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Afifi MA, Jiman-Fatani AA, Al-Rabia MW, Al-Hussainy NH, El Saadany S, Mayah W. More Than an Association: Latent Toxoplasmosis Might Provoke a Local Oxidative Stress That Triggers the Development of Bipolar Disorder. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2018; 6:139-144. [PMID: 30221140 PMCID: PMC6130242 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_22_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Toxoplasma gondii, a common parasitic infection, has a special affinity to the brain. It has a lifelong existence without an apparent clinical disease. While the etiology of bipolar disorder (BD) remains unclear, epidemiological studies suggest a role for infections. Central nervous system is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress (OS) because of its high metabolic rate and its low levels of antioxidant defenses. OS is a contributor to the initiation and progression of many neurological illnesses. OS injury is a constantly and compelling finding associated with BD and toxoplasmosis. Aim: This cross-sectional study has investigated a possible role of toxoplasma-induced OS in the development of BD. Methods: Healthy controls and BD patients were examined for anti-Toxoplasma immunoglobulin-G (IgG) and two protein (3-nitrotyrosine) and DNA (8-hydroxy-2’ deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG]) OS markers. Results: Toxoplasma positivity was higher (40%) among BD patients compared to controls (12%). Significantly higher levels of anti-Toxoplasma IgG were detected in BD patients compared to controls. Nitrotyrosine (796.7 ± 106.28) and especially 8-OHdG (20.31 ± 8.38) were significantly higher among toxo-positive BD compared to toxo-negative BD (675.97 ± 144.19 and 7.44 ± 2.86) and healthy controls (464.02 ± 134.6 and 4.17 ± 1.43). Conclusion: These findings might indicate a role for Toxoplasma infection in the development of BD, possibly through creating a highly oxidative brain environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Afifi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Asif A Jiman-Fatani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed W Al-Rabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabeel H Al-Hussainy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif El Saadany
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Mayah
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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More than an association: Latent toxoplasmosis might provoke a local oxidative stress that triggers the development of bipolar disorder. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Al-Hussainy NH, Al-saedi AM, Al-lehaibi JH, Al-lehaibi YA, Al-Sehli YM, Afifi MA. Serological evidences link toxoplasmosis with schizophrenia and major depression disorder. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2015; 3:148-153. [PMID: 30023193 PMCID: PMC6014278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of psychiatric disorders is largely unknown. A role of environmental insults during early neurodevelopment have been suggested. Infections are possible risk factors for psychiatric disorders especially Toxoplasma gondii, a neurotropic parasite with a lifelong residence in brain. This study has investigated a possible role of toxoplasmosis in the development of schizophrenia and major depression disorder (MDD). The influence of other covariates; age, gender and family history was also studied. A cross-sectional study on a total of 177 individuals, where anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM in sera of schizophrenia (n = 63) and MDD (n = 39) patients, all fulfilling DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, were compared to healthy volunteers (n = 55). Toxoplasma positivity was highest (31.75%) among schizophrenics followed by MDD (25.64%) and controls (14.55%). IgG levels were significantly higher in toxo-positive schizophrenics (230.1 ± 22.9) and MDD (220.56 ± 24.8) compared to controls (9.98 ±1.78). Three patients only, all schizophrenic, have positive IgM antibodies. Age and male gender appear to have positive associations to toxoplasmosis and psychiatric disorders while family history has no obvious additive role. This report is one of few linking Toxoplasma infection to MDD and adds to many suggesting a link between latent toxoplasmosis and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel H. Al-Hussainy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad M. Al-saedi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jehad H. Al-lehaibi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser A. Al-lehaibi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser M. Al-Sehli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Afifi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +966 569722590. E-mail address: (M.A. Afifi).
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Eidenschenk C, Rutz S, Liesenfeld O, Ouyang W. Role of IL-22 in microbial host defense. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 380:213-36. [PMID: 25004820 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-43492-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 is a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines, which, besides IL-10, contains seven additional cytokines. Although the founding member IL-10 is an important immunoregulatory cytokine that represses both innate and adaptive immunity, the other family members preferentially target epithelial cells and enhance innate host defense mechanisms against various pathogens such as bacteria, yeast, and viruses. Based on their functions, the IL-10 family can be further divided into three subgroups, IL-10 itself, the IL-20 subfamily, and the IFNλ subfamily. IL-22 is the best-studied member of the IL-20 subfamily, and exemplifies the diverse biological effects of this subfamily. IL-22 elicits various innate immune responses from epithelial cells and is essential for host defense against several invading pathogens, including Citrobacter rodentium and Klebsiella pneumonia. IL-22 also protects tissue integrity and maintains the mucosal homeostasis. On the other hand, IL-22 is a proinflammatory cytokine with the capacity to amplify inflammatory responses, which might result in tissue damage, e.g., the IL-22-dependent necrosis of the small intestine during Toxoplasma gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Eidenschenk
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA,
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Mun HS, Aosai F, Fang H, Piao LX, Winn T, Norose K, Yano A. A Novel B-2 Suppressor Cell Regulating Susceptibility/Resistance of Mice toToxoplasma gondiiInfection. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 49:853-8. [PMID: 16172540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation treatment enhanced resistance of C57BL/6, but not BALB/c against Toxoplasma gondii infection. Six Gy-irradiated (IR) C57BL/6 recipients of B-2 cells from T. gondii-infected C57BL/6 died after infection. B-2 suppressor cells from infected C57BL/6 enhanced production of IL-4 and IL-10 in peritoneal exudate cells (PECs), and down-regulated NO release in peritoneal macrophages after infection. On the other hand, B-2 suppressor cells were not detected in a strain, BALB/c, resistant against infection. These data indicated that irradiation-sensitive B-2 cells regulated susceptibility/resistance in mice against T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Seong Mun
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
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Butler NS, Harris TH, Blader IJ. Regulation of immunopathogenesis during Plasmodium and Toxoplasma infections: more parallels than distinctions? Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:593-602. [PMID: 24184186 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma and Plasmodium parasites exact a significant toll on public health. Host immunity required for efficient control of infection by these Apicomplexans involves the induction of potent T cell responses, which sometimes results in immunopathological damage. Thus, protective immune responses must be balanced by regulatory networks that limit immunopathology. We review several key cellular and molecular immunoregulatory networks operational during Toxoplasma and Plasmodium infections. Accumulating data show that despite differences in how the immune response controls these parasites, many host immunoregulatory pathways and cellular networks are common to both. Thus, understanding the cellular and molecular circuits that prevent or regulate immunopathological responses against one parasite is likely to inform our understanding of the host response to the other parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah S Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infection is an important cause of central nervous system and ocular disease, both in immunocompromised and in certain immunocompetent populations. Although parasite-mediated host cell lysis is probably the principal cause of tissue destruction in immunodeficiency states, hypersensitivity and inflammatory responses may underlie severe disease in otherwise immuno-sufficient individuals. In this review, we have critically evaluated the body of experimental evidence indicating a role of CD4 T cells in systemic and local immunopathology associated with T. gondii infection. We also discuss the pathogenic roles of cytokines produced by T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells and the protective and homeostatic roles of interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor-beta and IL-27 in modulating hypersensitivity responses induced by T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Gaddi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Guk SM, Kook J, Jeon YH, Choi JH, Han ET, Shin EH, Chai JY. Suppressed Cytokine and Immunoglobulin Secretions by Murine Splenic Lymphocytes Infected In Vitro with Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites. J Parasitol 2005; 91:467-70. [PMID: 15986629 DOI: 10.1645/ge-404r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of host immunosuppression after infection with Toxoplasma gondii are unclear. This study was performed to observe cytokine and immunoglobulin secretions by murine splenic lymphocytes infected in vitro with live, nonreplicating (irradiated) RH tachyzoites on stimulation with concanavalin A (Con A) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). For lymphocyte cultivation, 3 groups were prepared: coculture with live nonirradiated tachyzoites separated by a transwell (group T), live irradiated tachyzoites without a transwell (group R), and no tachyzoites (group C). Compared with group T, groups R and C, on stimulation with Con A, revealed significantly (P < 0.05) lower levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IFN-gamma, but not IL-10. The levels of IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgA, and IgM were also significantly (P < 0.05) lower in groups R and C than in group T after stimulation with LPS. The results suggest that intracellular infection of murine splenic lymphocytes with T. gondii tachyzoites could impair their capacity to produce cytokine and immunoglobulin secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Guk
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Research Center , Seoul, Korea
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Ahmed AK, Mun HS, Aosai F, Piao LX, Fang H, Norose K, Yano A. Roles of Toxoplasma gondii-derived heat shock protein 70 in host defense against T. gondii infection. Microbiol Immunol 2005; 48:911-5. [PMID: 15557751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
C57BL/6 mice receiving intraperitoneal injection of Toxoplasma gondii -derived heat shock protein 70 (T.g. HSP70) on day 3 post T. gondii infection succumbed by day 9 post infection, while vector protein-injected control mice survived more than 6 months. The deteriorating effect of T.g. HSP70 on host immune responses was dose-dependent. By T.g. HSP70 injection, T. gondii loads increased in various organs of T. gondii-infected mice. Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10 were continuously produced from spleen and peritoneal exudate cells of T. gondii -infected mice by injection of T.g. HSP70. Furthermore, nitric oxide production from peritoneal macrophages in T. gondii-infected mice was reduced by T.g. HSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Kamal Ahmed
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
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