1
|
Menchinskaya ES, Dyshlovoy SA, Venz S, Jacobsen C, Hauschild J, Rohlfing T, Silchenko AS, Avilov SA, Balabanov S, Bokemeyer C, Aminin DL, von Amsberg G, Honecker F. Anticancer Activity of the Marine Triterpene Glycoside Cucumarioside A 2-2 in Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Mar Drugs 2023; 22:20. [PMID: 38248645 PMCID: PMC10817243 DOI: 10.3390/md22010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), treatment is inevitably hampered by the development of drug resistance. Thus, new drugs are urgently needed. We investigated the efficacy, toxicity, and mechanism of action of the marine triterpene glycoside cucumarioside A2-2 (CA2-2) using an in vitro CRPC model. CA2-2 induced a G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells and caspase-dependent apoptosis executed via an intrinsic pathway. Additionally, the drug inhibited the formation and growth of CRPC cell colonies at low micromolar concentrations. A global proteome analysis performed using the 2D-PAGE technique, followed by MALDI-MS and bioinformatical evaluation, revealed alterations in the proteins involved in cellular processes such as metastatic potential, invasion, and apoptosis. Among others, the regulation of keratin 81, CrkII, IL-1β, and cathepsin B could be identified by our proteomics approach. The effects were validated on the protein level by a 2D Western blotting analysis. Our results demonstrate the promising anticancer activity of CA2-2 in a prostate cancer model and provide insights on the underlying mode of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina S. Menchinskaya
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum—University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (C.J.); (J.H.); (T.R.); (C.B.); (G.v.A.); (F.H.)
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Prospect 100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.S.S.); (S.A.A.); (D.L.A.)
| | - Sergey A. Dyshlovoy
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum—University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (C.J.); (J.H.); (T.R.); (C.B.); (G.v.A.); (F.H.)
| | - Simone Venz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Christine Jacobsen
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum—University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (C.J.); (J.H.); (T.R.); (C.B.); (G.v.A.); (F.H.)
| | - Jessica Hauschild
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum—University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (C.J.); (J.H.); (T.R.); (C.B.); (G.v.A.); (F.H.)
| | - Tina Rohlfing
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum—University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (C.J.); (J.H.); (T.R.); (C.B.); (G.v.A.); (F.H.)
| | - Aleksandra S. Silchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Prospect 100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.S.S.); (S.A.A.); (D.L.A.)
| | - Sergey A. Avilov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Prospect 100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.S.S.); (S.A.A.); (D.L.A.)
| | - Stefan Balabanov
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum—University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (C.J.); (J.H.); (T.R.); (C.B.); (G.v.A.); (F.H.)
| | - Dmitry L. Aminin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 Prospect 100-letiya Vladivostoka, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (A.S.S.); (S.A.A.); (D.L.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Gunhild von Amsberg
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum—University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (C.J.); (J.H.); (T.R.); (C.B.); (G.v.A.); (F.H.)
- Martini-Klinik, Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Honecker
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum—University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (C.J.); (J.H.); (T.R.); (C.B.); (G.v.A.); (F.H.)
- Tumor and Breast Center Eastern Switzerland, 9016 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wieder R. Fibroblasts as Turned Agents in Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072014. [PMID: 37046676 PMCID: PMC10093070 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiated epithelial cells reside in the homeostatic microenvironment of the native organ stroma. The stroma supports their normal function, their G0 differentiated state, and their expansion/contraction through the various stages of the life cycle and physiologic functions of the host. When malignant transformation begins, the microenvironment tries to suppress and eliminate the transformed cells, while cancer cells, in turn, try to resist these suppressive efforts. The tumor microenvironment encompasses a large variety of cell types recruited by the tumor to perform different functions, among which fibroblasts are the most abundant. The dynamics of the mutual relationship change as the sides undertake an epic battle for control of the other. In the process, the cancer “wounds” the microenvironment through a variety of mechanisms and attracts distant mesenchymal stem cells to change their function from one attempting to suppress the cancer, to one that supports its growth, survival, and metastasis. Analogous reciprocal interactions occur as well between disseminated cancer cells and the metastatic microenvironment, where the microenvironment attempts to eliminate cancer cells or suppress their proliferation. However, the altered microenvironmental cells acquire novel characteristics that support malignant progression. Investigations have attempted to use these traits as targets of novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
3
|
Gokce B, Akcok I, Cagir A, Pesen-Okvur D. A new drug testing platform based on 3D tri-culture in lab-on-a-chip devices. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 155:105542. [PMID: 32927074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Drug discovery has a 90% rate of failure because preclinical platforms for drug testing do not mimic the in vivo conditions. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a commonly used drug to treat breast cancer patients even though it has side effects. Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices provide spatial control at the micrometer scale and can thus emulate the cancer microenvironment. Here, using a multidisciplinary approach, a new drug testing platform based on 3D tri-culture in LOC devices was developed. Breast cancer cells alone or with normal mammary epithelial cells and macrophages were cultured in matrigel in LOC devices. The platform was used to test DOX and (R)-4'-methylklavuzon (KLA), which is a new anti-cancer drug candidate. Results showed that DOX and KLA were equally effective on breast cancer cells in 3D monoculture. KLA produced 26% less death for breast cancer cells than DOX in 3D tri-culture. More importantly, DOX was not selective between breast cancer cells and normal mammary epithelial cells in 3D tri- culture whereas KLA caused 56% less cell death than DOX for normal mammary epithelial cells. Results strongly recommend that 3D tri-culture in LOC devices be used for assessment of drug toxicity at the preclinical stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Begum Gokce
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Biotechnology and Bioengineering Graduate Program, Turkey
| | - Ismail Akcok
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Turkey
| | - Ali Cagir
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Turkey
| | - Devrim Pesen-Okvur
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rébé C, Ghiringhelli F. Interleukin-1β and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1791. [PMID: 32635472 PMCID: PMC7408158 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Within a tumor, IL-1β is produced and secreted by various cell types, such as immune cells, fibroblasts, or cancer cells. The IL1B gene is induced after "priming" of the cells and a second signal is required to allow IL-1β maturation by inflammasome-activated caspase-1. IL-1β is then released and leads to transcription of target genes through its ligation with IL-1R1 on target cells. IL-1β expression and maturation are guided by gene polymorphisms and by the cellular context. In cancer, IL-1β has pleiotropic effects on immune cells, angiogenesis, cancer cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis. Moreover, anti-cancer treatments are able to promote IL-1β production by cancer or immune cells, with opposite effects on cancer progression. This raises the question of whether or not to use IL-1β inhibitors in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Rébé
- Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, INSERM LNC UMR1231, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, INSERM LNC UMR1231, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yue H, Cai Y, Song Y, Meng L, Chen X, Wang M, Bian Z, Wang R. Elevated TARP promotes proliferation and metastasis of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2016; 123:468-476. [PMID: 28153567 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to analyze the expression of T-cell receptor γ chain alternate reading frame protein (TARP) in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) and its distant metastases and to investigate its influences on the development and progression of SACC. STUDY DESIGN TARP expression was analyzed in 50 primary SACCs, 13 specimens of metastatic adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary gland origin, and 20 noncancerous tissues around SACC via immunohistochemistry. Cell Counting Kit-8 tests, wound healing assay, and Transwell experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of lentivirus-mediated TARP overexpression on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of SACC cells. RESULTS TARP expression was significantly increased in primary SACCs compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues, and this increase was further enhanced in metastases compared with primary SACCs. The expression level of TARP correlated significantly with tumor size, tumor-node-metastasis stage, perineural invasion, histologic type, and distant metastasis. Furthermore, TARP overexpression promoted the growth, migration, and invasion of SACC cells. CONCLUSIONS TARP plays an important role in and may be used as a marker to indicate the development and progression of SACC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitang Yue
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yu Cai
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yaling Song
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Liuyan Meng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xinming Chen
- Oral Histopathology Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhuan Bian
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.
| | - Rong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stromal cells positively and negatively modulate the growth of cancer cells: stimulation via the PGE2-TNFα-IL-6 pathway and inhibition via secreted GAPDH-E-cadherin interaction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119415. [PMID: 25785838 PMCID: PMC4364666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast-like stromal cells modulate cancer cells through secreted factors and adhesion, but those factors are not fully understood. Here, we have identified critical stromal factors that modulate cancer growth positively and negatively. Using a cell co-culture system, we found that gastric stromal cells secreted IL-6 as a growth and survival factor for gastric cancer cells. Moreover, gastric cancer cells secreted PGE2 and TNFα that stimulated IL-6 secretion by the stromal cells. Furthermore, we found that stromal cells secreted glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Extracellular GAPDH, or its N-terminal domain, inhibited gastric cancer cell growth, a finding confirmed in other cell systems. GAPDH bound to E-cadherin and downregulated the mTOR-p70S6 kinase pathway. These results demonstrate that stromal cells could regulate cancer cell growth through the balance of these secreted factors. We propose that negative regulation of cancer growth using GAPDH could be a new anti-cancer strategy.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mesenchymal stem cell-like cells from children foreskin inhibit the growth of SGC-7901 gastric cancer cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 94:430-7. [PMID: 23421973 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) become a research hotspot in recent years because of their roles in regenerative medicine and tissue injury repair. However, the limited source for MSCs hampers its clinical application. In this study, we isolated and identified human mesenchymal stem cell-like cells from foreskin (hFMSCs) by explant culture. HFMSCs had similar morphology and immunophenotype to that of human bone marrow derived-mesenchymal stem cells. HFMSCs formed colonies after 9 days of inoculation and could be propagated for more than 50 passages. HFMSCs had a normal karyotype and high G0/G1 phase independent of passage number. Further, hFMSCs could be induced to differentiate into osteocytes and adipocytes. We found that the growth of SGC-7901 (human gastric adenocarcinoma) cells could be suppressed by simultaneous injection of hFMSCs in vivo. HFMSCs also inhibited SGC-7901 cell proliferation in vitro. HFMSC co-injection resulted in a decrease in PCNA-positive and an increase in apoptotic tumor cells. HFMSCs derived conditioned medium inhibited the expression of BCL-2 while increased the expression of BAX and caspase-3 in SGC-7901 cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that children foreskin is a new source for MSCs and hFMSCs could inhibit gastric cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang N, Chan CWS, Sanchez-Guerrero E, Khachigian LM. Repression of PDGF-R-α after cellular injury involves TNF-α, formation of a c-Fos-YY1 complex, and negative regulation by HDAC. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 302:C1590-8. [PMID: 22322974 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00429.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex dynamic process involving a variety of cell types, including fibroblasts that express and respond to cytokines and growth factors in the local microenvironment. The mechanisms controlling gene expression after injury at a transcriptional level are poorly understood. Here we show that decreased expression of a key receptor, PDGF-receptor (R)-α, after fibroblast injury is due to the release and paracrine activity of TNF-α. TNF-α inhibits PDGF-R-α expression and this involves formation of a c-Fos-Yin Yang 1 (YY1) complex and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. c-Fos, induced by TNF-α, negatively regulates PDGF-R-α transcription. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting c-Fos or the zinc finger transcription factor YY1 inhibits TNF-α suppression of PDGF-R-α expression. Coimmunoprecipitation studies show that TNF-α stimulates the formation of a complex between c-Fos with YY1. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis reveals the enrichment of c-Fos, YY1, and HDAC-1 at the PDGF-R-α promoter in cells exposed to TNF-α. With suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and HDAC-1 siRNA, we demonstrate that HDAC mediates TNF-α repression of PDGF-R-α. These findings demonstrate that transcriptional repression of PDGF-R-α after fibroblast injury involves paracrine activity of endogenous TNF-α, the formation of a c-Fos-YY1 complex, and negative regulatory activity by HDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kawada M, Inoue H, Ohba SI, Masuda T, Momose I, Ikeda D. Leucinostatin A inhibits prostate cancer growth through reduction of insulin-like growth factor-I expression in prostate stromal cells. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:810-8. [PMID: 19795463 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Targeting stroma in tumor tissues is an attractive new strategy for cancer treatment. We developed in vitro coculture system, in which the growth of human prostate cancer DU-145 cells is stimulated by prostate stromal cells (PrSC) through insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Using this system, we have been searching for small molecules that inhibit tumor growth through modulation of tumor-stromal cell interactions. As a result, we have found that leucinostatins and atpenins, natural antifungal antibiotics, inhibit the growth of DU-145 cells cocultured with PrSC more strongly than that of DU-145 cells alone. In this study we examined the antitumor effects of these small molecules in vitro and in vivo. When DU-145 cells were coinoculated with PrSC subcutaneously in nude mice, leucinostatin A was found to significantly suppress the tumor growth more than atpenin B. The antitumor effect of leucinostatin A in vivo was not obtained against the tumors of DU-145 cells alone. RT-PCR experiments revealed that leucinostatin A specifically inhibited IGF-I expression in PrSC without effect on expressions of other IGF axis molecules. Leucinostatins and atpenins are known to abrogate mitochondrial functions. However, when we used mitochondrial DNA-depleted, pseudo-rho(0) cells, we found that one of leucinostain A actions certainly depended on mitochondrial function, but it actually inhibited the growth of DU-145 cells more strongly in coculture with pseudo-rho(0) PrSC and reduced IGF-I expression in pseudo-rho(0) PrSC. Taken together, our results suggested that leucinostatin A inhibited prostate cancer cell growth through reduction of IGF-I expression in PrSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kawada
- Numazu Bio-Medical Research Institute, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 18-24 Miyamoto, Numazu-shi, Shizuoka 410-0301, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Paland N, Kamer I, Kogan-Sakin I, Madar S, Goldfinger N, Rotter V. Differential influence of normal and cancer-associated fibroblasts on the growth of human epithelial cells in an in vitro cocultivation model of prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1212-23. [PMID: 19671672 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The prostate is composed of a number of different cell populations. The interaction between them is crucial for the development and proper function of the prostate. However, the effect of the molecular cross talk between these cells in the course of carcinogenesis is still unclear. Employing an approach wherein immortalized epithelial cells and immortalized human fibroblasts were cocultured, we show that normal associated fibroblasts (NAF) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) differentially influenced the growth and proliferation of immortalized human prostate epithelial cells. Whereas NAFs inhibited the growth of immortalized epithelial cells but promoted the growth of metastatic PC-3 cells, CAFs promoted the growth of immortalized epithelial cells but not of PC-3. Cytokine arrays revealed that NAFs secreted higher levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha compared with CAFs whereas CAFs secreted higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) compared with NAFs. The growth-inhibiting effects of NAFs were counteracted by the addition of IL-6, and the growth-promoting effects exerted by the CAFs were counteracted by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Furthermore, CAFs induced the migration of endothelial cells in an IL-6-dependent manner. Here, we show that normal fibroblast cells have a protective function at very early stages of carcinogenesis by preventing immortalized epithelial cells from proliferating and forming new blood vessels whereas CAFs aid immortalized epithelial cells to further develop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Paland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzl, 1, Rehovot 76303, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kawada M, Inoue H, Usami I, Ikeda D. Phthoxazolin A inhibits prostate cancer growth by modulating tumor-stromal cell interactions. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:150-7. [PMID: 19018764 PMCID: PMC11158197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00996.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Because stroma in tumor tissues can promote prostate cancer development, modulation of tumor-stromal cell interactions may represent an attractive new strategy for cancer treatment. Here, we report that phthoxazolin A and its analog inthomycin B inhibit the growth of human prostate cancer DU-145 cells by modulating tumor-stromal cell interactions. Using an in vitro coculture system, in which prostate cancer cell growth is upregulated by prostate stromal cells (PrSC), we found that phthoxazolin A and inthomycin B strongly inhibited the growth of DU-145 cells when in coculture with PrSC compared to DU-145 cells cultured alone. Although PrSC consist of both fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, phthoxazolin A and inthomycin B inhibited the expression of smooth muscle alpha-actin, a myofibroblast marker, without affecting vimentin and beta-actin expression. Because myofibroblasts secrete various factors that can promote tumor cell growth, we examined whether the inhibitory compounds affected the secretion of such factors from PrSC. Proteomic analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed that phthoxazolin A and inthomycin B inhibited the expression of several insulin-like growth factor binding proteins and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I by PrSC. Transforming growth factor-beta1 increased myofibroblast numbers and IGF-I levels in PrSC. Phthoxazolin A inhibited transforming growth factor-beta1 activity without altering phosphorylation of the downstream molecule smad2. Furthermore, conditioned medium from phthoxazolin A-treated PrSC failed to increase the phosphorylation of IGF-IR and Akt in DU-145 cells. Taken together, our results suggested that phthoxazolin A acts as a small-molecule modulator of tumor-stromal cell interactions that can indirectly suppress prostate cancer cell growth through inhibition of IGF-I production by PrSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kawada
- Drug Development Unit, Numazu Bio-Medical Research Institute, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 18-24 Miyamoto, Numazu-shi, Shizuoka 410-0301, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bunker CH, Zmuda JM, Patrick AL, Wheeler VW, Weissfeld JL, Kuller LH, Cauley JA. High bone density is associated with prostate cancer in older Afro-Caribbean men: Tobago prostate survey. Cancer Causes Control 2007; 17:1083-9. [PMID: 16933059 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-006-0047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that bone mineral density (BMD), a possible surrogate of lifetime exposure to hormone/growth factor/vitamin D/calcium exposure, is higher in prostate cancer cases than controls. METHODS Hip BMD was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry in 222 Afro-Caribbean screening-detected prostate cancer cases and 1,503 screened non-cases, aged 45-79, in the population-based Tobago Prostate Survey. Because possible skeletal metastases may modulate BMD, men with prostate specific antigen >20 ng/ml or highly undifferentiated tumors (Gleason score > or = 8) were excluded. Mean BMD, adjusted for age and body mass index, was compared in cases and non-cases by analysis of variance. Risk across age group-specific BMD quartiles was compared using logistic regression. RESULTS Overall, adjusted mean hip BMD was higher in cases (1.157 g/cm2) than non-cases (1.134 g/cm2) (p = 0.02). In men aged 60-79, prostate cancer risk was two-fold higher (OR, 2.12; 95% CI: 1.21-3.71) in the highest BMD quartile compared to the lowest. There was no association in younger men (interaction, p = 0.055). CONCLUSIONS High bone density is associated with prostate cancer among older men, consistent with an etiological role for lifetime exposure to factors which modulate bone density. However, other etiologies may dominate prostate cancer risk among younger men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clareann H Bunker
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kawada M, Inoue H, Usami I, Takamoto K, Masuda T, Yamazaki Y, Ikeda D. Establishment of a highly tumorigenic LNCaP cell line having inflammatory cytokine resistance. Cancer Lett 2006; 242:46-52. [PMID: 16377078 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human androgen-dependent prostate cancer LNCaP cells are low tumorigenic even in immunodeficient mice and were killed by the synergistic effect of inflammatory cytokines, IL-beta and IL-6. To establish a highly tumorigenic LNCaP cell line, we isolated the cytokine-resistant LNCaP-CR cell line and examined the phenotypes. The parental LNCaP cells were induced to commit apoptosis by the addition of IL-1beta and IL-6, but LNCaP-CR cells showed strong resistance against the cytokine action. However, LNCaP-CR cells did not exhibit any resistance to various antitumor drugs investigated. While LNCaP cells formed only palpable tumors in SCID mice, LNCaP-CR cells readily made tumors and their growth was significantly higher than that of LNCaP cells. Moreover, LNCaP tumor-bearing mice gained the weight gradually, but LNCaP-CR tumor-bearing mice significantly lost their body weight. LNCaP-CR cells still responded to androgen action and expressed AR, erbB2, IL-1R, IL-6R, gp130, STAT3, p21, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 as well as LNCaP cells. These results indicate that LNCaP-CR cell line is a new type of tumorigenic LNCaP cell lines and should be useful for identifying responsible genes of tumorigenicity, cytokine resistance, and also cachexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kawada
- Drug Development Unit, Numazu Bio-Medical Research Institute, Microbial Chemistry Research Center, 18-24 Miyamoto, Numazu-shi, Shizuoka 410-0301, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Golovko O, Nazarova N, Tuohimaa P. Vitamin D-induced up-regulation of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in prostate cancer cells. Life Sci 2005; 77:562-77. [PMID: 15904673 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha,25(OH)2D3 or calcitriol) is an active hormone that regulates cellular proliferation and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Here we report on a new calcitriol target gene in prostate cancer cells, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Calcitriol and its analogue CB1093 up-regulate TNF-alpha mRNA expression in LNCaP and PC-3 cells. The stimulation is dose-dependent in both of these cell lines, demonstrated by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Calcitriol and CB1093 act synergistically with human recombinant TNF-alpha in activation of TNF-alpha mRNA expression in LNCaP but not in PC-3 cells. Transcriptional activation of TNF-alpha gene by calcitriol or CB1093 does not lead to TNF-alpha protein secretion, however calcitriol and CB1093 enhance TPA-stimulated TNF-alpha production in LNCaP cells. We did not observe any significant effect of calcitriol on regulation of TNFR1 at the level of gene expression. Nor does calcitriol affect transcriptional regulation of cytokine (IL-1, IL-6) and cytokine receptor genes in LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines. Calcitriol and its analogue CB1093 at 10 nM concentration induce programmed cell death in LNCaP cells. Combined addition of human recombinant TNF-alpha with calcitriol or CB1093 cause enhanced effect in induction of apoptosis. We conclude that under physiological conditions vitamin D activates only the transcription of TNF-alpha gene, for TNF-alpha protein synthesis additional cofactors are required. Therefore a cooperation of vitamin D and TNF-alpha may play an important role in the control of cell growth in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Golovko
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Tampere, FIN-33014, Tampere, Finland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xiao W, Hodge DR, Wang L, Yang X, Zhang X, Farrar WL. Co-operative functions between nuclear factors NFkappaB and CCAT/enhancer-binding protein-beta (C/EBP-beta) regulate the IL-6 promoter in autocrine human prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2004; 61:354-70. [PMID: 15389813 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-6 is a growth and survival factor for prostate cancer cells through autocrine pathways. Here, we have systematically examined the transcriptional regulation mechanisms of IL-6 in autocrine prostate cancer cells. METHODS RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining were used to determine IL-6 production in the cells. Serial mutant IL-6 promoter luciferase reporters were generated and their transcriptional activities were examined. The transcription factors involved in IL-6 regulation were identified with super-shift EMSA. Overexpression of NFkappaB p65 and C/EBP-beta, and blockade of NFkappaB with IkappaBalpha or CAPE were performed to demonstrate the cooperation between NFkappaB p65 and C/EBP-beta in activation of IL-6. RESULTS Transcription factor regulatory sites IL6-NFkappaB, IL6-C/EBP, IL6-CREB, and IL6-AP1, are responsive to constitutively activated IL-6 production in autocrine prostate cancer cell lines. Among these sites, IL6-AP1 and IL6-C/EBP appear most important, while IL6-NFkappaB shows the least effect for IL-6 promoter activity as determined by mutant IL-6 promoter luciferase reporter assay. Nevertheless, nuclear factor NFkappaB is activated and required. Such activation is minimally dependent upon the IL6-NFkappaB site, occurring through cooperation with other transcription factors that bind the IL-6 promoter. Cooperation between NFkappaB p65 and C/EBP-beta did not require a functional IL6-NFkappaB binding site. CONCLUSIONS These data support a unique role for NFkappaB p65 as the primary trigger in autocrine production of IL-6 in prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, we describe a novel transcriptional activation mechanism for NFkappaB that is independent of its regulatory binding site, occurring through cooperation with other transcription factors that facilitate the neighboring regulatory site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Xiao
- Basic Research Program, SAIC Frederick, Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center; National Institute of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Albrecht M, Doroszewicz J, Gillen S, Gomes I, Wilhelm B, Stief T, Aumüller G. Proliferation of prostate cancer cells and activity of neutral endopeptidase is regulated by bombesin and IL-1beta with IL-1beta acting as a modulator of cellular differentiation. Prostate 2004; 58:82-94. [PMID: 14673956 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) is a cell-surface bound enzyme that cleaves and inactivates neuropeptides such as bombesin and substance P and is involved in the transition from hormonally regulated androgen-dependent prostate cancer (PC) to androgen-independent PC. Neuropeptides are implicated in growth regulation of different cell types and function as transmitters between the neuroendocrine and the immune system. METHODS NEP-expression, enzymatic activity of the membrane bound protein, cell proliferation, procalcitonin (PCT) production, and secretion as well as changes in cell morphology of prostatic cells were evaluated after treatment with the immunomodulatory cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), neuropeptides (bombesin, substance P), and neuropeptide-conditioned media derived from a human neuroendocrine cell line. RESULTS Incubation of LNCaP tumor cells with IL-1beta resulted in a diminished proliferative activity, induction of neurite-like outgrowth which was accompanied by the formation of tubular-type mitochondria typical for neuronal/neuroendocrine cells, and an increased production and secretion of PCT. Conversely, proliferation of prostatic stromal cells was enhanced by the cytokine coming along with an increased number of Golgi-apparatuses and ER-cisternae. Bombesin had an antimitotic effect on LNCaP, but not on stromal cells. Substance P did not influence the growth of any of the cell types investigated, whereas neuropeptide-conditioned media exerted a slightly mitogenic effect on both cell types. The activity of LNCaP cell-surface bound NEP was enhanced by bombesin, but was diminished by substance P and neuropeptide-conditioned media. CONCLUSIONS Proliferation and activity of neuropeptide degrading NEP is regulated differently by immunomodulatory substances in PC cells and cells derived from the prostatic stroma with IL-1beta being a potent modulator of cellular differentiation and a potential target for anticancer drug design in PC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Albrecht
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Maliner-Stratton MS, Klein RD, Udayakumar TS, Nagle RB, Bowden GT. Interleukin-1beta-induced promatrilysin expression is mediated by NFkappaB-regulated synthesis of interleukin-6 in the prostate carcinoma cell line, LNCaP. Neoplasia 2001; 3:509-20. [PMID: 11774033 PMCID: PMC1506568 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2001] [Accepted: 05/09/2001] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, our laboratory showed that interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) secreted by lipopolysaccharide-activated monocytes induces promatrilysin expression in the prostate carcinoma cell line, LNCaP. We now demonstrate that IL-1beta-induced promatrilysin expression is mediated by an indirect mechanism that requires nuclear factor Kappa B (NFkappaB)-dependent synthesis of IL-6. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide blocked IL-1beta-mediated induction of matrilysin mRNA suggesting that synthesis of one or more additional factors is required for IL-1beta-induced promatrilysin protein expression. Blockage of NFkappaB transactivation activity abrogated IL-1beta-induced promatrilysin expression to baseline levels suggesting that NFkappaB transactivation activity is necessary. Inhibition of IL-6 activity attenuated IL-1beta-induced promatrilysin, but not NFkappaB transactivation activity indicating that IL-6 acts downstream of NFkappaB in potentiation of IL-1beta-mediated promatrilysin expression. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide did not alter IL-6-induced induction of matrilysin mRNA indicating that, contrary to the mechanism by which IL-1beta regulates promatrilysin expression, IL-6-mediated matrilysin mRNA expression does not require new protein synthesis. Transient transfection with dominant negative STAT3 inhibited IL-1beta- and IL-6-induced promatrilysin. These data provide evidence that NFkappaB-mediated IL-6 synthesis is required for IL-1beta-induced promatrilysin expression, and IL-6 signaling through STAT3 plays a role in IL-1beta-induced promatrilysin expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Maliner-Stratton
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stachon A, Schlüter T, Köller M, Weisser H, Krieg M. Primary culture of microvascular endothelial cells from human benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 2001; 48:156-64. [PMID: 11494331 DOI: 10.1002/pros.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate growth seems to be influenced by paracrine factors like IL-6 originating from the microvascular endothelium. Therefore, our efforts were focused on the primary culture and behavior of microvascular endothelial cells (HPEC) derived from tissue of human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Until now, the isolation and culture of HPEC from BPH have not been reported. METHODS BPH tissue was cut into small cubes and gently squeezed after incubation with dispase. HPEC were cultured from the resulting cell suspension after a stepwise selection by use of superparamagnetic beads coated with antibodies against endothelial specific antigens. HPEC were characterized by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity (specific for microvascular endothelium) was measured after dissolution of the HPEC with Triton X-100. After the incubation of HPEC either with ATP, VEGF, or TNF-alpha, the release of IL-6 was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS HPEC showed a typical endothelial morphology. They were positive for von Willebrand factor, CD31, CD62E (after stimulation with TNF-alpha), alpha-actin and were negative for fibroblastic antigens and PSA. Proliferation was stimulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity in HPEC was 6.3 microIU/microg protein, whereas in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) no gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity was detectable. The IL-6 secretion of HPEC was stimulated by VEGF and TNF-alpha, but not by ATP and bradykinin. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, the primary culture of microvascular endothelial cells from BPH tissue was successfully performed. Our results suggest that HPEC may be actively involved in prostate growth, due to the secretion of regulatory factors such as IL-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Stachon
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Transfusion, and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|