1
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Synthesis and evaluation of cyclic nitrone derivatives as potential anti-cancer agents. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Soulieman A, Ibrahim R, Barakat Z, Gouault N, Roisnel T, Boustie J, Grée R, Hachem A. Synthesis of Novel Cyclic Nitrones with
gem
‐Difluoroalkyl Side Chains Through Cascade Reactions. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Soulieman
- Faculty of Sciences (I) Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, and PRASE‐EDST Lebanese University Hadath Lebanon
- CNRS (Institut for Chemical Sciences in Rennes), UMR 6226 Univ Rennes 35000 Rennes France
| | - Rima Ibrahim
- Faculty of Sciences (I) Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, and PRASE‐EDST Lebanese University Hadath Lebanon
| | - Zeinab Barakat
- Faculty of Sciences (I) Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, and PRASE‐EDST Lebanese University Hadath Lebanon
| | - Nicolas Gouault
- CNRS (Institut for Chemical Sciences in Rennes), UMR 6226 Univ Rennes 35000 Rennes France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- CNRS (Institut for Chemical Sciences in Rennes), UMR 6226 Univ Rennes 35000 Rennes France
| | - Joel Boustie
- CNRS (Institut for Chemical Sciences in Rennes), UMR 6226 Univ Rennes 35000 Rennes France
| | - René Grée
- CNRS (Institut for Chemical Sciences in Rennes), UMR 6226 Univ Rennes 35000 Rennes France
| | - Ali Hachem
- Faculty of Sciences (I) Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, and PRASE‐EDST Lebanese University Hadath Lebanon
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3
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Oliveira C, Benfeito S, Fernandes C, Cagide F, Silva T, Borges F. NO and HNO donors, nitrones, and nitroxides: Past, present, and future. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:1159-1187. [PMID: 29095519 DOI: 10.1002/med.21461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The biological effects attributed to nitric oxide (• NO) and nitroxyl (HNO) have been extensively studied, propelling their array of putative clinical applications beyond cardiovascular disorders toward other age-related diseases, like cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, the unique properties and reactivity of the N-O bond enabled the development of several classes of compounds with potential clinical interest, among which • NO and HNO donors, nitrones, and nitroxides are of particular importance. Although primarily studied for their application as cardioprotective agents and/or molecular probes for radical detection, continuous efforts have unveiled a wide range of pharmacological activities and, ultimately, therapeutic applications. These efforts are of particular significance for diseases in which oxidative stress plays a key pathogenic role, as shown by a growing volume of in vitro and in vivo preclinical data. Although in its early stages, these efforts may provide valuable guidelines for the development of new and effective N-O-based drugs for age-related disorders. In this report, we review recent advances in the chemistry of NO and HNO donors, nitrones, and nitroxides and discuss its pharmacological significance and potential therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Oliveira
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Benfeito
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fernandes
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Cagide
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Silva
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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4
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Choi CH, Du X, Floyd RA, Kopke RD. Therapeutic effects of orally administrated antioxidant drugs on acute noise-induced hearing loss. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:264-72. [PMID: 24182331 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.861599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the dose-dependent therapeutic effect of the orally administrated antioxidant drugs [4-hydroxy alpha-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (4-OHPBN) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)] on acute noise-induced hearing loss because oral administration is the most commonly used method of drug administration due to its convenience, safety, and economical efficiency. METHODS Thirty chinchilla were exposed to a 105 dB octave band noise centered at 4 kHz for 6 h and randomly assigned to a control group (saline only) and three experimental groups [4-OHPBN (10 mg/kg) plus NAC (20 mg/kg), 4-OHPBN (20 mg/kg) plus NAC (50 mg/kg), and 4-OHPBN (50 mg/kg) plus NAC (100 mg/kg)]. The drugs were orally administrated beginning 4 h after noise exposure and then administered twice daily for the next 2 days. Permanent auditory brainstem response threshold shifts, distortion product otoacoustic emission threshold shifts, and the percentage of missing outer hair cell were determined. RESULTS The oral administration significantly reduced permanent hearing threshold shift, distortion product otoacoustic emission threshold shift, and the percentage of missing outer hair cell in a dose-dependent manner. DISCUSSION This result demonstrates that orally administered drugs can treat acute noise-induced hearing loss in a dose-dependent manner. This suggests that oral administration was effective in treating acute noise-induced hearing loss as in intraperitoneal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Choi
- Catholic University of Daegu, Audiology & Speech Language Pathology, Research Institute of Biomimetic Sensory Control, and Catholic Hearing Voice Speech Center , Kyungsansi, Kyungsanbukdo , Republic of Korea
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5
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Song X, Qian Y, Ben R, Lu X, Zhu HL, Chao H, Zhao J. Activation of C–H Bonds in Nitrones Leads to Iridium Hydrides with Antitumor Activity. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6531-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4004973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoda Song
- Institute of Chemistry
and BioMedical
Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School
of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing
210093, China
| | - Yong Qian
- Institute of Chemistry
and BioMedical
Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School
of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing
210093, China
| | - Rong Ben
- Institute of Chemistry
and BioMedical
Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School
of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing
210093, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Institute of Chemistry
and BioMedical
Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School
of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing
210093, China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- Institute of Chemistry
and BioMedical
Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School
of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing
210093, China
| | - Hui Chao
- School of Chemistry
and Chemical
Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou
510275, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry
and BioMedical
Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School
of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing
210093, China
- Shenzhen
Key Lab of Nano-Micro
Material Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen
Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen
518055, China
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6
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Potential implication of the chemical properties and bioactivity of nitrone spin traps for therapeutics. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1171-207. [PMID: 22709256 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrone therapeutics has been employed in the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases such as neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The nitrone-based compound NXY-059, which is the first drug to reach clinical trials for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, has provided promise for the development of more robust pharmacological agents. However, the specific mechanism of nitrone bioactivity remains unclear. In this review, we present a variety of nitrone chemistry and biological activity that could be implicated for the nitrone's pharmacological activity. The chemistries of spin trapping and spin adduct reveal insights on the possible roles of nitrones for altering cellular redox status through radical scavenging or nitric oxide donation, and their biological effects are presented. An interdisciplinary approach towards the development of novel synthetic antioxidants with improved pharmacological properties encompassing theoretical, synthetic, biochemical and in vitro/in vivo studies is covered.
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7
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Gorowiec MR, Borthwick LA, Parker SM, Kirby JA, Saretzki GC, Fisher AJ. Free radical generation induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in lung epithelium via a TGF-β1-dependent mechanism. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1024-32. [PMID: 22240154 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fibrotic remodelling of lung parenchymal and airway compartments is the major contributor to life-threatening organ dysfunction in chronic lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Since transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is believed to play a key role in disease pathogenesis and markers of oxidative stress are also commonly detected in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from such patients we sought to investigate whether both factors might be interrelated. Here we investigated the hypothesis that oxidative stress to the lung epithelium promotes fibrotic repair by driving epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via the augmentation of TGF-β1. We show that in response to 400μM hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) A549 cells, used a model for alveolar epithelium, and human primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) undergo EMT displaying morphology changes, decreased expression of epithelial markers (E-cadherin and ZO-1), increased expression of mesenchymal markers (vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin) as well as increased secretion of extracelluar matrix components. The same oxidative stress also promotes expression of TGF-β1. Inhibition of TGF-β1 signalling as well as treatment with antioxidants such as phenyl tert-butylnitrone (PBN) and superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) prevent the oxidative stress driven EMT-like changes described above. Interventions also inhibited EMT-like changes. This study identifies a link between oxidative stress, TGF-β1 and EMT in lung epithelium and highlights the potential for antioxidant therapies to limit EMT and its potential contribution to chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta R Gorowiec
- Applied Immunobiology and Transplantation Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, UK
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8
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Floyd RA, Chandru HK, He T, Towner R. Anti-cancer activity of nitrones and observations on mechanism of action. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2011; 11:373-9. [PMID: 21651461 DOI: 10.2174/187152011795677517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nitrone compound PBN, α-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone, and closely related nitrones have anti-cancer activity in several experimental cancer models. The three experimental models most extensively studied include A) the rat choline deficiency liver cancer model, B) the rat C6 glioma model and C) the mouse APC(Min/+) colon cancer model. The two PBN-nitrones mostly studied are PBN and a PBN derivative 2,4-disulfophenyl-tert-butylnitrone, referred as OKN-007. OKN-007 is a proprietary compound that has had extensive commercial development (designated as NXY-059) for another indication, acute ischemic stroke, and after extensive clinical studies was shown to lack efficacy for this indication but was shown to be very safe for human use. This compound administered orally in the rat glioma model has potent activity in treating fully formed gliomas. In this report observations made on the PBN-nitrones in experimental cancer models will be summarized. In addition the experimental results will be discussed in the general framework of the properties of the compounds with a view to try to understand the mechanistic basis of how the PBN-nitrones act as anti-cancer agents. Possible mechanisms related to the suppression of NO production, S-nitrosylation of critical proteins and inhibition of NF-κB activation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Floyd
- Merrick Foundation Chair in Aging Research, Head Experimental Therapeutics Reasearch Program, Oklahoma Medical Research, Foundation, Oklahoma City, 73104 USA.
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9
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He T, Doblas S, Saunders D, Casteel R, Lerner M, Ritchey JW, Snider T, Floyd RA, Towner RA. Effects of PBN and OKN007 in rodent glioma models assessed by 1H MR spectroscopy. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:490-502. [PMID: 21600283 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas, the most common primary brain tumors in adults, have a poor outcome. PBN (α-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone) and OKN007 (2,4-disulfophenyl-PBN) are nitrones that have demonstrated beneficial effects in many aging diseases. In this study, we evaluated the anti-tumor effects of PBN and OKN007 in several rodent glioma models (C6, RG2, and GL261) by assessing metabolite alterations with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). PBN or OKN007 was administered in drinking water before or after tumor formation. MR imaging and single-voxel point-resolved spectroscopy were done to assess tumor morphology and metabolites, after therapy. Major metabolite ratios (choline, N-acetylaspartate, and lipid (methylene or methyl), all compared to creatine), as well as quantification of individual metabolite concentrations, were assessed. Nitrones induced tumor metabolism changes that resulted in restoring major metabolite ratios close to their normal levels, in the glioma regression phase. Nitrone treatment decreased the lipid (methylene)-to-creatine ratio, as well as the estimated concentration of lipid (methylene) significantly. Alterations in lipids can be a useful marker for the evaluation of the efficacy associated with treatment and were found in this study to be related to the reduction of necrosis, but not apoptosis. OKN007 was more effective than PBN when administered after tumor formation in the C6 glioma model. In conclusion, (1)H MRS and conventional MRI are useful methods to assess and follow the response of varied glioma models to anti-tumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting He
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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10
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Floyd RA, Towner RA, Wu D, Abbott A, Cranford R, Branch D, Guo WX, Foster SB, Jones I, Alam R, Moore D, Allen T, Huycke M. Anti-cancer activity of nitrones in the Apc(Min/+) model of colorectal cancer. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:108-17. [PMID: 19886748 DOI: 10.3109/10715760903321796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The nitrones of alpha-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) and 4-hydroxyl-PBN (4-OH-PBN) that have anti-cancer activity in models of liver cancer and glioblastomas were tested in the ApcMin/+ mouse model. Mice were administered PBN and 4-OH-PBN in drinking water and intestinal tumour size and number assessed after 3-4 months. Throughout the experiment, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to monitor colon tumours. MRI data showed a time-dependent significant increase in total colonic signal intensity in sham-treated mice, but a significant decrease for PBN-treated mice and slight decrease for 4-OHPBN treated mice, probably due to the limited water solubility of 4-OH-PBN. Final pathological and percentage survival data agreed with the MRI data. PBN had little effect on oxaliplatin-mediated killing of HCT116 colon cancer cells and caused only a slight decrease in the amount of active fraction caspase 3 in oxaliplatin-treated cells. PBN has significant anti-cancer activity in this model of intestinal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Floyd
- Experimental Therapeutics Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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11
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Nishimura J, Dewa Y, Jin M, Saegusa Y, Kawai M, Kemmochi S, Shimamoto K, Harada T, Itoh T, Shima T, Shibutani M, Mitsumori K. No Modifying Effect of Antioxidant N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine on Fenofibrate-induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in Rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2009; 22:255-61. [PMID: 22272000 PMCID: PMC3234604 DOI: 10.1293/tox.22.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To clarify the modifying effect of N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC), which has
antioxidative ability, on hepatocarcinogenesis promoted by fenofibrate
(FF), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha agonist ,
male F344/N rats were administered a single intraperitoneal injection of
N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) as an initiator followed
by administration of a diet containing 3,000 ppm of FF for 16 weeks.
Two-thirds partial hepatectomy was performed 1 week after the FF treatment.
Additionally, NAC treatments for 14 weeks from 2 weeks after the FF
treatment were performed. Although the expression level of tumor protein
p53 (Tp53) mRNA decreased in the DEN+FF+NAC group as
compared with that in the DEN+FF group, no significant differences between
the DEN+FF and DEN+FF+NAC groups were observed in the number of
hepatocellular altered foci and activities of hepatocellular proliferation.
In addition, the results of an antioxidant enzyme assay and measurement of
the amounts of total glutathione in the liver revealed no significant
difference between the DEN+FF and DEN+FF+NAC groups; although no
significant differences were observed in many genes between the DEN+FF and
DEN+FF+NAC groups, only glutathione peroxidase 2 (Gpx2)
mRNA increased in the DEN+FF+NAC group as compared with the DEN+FF group.
The results under the present experimental conditions indicate no obvious
modifying effect of NAC on liver tumor promotion by FF in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihei Nishimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, 3–5–8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509,
Japan
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of
Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu
501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Dewa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, 3–5–8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509,
Japan
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of
Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu
501-1193, Japan
| | - Meilan Jin
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health
Sciences, 18–1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yukie Saegusa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, 3–5–8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509,
Japan
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of
Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu
501-1193, Japan
| | - Masaomi Kawai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, 3–5–8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509,
Japan
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of
Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu
501-1193, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kemmochi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, 3–5–8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509,
Japan
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of
Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu
501-1193, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, 3–5–8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509,
Japan
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of
Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu
501-1193, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Harada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, 3–5–8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509,
Japan
| | - Tadashi Itoh
- Hashima Laboratory, Nihon Bioresearch Inc., 104, 6-Chome,
Majima, Fukuju-cho, Hashima, Gifu 501-6251, Japan
| | - Tomomi Shima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, 3–5–8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509,
Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, 3–5–8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509,
Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Mitsumori
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of
Agriculture and Technology, 3–5–8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509,
Japan
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12
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Floyd RA. Serendipitous findings while researching oxygen free radicals. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:1004-13. [PMID: 19439210 PMCID: PMC2683184 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This review is based on the honor of receiving the Discovery Award from the Society of Free Radical Biology and Medicine. The review is reflective and presents our thinking that led to experiments that yielded novel observations. Critical questioning of our understanding of oxygen free radicals in biomedical problems led us to use and develop more direct and extremely sensitive methods. This included nitrone free radical spin trapping and HPLC-electrochemical detection. This technology led to the pioneering use of salicylate to trap hydroxyl free radicals and show increased flux in ischemia/reperfused brain regions and also to first sensitively detect 8-hydroxyl-2-deoxyguanosine in oxidatively damaged DNA and help assess its role in cancer development. We demonstrated that methylene blue (MB) photoinduces formation of 8-hydroxyguanine in DNA and RNA and discovered that MB sensitively photoinactivates RNA viruses, including HIV and the West Nile virus. Studies in experimental stroke led us serendipitously to discover that alpha-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) was neuroprotective if given after the stroke. This led to extensive commercial development of NXY-059, a PBN derivative, for the treatment of stroke. More recently we discovered that PBN nitrones have potent anti-cancer activity and are active in preventing hearing loss caused by acute acoustical trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Floyd
- Experimental Therapeutics Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73170, USA.
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13
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Nadon NL, Strong R, Miller RA, Nelson J, Javors M, Sharp ZD, Peralba JM, Harrison DE. Design of aging intervention studies: the NIA interventions testing program. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2008; 30:187-99. [PMID: 19424842 PMCID: PMC2585647 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-008-9048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The field of biogerontology has made great strides towards understanding the biological processes underlying aging, and the time is ripe to look towards applying this knowledge to the pursuit of aging interventions. Identification of safe, inexpensive, and non-invasive interventions that slow the aging process and promote healthy aging could have a significant impact on quality of life and health care expenditures for the aged. While there is a plethora of supplements and interventions on the market that purport to slow aging, the evidence to validate such claims is generally lacking. Here we describe the development of an aging interventions testing program funded by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) to test candidate interventions in a model system. The development of this program highlights the challenges of long-term intervention studies and provides approaches to cope with the stringent requirements of a multi-site testing program.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Nadon
- Biology of Aging Program, National Institute on Aging, 7201 Wisconsin Ave GW 2C231, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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14
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Floyd RA, Kopke RD, Choi CH, Foster SB, Doblas S, Towner RA. Nitrones as therapeutics. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:1361-74. [PMID: 18793715 PMCID: PMC2796547 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitrones have the general chemical formula X-CH=NO-Y. They were first used to trap free radicals in chemical systems and then subsequently in biochemical systems. More recently several nitrones, including alpha-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), have been shown to have potent biological activity in many experimental animal models. Many diseases of aging, including stroke, cancer development, Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer disease, are known to have enhanced levels of free radicals and oxidative stress. Some derivatives of PBN are significantly more potent than PBN and have undergone extensive commercial development for stroke. Recent research has shown that PBN-related nitrones also have anti-cancer activity in several experimental cancer models and have potential as therapeutics in some cancers. Also, in recent observations nitrones have been shown to act synergistically in combination with antioxidants in the prevention of acute acoustic-noise-induced hearing loss. The mechanistic basis of the potent biological activity of PBN-related nitrones is not known. Even though PBN-related nitrones do decrease oxidative stress and oxidative damage, their potent biological anti-inflammatory activity and their ability to alter cellular signaling processes cannot readily be explained by conventional notions of free radical trapping biochemistry. This review is focused on our studies and others in which the use of selected nitrones as novel therapeutics has been evaluated in experimental models in the context of free radical biochemical and cellular processes considered important in pathologic conditions and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Floyd
- Experimental Therapeutics Research Program, Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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15
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Strong R, Miller RA, Astle CM, Floyd RA, Flurkey K, Hensley KL, Javors MA, Leeuwenburgh C, Nelson JF, Ongini E, Nadon NL, Warner HR, Harrison DE. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid and aspirin increase lifespan of genetically heterogeneous male mice. Aging Cell 2008; 7:641-50. [PMID: 18631321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Institute on Aging's Interventions Testing Program was established to evaluate agents that are purported to increase lifespan and delay the appearance of age-related disease in genetically heterogeneous mice. Up to five compounds are added to the study each year and each compound is tested at three test sites (The Jackson Laboratory, University of Michigan, and University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio). Mice in the first cohort were exposed to one of four agents: aspirin, nitroflurbiprofen, 4-OH-alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone, or nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA). Sample size was sufficient to detect a 10% difference in lifespan in either sex,with 80% power, using data from two of the three sites. Pooling data from all three sites, a log-rank test showed that both NDGA (p=0.0006) and aspirin (p=0.01) led to increased lifespan of male mice. Comparison of the proportion of live mice at the age of 90% mortality was used as a surrogate for measurement of maximum lifespan;neither NDGA (p=0.12) nor aspirin (p=0.16) had a significant effect in this test. Measures of blood levels of NDGA or aspirin and its salicylic acid metabolite suggest that the observed lack of effects of NDGA or aspirin on life span in females could be related to gender differences in drug disposition or metabolism. Further studies are warranted to find whether NDGA or aspirin, over a range of doses,might prove to postpone death and various age-related outcomes reproducibly in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Strong
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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16
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Han Y, Tuccio B, Lauricella R, Villamena FA. Improved spin trapping properties by beta-cyclodextrin-cyclic nitrone conjugate. J Org Chem 2008; 73:7108-17. [PMID: 18707169 DOI: 10.1021/jo8007176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spin trapping using a nitrone and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is commonly employed in the identification of transient radicals in chemical and biological systems. There has also been a growing interest in the pharmacological activity of nitrones, and there is, therefore, a pressing need to develop nitrones with improved spin trapping properties and controlled delivery in cellular systems. The beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD)-cyclic nitrone conjugate, 5-N-beta-cyclodextrin-carboxamide-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (CDNMPO) was synthesized and characterized. 1-D and 2-D NMR show two stereoisomeric forms (i.e., 5S- and 5R-) for CDNMPO. Spin trapping using CDNMPO shows distinctive EPR spectra for superoxide radical anion (O2(*-)) compared to other biologically relevant free radicals. Kinetic analysis of O2(*-) adduct formation and decay using singular value decomposition and pseudoinverse deconvolution methods gave an average bimolecular rate constant of k = 58 +/- 1 M(-1) s(-1) and a maximum half-life of t(1/2) = 27.5 min at pH 7.0. Molecular modeling was used to rationalize the long-range coupling between the nitrone and the beta-CD, as well as the stability of the O2(*-) adducts. This study demonstrates how a computational approach can aid in the design of spin traps with a relatively high rate of reactivity to O2(*-), and how beta-CD can improve adduct stability via intramolecular interaction with the O2(*-) adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Han
- Department of Pharmacology, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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17
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Burgett RA, Bao X, Villamena FA. Superoxide Radical Anion Adduct of 5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-Oxide (DMPO). 3. Effect of Mildly Acidic pH on the Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Adduct Formation. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:2447-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jp7107158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Randy A. Burgett
- Department of Pharmacology and Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Xiaofeng Bao
- Department of Pharmacology and Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Frederick A. Villamena
- Department of Pharmacology and Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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18
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Inoue Y, Asanuma T, Smith N, Saunders D, Oblander J, Kotake Y, Floyd RA, Towner RA. Modulation of Fas-FasL related apoptosis by PBN in the early phases of choline deficient diet-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Free Radic Res 2007; 41:972-80. [PMID: 17729114 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701447322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on the detection of apoptosis related events in very early phases of choline-deficient (CD)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis (at 2-5 weeks). Flow cytometry of isolated intact primary hepatocytes from CD diet fed rats indicated increased expression of the apoptosis-associated protein Fas. Increased apoptosis in CD-treated livers was confirmed by Western blot analyses of caspases and cytochrome c. This study was also able to detect differences in apoptotic events following phenyl butyl nitrone (PBN) treatment. Fas expression was inhibited by PBN, indicating that PBN is anti-apoptotic. It is speculated that in the early stages of CD-induced hepatotoxicity, PBN is involved in inhibiting pro-inflammatory factor-driven apoptosis of normal hepatocytes, which protects against the initiation of carcinogenesis. The CD diet model is also considered as a model for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in humans and early expression of Fas could also be a good index of the progression of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Inoue
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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19
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Villamena FA, Merle JK, Hadad CM, Zweier* JL. Rate constants of hydroperoxyl radical addition to cyclic nitrones: a DFT study. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:9995-10001. [PMID: 17845014 PMCID: PMC2544612 DOI: 10.1021/jp073615s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitrones are potential synthetic antioxidants against the reduction of radical-mediated oxidative damage in cells and as analytical reagents for the identification of HO2* and other such transient species. In this work, the PCM/B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) and PCM/mPW1K/6-31+G(d,p) density functional theory (DFT) methods were employed to predict the reactivity of HO2* with various functionalized nitrones as spin traps. The calculated second-order rate constants and free energies of reaction at both levels of theory were in the range of 100-103 M-1 s-1 and 1 to -12 kcal mol-1, respectively, and the rate constants for some nitrones are on the same order of magnitude as those observed experimentally. The trend in HO2* reactivity to nitrones could not be explained solely on the basis of the relationship of the theoretical positive charge densities on the nitronyl-C, with their respective ionization potentials, electron affinities, rate constants, or free energies of reaction. However, various modes of intramolecular H-bonding interaction were observed at the transition state (TS) structures of HO2* addition to nitrones. The presence of intramolecular H-bonding interactions in the transition states were predicted and may play a significant role toward a facile addition of HO2* to nitrones. In general, HO2* addition to ethoxycarbonyl- and spirolactam-substituted nitrones, as well as those nitrones without electron-withdrawing substituents, such as 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) and 5-spirocyclopentyl-pyrroline N-oxide (CPPO), are most preferred compared to the methylcarbamoyl-substituted nitrones. This study suggests that the use of specific spin traps for efficient trapping of HO2* could pave the way toward improved radical detection and antioxidant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A. Villamena
- Department of Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA 43210
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA 43210
- Correspondence to: , Fax: (614)−688−0999. , Fax: (614)−292−1685; , Fax: (614)−247−7799
| | - John K. Merle
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA 43210
| | - Christopher M. Hadad
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA 43210
- Correspondence to: , Fax: (614)−688−0999. , Fax: (614)−292−1685; , Fax: (614)−247−7799
| | - Jay L. Zweier*
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA 43210
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA 43210
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20
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Miller RA, Harrison DE, Astle CM, Floyd RA, Flurkey K, Hensley KL, Javors MA, Leeuwenburgh C, Nelson JF, Ongini E, Nadon NL, Warner HR, Strong R. An Aging Interventions Testing Program: study design and interim report. Aging Cell 2007; 6:565-75. [PMID: 17578509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2007.00311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Institute on Aging's Interventions Testing Program (ITP) has developed a plan to evaluate agents that are considered plausible candidates for delaying rates of aging. Key features include: (i) use of genetically heterogeneous mice (a standardized four-way cross), (ii) replication at three test sites (the Jackson Laboratory, TJL; University of Michigan, UM; and University of Texas, UT), (iii) sufficient statistical power to detect 10% changes in lifespan, (iv) tests for age-dependent changes in T cell subsets and physical activity, and (v) an annual solicitation for collaborators who wish to suggest new interventions for evaluation. Mice in the first cohort were exposed to one of four agents: aspirin, nitroflurbiprofen (NFP), 4-OH-alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (4-OH-PBN), or nordihydroguiaretic acid (NDGA). An interim analysis was conducted using survival data available on the date at which at least 50% of the male control mice had died at each test site. Survival of control males was significantly higher, at the interim time-point, at UM than at UT or TJL; all three sites had similar survival of control females. Males in the NDGA group had significantly improved survival (P = 0.0004), with significant effects noted at TJL (P < 0.01) and UT (P < 0.04). None of the other agents altered survival, although there was a suggestion (P = 0.07) of a beneficial effect of aspirin in males. More data will be needed to determine if any of these compounds can extend maximal lifespan, but the current data show that NDGA reduces early life mortality risks in genetically heterogeneous mice at multiple test sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor VA Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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21
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Floyd RA, Kotake Y, Towner RA, Guo WX, Nakae D, Konishi Y. Nitric Oxide and Cancer Development. J Toxicol Pathol 2007. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.20.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Floyd
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | | | | | | | - Dai Nakae
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health
- Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Yoichi Konishi
- International Federation of Societies of Toxicologic Pathologists
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22
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Abstract
Age-related diseases deprive individuals of a higher quality of life and therefore therapeutics for their treatment provide significant potential. An overview of the observations of nitrones as potential therapeutics in several age-related diseases is presented. Treatment of acute ischemic stroke is one condition where a nitrone (NXY-059) is in late phase 3 clinical trials now. Also presented is a summary of the most recent work we have accomplished on the anticancer activity of the nitrones in a hepatocellular carcinoma. The mechanistic basis of action of these compounds in several animal models is not yet understood at the molecular levels; however, it does appear clear that their anti-inflammatory properties are central to their action, which is based on their ability to down-regulate exacerbated signal transduction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Floyd
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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23
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Guo WX, Pye QN, Williamson KS, Stewart CA, Hensley KL, Kotake Y, Floyd RA, Broyles RH. Reactive oxygen species in choline deficiency-induced apoptosis in rat hepatocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1081-9. [PMID: 15336324 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Choline deficiency (CD) is involved in hepatocellular carcinoma and CD-induced apoptosis may be implicated in cellular malignant transformation. In this report, we studied the effects of choline deficiency on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using the fluorescent probe dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and the possible role of ROS on CD-induced apoptosis in cultured CWSV-1 cells, an immortalized rat hepatocyte. This cell line is reported to become tumorigenic by step-wise culturing in lower levels of choline. Our data demonstrate that CD induces a time- and dose-dependent increase in ROS in CWSV-1 cells. The increase in ROS production may be related to dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Our data also demonstrated that ROS generation occurred before CD-induced apoptosis, suggesting ROS may play a key role in signaling CD-induced apoptosis in CWSV-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xing Guo
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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24
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Nakae D, Uematsu F, Kishida H, Kusuoka O, Katsuda SI, Yoshida M, Takahashi M, Maekawa A, Denda A, Konishi Y, Kotake Y, Floyd RA. Inhibition of the development of hepatocellular carcinomas by phenyl N-tert-butyl nitrone in rats fed with a choline-deficient, l-amino acid-defined diet. Cancer Lett 2004; 206:1-13. [PMID: 15019154 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2003] [Revised: 09/30/2003] [Accepted: 10/02/2003] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Effects of phenyl N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN), a spin-trapping agent, on the development of frank cancers were examined in male Wistar rats fed with a choline-deficient, l-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet for 70 weeks. PBN (0.065% in the drinking water) reduced incidences, multiplicities and possibly sizes of both hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas when administered for all 70 weeks or only for the first 26 weeks, and those of carcinomas but not adenomas, when administered only for the last 44 weeks. These results indicate that PBN can prevent the development of frank HCCs in the CDAA diet model. The anti-carcinogenic effect of PBN may be ascribed to the prevention of both the development of HCAs and their malignant conversion to HCCs. If such findings can be generalized, PBN may be able to serve as a good tool to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying carcinogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Nakae
- Department of Pathology, Sasaki Institute, Sasaki Foundation, 2-2 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
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