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Huang B, Belharazem D, Li L, Kneitz S, Schnabel PA, Rieker RJ, Körner D, Nix W, Schalke B, Müller-Hermelink HK, Ott G, Rosenwald A, Ströbel P, Marx A. Anti-Apoptotic Signature in Thymic Squamous Cell Carcinomas - Functional Relevance of Anti-Apoptotic BIRC3 Expression in the Thymic Carcinoma Cell Line 1889c. Front Oncol 2013; 3:316. [PMID: 24427739 PMCID: PMC3876280 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathogenesis of thymomas and thymic carcinomas (TCs) is poorly understood and results of adjuvant therapy are unsatisfactory in case of metastatic disease and tumor recurrence. For these clinical settings, novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Recently, limited sequencing efforts revealed that a broad spectrum of genes that play key roles in various common cancers are rarely affected in thymomas and TCs, suggesting that other oncogenic principles might be important. This made us re-analyze historic expression data obtained in a spectrum of thymomas and thymic squamous cell carcinomas (TSCCs) with a custom-made cDNA microarray. By cluster analysis, different anti-apoptotic signatures were detected in type B3 thymoma and TSCC, including overexpression of BIRC3 in TSCCs. This was confirmed by qRT-PCR in the original and an independent validation set of tumors. In contrast to several other cancer cell lines, the BIRC3-positive TSCC cell line, 1889c showed spontaneous apoptosis after BIRC3 knock-down. Targeting apoptosis genes is worth testing as therapeutic principle in TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Huang
- Pathologisches Institut der Universität Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Djeda Belharazem
- Pathologisches Institut und Zentrum für Medizinische Forschung (ZMF), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Li Li
- Pathologisches Institut und Zentrum für Medizinische Forschung (ZMF), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg , Mannheim , Germany ; Pathologisches Institut der Universitätsmedizin Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Susanne Kneitz
- Pathologisches Institut der Universität Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | | | - Ralf J Rieker
- Pathologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Daniel Körner
- Abteilung Thoraxchirurgie, Thoraxklinik Rohrbach, Universität Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Wilfred Nix
- Neurologische Universitätsklinik Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Berthold Schalke
- Neurologische Universitätsklink Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | | | - German Ott
- Pathologisches Institut, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Pathologisches Institut der Universität Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Pathologisches Institut und Zentrum für Medizinische Forschung (ZMF), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg , Mannheim , Germany ; Pathologisches Institut der Universitätsmedizin Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Alexander Marx
- Pathologisches Institut und Zentrum für Medizinische Forschung (ZMF), Universitätsmedizin Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg , Mannheim , Germany
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Gökmen-Polar Y, Cook RW, Goswami CP, Wilkinson J, Maetzold D, Stone JF, Oelschlager KM, Vladislav IT, Shirar KL, Kesler KA, Loehrer PJ, Badve S. A gene signature to determine metastatic behavior in thymomas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66047. [PMID: 23894276 PMCID: PMC3722217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Thymoma represents one of the rarest of all malignancies. Stage and completeness of resection have been used to ascertain postoperative therapeutic strategies albeit with limited prognostic accuracy. A molecular classifier would be useful to improve the assessment of metastatic behaviour and optimize patient management. Methods qRT-PCR assay for 23 genes (19 test and four reference genes) was performed on multi-institutional archival primary thymomas (n = 36). Gene expression levels were used to compute a signature, classifying tumors into classes 1 and 2, corresponding to low or high likelihood for metastases. The signature was validated in an independent multi-institutional cohort of patients (n = 75). Results A nine-gene signature that can predict metastatic behavior of thymomas was developed and validated. Using radial basis machine modeling in the training set, 5-year and 10-year metastasis-free survival rates were 77% and 26% for predicted low (class 1) and high (class 2) risk of metastasis (P = 0.0047, log-rank), respectively. For the validation set, 5-year metastasis-free survival rates were 97% and 30% for predicted low- and high-risk patients (P = 0.0004, log-rank), respectively. The 5-year metastasis-free survival rates for the validation set were 49% and 41% for Masaoka stages I/II and III/IV (P = 0.0537, log-rank), respectively. In univariate and multivariate Cox models evaluating common prognostic factors for thymoma metastasis, the nine-gene signature was the only independent indicator of metastases (P = 0.036). Conclusion A nine-gene signature was established and validated which predicts the likelihood of metastasis more accurately than traditional staging. This further underscores the biologic determinants of the clinical course of thymoma and may improve patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Gökmen-Polar
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Cook
- Castle Biosciences Incorporated, Friendswood, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chirayu Pankaj Goswami
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jeff Wilkinson
- The DNA Diagnostics Laboratory, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Derek Maetzold
- Castle Biosciences Incorporated, Friendswood, Texas, United States of America
| | - John F. Stone
- The DNA Diagnostics Laboratory, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Ioan Tudor Vladislav
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kristen L. Shirar
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Kesler
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Loehrer
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sunil Badve
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Girard N, Shen R, Guo T, Zakowski MF, Heguy A, Riely GJ, Huang J, Lau C, Lash AE, Ladanyi M, Viale A, Antonescu CR, Travis WD, Rusch VW, Kris MG, Pao W. Comprehensive genomic analysis reveals clinically relevant molecular distinctions between thymic carcinomas and thymomas. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:6790-9. [PMID: 19861435 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thymomas and thymic carcinomas are rare intrathoracic malignancies that can be invasive and refractory to conventional treatment. Because these tumors both originate from the thymus, they are often grouped together clinically. However, whether the underlying biology of these tumors warrants such clustering is unclear, and the optimum treatment of either entity is unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN All thymic tumors were profiled for mutations in genes encoding components of the EGFR and KIT signaling pathways, assessed for EGFR and KIT expression by immunohistochemistry, and analyzed by array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Previously untreated tumors were subjected to global gene expression arrays. RESULTS We analyzed 45 thymic tumors [thymoma, n = 38 (type A, n = 8; type B2, n = 22; type B3, n = 8); thymic carcinoma, n = 7]. One thymoma and one thymic carcinoma harbored KRAS mutations (G12A and G12V, respectively), and one thymoma had a G13V HRAS mutation. Three tumors displayed strong KIT staining. Two thymic carcinomas harbored somatic KIT mutations (V560del and H697Y). In cell viability assays, the V560del mutant was associated with similar sensitivities to imatinib and sunitinib, whereas the H697Y mutant displayed greater sensitivity to sunitinib. Genomic profiling revealed distinct differences between type A to B2 thymomas versus type B3 and thymic carcinomas. Moreover, array-based comparative genomic hybridization could readily distinguish squamous cell carcinomas of the thymus versus the lung, which can often present a diagnostic challenge. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive genomic analysis suggests that thymic carcinomas are molecularly distinct from thymomas. These data have clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic implications for the treatment of thymic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Girard
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (HOPP, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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Hongsachart P, Huang-Liu R, Sinchaikul S, Pan FM, Phutrakul S, Chuang YM, Yu CJ, Chen ST. Glycoproteomic analysis of WGA-bound glycoprotein biomarkers in sera from patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1206-20. [PMID: 19294700 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Differential protein expression profiles in the serum samples from patients with lung adenocarcinoma may be associated with glycosylation during cancer development. In this study, we used various glycoproteomic approaches to investigate the different glycoproteomic profiles of human normal and lung adenocarcinoma serum samples and to investigate putative altered glycoprotein biomarkers. In our preliminary screening, FITC-labeled lectin staining was used for the detection of specific glycoprotein profiles. wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin had the highest level of specific binding to glycoproteins in both samples. We enriched for glycoproteins in the serum samples using WGA lectin affinity and then performed co-immunoprecipitation with anti-haptoglobin and 2-DE, 2-D difference in-gel electrophoresis and MS analyses. From these analyses, we identified 39 differentially expressed proteins, including 27 up-regulated proteins and 12 down-regulated proteins. Bioinformatics tools were used to search for protein ontology, category classifications and prediction of glycosylation sites. In addition, three up-regulated glycoproteins (adiponectin, cerulolasmin and glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol-80) and two down-regulated glycoproteins (cyclin H and Fyn) that were found to be correlated with lung cancer development were validated by Western blot analysis. We suggest that these altered glycoproteins may be useful as biomarkers for lung cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyorot Hongsachart
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Identification of differential gene expression for microarray data using recursive random forest. Chin Med J (Engl) 2008. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200812020-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Anzai-Takeda Y, Takeda Y, Sendo F, Araki Y. Inhibition of cell spreading in CHO cells transfected with cDNA of a glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored protein, GPI-80. Immunobiology 2005; 210:1-10. [PMID: 16076029 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously cloned a glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-anchored protein, designated GPI-80 that associated with integrin and may modulate leukocyte adherence and migration. Recent studies have shown that GPI-80 belongs to a Vanin family that is related to pantetheinase, but the regulatory function of GPI-80 in cell adherence is still unclear. To clarify the possible functions of GPI-80, we transfected GPI-80 cDNA into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and observed adherence and morphological changes. Adherence of GPI-80 transfectants was significantly decreased when signal strength for the cell adhesion is weak, and the cell spreading of the transfectants was strongly inhibited. This inhibitory effect of GPI-80 expression was largely canceled by GPI-80 shedding with phosphatidy-linositol-specific phospholipase C. Interestingly, spreading of GPI-80 transfectants was temporarily recovered from the round shape but not maintained by stimulation with known activators of beta1 integrins, phorbol myristate acetate and manganese ions. Taken together, these results suggest that the expression of GPI-80 on CHO cells can influence cell spreading in weak adhesive signal conditions via extracellular matrix molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Anzai-Takeda
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata-City 990-9585, Japan
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Papadopoulos KP, Thomas CR. Current chemotherapy options for thymic epithelial neoplasms. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2005; 6:1169-77. [PMID: 15957970 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.6.7.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Thymomas and thymic carcinoma are rare neoplasms. Surgical resection is the cornerstone of effective therapy. Stage I disease is effectively treated by complete surgical resection. The role of radiation therapy in completely resected stage II disease remains controversial. Adjuvant radiation therapy is useful for local control and may improve survival in patients with incompletely resected tumours. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens play an important role in the treatment of advanced stage III/IV or recurrent disease thymomas, but have proven less effective for thymic carcinoma. Phase II trials of multimodality therapy incorporating neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery and postoperative radiation therapy show promise for unresectable disease. This review discusses recent clinical data and the potential role for agents targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor, angiogenesis and apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos P Papadopoulos
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Institute for Drug Development, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review reports findings in the field of epithelial tumors originating from the thymus from the past year and discusses these findings in the context of the literature. RECENT FINDINGS Epithelial tumors of the thymus are relatively common tumors of the anterior superior mediastinum. Thymomas are usually slowly growing tumors, and their prognosis depends on the macroscopic and microscopic invasion of surrounding tissues. Thymic carcinomas are more aggressive and less common tumors than thymomas and have been increasing in frequency in recent years. Surgery is the mainstay treatment of thymic malignancies, and complete resection represents the best prognostic factor in this disease. Postoperative radiotherapy may be indicated in tumors with invasion of surrounding tissues, but it is controversial in early-stage thymomas. Combination chemotherapy has been employed in several small studies and in advanced disease has been demonstrated to produce a 50-80% objective response rate. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy or external beam radiotherapy have been used with success in patients with tumors that are not readily resectable. Novel antiproliferative systemic agents are being investigated, based on a better understanding of the biology of these tumors. SUMMARY A better understanding of the clinical behavior of thymomas versus thymic carcinomas and systemic therapies targeted to biologically validated targets in these diseases will help improve efficacy of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Giaccone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. G.Giaccone.vumc.nl
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Sasaki H, Fujii Y, Ide N. Chromosome 6 abnormalities correlated with thymoma progression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 163:2635-6; author reply 2636. [PMID: 14633634 PMCID: PMC1892388 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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