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Huan C, Yan P, Yang F, Pan H, Hou Y, Jiang L, Yao J, Chen H, Li J, Gao S. The 25-kDa linear polyethylenimine exerts specific antiviral activity against pseudorabies virus through interferencing its adsorption via electrostatic interaction. J Virol 2024; 98:e0000724. [PMID: 38305153 PMCID: PMC10949462 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00007-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease, which is responsible for enormous economic losses to the global pig industry. Although vaccination has been used to prevent PRV infection, the effectiveness of vaccines has been greatly diminished with the emergence of PRV variants. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop anti-PRV drugs. Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a cationic polymer and has a wide range of antibacterial and antiviral activities. This study found that a low dose of 1 µg/mL of the 25-kDa linear PEI had significantly specific anti-PRV activity, which became more intense with increasing concentrations. Mechanistic studies revealed that the viral adsorption stage was the major target of PEI without affecting viral entry, replication stages, and direct inactivation effects. Subsequently, we found that cationic polymers PEI and Polybrene interfered with the interaction between viral proteins and cell surface receptors through electrostatic interaction to exert the antiviral function. In conclusion, cationic polymers such as PEI can be a category of options for defense against PRV. Understanding the anti-PRV mechanism also deepens host-virus interactions and reveals new drug targets for anti-PRV.IMPORTANCEPolyethylenimine (PEI) is a cationic polymer that plays an essential role in the host immune response against microbial infections. However, the specific mechanisms of PEI in interfering with pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection remain unclear. Here, we found that 25-kDa linear PEI exerted mechanisms of antiviral activity and the target of its antiviral activity was mainly in the viral adsorption stage. Correspondingly, the study demonstrated that PEI interfered with the virus adsorption stage by electrostatic adsorption. In addition, we found that cationic polymers are a promising novel agent for controlling PRV, and its antiviral mechanism may provide a strategy for the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchao Huan
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haochun Pan
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yutong Hou
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Luyao Jiang
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingting Yao
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haozhen Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiarun Li
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Song Gao
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Sahihi M, Faraudo J. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Adsorption of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein on Polystyrene Surface. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:3814-3824. [PMID: 35926227 PMCID: PMC9364975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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A prominent feature of coronaviruses is the presence
of a large
glycoprotein spike (S) protruding from the viral particle. The specific
interactions of a material with S determine key aspects such as its
possible role for indirect transmission or its suitability as a virucidal
material. Here, we consider all-atom molecular dynamics simulations
of the interaction between a polymer surface (polystyrene) and S in
its up and down conformations. Polystyrene is a commonly used plastic
found in electronics, toys, and many other common objects. Also, previous
atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments showed substantial adhesion
of S over polystyrene, stronger than in other common materials. Our
results show that the main driving forces for the adsorption of the
S protein over polystyrene were hydrophobic and π–π
interactions with S amino acids and glycans. The interaction was stronger
for the case of S in the up conformation, which exposes one highly
flexible receptor binding domain (RBD) that adjusts its conformation
to interact with the polymer surface. In this case, the interaction
has similar contributions from the RBD and glycans. In the case of
S in the down conformation, the interaction with the polystyrene surface
was weaker and it was dominated by glycans located near the RBD. We
do not find significant structural changes in the conformation of
S, a result which is in deep contrast to our previous results with
another hydrophobic surface (graphite). Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2
virions may adsorb strongly over plastic surfaces without significantly
affecting their infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sahihi
- Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Faraudo
- Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Kuroki A, Tay J, Lee GH, Yang YY. Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Peptides and Polymers. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101113. [PMID: 34599850 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As the human cost of the pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still being witnessed worldwide, the development of broad-spectrum antiviral agents against emerging and re-emerging viruses is seen as a necessity to hamper the spread of infections. Various targets during the viral life-cycle can be considered to inhibit viral infection, from viral attachment to viral fusion or replication. Macromolecules represent a particularly attractive class of therapeutics due to their multivalency and versatility. Although several antiviral macromolecules hold great promise in clinical applications, the emergence of resistance after prolonged exposure urges the need for improved solutions. In the present article, the recent advancement in the discovery of antiviral peptides and polymers with diverse structural features and antiviral mechanisms is reviewed. Future perspectives, such as, the development of virucidal peptides/polymers and their coatings against SARS-CoV-2 infection, standardization of antiviral testing protocols, and use of artificial intelligence or machine learning as a tool to accelerate the discovery of antiviral macromolecules, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Kuroki
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore 117597 Singapore
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Ways, The Nanos Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Joyce Tay
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Ways, The Nanos Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Guan Huei Lee
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore 117597 Singapore
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Ways, The Nanos Singapore 138669 Singapore
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Wibisono Y, Fadila CR, Saiful S, Bilad MR. Facile Approaches of Polymeric Face Masks Reuse and Reinforcements for Micro-Aerosol Droplets and Viruses Filtration: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2516. [PMID: 33126730 PMCID: PMC7692770 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the widespread of severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease, the utilization of face masks has become omnipresent all over the world. Face masks are believed to contribute to an adequate protection against respiratory infections spread through micro-droplets among the infected person to non-infected others. However, due to the very high demands of face masks, especially the N95-type mask typically worn by medical workers, the public faces a shortage of face masks. Many papers have been published recently that focus on developing new and facile techniques to reuse and reinforce commercially available face masks. For instance, the N95 mask uses a polymer-based (membrane) filter inside, and the filter membrane can be replaced if needed. Another polymer sputtering technique by using a simple cotton candy machine could provide a cheap and robust solution for face mask fabrication. This review discuss the novel approaches of face mask reuse and reinforcement specifically by using membrane-based technology. Tuning the polymeric properties of face masks to enhance filterability and virus inactivity is crucial for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Wibisono
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang 65141, Indonesia;
| | - Cut Rifda Fadila
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang 65141, Indonesia;
| | - Saiful Saiful
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia;
| | - Muhammad Roil Bilad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia;
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The 40 kDa Linear Polyethylenimine Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection by Blocking Its Attachment to Permissive Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090876. [PMID: 31546799 PMCID: PMC6784015 DOI: 10.3390/v11090876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically devastating infectious diseases in pigs worldwide. The causative agent is the PRRS virus (PRRSV). In this study, we explored polyethylenimine (PEI), a cationic polymer with different forms (linear or branched), to inhibit the replication of PRRSV. Our results demonstrate that the linear but not the 40 kDa branched PEI, or the 25 kDa linear PEI, were well tolerated in cultured cells and exhibited a broad-spectrum inhibition of heterogeneous PRRSV-2 isolates in both MARC-145 cells and primary porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Further analysis suggests that PEI could prevent the attachment of PRRSV virions to the susceptible cells. Notably, PEI had a minimal effect on PRRSV internalization in MARC-145 cells, whereas PEI promoted the internalization of PRRSV virions in PAMs, which suggests that these two types of cells might have different internalization processes of PRRSV virions. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that PEI could be used as a novel inhibitor against PRRSV.
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Huang R, Zhu G, Zhang J, Lai Y, Xu Y, He J, Xie J. Betanodavirus-like particles enter host cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis in a cholesterol-, pH- and cytoskeleton-dependent manner. Vet Res 2017; 48:8. [PMID: 28179028 PMCID: PMC5299686 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Betanodavirus, also referred to nervous necrosis virus (NNV), is the causative agent of the fatal disease, viral nervous necrosis and has brought significant economic losses in marine and freshwater cultured fish, especially larvae and juveniles. Here, we used an established invasion model with virus-like particle (VLP)-cells, mimicking orange-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (OGNNV), to investigate the crucial events of virus entry. VLP were observed in the perinuclear regions of Asian sea bass (SB) cells within 1.5 h after attachment. VLP uptake was strongly inhibited when cells were pretreated with biochemical inhibitors (chlorpromazine and dynasore) blocking clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) or transfected with siRNA against clathrin heavy and light chains. Inhibitors against key regulators of caveolae/raft-dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis had no effect on VLP uptake. In contrast, disruption of cellular cholesterol by methyl-β-cyclodextrin or reduction of cholesterol fluidity by Cholera toxin B subunit significantly decreased VLP entry. Furthermore, VLP entry is dependent on low pH and cytoskeleton, demonstrated by inhibitor (chloroquine, ammonia chloride, cytochalasin D, wiskostatin, and nocodazole) perturbation. Therefore, OGNNV VLP enter SB cells via CME depending on dynamin-2, cholesterol and its fluidity, low pH, and cytoskeleton. In addition, ten more cell lines were screened for VLP entry and VLP can only enter NNV-sensitive cells, GB and SSN-1, via CME, indicating that CME is the common endocytosis pathway for VLP. These results may provide the data for NNV entry without the influence of the viral genome, an ideal model for exploring the behaviour of betanodavirus in cells, and valuable references to vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guohua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuxiong Lai
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Xu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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7
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Hayashi K, Onoue H, Sasaki K, Lee JB, Kumar PKR, Gopinath SCB, Maitani Y, Kai T, Hayashi T. Topical application of polyethylenimine as a candidate for novel prophylactic therapeutics against genital herpes caused by herpes simplex virus. Arch Virol 2013; 159:425-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Maitani Y, Ishigaki K, Nakazawa Y, Aragane D, Akimoto T, Iwamizu M, Kai T, Hayashi K. Polyethylenimine combined with liposomes and with decreased numbers of primary amine residues strongly enhanced therapeutic antiviral efficiency against herpes simplex virus type 2 in a mouse model. J Control Release 2013; 166:139-46. [PMID: 23298614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of antiviral agents that have novel mechanisms of action is urgently required in the topical therapy of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections. We reported previously that topical application of branched 3610-Da polyethylenimine (PEI) exhibited preventative antiviral activity. In this study, to develop therapeutic anti-HSV-2 agents, the most potent PEI combined with ~200 nm-sized liposomes with or without oleic acid (liposomes/PEI) was selected in vitro and further evaluated using in vivo studies. The mechanism of action in vivo was elucidated using PEIs with decreased numbers of primary amine residues, resulting from ethylene carbonate treatment, and polyallylamine, a linear polyamine consisting of primary amines. Cytotoxicity and antiviral activity in vitro, and the appearance of acute herpetic disease and virus yields in mice intravaginally administered with liposomes/PEI were evaluated in cell culture assays and a mouse genital herpes model, respectively. In addition, the cellular association of liposome/PEI was examined by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. PEI showed higher antiviral activity postinfection than preinfection in vivo. Liposome/PEI and PEI with decreased numbers of primary amine residues at a dose of 0.2 mg PEI/mouse exhibited more potent therapeutic antiviral activity than acyclovir and PEI alone without acute lesion appearance or toxicity pre- or postinfection, but polyallylamine was moderately effective only preinfection. Liposome concentrations were important for the effectiveness of liposome/PEI. This finding suggests that PEI combined with liposomes and with slightly decreased numbers of primary amines may be an effective vaginally administrated antiviral drug, and secondary and tertiary amine residues of PEI may contribute to the inhibitory efficiency against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Maitani
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Japan.
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Polyethylenimine is a strong inhibitor of human papillomavirus and cytomegalovirus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 56:75-82. [PMID: 21968369 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05147-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylenimines are cationic polymers with potential as delivery vectors in gene therapy and with proven antimicrobial activity. However, the antiviral activity of polyethylenimines has not been addressed in detail thus far. We have studied the inhibitory effects of a linear 25-kDa polyethylenimine on infections with human papillomaviruses and human cytomegaloviruses. Preincubation of cells with polyethylenimine blocked primary attachment of both viruses to cells, resulting in a significant reduction of infection. In addition, the dissemination of human cytomegalovirus in culture cells was efficiently reduced by recurrent administration of polyethylenimine. Polyethylenimine concentrations required for inhibition of human papillomavirus and cytomegalovirus did not cause any cytotoxic effects. Polyethylenimines and their derivatives may thus be attractive molecules for the development of antiviral microbicides.
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Owada T, Motomura T, Miyashita-Ogawa Y, Kawada-Homma M, Onishi M, Matondo P, Terunuma H, Numazaki Y, Yamashita S, Yamamoto N. Antibody masking renders HIV-1 resistant to cationic membrane filtration through alteration of its electrostatic characteristics. J Virol Methods 2001; 94:15-24. [PMID: 11337036 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously, it was demonstrated that any human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strain proliferating in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro, and resuspended in seronegative plasma, could be captured efficiently (mean > 95%) by a porous polypropylene (PP) membrane modified cationically. We investigated if this cationic membrane could capture HIV-1 obtained from seropositive plasma, and confirmed whether this membrane was effective for the preparation of safe plasma products against HIV-1 transmission. Thirty-six seropositive plasma samples derived from HIV-1 positive cohorts in New York and Lusaka (Republic of Zambia), including 18 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) related complex, AIDS and five terminal cases of AIDS, were filtered through the cationic membrane to determine the reduction of RNA concentration, the gag p24 concentration, and infectious titer. Only a small reduction in RNA concentration (mean < 20%) and almost no decrease in gag concentration (mean < 2%) were obtained, despite the fact that the infectivity was eliminated entirely by the filtration. Due to the possibility that anti-HIV-1 antibodies in patients' plasma combine with HIV-1, laboratory-adapted HIV-1(HTLV-IIIB) was mixed with seropositive plasma to test the effect of antibodies on HIV-1 adsorption, and also to investigate the interfacial electrokinetic potential (zeta-potential) of both intact and plasma-treated HIV-1. The zeta-potential of HIV-1(HTLV-IIIB) in the presence of seropositive plasma was neutral as opposed to negative when stored in seronegative plasma or culture medium. Also the rate of HIV-1 capture by the membrane, as determined by the reduction in RNA concentration, sank from 95% to 20%, the same capture percentage observed when filtering plasma of patients. These findings suggested that in patients' plasma, the antibody-masked HIV-1 comprise most of the viral population, and was not trapped on the cationic membrane because of its electrostatic character. Conversely, the cationic membrane was thought to adsorb antibody-free HIV-1 exclusively. It was suggested that each viral swarm had its own zeta-potential, and this difference in electrostatic character determined the extent of the viral adsorption by the cationic membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Owada
- Department of New Materials Section, Terumo Research and Development Center, Hadano, 259-0151, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Owada T, Miyashita Y, Motomura T, Onishi M, Yamashita S, Yamamoto N. Anti-HIV-1 activity of an ionically modified porous polypropylene membrane determined by filtration of a viral suspension. Microbiol Immunol 1999; 43:141-51. [PMID: 10229268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1999.tb02385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We describe here a unique anti-HIV-1 membrane, derived from a chemically modified porous polypropylene (PP) membrane, which lowers viral infectivity upon the filtration of HIV-1 suspension. A cationic polymer, polyethyleneimine (PEI) was graft-polymerized onto the PP filter membrane (PP-PEI), and infectious HIV-1(HTLV-IIIB) derived from MOLT-4/HIV-1(HTLV-IIIB) cells (HIV-1(HTLV-IIIB(MOLT-4)) was applied. When a viral suspension of high titer (10(3.93) TCID50 ml(-1) was filtered, efficient reduction (>99%) of gag p24 antigen levels and infectious titer resulted. In a viral suspension of medium titer (10(2.37) TCID50 ml(-1), a significant decrease in the p24 antigen did not occur, although the titer was markedly reduced (>95%). Electron microscopic observation suggested that PEI induced viral aggregations under high titer conditions, and under medium titer conditions, PEI deprived HIV-1(HTLV-IIIB(MOLT-4)) of its infectivity alone to avoid virus adsorption. In contrast, HIV-1 propagated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) such as HIV-1(HTLV-III(PBMC)) was more efficiently trapped by PP-PEI at lower titers as compared with HIV-1(HTLV-IIIB(MOLT-4)) from MOLT-4/HIV-1(HTLV-IIIB) cells. These data suggest host cell modification in the interactions between PP-PEI and HIV-1 strains. Since HIV-1(HTLV-IIIB(MOLT-4)) and HIV-1(HTLV-IIIB(PBMC)) were almost electrically neutral and negative, respectively, we concluded that the divergent effect of PEI on each HIV-1(HTLV-IIIB) resulted from their different electrical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Owada
- Department of New Materials Section, Terumo Research and Development Center, Hadano, Kanagawa, Japan.
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