Kirkpatrick R, Johanson K, Ho YS, Elefante L, Chen YJ, Herzyk D, Lotze MT, Johnson RK. High-dose recombinant interleukin-18 induces an effective Th1 immune response to murine MOPC-315 plasmacytoma. J Immunother 2002; 25 Suppl 1:S20-7. [PMID: 12048347 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200203001-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18 has profound antitumor activity when administered at high doses as a single agent for prolonged periods in BALB/c mice bearing late, well-established MOPC-315 tumors. Management with a qD x 27 schedule resulted in regression of tumors in all animals receiving 5 mg/kg/d. A protracted daily management regimen appears to be necessary to induce regression in this advanced tumor model. Biologic markers were assessed and appear to be potentially useful in evaluating the immunologic and antitumor activity of IL-18. The biomarkers of IL-18's immunologic activity include, but are not limited to, IL-1alpha, IL-2, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The profile of these circulating cytokines and their expression levels at baseline, and after IL-18 delivery, can be measured in the serum, as well as from splenocytes of mice or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from either normal subjects or patients with cancer. We compared IL-18 and IL-12 alone or in combination for their ability to induce cytokine production and natural killer cytolytic activity. Our data support the notion that IL-18 induces a predominantly Th1 response, and that the mechanism of IL-18 activity differs from that of IL-12. The biologic activity of IL-18 management revealed by increases in serum levels of cytokines and enhancement of natural killer cytolytic activity will be useful as clinical trials initiate in 2002. Expression of interferon-gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor serum levels correlates directly over a broad dose escalation with the level of IL-18. Therefore, this provides a convenient pharmacodynamic reference to the biologic response to IL-18 that may serve to guide the conduct of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka L Jonak
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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Suzuki H, Jeong KI, Doi K. Regional variations in the distribution of small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in alymphoplasia (aly/aly) mice and heterozygous (aly/+) mice. Immunol Invest 2001; 30:303-12. [PMID: 11777282 DOI: 10.1081/imm-100108165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Regional variations in intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in the small intestine were examined in alymphoplasia mutant (aly/aly) mice, which are characterized by the systemic absence of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches, and heterozygous (aly/+) mice. The small intestines were taken from 10 to 12-week-old mice and divided equally into 3 parts (the proximal, middle and distal parts). IELs were isolated from each part of the intestine and analyzed with a flow cytometer. The number of IELs in the distal part was significantly fewer in aly/aly mice compared with aly/+ mice, although the total number of small intestinal IELs were comparable between them. As to the IELs subsets, regional variations in alphabeta T cells and gammadelta T cells were observed in aly/+ mice, but they disappeared in aly/aly mice. However, regional variations in composition of alphabeta T cell subsets were similarly observed in both aly/aly mice and aly/+ mice. This indicates that, although not essential, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and/or Peyer's patches may modify the regional variations in IELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Suzuki
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Suzuki H, Jeong KI, Okutani T, Doi K. Regional variations in the distribution of small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in three inbred strains of mice. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:881-7. [PMID: 10993186 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The regional variation in the intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in the small intestine was examined in BALB/c male and female mice and C3H/He and C57BL/6 male mice. The small intestines were taken from 11 to 12-week-old mice and divided equally into 3 parts (the proximal, middle and distal parts). IELs were isolated from each part of the intestine and analyzed with flow cytometer. The number of IELs was highest in the proximal part and lowest in the distal part. The distribution of IEL subsets was markedly different between the proximal and the distal parts, and that in the middle part showed the intermediate pattern. The percentage of alphabeta T cells were higher in the distal part. In alphabeta T cell subset, the percentage of CD8alphaalpha T cells was higher in the proximal part, whereas those of CD4 and CD4CD8alphaalpha double positive T cells were higher in the distal part. In gammadelta T cell subset, no regional variations were found. The regional variations in the number and subsets of IELs showed almost the same patterns between male and female BALB/c mice and similar patterns among three strains of mice. This strongly suggests that the regional variations in the small intestinal IELs are common to mouse species.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Suzuki
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Tanaka K, Yabe N, Matsui H. Modulatory effect of rat small intestinal epithelial cell-conditioned medium on lymphocyte proliferation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2000; 36:58-66. [PMID: 10691042 DOI: 10.1290/1071-2690(2000)036<0058:meorsi>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The small intestinal epithelium plays an important role in the mucosal host defense. Intestinal epithelial cells have been known to release substances that suppress lymphocyte proliferation, suggesting an immunoregulatory function. We investigated how intestinal epithelial cells affect lymphocyte proliferation. Serum-free medium that was conditioned by incubating epithelial cells, particularly crypt cells, of the rat small intestine affected proliferation of allogeneic spleen lymphocytes stimulated with concanavalin A, as assessed by measuring cellular [3H]thymidine incorporation. Less than 1% and greater than 2% of the conditioned medium enhanced and suppressed, respectively, lymphocyte proliferation. The causative substances found in the conditioned medium were dialyzable and heat-stable. Suppression was not due to toxicity to splenocytes. Exposure of splenocytes to a suppressive concentration of the conditioned medium beginning at 30 min before an onset of lectin stimulation decreased the suppression of lymphocyte proliferation. Splenocyte exposure to the suppressive concentration of the conditioned medium beginning at 30 min to 4 h after the onset of the stimulation inversely strengthened the suppression. A brief exposure of splenocytes to the conditioned medium for the last 4 h during a total 72-h culture period still suppressed lymphocyte proliferation. Thus, intestinal epithelial cells produce low-molecular-weight lymphocyte proliferation-modulating substances that suppress the proliferation of lectin-activated lymphocytes, but not resting ones, by affecting earlier intracellular events and the following DNA synthesis when incubated in culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Koshigaya Hospital, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Saitama, Japan
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Shiner M, Eran M, Freier S, Faber J, Branski D. Are intraepithelial lymphocytes in celiac mucosa responsible for inducing programmed cell death (apoptosis) in enterocytes? Histochemical demonstration of perforins in cytoplasmic granules of intraepithelial lymphocytes. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998; 27:393-6. [PMID: 9779965 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-199810000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed cell death refers to the genetically determined processes by which cells die in response to physiologic extracellular and intracellular signals, morphologically described as apoptosis. In physiologic and pathologic circumstances this process may involve effector and target cells. METHODS To identify serine esterase granules in intraepithelial lymphocytes, fresh-frozen human small intestine mucosal sections from normal and celiac-affected mucosa were incubated with substrate-specific N-alpha-benzyloxy-carbonyl-L-lysine thiobenzyl (BLT) and a chromogen (4 Benzoylamino-2,5-diethoxybenzene-dazonium chloride hemi [zinc chloride] salt as capture agent and were examined by light microscopy. RESULTS Normal mucosa showed an occasional intraepithelial lymphocyte with BLT-positive intracytoplasmic granules. Some large mononuclear cells of the lamina propria were similarly stained. Many more intraepithelial lymphocytes were BLT-positive among the surface enterocytes of untreated celiac mucosa. Lamina propria mononuclear cells close to the basal layer of crypt cells also appeared to be increased. CONCLUSIONS The histochemical identification of BLT-positive esters within intraepithelial lymphocytes suggests their involvement in enterocyte death under physiologic conditions. The increased BLT-positive intraepithelial lymphocytes found in the celiac mucosa may be related to the known increase in cytotoxic intraepithelial lymphocytes in untreated celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shiner
- Department of Pediatrics, Assaf Harofe Medical Center, Sackler Medical School, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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Kawamoto Y, Sasaki K, Kato Y, Kojima K, Tsuji T, Miyama A. Rapid killing of murine lymph node T blasts by intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in vitro. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:653-8. [PMID: 8605934 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effect of murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) on the proliferation of murine lymph node T cells (LN-T) in vitro. An IEL fraction prevented the proliferation of LN-T stimulated with antigen and X-irradiated spleen cells, or with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Concanavalin A-activated LN-T were less sensitive. Such an inhibitory activity was recovered from a CD8-depleted population by panning of bulk IEL using anti-CD8 alpha mAb. This population of BALB/c IEL showed less granzyme A activity, and its surface markers were positive for CD8 (4%), CD3 (80-90%), CD4 (2-6%), alpha-beta TcR (45-70%), and gamma-delta TcR (4-9%). Asialo-GM1 and Thy1.2 were variably expressed, but interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor-alpha and Fc gamma receptor were not. By contrast, no cytotoxicity against YAC-1 was detected in a CD8-depleted IEL population by a 6-h 51Cr-release assay. Although IEL from severe-combined immunodeficient mice lacking CD4, CD8 and TcR, but expressing IL-2 receptor, showed cytotoxicity against YAC-1, their inhibitory activity against LN-T was almost the same as that by IEL from BALB/c mice. When LN-T blasts (greater than 75% CD4+) activated with anti-CD3 were treated with CD8-depleted IEL, intact cellular DNA of the T blasts disappeared within 1 h with increased amounts of small-sized DNA. These results suggest that CD8- IEL directly and nonspecifically kill lymph node CD4+ T blasts and possibly down-regulate TcR-mediated proliferation of peripheral T cells in the gut epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kawamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
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Kato Y, Yokochi T, Sasaki K, Kawamoto Y, Tsuji T, Miyama A. The major component of Na-CBZ-L-lysine thiobenzyl ester (BLT)-specific proteases in cytoplasmic granules of murine intraepithelial lymphocytes is granzyme A. Immunobiology 1996; 196:465-74. [PMID: 9145324 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(97)80063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Na-CBZ-L-lysine thiobenzyl ester (BLT)-specific proteases in cytoplasmic granules of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the murine intestine (iIEL) were characterized. BLT-specific proteases were isolated with the Sephacryl S-200 column chromatography, and the sample isolated contained a protein with a molecular weight of 58 kDa. The 58 kDa protein consisted of the homodimer of the 30 kDa subunits. The 58 kDa protease was detected by [3H] diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP)-labeling, and also detectable by the immunoblotting using an antibody against the partial synthetic peptide of granzyme A. The cytoplasmic granules of iIEL were stained positively by an immunofluorescence with anti-granzyme A antibody. Therefore, it was suggested that the major BLT-specific proteases present in cytoplasmic granules of iIEL might be granzyme A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
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