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Lau SKP, Sridhar S, Ho CC, Chow WN, Lee KC, Lam CW, Yuen KY, Woo PCY. Laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis: past, present and future. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:742-51. [PMID: 25908634 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215583801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is an emerging, potentially fatal disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, which requires prolonged antibiotic treatment to prevent disease relapse. However, difficulties in laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis may delay treatment and affect disease outcomes. Isolation of B. pseudomallei from clinical specimens has been improved with the use of selective media. However, even with positive cultures, identification of B. pseudomallei can be difficult in clinical microbiology laboratories, especially in non-endemic areas where clinical suspicion is low. Commercial identification systems may fail to distinguish between B. pseudomallei and closely related species such as Burkholderia thailandensis. Genotypic identification of suspected isolates can be achieved by sequencing of gene targets such as groEL which offer higher discriminative power than 16S rRNA. Specific PCR-based identification of B. pseudomallei has also been developed using B. pseudomallei-specific gene targets such as Type III secretion system and Tat-domain protein. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, a revolutionary technique for pathogen identification, has been shown to be potentially useful for rapid identification of B. pseudomallei, although existing databases require optimization by adding reference spectra for B. pseudomallei. Despite these advances in bacterial identification, diagnostic problems encountered in culture-negative cases remain largely unresolved. Although various serological tests have been developed, they are generally unstandardized "in house" assays and have low sensitivities and specificities. Although specific PCR assays have been applied to direct clinical and environmental specimens, the sensitivities for diagnosis remain to be evaluated. Metabolomics is an uprising tool for studying infectious diseases and may offer a novel approach for exploring potential diagnostic biomarkers. The metabolomics profiles of B. pseudomallei culture supernatants can be potentially distinguished from those of related bacterial species including B. thailandensis . Further studies using bacterial cultures and direct patient samples are required to evaluate the potential of metabolomics for improving diagnosis of melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna K P Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Chun Ho
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wang-Ngai Chow
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kim-Chung Lee
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching-Wan Lam
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Ngamdee W, Tandhavanant S, Wikraiphat C, Reamtong O, Wuthiekanun V, Salje J, Low DA, Peacock SJ, Chantratita N. Competition between Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. thailandensis. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:56. [PMID: 25879538 PMCID: PMC4365494 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes melioidosis, an often fatal disease in tropical countries. Burkholderia thailandensis is a non-virulent but closely related species. Both species are soil saprophytes but are almost never isolated together. RESULTS We identified two mechanisms by which B. pseudomallei affects the growth of B. thailandensis. First, we found that six different isolates of B. pseudomallei inhibited the growth of B. thailandensis on LB agar plates. Second, our results indicated that 55% of isolated strains of B. pseudomallei produced a secreted compound that inhibited the motility but not the viability of B. thailandensis. Analysis showed that the active compound was a pH-sensitive and heat-labile compound, likely a protein, which may affect flagella processing or facilitate their degradation. Analysis of bacterial sequence types (STs) demonstrated an association between this and motility inhibition. The active compound was produced from B. pseudomallei during the stationary growth phase. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results indicate that B. pseudomallei inhibits both the growth and motility of its close relative B. thailandensis. The latter phenomenon appears to occur via a previously unreported mechanism involving flagellar processing or degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wikanda Ngamdee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Sarunporn Tandhavanant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Chanthiwa Wikraiphat
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Vanaporn Wuthiekanun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Jeanne Salje
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - David A Low
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Gregory AE, Judy BM, Qazi O, Blumentritt CA, Brown KA, Shaw AM, Torres AG, Titball RW. A gold nanoparticle-linked glycoconjugate vaccine against Burkholderia mallei. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 11:447-56. [PMID: 25194998 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Burkholderia mallei are Gram-negative bacteria, responsible for the disease glanders. B. mallei has recently been classified as a Tier 1 agent owing to the fact that this bacterial species can be weaponised for aerosol release, has a high mortality rate and demonstrates multi-drug resistance. Furthermore, there is no licensed vaccine available against this pathogen. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has previously been identified as playing an important role in generating host protection against Burkholderia infection. In this study, we present gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalised with a glycoconjugate vaccine against glanders. AuNPs were covalently coupled with one of three different protein carriers (TetHc, Hcp1 and FliC) followed by conjugation to LPS purified from a non-virulent clonal relative, B. thailandensis. Glycoconjugated LPS generated significantly higher antibody titres compared with LPS alone. Further, they improved protection against a lethal inhalation challenge of B. mallei in the murine model of infection. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Burkholderia mallei is associated with multi-drug resistance, high mortality and potentials for weaponization through aerosol inhalation. The authors of this study present gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with a glycoconjugate vaccine against this Gram negative bacterium demonstrating promising results in a murine model even with the aerosolized form of B. Mallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Gregory
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Barbara M Judy
- Department of Pathology, University of TX Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Omar Qazi
- Department of Chemistry, University of TX at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Carla A Blumentritt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Katherine A Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of TX at Austin, Austin, USA; Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew M Shaw
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Alfredo G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA; Department of Pathology, University of TX Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.
| | - Richard W Titball
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Devon, UK.
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The role of the bacterial flagellum in adhesion and virulence. BIOLOGY 2013; 2:1242-67. [PMID: 24833223 PMCID: PMC4009794 DOI: 10.3390/biology2041242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial flagellum is a complex apparatus assembled of more than 20 different proteins. The flagellar basal body traverses the cell wall, whereas the curved hook connects the basal body to the whip-like flagellar filament that protrudes several µm from the bacterial cell. The flagellum has traditionally been regarded only as a motility organelle, but more recently it has become evident that flagella have a number of other biological functions. The major subunit, flagellin or FliC, of the flagellum plays a well-documented role in innate immunity and as a dominant antigen of the adaptive immune response. Importantly, flagella have also been reported to function as adhesins. Whole flagella have been indicated as significant in bacterial adhesion to and invasion into host cells. In various pathogens, e.g., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Clostridium difficile, flagellin and/or the distally located flagellar cap protein have been reported to function as adhesins. Recently, FliC of Shiga-toxigenic E. coli was shown to be involved in cellular invasion via lipid rafts. Here, we examine the latest or most important findings regarding flagellar adhesive and invasive properties, especially focusing on the flagellum as a potential virulence factor.
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Silva EB, Dow SW. Development of Burkholderia mallei and pseudomallei vaccines. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:10. [PMID: 23508691 PMCID: PMC3598006 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei are Gram-negative bacteria that cause glanders and melioidosis, respectively. Inhalational infection with either organism can result in severe and rapidly fatal pneumonia. Inoculation by the oral and cutaneous routes can also produce infection. Chronic infection may develop after recovery from acute infection with both agents, and control of infection with antibiotics requires prolonged treatment. Symptoms for both meliodosis and glanders are non-specific, making diagnosis difficult. B. pseudomallei can be located in the environment, but in the host, B. mallei and B. psedomallei are intracellular organisms, and infection results in similar immune responses to both agents. Effective early innate immune responses are critical to controlling the early phase of the infection. Innate immune signaling molecules such as TLR, NOD, MyD88, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α play key roles in regulating control of infection. Neutrophils and monocytes are critical cells in the early infection for both microorganisms. Both monocytes and macrophages are necessary for limiting dissemination of B. pseudomallei. In contrast, the role of adaptive immune responses in controlling Burkholderia infection is less well understood. However, T cell responses are critical for vaccine protection from Burkholderia infection. At present, effective vaccines for prevention of glanders or meliodosis have not been developed, although recently development of Burkholderia vaccines has received renewed attention. This review will summarize current and past approaches to develop B. mallei and B. pseudomalllei vaccines, with emphasis on immune mechanisms of protection and the challenges facing the field. At present, immunization with live attenuated bacteria provides the most effective and durable immunity, and it is important therefore to understand the immune correlates of protection induced by live attenuated vaccines. Subunit vaccines have typically provided less robust immunity, but are safer to administer to a wider variety of people, including immune compromised individuals because they do not reactivate or cause disease. The challenges facing B. mallei and B. pseudomalllei vaccine development include identification of broadly protective antigens, design of efficient vaccine delivery and adjuvant systems, and a better understanding of the correlates of protection from both acute and chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ediane B Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Regional Center of Excellence in Emerging Diseases and Bioterrorism, Colorado State University Ft. Collins, CO, USA
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Wajanarogana S, Nimnuch P, Thongmee A, Kritsiriwuthinan K. Potential of recombinant flagellin fragment from Burkholderia thailandensis as an antigen for melioidosis antibody detection by indirect ELISA. Mol Cell Probes 2012; 27:98-102. [PMID: 23159530 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-pathogenic Burkholderia thailandensis may be used as a model for Burkholderia pseudomallei due to the genetic similarity of these species. Moreover, the experimental manipulation of B. thailandensis is safer. In this study, we constructed recombinant flagellin protein fragments of B. thailandensis E264 (FLAG300, FLAG600, FLAG900, and FLAGFL fragments) and used fragments as the antigen to detect melioidosis antibodies by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (indirect ELISA). The serum samples consisted of serodiagnostic melioidosis sera (N = 52), septicemic sera caused by other bacteria (disease control) (N = 16) and healthy donor sera (N = 40). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve at optimal value (mean plus standard deviation) of all constructed fragments to melioidosis antibodies detection ranged from 0.654 to 0.953. The highest area under the ROC curve (AUROCC, 0.953) for FLAG300 fragment at 1600 serum titer revealed the best performance of melioidosis diagnosis. The indirect ELISA using this fragment as the antigen possessed 82.7% sensitivity and 94.6% specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumet Wajanarogana
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Rangsit University, Muang Ake, Pathumthain 12000, Thailand.
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7
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Chuaygud T, Tungpradabkul S, Sirisinha S, Chua KL, Utaisincharoen P. A role of Burkholderia pseudomallei flagella as a virulent factor. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 102 Suppl 1:S140-4. [PMID: 19121676 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(08)70031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is an agent of melioidosis and is closely related to avirulent B. thailandensis. Burkholderia thailandensis has a 15-bp deletion within the variable region of the flagellin gene fliC compared with B. pseudomallei. The difference in the fliC gene might be related to virulence. In the present study, the invasion, internalization and intracellular replication of both phagocytic (mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7) and non-phagocytic cells (human lung epithelial cell line A549) of B. pseudomallei fliC knockout mutant (MM35) complemented with its own fliC (Cp) or with B. thailandensis fliC (Ct) was compared with those of the wild-type strains of B. pseudomallei (1026b) and B. thailandensis (E257). In phagocytic cells, there was no significant difference in bacterial uptake between Cp and Ct, but MM35 was internalized significantly less compared with 1026b, Cp, Ct and E257. The results suggest that flagella are involved in macrophage invasion. In non-phagocytic cells, Cp and Ct showed similar invasive capacities while 1026b, Cp and Ct showed significantly higher invasiveness than MM35, suggesting that flagella facilitate the non-phagocytic cell invasion. However, the invasive capacity of MM35 was significantly higher than that of E257, suggesting that in addition to the flagella, B. pseudomallei may need other factor(s) to facilitate invasion in non-phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tippamas Chuaygud
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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8
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Liu Y, Loh JP, Aw LT, Yap EP, Lee MA, Ooi EE. Rapid molecular typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei, isolated in an outbreak of melioidosis in Singapore in 2004, based on variable-number tandem repeats. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2005; 100:687-92. [PMID: 16343569 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in the number of reported melioidosis cases was observed in the first 4 months of 2004. These cases were associated with a significant increase in case-fatality rate compared with the past 5 years. In order to exclude the possibility of a single source, including the possibility of intentional release of Burkholderia pseudomallei, we applied a multiplex PCR-based multilocus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) assay to determine the clonality of the clinical isolates. Our investigation indicated that a total of 30 different VNTR types could be distinguished in the 32 clinical isolates of B. pseudomallei obtained during this period, thus indicating that infection was unlikely to have occurred from a single source. Our experience underscores the usefulness of a rapid strain typing method in augmenting an epidemiological investigation into an infectious disease outbreak, particularly at a time where the intentional use of biological agents is a potential threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Liu
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, #13-01, Singapore 117610, Singapore
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9
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Ji WS, Hu JL, Wu KC, Qiu JW, Han ZY, Ding J, Fan DM. Helicobacter pylori specific immune response induced by conservative flagellin linear B-cell epitope. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:3528-32. [PMID: 15962368 PMCID: PMC4315954 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i23.3528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To testify the immunogenicity of a conservative B-cell linear epitope of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) flagellin A.
METHODS: Different programs were used to analyze the secondary structure, molecular hydropathy, and surface accessibility of H pylori flagellin A. Linear B-cell epitopes were estimated based on the structural and physiochemical information. Analysis of residue divergence was proposed to screen a conservative linear epitope. The 29-peptide (Pep29mer) synthesized by chemical method, including the predicted conservative B-cell epitope and a known K2d compatible T-cell epitope, was used to immunize mice, and then H pylori-specific antibodies were detected by ELISA.
RESULTS: Based on the analyses of divergent amino acid residues, structural and physiochemical characteristics, it was strongly suggested that the short fragment NDSDGR was the core of a conservative linear epitope in flagellin A. Animals immunized by Pep29mer acquired efficient immune response. In detail, serum H pylori-specific IgA and IgG1 increased significantly in immunized group, while IgG2a only had an insignificant change. H pylori-specific IgA in gastrointestinal flushing fluid also increased significantly.
CONCLUSION: The conservative short fragment NDSDGR is the core of a linear B-cell epitope of flagellin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Sheng Ji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Weifang Medical College, Weifang 261042, Shandong Province, China.
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Sprague LD, Neubauer H. Melioidosis in animals: a review on epizootiology, diagnosis and clinical presentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 51:305-20. [PMID: 15525357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2004.00797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melioidosis, an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei is an emerging disease with high impact on animals and man. In different animal species, the clinical course varies and delayed diagnosis poses risks for the dissemination of the agent in non-endemic areas. Not only migration and transport of animals around the world but also tourism increases the risk that melioidosis can leave its endemic boundaries and establish itself elsewhere. Detection of the agent is a major challenge, as the agent has to be handled in laboratories of biosafety level 3 and test kits are not yet commercially available. Veterinarians and doctors should be aware of melioidosis not only as an agent of public interest but also in terms of a bioterrorist attack. The aim of this review is to describe the agent, its aetiology, the manifestation in a variety of animal species as well as to describe diagnostic procedures, typing techniques and countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Sprague
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Strahlentherapie und Radiologische Onkologie der TU München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München, Germany.
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Tanpiboonsak S, Paemanee A, Bunyarataphan S, Tungpradabkul S. PCR-RFLP based differentiation of Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei. Mol Cell Probes 2004; 18:97-101. [PMID: 15051118 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2003.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2003] [Accepted: 09/26/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei manifest a high similarity with regard to clinical syndromes, glanders and melioidosis. Phenotypic and genotypic characters are also highly similar. In an attempt to differentiate the two organisms, the molecular method was applied. This study aimed to identify the different DNA fragment in B. mallei, as compared with B. pseudomallei. The Sau3AI-digested genomic DNA patterns of B. mallei and B. pseudomallei are distinctive, especially the DNA fragments between 0.9-1.5 Kb in size. A 900-bp specific DNA fragment of B. mallei was cloned and sequenced. Using the specific DNA fragment as a probe, Southern blot hybridization was performed to differentiate the two species. The results of hybridization patterns are effective in to elucidating the genetic dissimilarities among these two Burkholderia species. Furthermore, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) digested with Sau3AI was developed to allow a more reliable and rapid identification of the two species. A 650-bp PCR-RFLP product of B. mallei was detected, while two fragments of 250 and 400-bp PCR-RFLP products of B. pseudomallei were visualized. The results suggest that the specific DNA fragment in our study should be of considerable use as a genetic marker for ensuring identification of the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suda Tanpiboonsak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, RamaVI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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12
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Kao CM, Chen SC, Chen YS, Lin HM, Chen YL. Detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei in rice fields with PCR-based technique. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2003; 48:521-4. [PMID: 14533484 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei Ara- in rice fields was detected using PCR-based techniques with 16S RNA and flagella gene primer sets. The sensitivity of these PCRs was at least 1 CFU/mL of B. pseudomallei Ara- preincubated into Ashdown's medium for 6 h. B. pseudomallei Ara- DNA from watery soil were more detectable than from dry soil. The distribution of this DNA was mainly found at a depth of 300-600 mm under crop-covered fields, but not detected in the location of soil close to the land surface. The results suggest that PCR based on 16S RNA and flagella gene primer sets can be applied to investigate the presence of B. pseudomallei Ara- in contaminated soil of rice fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Kao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Sprague LD, Zysk G, Hagen RM, Meyer H, Ellis J, Anuntagool N, Gauthier Y, Neubauer H. A possible pitfall in the identification of Burkholderia mallei using molecular identification systems based on the sequence of the flagellin fliC gene. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2002; 34:231-6. [PMID: 12423776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2002.tb00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Amotile Burkholderia mallei and motile Burkholderia pseudomallei display a high similarity with regard to phenotype and clinical syndromes, glanders and melioidosis. The aim of this study was to establish a fast and reliable molecular method for identification and differentiation. Despite amotility, the gene of the filament forming flagellin (fliC) could be completely sequenced in two B. mallei strains. Only one mutation was identified discriminating between B. mallei and B. pseudomallei. A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay was designed making use of the absence of an AvaII recognition site in B. mallei. All seven B. mallei, 12 out of 15 B. pseudomallei and 36 closely related apathogenic Burkholderia thailandensis strains were identified correctly. However, in three B. pseudomallei strains a point mutation at gene position 798 (G to C) disrupted the AvaII site. Therefore, molecular systems based on the fliC sequence can be used for a reliable proof of strains of the three species but not for the differentiation of B. mallei and B. pseudomallei isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Sprague
- Institut für Mikrobiologie der Bundeswehr, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
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Sonthayanon P, Krasao P, Wuthiekanun V, Panyim S, Tungpradabkul S. A simple method to detect and differentiate Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis using specific flagellin gene primers. Mol Cell Probes 2002; 16:217-22. [PMID: 12144773 DOI: 10.1006/mcpr.2002.0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative pathogen of melioidosis, may be discriminated from the closely related non-pathogenic species Burkholderia thailandensis by the presence of a 15 base pair deletion in the flagellin gene of B. thailandensis. Using specific flagellin gene primers flanking the distinctive region, PCR products of 191 and 176 bp in size were detected for B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis, respectively. The sensitivity of detection is 20-80 colony forming units/reaction of B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis cell suspension. To mimic the expected environmental situation, mixed populations of the two species were analyzed. The results showed that the PCR-based method could be use to distinguish the two species in a duplex reaction. In addition, we have developed a simplified method for direct PCR-based detection from soil samples. The result indicated that about 200 colonies of bacteria per reaction could be detected. This method can be applied to epidemiological studies, especially for investigating the ecological relationship between these two species in the environment.
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Ji WS, Hu JL, Qiu JW, Peng DR, Shi BL, Zhou SJ, Wu KC, Fan DM. Polymorphism of flagellin A gene in Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol 2001; 7:783-7. [PMID: 11854901 PMCID: PMC4695594 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v7.i6.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the polymorphism of flagellin A genotype and its significance in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).
METHODS: As the template, genome DNA was purified from six clinical isolates of H. pylori from outpatients, and the corresponding flagellin A fragments were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. All these products were sequenced. These sequences were compared with each other, and analyzed by software of FASTA program.
RESULTS: Specific PCR products were amplified from all of these H. pylori isolates and no length divergence was found among them. Compared with each other, the highest ungapped identity is 99.10%, while the lowest is 94.65%. Using FASTA program, the alignments between query and library sequences derived from different H. pylori strains were higher than 90%.
CONCLUSION: The nucleotide sequence of flagellin A in H. pylori is highly conservative with incident divergence. This information may be useful for gene diagnosis and further study on flagellar antigen phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China.
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