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Zhai Z, Niu J, Xu L, Xu J. Advanced Application of Polymer Nanocarriers in Delivery of Active Ingredients from Traditional Chinese Medicines. Molecules 2024; 29:3520. [PMID: 39124924 PMCID: PMC11314021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Active ingredients from Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) have been a cornerstone of healthcare for millennia, offering a rich source of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential. However, the clinical application of TCMs is often limited by challenges such as poor solubility, low bioavailability, and variable pharmacokinetics. To address these issues, the development of advanced polymer nanocarriers has emerged as a promising strategy for the delivery of TCMs. This review focuses on the introduction of common active ingredients from TCMs and the recent advancements in the design and application of polymer nanocarriers for enhancing the efficacy and safety of TCMs. We begin by discussing the unique properties of TCMs and the inherent challenges associated with their delivery. We then delve into the types of polymeric nanocarriers, including polymer micelles, polymer vesicles, polymer hydrogels, and polymer drug conjugates, highlighting their application in the delivery of active ingredients from TCMs. The main body of the review presents a comprehensive analysis of the state-of-the-art nanocarrier systems and introduces the impact of these nanocarriers on the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of TCM components. On the basis of this, we provide an outlook on the future directions of polymer nanocarriers in TCM delivery. This review underscores the transformative potential of polymer nanocarriers in revolutionizing TCM delivery, offering a pathway to harness the full therapeutic potential of TCMs while ensuring safety and efficacy in a modern medical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhai
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianda Niu
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liguo Xu
- College of Light Chemical Industry and Materials Engineering, Shunde Polytechnic, Foshan 528333, China
| | - Jinbao Xu
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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2
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Luo W, Zhang C, Dong L. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Annulation Synthesis of Difluorinated Quinazolinone Derivatives Using an Amide Carbonyl as the Directing Group. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9627-9640. [PMID: 38888955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The use of amide carbonyl groups of substrates as weakly coordinating directing groups has received a significant amount of attention. Recently, difluoromethylene alkynes have been successfully used in fluorination reactions, resulting in the preparation of various fluorine-containing compounds. This work describes a [4+2] annulation method for creating a range of fluorinated quinolino[2,1-b]quinazolinone derivatives. The derivatives are formed through Rh(III)-catalyzed cascade cyclization of 3-phenylquinazolinones and gem-difluoromethylene alkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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3
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Solanki R, Patel S. Evodiamine and its nano-based approaches for enhanced cancer therapy: recent advances and challenges. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38821861 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Evodiamine is a bioactive alkaloid extracted from the Evodia rutaecarpa plant. It has various pharmacological effects including anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-obesity, anti-neurodegenerative, anti-depressant, and cardiac protective properties. Evodiamine demonstrates potent anti-cancer activity by inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Despite the health-promoting properties of evodiamine, its clinical use is hindered by low water solubility, poor bioavailability, and toxicity. Thus, there is a need to develop alternative drug delivery systems for evodiamine to enhance its solubility, permeability, and stability, as well as to facilitate targeted, prolonged, and controlled drug release. Nanocarriers can increase the therapeutic potential of evodiamine in cancer therapy while reducing adverse side effects. To date, numerous attempts have been made through the development of smart nanocarriers to overcome the drawbacks of evodiamine. This review focuses on the pharmacological applications, anti-cancer mechanisms, and limitations of evodiamine. Various nanocarriers, including lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, cyclodextrins, and so forth, have been discussed extensively for evodiamine delivery. Nano-drug delivery systems could increase the solubility, bioavailability, stability, and therapeutic efficacy of evodiamine. This review aims to present a comprehensive and critical evaluation of several nano-formulations of evodiamine for cancer therapy. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Solanki
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Sunita Patel
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
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4
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Yong X, Wang B, Wang M, Lyu H, Yin M, Jin T, Feng X, Shan Y, Liang Y, Wang Q. Comprehensive Analysis of 11 Species of Euodia (Rutaceae) by Untargeted LC-IT-TOF/MS Metabolomics and In Vitro Functional Methods. Molecules 2024; 29:1059. [PMID: 38474571 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Euodia genus comprises numerous untapped medicinal plants that warrant thorough evaluation for their potential as valuable natural sources of herbal medicine or food flavorings. In this study, untargeted metabolomics and in vitro functional methods were employed to analyze fruit extracts from 11 significant species of the Euodia genus. An investigation of the distribution of metabolites (quinolone and indole quinazoline alkaloids) in these species indicated that E. rutaecarpa (Euodia rutaecarpa) was the most widely distributed species, followed by E. compacta (Euodia compacta), E. glabrifolia (Euodia glabrifolia), E. austrosinensis (Euodia austrosinensis), and E. fargesii (Euodia fargesii). There have been reports on the close correlation between indole quinazoline alkaloids and their anti-tumor activity, especially in E. rutaecarpa fruits which exhibit effectiveness against various types of cancer, such as SGC-7901, Hela, A549, and other cancer cell lines. Additionally, the E. rutaecarpa plant contains indole quinazoline alkaloids, which possess remarkable antibacterial properties. Our results offer novel insights into the utilization of Euodia resources in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Yong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Bi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Mengdi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Lyu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Min Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Tong Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xu Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qizhi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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5
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Kaushik A, Kaushik M, Kaur G, Gupta V. Perspective of Secondary Metabolites in Respect of Multidrug Resistance (MDR): A Review. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:40-52. [PMID: 38031773 DOI: 10.2174/0118715265210606231113105225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant and haphazard use of antibiotics has created the development of antimicrobial resistance which is a bizarre challenge for human civilization. This emerging crisis of antibiotic resistance for microbial pathogens is alarming all the nations posing a global threat to human health. It is difficult to treat bacterial infections as they develop resistance to all antimicrobial resistance. Currently used antibacterial agents inhibit a variety of essential metabolic pathways in bacteria, including macro-molecular synthesis (MMS) pathways (e.g. protein, DNA, RNA, cell wall) most often by targeting a specific enzyme or subcellular component e.g. DNA gyrase, RNA polymerase, ribosomes, transpeptidase. Despite the availability of diverse synthetic molecules, there are still many complications in managing progressive and severe antimicrobial resistance. Currently not even a single antimicrobial agent is available for which the microbes do not show resistance. Thus, the lack of efficient drug molecules for combating microbial resistance requires continuous research efforts to overcome the problem of multidrug-resistant bacteria. The phytochemicals from various plants have the potential to combat the microbial resistance produced by bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses without producing any side effects. This review is a concerted effort to identify some of the major active phytoconstituents from various medicinal plants which might have the potential to be used as an alternative and effective strategy to fight against microbial resistance and can promote research for the treatment of MDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Kaushik
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Kaushik
- KC Group of Institutions, UNA, H.P, MMDU, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Chitkara School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vrinda Gupta
- Chitkara Group of Institutions, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, India
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6
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Qiu C, Zhang JZ, Wu B, Xu CC, Pang HH, Tu QC, Lu YQ, Guo QY, Xia F, Wang JG. Advanced application of nanotechnology in active constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicines. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:456. [PMID: 38017573 PMCID: PMC10685519 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) have been used for centuries for the treatment and management of various diseases. However, their effective delivery to targeted sites may be a major challenge due to their poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and potential toxicity. Nanocarriers, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles and organic/inorganic nanohybrids based on active constituents from TCMs have been extensively studied as a promising strategy to improve the delivery of active constituents from TCMs to achieve a higher therapeutic effect with fewer side effects compared to conventional formulations. This review summarizes the recent advances in nanocarrier-based delivery systems for various types of active constituents of TCMs, including terpenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and quinones, from different natural sources. This review covers the design and preparation of nanocarriers, their characterization, and in vitro/vivo evaluations. Additionally, this review highlights the challenges and opportunities in the field and suggests future directions for research. Nanocarrier-based delivery systems have shown great potential in improving the therapeutic efficacy of TCMs, and this review may serve as a comprehensive resource to researchers in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jun Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Sixth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Cheng Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Huan Huan Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qing Chao Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yu Qian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qiu Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Fei Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Ji Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
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7
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Solanki R, Jangid AK, Jadav M, Kulhari H, Patel S. Folate Functionalized and Evodiamine-Loaded Pluronic Nanomicelles for Augmented Cervical Cancer Cell Killing. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300077. [PMID: 37163974 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Evodiamine (Evo) is a natural, biologically active plant alkaloid with wide range of pharmacological activities. In the present study Evo-loaded folate-conjugated Pluronic F108 nano-micelles (ENM) is synthesized to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of Evo against cervical cancer. ENM are synthesized, physicochemically characterized and in vitro anticancer activity is performed. The study demonstrates that ENM have nanoscale size (50.33 ± 3.09 nm), monodispersity of 0.122 ± 0.072, with high drug encapsulation efficiency (71.30 ± 3.76%) and controlled drug release at the tumor microenvironment. ENM showed dose-dependent and time-dependent cytotoxicity against HeLa human cervical cancer cells. The results of in vitro anticancer studies demonstrated that ENM have significant anticancer effects and greatly induce apoptosis as compared to pure Evo. The cellular uptake study suggests that increased anticancer activity of ENM is due to the improved intracellular delivery of Evo through overexpressed folate receptors. Overall, the designed ENM can be a potential targeted delivery system for hydrophobic anticancer bioactive compound like Evo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Solanki
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Jangid
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, South Korea
| | - Mahima Jadav
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
| | - Hitesh Kulhari
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
| | - Sunita Patel
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
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Deng J, Long L, Peng X, Jiang W, Peng Y, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Tian Y, Wang Z, Zhuo L. N(14)-substituted evodiamine derivatives as dual topoisomerase 1/tubulin-Inhibiting anti-gastrointestinal tumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 255:115366. [PMID: 37099835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tumor is an important factor threatening human health. Natural product-based drug discovery is a popular paradigm for expanding the chemical space and identifying new molecular entities that ameliorate human disease. Evodiamine-inspired medicinal chemistry presents therapeutic potential for treating tumors in different tissues via multi-target inhibition. Here, by focusing on the discovery of anti-gastrointestinal tumor drugs, a series of N(14) alkyl-substituted evodiamine derivatives were designed and synthesized. The structure-activity relationship studies culminated in the identification of the N(14)-propyl-substituted evodiamine analog 6b, which showed low nanomolar inhibitory activity against MGC-803 (IC50 = 0.09 μM) and RKO (IC50 = 0.2 μM) cell lines. Moreover, compound 6b was effective in inducing apoptosis, arresting the cell cycle in the G2/M phase, and inhibiting migration and invasion of MGC-803 and RKO cell lines in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Further antitumor mechanism studies revealed that compound 6b significantly inhibited topoisomerase 1 (inhibition rate of 58.3% at 50 μM) and tubulin polymerization (IC50 = 5.69 μM). Overall, compound 6b represents a promising dual topoisomerase 1/tubulin-targeting lead structure for the treatment of gastrointestinal tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiedan Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lin Long
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xue Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Weifan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yuting Zhao
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Ying Tian
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China; Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Linsheng Zhuo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China; Postdoctoral Station for Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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9
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Baiju S, Afzal A, Shahin Thayyil M, S.Al-Otaibi J, Kashif Ali S. Computational Studies on Anticancerous Camptothecin and it’s derivative Camp-10 by Density Functional Theory. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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10
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li X, Wang S, Wang Z. Recent advance on carbamate-based cholinesterase inhibitors as potential multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114606. [PMID: 35858523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), as the fourth leading cause of death among the elderly worldwide, has brought enormous challenge to the society. Due to its extremely complex pathogeneses, the development of multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs) becomes the major strategy for combating AD. Carbamate moiety, as an essential building block in the development of MTDLs, exhibits structural similarity to neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and has piqued extensive attention in discovering multifunctional cholinesterase inhibitors. To date, numerous preclinical studies demonstrate that carbamate-based cholinesterase inhibitors can prominently increase the level of ACh and improve cognition impairments and behavioral deficits, providing a privileged strategy for the treatment of AD. Based on the recent research focus on the novel cholinesterase inhibitors with multiple biofunctions, this review aims at summarizing and discussing the most recent studies excavating the potential carbamate-based MTDLs with cholinesterase inhibition efficacy, to accelerate the pace of pleiotropic cholinesterase inhibitors for coping AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xuelin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Shuzhi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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11
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Liang H, Wang W, Zhu F, Chen S, Liu D, Sheng C. Discovery of novel bis-evodiamine derivatives with potent antitumor activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 65:116793. [PMID: 35550978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by antitumor natural product evodiamine, a series of novel bis-evodiamine derivatives were designed and synthesized, which showed potent antitumor activity. In particular, compound 13b effectively inhibited the proliferation and migration of HCT116 cells. Further mechanism studies revealed that compound 13b acted by inducing HCT116 cell apoptosis and arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M phase. Thus, compound 13b represents a promising lead compound for the discovery of novel antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Fugui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Shuqiang Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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12
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Lei F, Xiong Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Liang Z, Li J, Feng Y, Hao X, Wang Z. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Evodiamine Derivatives as Potential Antihepatocellular Carcinoma Agents. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7975-7992. [PMID: 35639640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Evodiamine has many biological activities. Herein, we synthesize 23 disubstituted derivatives of N14-phenyl or the E-ring of evodiamine and conduct systematic structure-activity relationship studies. In vitro antiproliferative activity indicated that compounds F-3 and F-4 dramatically inhibited the proliferation of Huh7 (IC50 = 0.05 or 0.04 μM, respectively) and SK-Hep-1 (IC50 = 0.07 or 0.06 μM, respectively) cells. Furthermore, compounds F-3 and F-4 could double inhibit topoisomerases I and II, inhibit invasion and migration, block the cell cycle to the G2/M stage, and induce apoptosis as well. Additionally, compounds F-3 and F-4 could also inhibit the activation of HSC-T6 and reduce the secretion of collagen type I to slow down the progression of liver fibrosis. Most importantly, compound F-4 (TGI = 60.36%) inhibited tumor growth more significantly than the positive drug sorafenib. To sum up, compound F-4 has excellent potential as a strong candidate for the therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lei
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yongxia Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Honghua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ziyi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Junfang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yiyue Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiangyong Hao
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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13
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Luo C, Ai J, Ren E, Li J, Feng C, Li X, Luo X. Research progress on evodiamine, a bioactive alkaloid of Evodiae fructus: Focus on its anti-cancer activity and bioavailability (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1327. [PMID: 34630681 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evodiae fructus (Wu-Zhu-Yu in Chinese) can be isolated from the dried, unripe fruits of Tetradium ruticarpum and is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that is applied extensively in China, Japan and Korea. Evodiae fructus has been traditionally used to treat headaches, abdominal pain and menorrhalgia. In addition, it is widely used as a dietary supplement to provide carboxylic acids, essential oils and flavonoids. Evodiamine (EVO) is one of the major bioactive components contained within Evodiae fructus and is considered to be a potential candidate anti-cancer agent. EVO has been reported to exert anti-cancer effects by inhibiting cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, whilst inducing apoptosis in numerous types of cancer cells. However, EVO is susceptible to metabolism and may inhibit the activities of metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome P450. Clinical application of EVO in the treatment of cancers may prove difficult due to poor bioavailability and potential toxicity due to metabolism. Currently, novel drug carriers involving the use of solid dispersion techniques, phospholipids and nanocomplexes to deliver EVO to improve its bioavailability and mitigate side effects have been tested. The present review aims to summarize the reported anti-cancer effects of EVO whilst discussing the pharmacokinetic behaviors, characteristics and effective delivery systems of EVO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaodan Luo
- Subtropical Agricultural Products Processing Engineering Technology Center, Guangxi Institute of Subtropical Agricultural Products Processing, Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Ai
- Subtropical Agricultural Products Processing Engineering Technology Center, Guangxi Institute of Subtropical Agricultural Products Processing, Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Erfang Ren
- Subtropical Agricultural Products Processing Engineering Technology Center, Guangxi Institute of Subtropical Agricultural Products Processing, Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Subtropical Agricultural Products Processing Engineering Technology Center, Guangxi Institute of Subtropical Agricultural Products Processing, Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Feng
- Subtropical Agricultural Products Processing Engineering Technology Center, Guangxi Institute of Subtropical Agricultural Products Processing, Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Xinrong Li
- Subtropical Agricultural Products Processing Engineering Technology Center, Guangxi Institute of Subtropical Agricultural Products Processing, Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Luo
- Subtropical Agricultural Products Processing Engineering Technology Center, Guangxi Institute of Subtropical Agricultural Products Processing, Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, P.R. China
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14
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Abdelshaheed MM, Fawzy IM, El-Subbagh HI, Youssef KM. Piperidine nucleus in the field of drug discovery. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Piperidine is an essential heterocyclic system and a pivotal cornerstone in the production of drugs. Piperidine byproducts showed several important pharmacophoric features and are being utilized in different therapeutic applications.
Main text
Piperidine derivatives are being utilized in different ways as anticancer, antiviral, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antifungal, antihypertension, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer, antipsychotic and/or anticoagulant agents.
Conclusions
This review article sheds a light on the most recent studies proving the importance of piperidine nucleus in the field of drug discovery.
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15
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Chen S, Bi K, Wu S, Li Y, Huang Y, Sheng C, Dong G. Water-soluble derivatives of evodiamine: Discovery of evodiamine-10-phosphate as an orally active antitumor lead compound. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113544. [PMID: 34052678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
10-Hydroxyevodiamine is a multitargeting antitumor lead compound with excellent in vitro activity. However, its in vivo antitumor potency is rather limited, which has hampered its further clinical development. To overcome this obstacle, a series of novel water-soluble derivatives of 10-hydroxyevodiamine were designed and synthesized. Most of them exhibited good to excellent antitumor activities against several cancer cell lines. In particular, phosphate derivative 9 was orally active and showed improved in vivo antitumor efficacy in HCT116 xenograft models. Further antitumor mechanism studies indicated that compound 9 acted by triple Top1/Top2/tubulin inhibition and induced apoptosis with G2/M cell cycle arrest. Taken together, this study extended the structure-activity relationship of evodiamine and identified phosphate derivative 9 as a promising antitumor lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqiang Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaijian Bi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanchao Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahui Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Almutairi FM, Ali AG, Abdelhamid AO, Alalawy AI, Bishr MK, Mohamed MS. The Identification of a Novel Unsymmetrical Azine as an Apoptosis Inducer in Colorectal Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:406-413. [PMID: 32838724 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200824095314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defects in the physiological mechanisms of apoptosis are one of the pivotal factors implicated in carcinogenesis. Thus, the development of novel compounds that target various apoptotic pathways has provided promising anticancer therapeutic opportunities. OBJECTIVE This study explores the cytotoxic effects of a novel unsymmetrical azine against specific cancer cell lines and investigates the mechanism of cytotoxicity. METHODS Molecular modeling was used to test the binding affinity of four new unsymmetrical azines to a model of an apoptosis inhibitor protein (XIAP). The compound with the highest binding affinity, C4, was further tested on different cell lines. Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) were used to study apoptosis induction biochemically and morphologically. RESULTS In comparison to cisplatin as a control, the compound C4 exhibited notable cytotoxicity against all tested cancer cell lines, especially the human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT-116). Furthermore, C4-treated cells demonstrated marked overexpression of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 as well as the tumor suppressor p53. On the other hand, the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was inhibited. On TEM examination, C4-treated HCT-116 cells showed classical structural signs of apoptosis. CONCLUSION This study identifies a novel azine (C4), which induces remarkable cytotoxicity against the colorectal carcinoma cell line, mediated through apoptosis induction. These novel insights suggest C4 as a promising therapeutic agent in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad M Almutairi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat G Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, El Sahel Teaching Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdou O Abdelhamid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Adel I Alalawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai K Bishr
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mervat S Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Khan YH, Uttra AM, Qasim S, Mallhi TH, Alotaibi NH, Rasheed M, Alzarea AI, Iqbal MS, Alruwaili NK, Khan SUD, Alanazi AS. Potential Role of Phytochemicals Against Matrix Metalloproteinase Induced Breast Cancer; An Explanatory Review. Front Chem 2021; 8:592152. [PMID: 33520928 PMCID: PMC7843438 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.592152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
World Health Organization (WHO) estimated breast cancer as one of the most prevailed malignancy around the globe. Its incident cases are gradually increasing every year, resulting in considerable healthcare burden. The heterogeneity of breast cancer accounts for its differential molecular subtyping, interaction between pathways, DNA damaging, and chronic inflammation. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of zinc-containing, calcium dependent endopeptidases which play a substantial role in breast carcinogenesis through several mechanisms. These mechanisms include remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM), cell proliferation, and angiogenesis which promote metastasis and result in tumor progression. In this context, compounds bearing MMP inhibitory potential can serve as potent therapeutic agents in combating MMPs provoked breast cancer. Current systematic review aimed to encompass the details of potent natural lead molecules that can deter MMPs-provoked breast cancer. Following the critical appraisal of literature, a total of n = 44 studies that explored inhibitory effect of phytochemicals on MMPs were included in this review. These phytoconstituents include alkaloids (n = 11), flavonoids (n = 23), terpenoids (n = 7), and lignans (n = 2). The most common inhibitory methods used to evaluate efficacy of these phytoconstituents included Gelatin Zymography, Western Blotting, and real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Moreover, current limitations, challenges, and future directions of using such compounds have been critically discussed. This review underscores the potential implications of phytochemicals in the management of breast cancer which could lessen the growing encumbrance of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusra Habib Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sumera Qasim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Hadal Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Rasheed
- Institute of Pharmacy, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Shahid Iqbal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Salah-Ud-Din Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Salah Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Huang J, Chen W, Liang J, Yang Q, Deng Z, Song Z, Peng Y. Rhodium( iii)-catalyzed annulation of 3-arylquinazolinones with alkynes via double C–H activation: an efficient route for quinolino[2,1- b]quinazolinones. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01186c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An effective method for the synthesis of quinolino[2,1-b]quinazolinones has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecules for Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecules for Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Jiazhi Liang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecules for Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecules for Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Zhihong Deng
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecules for Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Zhibin Song
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecules for Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yiyuan Peng
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecules for Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang 330022, China
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Sun Q, Xie L, Song J, Li X. Evodiamine: A review of its pharmacology, toxicity, pharmacokinetics and preparation researches. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 262:113164. [PMID: 32738391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Evodia rutaecarpa, a well-known herb medicine in China, is extensively applied in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The plant has the effects of dispersing cold and relieving pain, arresting vomiting, and helping Yang and stopping diarrhea. Modern research demonstrates that evodiamine, the main component of Evodia rutaecarpa, is the material basis for its efficacy. AIMS OF THE REVIEW This paper is primarily addressed to summarize the current studies on evodiamine. The progress in research on the pharmacology, toxicology, pharmacokinetics, preparation researches and clinical application are reviewed. Moreover, outlooks and directions for possible future studies concerning it are also discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS The information of this systematic review was conducted with resources of multiple literature databases including PubMed, Google scholar, Web of Science and Wiley Online Library and so on, with employing a combination of keywords including "pharmacology", "toxicology", "pharmacokinetics" and "clinical application", etc. RESULTS: As the main component of Evodia rutaecarpa, evodiamine shows considerable pharmacological activities, such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-microbial, heart protection and metabolic disease regulation. However, it is also found that it has significant hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity, thereby it should be monitored in clinical. In addition, available data demonstrate that the evodiamine has a needy solubility in aqueous medium. Scientific and reasonable pharmaceutical strategies should be introduced to improve the above defects. Meanwhile, more efforts should be made to develop novel efficient and low toxic derivatives. CONCLUSIONS This review summarizes the results from current studies of evodiamine, which is one of the valuable medicinal ingredients from Evodia rutaecarpa. With the assistance of relevant pharmacological investigation, some conventional application and problems in pharmaceutical field have been researched in recent years. In addition, unresolved issues include toxic mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, novel pharmaceutical researches and relationship between residues and intestinal environment, which are still being explored and excavate before achieving integration into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Long Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Jiawen Song
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
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20
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Liu N, Li Y, Chen G, Ge K. Evodiamine induces reactive oxygen species-dependent apoptosis and necroptosis in human melanoma A-375 cells. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:121. [PMID: 32863934 PMCID: PMC7448557 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a common solid malignant tumor with a high frequency of metastasis and relapse. Evodiamine (EVO), a natural small molecule, has recently attracted considerable attention due to its pharmacological action, including its anticancer effects. However, the mechanism of the cytotoxic effect exerted by EVO on tumor cells is not yet fully understood. The present study aimed to evaluate the antitumor effects of evodiamine in human melanoma A-375 cells. The results demonstrated that EVO inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M stage in human melanoma A-375 cells. The results also revealed that EVO exposure induced the activation of caspase-3, caspase-9 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1, as well as mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation in a time-dependent manner, indicating that EVO induced intrinsic apoptosis in A-375 cells. Furthermore, the results revealed that receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase (RIP) and RIP3 were sequentially activated, suggesting that necroptosis may also be involved in EVO-induced cell death in A-375 cells. In addition, co-treatment with catalase was demonstrated to significantly attenuate the EVO-induced cell death in A-375 cells, indicating that reactive oxygen species (ROS) may serve an important role in EVO-induced cell death. In conclusion, the results of the present study unveiled a novel mechanism of drug action by EVO in human melanoma cells and suggested its potential value in treating human melanoma by inducing cell death via ROS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China.,Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Yongxi Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Guanzhi Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Keli Ge
- Institute of Integrated Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266023, P.R. China
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21
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An Indole Alkaloid Extracted from Evodia rutaecarpa Inhibits Colonic Motility of Rats In Vitro. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2020; 2020:8610653. [PMID: 32328100 PMCID: PMC7157783 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8610653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evodiamine (Evo) is an indole alkaloid extracted from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Evodia rutaecarpa. Evo may regulate gastrointestinal motility, but the evidence is insufficient, and the mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Evo on colonic motility of rats and the underlying mechanisms in vitro. Rat colonic muscle was exposed to Evo (10 and 100 μM) followed by immunohistochemistry of cholecystokinin receptor 1 (CCK1R). Muscle contractions were studied in an organ bath system to determine whether CCK1R, nitric oxide (NO), and enteric neurons are involved in the relaxant effect of Evo. Whole-cell patch-clamp was used to detect L-type calcium currents (ICa,L) in isolated colonic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). CCK1R was observed in SMCs, intermuscular neurons, and mucosa of rat colon. Evo could inhibit spontaneous muscle contractions; NO synthase, inhibitor L-NAME CCK1R antagonist, could partly block this effect, while the enteric neurons may not play a major role. Evo inhibited the peak ICa,L in colonic SMCs at a membrane potential of 0 mV. The current-voltage (I–V) relationship of L-type calcium channels was modified by Evo, while the peak of the I–V curve remained at 0 mV. Furthermore, Evo inhibited the activation of L-type calcium channels and decreased the peak ICa,L. The relaxant effect of Evo on colonic muscle is associated with the inhibition of L-type calcium channels. The enteric neurons, NO, and CCK1R may be partly related to the inhibitory effect of Evo on colonic motility. This study provides the first evidence that evodiamine can regulate colonic motility in rats by mediating calcium homeostasis in smooth muscle cells. These data form a theoretical basis for the clinical application of evodiamine for treatment of gastrointestinal motility diseases.
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22
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The Biological Activity of Natural Alkaloids against Herbivores, Cancerous Cells and Pathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110656. [PMID: 31717922 PMCID: PMC6891610 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing incidence of microorganisms that resist antimicrobials is a constant concern for the scientific community, while the development of new antimicrobials from new chemical entities has become more and more expensive, time-consuming, and exacerbated by emerging drug-resistant strains. In this regard, many scientists are conducting research on plants aiming to discover possible antimicrobial compounds. The secondary metabolites contained in plants are a source of chemical entities having pharmacological activities and intended to be used for the treatment of different diseases. These chemical entities have the potential to be used as an effective antioxidant, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic and antimicrobial agents. Among these pharmacologically active entities are the alkaloids which are classified into a number of classes, including pyrrolizidines, pyrrolidines, quinolizidines, indoles, tropanes, piperidines, purines, imidazoles, and isoquinolines. Alkaloids that have antioxidant properties are capable of preventing a variety of degenerative diseases through capturing free radicals, or through binding to catalysts involved indifferent oxidation processes occurring within the human body. Furthermore, these entities are capable of inhibiting the activity of bacteria, fungi, protozoan and etc. The unique properties of these secondary metabolites are the main reason for their utilization by the pharmaceutical companies for the treatment of different diseases. Generally, these alkaloids are extracted from plants, animals and fungi. Penicillin is the most famous natural drug discovery deriving from fungus. Similarly, marines have been used as a source for thousands of bioactive marine natural products. In this review, we cover the medical use of natural alkaloids isolated from a variety of plants and utilized by humans as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and anticancer agents. An example for such alkaloids is berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, found in roots and stem-bark of Berberis asculin P. Renault plant and used to kill a variety of microorganisms.
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Dutt R, Garg V, Khatri N, Madan AK. Phytochemicals in Anticancer Drug Development. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:172-183. [PMID: 30398123 DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666181106115802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In spite of major technological advances in conventional therapies, cancer continues to remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Phytochemicals are gradually emerging as a rich source of effective but safer agents against many life-threatening diseases. METHODS Various phytochemicals with reported anticancer activity have been simply categorized into major phytoconstituents- alkaloids, polyphenols, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. RESULTS The adverse effects associated with currently available anticancer medications may be overcome by using plant-derived compounds either alone or in combination. Exploration of plant kingdom may provide new leads for the accelerated development of new anticancer agents. CONCLUSION Although numerous potent synthetic drugs have been introduced for cancer chemotherapy, yet their serious toxicity concerns to normal cells apart from drug resistance have emerged as the major obstacles for their clinical utility over a prolonged duration of time. Current status and potential of phytochemicals and their derivatives in cancer therapy have been briefly reviewed in the present manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Dutt
- Department of Pharmacy, G.D. Goenka University, Gurgaon-122103, India
| | - Vandana Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M. D. University, Rohtak-124001, India
| | - Naveen Khatri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences Rohtak- 124001, India
| | - Anil K Madan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences Rohtak- 124001, India
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Zhu H, Ge K, Lu J, Jia C. Growth inhibitor of human hepatic carcinoma HepG2 cells by evodiamine is associated with downregulation of PRAME. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:1551-1560. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Rutaecarpine: A promising cardiovascular protective alkaloid from Evodia rutaecarpa (Wu Zhu Yu). Pharmacol Res 2019; 141:541-550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Zhang Y, Shao Y, Gong J, Zhu J, Cheng T, Chen J. Selenium-Catalyzed Oxidative C–H Amination of (E)-3-(Arylamino)-2-styrylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones: A Metal-Free Synthesis of 1,2-Diarylpyrazolo[5,1-b]quinazolin-9(1H)-ones. J Org Chem 2019; 84:2798-2807. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yetong Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yinlin Shao
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Julin Gong
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jianghe Zhu
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Tianxing Cheng
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jiuxi Chen
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Wu P, Chen Y. Evodiamine ameliorates paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain by inhibiting inflammation and maintaining mitochondrial anti-oxidant functions. Hum Cell 2019; 32:251-259. [PMID: 30701373 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-019-00238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain (CINP) is a common and debilitating side effect of cancer treatment. Evodiamine, a major effective compound isolated from Evodia rutaecarpa, has been associated with anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects, an important therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neuropathic pain. However, the effects of evodiamine on CINP remain unknown. Thus, this study aims to investigate the pharmacological potential of evodiamine in attenuating paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. The results showed that evodiamine enhanced but not reduced the sensitivity of cancer cells to paclitaxel treatment. In a rat model of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy, evodiamine significantly ameliorated the development of mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. Moreover, paclitaxel-induced the loss of intraepidermal nerve fibers was markedly inhibited by evodiamine administration. This inhibitory effect was accompanied with the decrease in inflammatory and chemoattractant cytokines level in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. In addition, evodiamine administration limited paclitaxel-induced elevation of oxidative stress in DRG tissues. The mitochondrial dysfunction evoked by paclitaxel was also remarkably improved in evodiamine-treated rats, evidenced by restoration of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α), uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) expression. In in vitro studies, we found that evodiamine prevented paclitaxel-induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and PGC-1α, UCP2 and SOD2 expression in DRG cells. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that evodiamine ameliorates paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain by inhibiting inflammatory response and maintaining mitochondrial anti-oxidant functions, indicating that evodiamine may be a promising therapeutic agent for CINP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, NO. 29 Xinglong Road, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, NO. 29 Xinglong Road, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China.
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Antiproliferative Effects of Alkaloid Evodiamine and Its Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113403. [PMID: 30380774 PMCID: PMC6274956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids, a category of natural products with ring structures and nitrogen atoms, include most U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved plant derived anti-cancer agents. Evodiamine is an alkaloid with attractive multitargeting antiproliferative activity. Its high content in the natural source ensures its adequate supply on the market and guarantees further medicinal study. To the best of our knowledge, there is no systematic review about the antiproliferative effects of evodiamine derivatives. Therefore, in this article the review of the antiproliferative activities of evodiamine will be updated. More importantly, the antiproliferative activities of structurally modified new analogues of evodiamine will be summarized for the first time.
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Zhou Y, Hu J. Evodiamine Induces Apoptosis, G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest, and Inhibition of Cell Migration and Invasion in Human Osteosarcoma Cells via Raf/MEK/ERK Signalling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:5874-5880. [PMID: 30135419 PMCID: PMC6118161 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma is a prevalent type of bone tumor mainly reported in children and adolescents. The treatments for osteosarcoma are limited and are associated with serious adverse effects. In this study we evaluated the anticancer activity of Evodiamine, a plant-derived natural product, against a panel of osteosarcoma cells and explored the underlying mechanisms. Material/Methods The viability of osteosarcoma cell lines was investigated by MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected by DAPI and annexin V/PI staining and cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry. The expression of the proteins was examined by Western blotting. Results The results of the present study indicated that Evodiamine inhibited the proliferation of U2OS osteosarcoma cells with an IC50 of 6 μM. Further investigations indicated the antiproliferative effects of Evodiamine are due to induction of apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest. The results of Western blotting revealed that the expression of several apoptosis (Cytochrome c, Bax, Bid, Caspase 3, 9, 8, and PARP) and cell cycle-related proteins (cyclin B1, Cdc25c, and Cdc2) was significantly altered. Evodiamine also suppressed the migration and invasion of U2OS osteosarcoma cells. Moreover, Evodiamine downregulated the expression of important regulatory proteins such as p-MEK and p-ERK, leading to the inhibition of Raf/MEK/ERK signalling pathways. Conclusions We found that Evodiamine exerts anticancer effects on osteosarcoma cells and has potential in the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelai Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic, College of Clinical Medicine, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jinlong Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Fourth People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Zhang Y, Yan T, Sun D, Xie C, Zheng Y, Zhang L, Yagai T, Krausz KW, Bisson WH, Yang X, Gonzalez FJ. Structure-Activity Relationships of the Main Bioactive Constituents of Euodia rutaecarpa on Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation and Associated Bile Acid Homeostasis. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1030-1040. [PMID: 29691238 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.080176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rutaecarpine (RUT), evodiamine (EOD), and dehydroevodiamine (DHED) are the three main bioactive indoloquinazoline alkaloids isolated from Euodia rutaecarpa, a widely prescribed traditional Chinese medicine. Here, the structure-activity relationships of these analogs for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activation were explored by use of Ahr-deficient (Ahr-/-) mice, primary hepatocyte cultures, luciferase reporter gene assays, in silico ligand-docking studies, and metabolomics. In vitro, both mRNA analysis of AHR target genes in mouse primary hepatocytes and luciferase reporter assays in hepatocarcinoma cell lines demonstrated that RUT, EOD, and DHED significantly activated AHR, with an efficacy order of RUT > DHED > EOD. Ligand-docking analysis predicted that the methyl substitute at the N-14 atom was a key factor affecting AHR activation. In vivo, EOD was poorly orally absorbed and failed to activate AHR, whereas RUT and DHED markedly upregulated expression of the hepatic AHR gene battery in wild-type mice, but not in Ahr-/- mice. Furthermore, RUT, EOD, and DHED were not hepatotoxic at the doses used; however, RUT and DHED disrupted bile acid homeostasis in an AHR-dependent manner. These findings revealed that the methyl group at the N-14 atom of these analogs and their pharmacokinetic behaviors were the main determinants for AHR activation, and suggest that attention should be given to monitoring bile acid metabolism in the clinical use of E. rutaecarpa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbo Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Yo.Z., Ti.Y., D.S. C.X., To.Y., K.W.K., F.J.G.); State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (Yo.Z., Yi.Z., L.Z., X.Y.); Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (W.H.B.); and College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (D.S.)
| | - Tingting Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Yo.Z., Ti.Y., D.S. C.X., To.Y., K.W.K., F.J.G.); State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (Yo.Z., Yi.Z., L.Z., X.Y.); Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (W.H.B.); and College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (D.S.)
| | - Dongxue Sun
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Yo.Z., Ti.Y., D.S. C.X., To.Y., K.W.K., F.J.G.); State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (Yo.Z., Yi.Z., L.Z., X.Y.); Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (W.H.B.); and College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (D.S.)
| | - Cen Xie
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Yo.Z., Ti.Y., D.S. C.X., To.Y., K.W.K., F.J.G.); State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (Yo.Z., Yi.Z., L.Z., X.Y.); Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (W.H.B.); and College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (D.S.)
| | - Yiran Zheng
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Yo.Z., Ti.Y., D.S. C.X., To.Y., K.W.K., F.J.G.); State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (Yo.Z., Yi.Z., L.Z., X.Y.); Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (W.H.B.); and College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (D.S.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Yo.Z., Ti.Y., D.S. C.X., To.Y., K.W.K., F.J.G.); State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (Yo.Z., Yi.Z., L.Z., X.Y.); Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (W.H.B.); and College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (D.S.)
| | - Tomoki Yagai
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Yo.Z., Ti.Y., D.S. C.X., To.Y., K.W.K., F.J.G.); State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (Yo.Z., Yi.Z., L.Z., X.Y.); Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (W.H.B.); and College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (D.S.)
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Yo.Z., Ti.Y., D.S. C.X., To.Y., K.W.K., F.J.G.); State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (Yo.Z., Yi.Z., L.Z., X.Y.); Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (W.H.B.); and College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (D.S.)
| | - William H Bisson
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Yo.Z., Ti.Y., D.S. C.X., To.Y., K.W.K., F.J.G.); State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (Yo.Z., Yi.Z., L.Z., X.Y.); Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (W.H.B.); and College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (D.S.)
| | - Xiuwei Yang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Yo.Z., Ti.Y., D.S. C.X., To.Y., K.W.K., F.J.G.); State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (Yo.Z., Yi.Z., L.Z., X.Y.); Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (W.H.B.); and College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (D.S.)
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (Yo.Z., Ti.Y., D.S. C.X., To.Y., K.W.K., F.J.G.); State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China (Yo.Z., Yi.Z., L.Z., X.Y.); Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (W.H.B.); and College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (D.S.)
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Ethanol Extract of Evodia rutaecarpa Attenuates Cell Growth through Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia-1 Cells. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040523. [PMID: 29690562 PMCID: PMC5946308 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dried fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham have been used widely as a herbal medicine for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and abdominal pain. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a nonmalignant disease characterized by overgrowth of prostates. Despite the pharmacological efficacy of the fruits of E. rutaecarpa against various diseases, their effects against BPH have not been reported. Here, we investigated the inhibitory activity of a 70% ethanol extract of E. rutaecarpa (EEER) against BPH, and its underlying mechanisms regarding cell growth of BPH using BPH-1 cells. An in vitro 5α-reductase activity assay showed that EEER exhibited inhibitory activity against 5α-reductase. In BPH-1 cells, EEER treatment inhibited cell viability and reduced the expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin D1, and phosphor-ERK1/2 proteins. Moreover, EEER also induced apoptosis, with chromatin condensation, apoptotic bodies, and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Regarding its underlying mechanisms, EEER exacerbated the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3 in a concentration-dependent manner and eventually caused the cleavage of PARP. Taken together, these data demonstrated that EEER had a potent 5α-reductase inhibitory activity and that EEER treatment in BPH-1 cells inhibited cell viability via caspase-8- and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Therefore, EEER may be a potential phytotherapeutic agent for the treatment of BPH.
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Kong XF, Zhan F, He GX, Pan CX, Gu CX, Lu K, Mo DL, Su GF. Gold-Catalyzed Selective 6-exo-dig and 7-endo-dig Cyclizations of Alkyn-Tethered Indoles To Prepare Rutaecarpine Derivatives. J Org Chem 2018; 83:2006-2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Fei Kong
- State
Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal
Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of
Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
- College
of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, 12 Jian Gan Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Feng Zhan
- State
Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal
Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of
Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Guo-Xue He
- State
Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal
Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of
Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Cheng-Xue Pan
- State
Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal
Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of
Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Chen-Xi Gu
- State
Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal
Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of
Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Ke Lu
- State
Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal
Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of
Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Dong-Liang Mo
- State
Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal
Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of
Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Gui-Fa Su
- State
Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal
Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of
Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
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Yao X, Yu T, Zhao C, Li Y, Peng Y, Xi F, Yang G. Evodiamine promotes differentiation and inhibits proliferation of C2C12 muscle cells. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:1627-1634. [PMID: 29286060 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Evodiamine is a botanical alkaloid compound extracted from Tetradium plants. Previous studies have reported that evodiamine (Evo) treatment can reduce food uptake and improve insulin resistance in animals . The skeletal muscle comprises about 40% of the body mass of adults and has a vital role in regulating whole body glucose metabolism and energy metabolism. However, the effect of Evo on skeletal muscle is unclear. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Evo on the differentiation and proliferation of the mouse C2C12 muscle cell line. The results demonstrated that Evo promoted the expression of myogenic marker genes (Myogenin and muscle myosin heavy chain) and increased myoblast differentiation, potentially via activation of the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. Furthermore, Evo increased mRNA expression of p21, reduced mRNA expression of Cyclin B, Cyclin D and Cyclin E and reduced the percentage of proliferating cells. Also, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was decreased by Evo treatment during cell proliferation. In conclusion, these findings indicated that Evo has marked effects on skeletal muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Taiyong Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Chen Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Youlei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Fengxue Xi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Gongshe Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
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Yang D, Li L, Qian S, Liu L. Evodiamine ameliorates liver fibrosis in rats via TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. J Nat Med 2017; 72:145-154. [PMID: 28936800 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-017-1122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is considered to be a result of chronic liver pathological changes, and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play an important role during this process. Evodiamine, an indole alkaloid derived from Evodia rutaecarpa, exhibits pharmacological activities. This study focused on the effects of evodiamine on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats and HSCs in vitro via the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. A liver fibrosis rat model was established by the intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 (3 ml/kg, 30% in olive oil). Evodiamine (15 and 25 mg/kg) was administered orally for 8 weeks. HSCs were treated with different evodiamine concentrations. The results indicated that evodiamine could improve the histopathological abnormalities in liver tissues and decrease the level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), hydroxyproline, and total bilirubin (TBIL). Concentrations of IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), collagen-I (COL-I), and collagen-III (COL-III) were reduced by evodiamine. Western blotting and real-time PCR showed that protein expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1), p-Smad 2/3 (phosphorylation of Smad 2/3), and smooth muscle alpha-actin (α-SMA) as well as mRNA expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA in liver tissues were downregulated by evodiamine. The cell proliferation, production of hydroxyproline, and the protein expression of TGF-β1, p-Smad 2/3, and α-SMA in HSCs were dose-dependently reduced by evodiamine. Collectively, evodiamine had an antifibrosis effect in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, and reduced HSCs proliferation and collagen metabolism in vitro. The major mechanism was downregulation of relative expression of TGF-β1, p-Smad 2/3, and α-SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical College, No. 632, Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanjun Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical College, No. 632, Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical College, No. 632, Furong Road, Economic and Technological Development Zone, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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Evaluation of the Cardiotoxicity of Evodiamine In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060943. [PMID: 28598372 PMCID: PMC6152646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Evodiamine is a bioactive alkaloid that is specified as a biomarker for the quality assessment of Evodia rutaecarpa (E. rutaecarpa) and for traditional Chinese medicines containing this plant. We previously reported that quantitative structure–activity modeling indicated that evodiamine may cause cardiotoxicity. However, previous investigations have indicated that evodiamine has beneficial effects in patients with cardiovascular diseases and there are no previous in vitro or in vivo reports of evodiamine-induced cardiotoxicity. The present study investigated the effects of evodiamine on primary cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in vitro, and on zebrafish in vivo. Cell viability was reduced in vitro, where evodiamine had a 24 h 50% inhibitory concentration of 28.44 µg/mL. Cells exposed to evodiamine also showed increased lactate dehydrogenase release and maleic dialdehyde levels, and reduced superoxide dismutase activity. In vivo, evodiamine had a 10% lethal concentration of 354 ng/mL and induced cardiac malfunction, as evidenced by changes in heart rate and circulation, and pericardial malformations. This study indicated that evodiamine could cause cardiovascular side effects involving oxidative stress. These findings suggest that cardiac function should be monitored in patients receiving preparations containing evodiamine.
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Nam EY, Kim SA, Kim H, Kim SH, Han JH, Lee JH, Kim DI. Akt activation by Evodiae Fructus extract protects ovary against 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide-induced ovotoxicity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 194:733-739. [PMID: 27769945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Evodiae Fructus (EF) is the dried, unripe fruit of Evodia rutaecarpa Benth., and one of the main components of traditional herbal prescriptions issued for the treatment of sterility caused by irregular menstruation in Korea. However, scientific evidence regarding the efficacy and action mechanism of EF is lacking. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, the authors established an in vitro screening tool to identify promising new drug candidates in herbal medicines for the prevention and treatment of premature ovarian failure. The protective effects of EF extracts against 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD)-induced ovotoxicity were investigated and the molecular mechanism responsible was sought. MATERIAL AND METHODS EF extract was prepared by boiling EF in water and its quality was confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography. CHO-K1 (Chinese hamster ovary cells) and COV434 (human ovarian granulosa cells) cells were plated, pretreated with EF extract for 2h and then treated with 1.5mM or 0.5mM VCD for 24h, respectively. Cell viabilities were measured using an MTT assay, and protein levels were determined by western blotting. RESULTS VCD significantly suppressed the viability of both CHO-K1 and COV434 cells in a dose-dependent manner and induced the apoptosis of CHO-K1 cells at 1.5mM. EF extract dose-dependently blocked the ovotoxicity induced by treatment with VCD. Furthermore, EF extract significantly activated Akt and downstream effectors such as mTOR and GSK-3β in CHO-K1 cells. The ability of EF extract to prevent cytotoxicity by VCD was antagonized by pretreatment of LY294002, a PI3K/Akt inhibitor. CONCLUSION EF has the ability to protect ovary cells against VCD-induced ovotoxicity, probably via Akt activation. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of EF might be useful for preventing premature ovarian failure or unexplained infertility caused by environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Nam
- Department of Korean Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ah Kim
- Department of Korean Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejung Kim
- Department of Korean Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Kim
- Department of Korean Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Han
- Department of Korean Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Il Kim
- Department of Korean Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea.
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Ge X, Chen SY, Liu M, Liang TM, Liu C. Evodiamine inhibits PDGF‑BB‑induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells through the suppression of cell cycle progression and oxidative stress. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:4551-4558. [PMID: 27748810 PMCID: PMC5101993 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation is a key event in the development of in-stent restenosis. Evodiamine is an indole alkaloid extracted from the Chinese medicine, evodia, and has been shown to inhibit tumor cell proliferation and protect the cardiovascular system. However, whether evodiamine affects VSMC proliferation remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the present study examined the effects and the mechanisms of action of evodiamine on the proliferation of rat VSMCs. The cells were treated with evodiamine alone or in combination with platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) stimulation. It was found that evodiamine inhibited PDGF-BB-induced VSMC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, without inducing cell death. Evodiamine also retarded cell cycle progression, evidenced by the suppression of the expression of cell cycle-promoting cyclin proteins and cyclin-dependent kinases. In addition, evodiamine attenuated the PDGF-BB-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2, however, it had no effect on the phosphorylation of Akt. Evodiamine also inhibited the increase of reactive oxygen species generation and upregulated the mRNA expression levels of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes. These findings provide important insights into the mechanisms underlying the vasoprotective actions of evodiamine and suggest that it may be a useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of vascular occlusive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Si-Yu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Mei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Ming Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
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Wei L, Jin X, Cao Z, Li W. [Evodiamine induces extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells via the mitogen-activated protein kinase/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathways]. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2016; 36:353-9. [PMID: 27468551 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(16)30049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of evodiamine on ovarian cancer cells and the mechanisms underlying such effects. METHODS Human. ovarian cancer cells HO-8910PM were treated with evodiamine at 0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 μM for 1-4 d. 3-(4,5-Dimethiylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to detect the growth inhibition rate of evodiamine-treated HO-8910PM cells. The cell cycle was observed via propidium iodide (PI) staining. Apoptosis induction was assessed via Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide (Annexin V-FITC/PI) double staining assay. To verify the mechanism of apoptosis, caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway-related protein was detected by Western blot analysis. The expression levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and/or phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway-related proteins were also investigated. RESULTS Evodiamine significantly inhibited the proliferation of HO-8910PM cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Evodiamine induced G2/M arrest with an increase of cyclin B1 level, and promoted cell apoptosis with a decrease of B cell lymphoma/lewkmia-2 (Bcl-2) and an increase of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) level. In addition, evodiamine treatment led to the activation of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 and the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP). Evodiamine targeted the MAPK and/or PI3K/Akt pathways by reducing the expression and activity of PI3K, Akt, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK1/2 MAPK) and the activity of p38 MAPK. CONCLUSION Evodiamine can inhibit the growth of ovarian cancer cells by G2/M arrest and intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis. In addition, evodiamine-induced PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2 MAPK, and p38 MAPK signaling may be involved in cell death.
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Evodiamine exerts anti-tumor effects against hepatocellular carcinoma through inhibiting β-catenin-mediated angiogenesis. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12791-12803. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Wang S, Yamamoto S, Kogure Y, Zhang W, Noguchi K, Dai Y. Partial Activation and Inhibition of TRPV1 Channels by Evodiamine and Rutaecarpine, Two Major Components of the Fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:1225-1230. [PMID: 27159637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Evodiamine (1) and rutaecarpine (2) are the two major components of Evodia rutaecarpa, which has long been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases. Using transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-expressing HEK293 cells and patch-clamp recording, the inhibitory actions of 1 and 2 against TRPV1 channels were investigated. The effects of these compounds against capsaicin- or proton-activated TRPV1 activities were evaluated. The results showed that, although 1 and 2 can activate TRPV1, the maximum response was 3.5- or 9-fold lower than that of capsaicin, respectively, suggesting partial agonism. In comparison to capsaicin, coadministration of 1 and capsaicin increased the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of capsaicin-activated TRPV1 currents as shown by a right shift in the dose-response curve, whereas coadministration of 1 with protons failed to inhibit the proton-induced current. Moreover, preadministration of 1, but not 2, inhibited both capsaicin- and proton-induced TRPV1 currents, which might involve channel desensitization. Taken together, 1 and 2 may share the same binding site with capsaicin and act as partial agonists (antagonists) of TRPV1. Evodiamine (1), but not rutaecarpine (2), can desensitize or competitively inhibit the activity of TRPV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences , Kobe, Hyogo 6508530, Japan
- Traditional Medicine Research Center, Chinese Medicine Confucius Institute at Hyogo College of Medicine , Kobe, Hyogo 6508530, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences , Kobe, Hyogo 6508530, Japan
| | - Yoko Kogure
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences , Kobe, Hyogo 6508530, Japan
| | - Wensheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Koichi Noguchi
- Traditional Medicine Research Center, Chinese Medicine Confucius Institute at Hyogo College of Medicine , Kobe, Hyogo 6508530, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine , Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638501, Japan
| | - Yi Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences , Kobe, Hyogo 6508530, Japan
- Traditional Medicine Research Center, Chinese Medicine Confucius Institute at Hyogo College of Medicine , Kobe, Hyogo 6508530, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine , Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638501, Japan
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Antiproliferative activity and apoptosis inducing effects of nitric oxide donating derivatives of evodiamine. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2971-2978. [PMID: 27178387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The first series of nitric oxide donating derivatives of evodiamine were designed and prepared. NO releasing ability of all target derivatives was evaluated in BGC-823, Bel-7402 and L-02 cells. The cytotoxicity was evaluated against three human tumor cell lines (Bel-7402, A549 and BGC-823) and normal human liver cells L-02. The nitrate derivatives 11a and 11b only exhibited moderate activity and furoxan-based derivatives 13a-c, 14a and 14b showed promising activity. 13c showed good cytotoxic selectivity between tumor and normal liver cells and was further investigated for its apoptotic properties on human hepatocarcinoma Bel-7402 cells. The molecular mode of action revealed that 13c caused cell-cycle arrest at S phase and induced apoptosis in Bel-7402 cells through mitochondria-related caspase-dependent pathways.
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Evodiamine selectively targets cancer stem-like cells through the p53-p21-Rb pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 469:1153-8. [PMID: 26713361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the recent improvements, the resistance to chemotherapy/radiotherapy followed by relapse is the main hurdle for the successful treatment of breast cancer, a leading cause of death in women. A small population of breast cancer cells that have stem-like characteristics (cancer stem-like cells; CSLC) may contribute to this resistance and relapse. Here, we report on a component of a traditional Chinese medicine, evodiamine, which selectively targets CSLC of breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and MDAMB 231 at a concentration that does show a little or no cytotoxic effect on bulk cancer cells. While evodiamine caused the accumulation of bulk cancer cells at the G2/M phase, it did not hold CSLC in a specific cell cycle phase but instead, selectively killed CSLC. This was not due to the culture of CSLC in suspension or without FBS. A proteomic analysis and western blotting revealed that evodiamine changed the expression of cell cycle regulating molecules more efficiently in CSLC cells than in bulk cancer cells. Surprisingly, evodiamine selectively activated p53 and p21 and decreased inactive Rb, the master molecules in G1/S checkpoint. These data collectively suggest a novel mechanism involving CSLC-specific targeting by evodiamine and its possible use to the therapy of breast cancer.
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Zhong ZF, Tan W, Wang SP, Qiang WA, Wang YT. Anti-proliferative activity and cell cycle arrest induced by evodiamine on paclitaxel-sensitive and -resistant human ovarian cancer cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16415. [PMID: 26553648 PMCID: PMC4639765 DOI: 10.1038/srep16415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemo-resistance is the main factor for poor prognosis in human ovarian epithelial cancer. Active constituents derived from Chinese medicine with anti-cancer potential might circumvent this obstacle. In our present study, evodiamine (EVO) derived from Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth suppressed the proliferation of human epithelial ovarian cancer, A2780 and the related paclitaxel-resistant cell lines and did not cause cytotoxicity, as confirmed by the significant decline of clone formation and the representative alterations of CFDA-SE fluorescence. Meanwhile, EVO induced cell cycle arrest in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This disturbance might be mediated by the cooperation of Cyclin B1 and Cdc2, including the up-regulation of Cyclin B1, p27, and p21, and activation failure of Cdc2 and pRb. MAPK signaling pathway regulation also assisted in this process. Furthermore, chemo-sensitivity potential was enhanced as indicated in A2780/PTXR cells by the down-regulation of MDR-1 expression, accompanied by MDR-1 function suppression. Taken together, we confirmed initially that EVO exerted an anti-proliferative effect on human epithelial ovarian cancer cells, A2780/WT and A2780/PTXR, induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, and improved chemo-resistance. Overall, we found that EVO significantly suppressed malignant proliferation in human epithelial ovarian cancer, thus proving to be a potential anti-cancer agent in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Feng Zhong
- University of Macau, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau, China
| | - Wen Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Sheng-Peng Wang
- University of Macau, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau, China
| | - Wen-An Qiang
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- University of Macau, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau, China
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Evodiamine suppresses capsaicin-induced thermal hyperalgesia through activation and subsequent desensitization of the transient receptor potential V1 channels. J Nat Med 2015; 70:1-7. [PMID: 26188960 PMCID: PMC5329085 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-015-0929-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Evodiae fructus (EF), a fruit of Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham, has long been used as an analgesic drug in traditional Chinese and Japanese medicine. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of its pharmacological action is unclear. Here, using calcium imaging, whole-cell patch-clamp recording, and behavioral analysis, we investigated the pharmacological action of EF and its principal compound, evodiamine, on the transient receptor potential (TRP) V1 channels. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and TRPV1- or TRPA1-transfected human embryonic kidney-derived (HEK) 293 cells were used for calcium imaging or whole-cell patch-clamp recording. Twenty male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the capsaicin-induced thermal hyperalgesia behavioral analyses. We found that evodiamine induced significant increases in intracellular calcium and robust inward currents in a subpopulation of isolated rat DRG neurons, most of which were also sensitive to capsaicin. The effect of evodiamine was completely blocked by capsazepine, a competitive antagonist of TRPV1. Evodiamine induced significant inward currents in TRPV1-, but not TRPA1-transfected HEK293 cells. Pretreatment with evodiamine reduced capsaicin-induced currents significantly. Furthermore, the in vivo pre-treatment of evodiamine suppressed thermal hyperalgesia induced by intraplantar injection of capsaicin in rats. These results identify that the analgesic effect of EF and evodiamine may be due to the activation and subsequent desensitization of TRPV1 in sensory neurons.
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Evodiamine inhibits the proliferation of human osteosarcoma cells by blocking PI3K/Akt signaling. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1388-96. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Sachita K, Kim Y, Yu HJ, Cho SD, Lee JS. In Vitro Assessment of the Anticancer Potential of Evodiamine in Human Oral Cancer Cell Lines. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1145-51. [PMID: 25903972 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Evodiamine, a bioactive alkaloid, has been regarded as having antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anticancer properties. In the present study, we explored the effects of evodiamine on cell growth and apoptosis in human oral cancer cell lines. Our data revealed that evodiamine significantly inhibited the proliferation of human oral cancer cells and resulted in the cleavages of PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) and caspase-3, in addition to causing the typical characteristics of apoptosis. Evodiamine also increased Bax protein levels and caused translocation of Bax into mitochondria and Bax oligomerization. In addition, evodiamine decreased expression of myeloid cell leukemia (Mcl-1) at the transcriptional modification, and knockdown of Mcl-1 clearly resulted in an increase in expression of Bax and active Bax, resulting in induction of apoptosis. Evodiamine reduced expression of phosphorylated AKT, and LY294002 potentiated evodiamine-induced apoptosis by regulating Mcl-1 protein. Our results suggest that evodiamine induces apoptosis in human oral cancer cells through the AKT pathway. These findings provide a rationale for its clinical application in the treatment of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadka Sachita
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
| | - Yongsoo Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Yu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Cho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sang Lee
- Food Industry Research Institute, Department of Health and Functional Food, College of Medical Science, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 560-759, Korea
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Zou Y, Qin X, Xiong H, Zhu F, Chen T, Wu H. Apoptosis of human non-small-cell lung cancer A549 cells triggered by evodiamine through MTDH-dependent signaling pathway. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5187-93. [PMID: 25652471 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metadherin (MTDH), a novel oncoprotein, has been implicated in the carcinogenesis in various aspects of tumor malignancy. Overexpression of the MTDH promotes the survival and proliferation of lung cancer cells. Agent that can suppress MTDH activation would have potential to be developed for cancer therapeutics. In this study, we investigated the antitumor effect of evodiamine in human non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) A549 cell line and the inhibitory effect of evodiamine on MTDH pathway. 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining assays demonstrated that evodiamine or MTDH short hairpin RNA (shRNA) significantly inhibited proliferation of A549 cells via induction of apoptosis. Besides, evodiamine or MTDH shRNA-induced activation of the caspase-3 in A549 cells under same conditions. In addition, Western blotting analysis showed that treatment of A549 cells with evodiamine or MTDH shRNA resulted in an increase of proapoptotic protein Bax expression but decreased the expression levels of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and MTDH, which altogether account for apoptotic cell death. Taken together, our results suggest that the evodiamine suppress the proliferation of lung cancer cells, at least, in part, via inhibition of MTDH expression and activation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Zou
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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Bai X, Meng H, Ma L, Guo A. Inhibitory effects of evodiamine on human osteosarcoma cell proliferation and apoptosis. Oncol Lett 2014; 9:801-805. [PMID: 25621054 PMCID: PMC4301500 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a primary malignancy of bone, which is characterized by the proliferation of malignant mesenchymal cells, particularly in children and adolescents. Evodiamine is extracted from a variety of traditional Chinese medicines, which has been reported to induce apoptosis in certain tumors, including cervical, prostate and breast cancer, however, its effect on oestosarcoma cells remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of evodiamine on osteosarcoma cell proliferation and apoptosis, and explore the associated underlying molecular mechanism. A Cell Counting Kit 8 assay was performed to detect the effects of evodiamine on the proliferation of human osteosarcoma U2OS cells. Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining was performed to analyze the apoptotic rate of the cells. The effect of evodiamine on the protein expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3 and survivin were detected by performing western blot analysis. Evodiamine inhibited the growth of human osteosarcoma U2OS cells by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing cell apoptosis. Western blotting demonstrated that evodiamine downregulated the expression of Bcl-2, caspase-3 and survivin, and upregulated the expression of Bax in human osteosarcoma cells. Evodiamine effectively inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells in a dose-dependent manner via downregulation of Bcl-2, caspase-3 and survivin protein expression levels and upregulation of Bax protein expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xicheng, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Hai Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xicheng, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Lifeng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xicheng, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Ai Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xicheng, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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Zou Y, Zhang P, Zhu F, Xiong H. WITHDRAWN: Evodiamine triggers apoptosis in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells via targeting MTDH-mediated signaling pathway. Pharmacotherapy 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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50
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Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Zhou X, Gong X. Development and validation of an UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for determination of dehydroevodiamine, limonin, evodiamine, and rutaecarpine in Evodiae Fructus. Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:374-83. [PMID: 25210328 PMCID: PMC4159934 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.137381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Evodiae Fructus (EF), one of the most widely used traditional Chinese medicines, mainly consists of alkaloids, is widely used for the treatments of headache and gastrointestinal disorders. In this study, a sensitive and reliable UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed for qualitative determination of dehydroevodiamine, limonin, evodiamine, and rutaecarpine. Materials and Methods: Chromatographic separations were accomplished on a Phenomenex Kinetex XB-C18 column (2.1 × 150 mm, 1.7 μm) by using a gradient elution profile with a mobile phase consisting of 0.5% formic acid in water (A) and acetonitrile (B). Detection was performed using multiple reactions monitoring mode under ESI in the positive ion mode. Results: The results showed good linearity over the investigated concentration ranges (R2>0.9900) for the analytes. The limit of quantitations (LOQs) were 6.88 ng/mL for dehydroevodiamine, 18.6 ng/mL for limonin, 6.24 ng/mL for evodiamine, and 2.56 ng/mL for rutaecarpine, respectively. Intraday and interday precisions (relative standard deviations, %) were <5% and accuracies ranged from 92% to 106%. Conclusion: The validated method was successfully applied to assay the contents of the four compounds in EF samples from different regions, with which just 10 min was needed to analyze each sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- The Research Center for Quality Control of Nature Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China ; Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Area and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Yunling Zhao
- The Research Center for Quality Control of Nature Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China ; Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Area and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- The Research Center for Quality Control of Nature Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China ; Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Area and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Gong
- The Research Center for Quality Control of Nature Medicine, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China ; Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Area and Protection of Ecological Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, Guizhou, China
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