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Sosnovski KE, Braun T, Amir A, BenShoshan M, Abbas-Egbariya H, Ben-Yishay R, Anafi L, Avivi C, Barshack I, Denson LA, Haberman Y. Reduced LHFPL3-AS2 lncRNA expression is linked to altered epithelial polarity and proliferation, and to ileal ulceration in Crohn disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20513. [PMID: 37993670 PMCID: PMC10665440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47997-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of intestinal epithelial functions is linked to Crohn disease (CD) pathogenesis. We identified a widespread reduction in the expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) including LHFPL3-AS2 in the treatment-naïve CD ileum of the RISK pediatric cohort. We validated the reduction of LHFPL3-AS2 in adult CD and noted a further reduction in patients with more severe CD from the RISK cohort. LHFPL3-AS2 knockdown in Caco-2 cells robustly affected epithelial monolayer morphogenesis with markedly reduced confluency and spreading, showing atypical rounding, and clumping. mRNA-seq analysis of LHFPL3-AS2 knockdown cells highlighted the reduction of genes and pathways linked with apical polarity, actin bundles, morphogenesis, and the b-catenin-TCF4 complex. LHFPL3-AS2 knockdown significantly reduced the ability of cells to form an internal lumen within the 3-dimensional (3D) cyst model, with mislocalization of actin and adherent and tight junction proteins, affecting epithelial polarity. LHFPL3-AS2 knockdown also resulted in defective mitotic spindle formation and consequent reduction in epithelial proliferation. Altogether, we show that LHFPL3-AS2 reduction affects epithelial morphogenesis, polarity, mitotic spindle formation, and proliferation, which are key processes in maintaining epithelial homeostasis in CD. Reduced expression of LHFPL3-AS2 in CD patients and its further reduction with ileal ulceration outcome, emphasizes its significance in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya E Sosnovski
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tzipi Braun
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amnon Amir
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marina BenShoshan
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Haya Abbas-Egbariya
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rakefet Ben-Yishay
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Anafi
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Camilla Avivi
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Iris Barshack
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lee A Denson
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yael Haberman
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Affiliated with the Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Zhang B, Xie SH, Hu JY, Lei SJ, Shen LH, Liu HT, Zheng Q, Zhang ZM, Wu CL, Li Q, Wang F. Truncated SCRIB isoform promotes breast cancer metastasis through HNRNP A1 mediated exon 16 skipping. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:2307-2321. [PMID: 37402999 PMCID: PMC10618471 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors with high mortality due to metastases. SCRIB, a scaffold protein mainly distributed in the cell membrane, is a potential tumor suppressor. Mislocalization and aberrant expression of SCRIB stimulate the EMT pathway and promote tumor cell metastasis. SCRIB has two isoforms (with or without exon 16) produced by alternative splicing. In this study we investigated the function of SCRIB isoforms in breast cancer metastasis and their regulatory mechanisms. We showed that in contrast to the full-length isoform (SCRIB-L), the truncated SCRIB isoform (SCRIB-S) was overexpressed in highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells that promoted breast cancer metastasis through activation of the ERK pathway. The affinity of SCRIB-S for the catalytic phosphatase subunit PPP1CA was lower than that of SCRIB-L and such difference might contribute to the different function of the two isoforms in cancer metastasis. By conducting CLIP, RIP and MS2-GFP-based experiments, we revealed that the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) promoted SCRIB exon 16 skipping by binding to the "AG"-rich sequence "caggauggaggccccccgugccgag" on intron 15 of SCRIB. Transfection of MDA-MB-231 cells with a SCRIB antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ASO-SCRIB) designed on the basis of this binding sequence, not only effectively inhibited the binding of hnRNP A1 to SCRIB pre-mRNA and suppressed the production of SCRIB-S, but also reversed the activation of the ERK pathway by hnRNP A1 and inhibited the metastasis of breast cancer. This study provides a new potential target and a candidate drug for treating breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shao-Han Xie
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jun-Yi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Si-Jia Lei
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Liang-Hua Shen
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hong-Tao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qing Zheng
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Chun-Lian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (China West Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanchong, 637009, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Chaoshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Chaozhou City, 515600, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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3
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Kundu S, Lin C, Jaiswal M, Mullapudi VB, Craig KC, Chen S, Guo Z. Profiling Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-Interacting Proteins in the Cell Membrane Using a Bifunctional GPI Analogue as the Probe. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:919-930. [PMID: 36700487 PMCID: PMC9992086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchorage of cell surface proteins to the membrane is biologically important and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. However, GPIs do not contain long enough lipids to span the entire membrane bilayer. To transduce binding signals, GPIs must interact with other membrane components, but such interactions are difficult to define. Here, a new method was developed to explore GPI-interacting membrane proteins in live cell with a bifunctional analogue of the glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol motif conserved in all GPIs as a probe. This probe contained a diazirine functionality in the lipid and an alkynyl group on the glucosamine residue to respectively facilitate the cross-linkage of GPI-binding membrane proteins with the probe upon photoactivation and then the installation of biotin to the cross-linked proteins via a click reaction for affinity-based protein isolation and analysis. Profiling the proteins pulled down from the Hela cells revealed 94 unique and 18 overrepresented proteins compared to the control, and most of them are membrane proteins and many are GPI-related. The results have proved not only the concept of using the new bifunctional GPI probe to investigate GPI-binding membrane proteins but also the important role of inositol in the biological functions of GPI anchors and GPI-anchored proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Chuwei Lin
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Mohit Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | | | - Kendall C Craig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
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Javorsky A, Maddumage JC, Mackie ERR, Soares da Costa TP, Humbert PO, Kvansakul M. Structural insight into the Scribble PDZ domains interaction with the oncogenic Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus-1 (HTLV-1) Tax1 PBM. FEBS J 2023; 290:974-987. [PMID: 36029163 PMCID: PMC10952772 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scribble (Scrib) is a highly conserved cell polarity regulator that harbours potent tumour suppressor activity and plays an important role in cell migration. Dysregulation of polarity is associated with poor prognosis during viral infections. Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus-1 (HTLV-1) encodes for the oncogenic Tax1 protein, a modulator of the transcription of viral and human proteins that can cause cell cycle dysregulation as well as a loss of genomic integrity. Previous studies established that Scribble interacts with Tax1 via its C-terminal PDZ-binding motif (PBM), leading to aggregation of polarity regulators and subsequent perturbation of host cell adhesion, proliferation, and signalling. Using isothermal titration calorimetry, we now show that all four PDZ domains of Scribble bind to Tax1 PBM. We then determined crystal structures of Scribble PDZ1, PDZ2 and PDZ3 domains bound to Tax1 PBM. Our findings establish a structural basis for Tax1-mediated subversion of Scribble-mediated cell polarity signalling and provide the platform for mechanistic studies to examine Tax1 induced mislocalization of Scribble and the associated changes in cellular architecture and subsequent tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airah Javorsky
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Janesha C. Maddumage
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Emily R. R. Mackie
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Tatiana P. Soares da Costa
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Patrick O. Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- Research Centre for Molecular Cancer PreventionLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of Biochemistry & PharmacologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of Clinical PathologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- Research Centre for Molecular Cancer PreventionLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
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5
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Stewart BZ, Caria S, Humbert PO, Kvansakul M. Structural analysis of human papillomavirus E6 interactions with Scribble PDZ domains. FEBS J 2023. [PMID: 36609831 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cell polarity regulator Scribble has been shown to be a critical regulator of the establishment and development of tissue architecture, and its dysregulation promotes or suppresses tumour development in a context-dependent manner. Scribble activity is subverted by numerous viruses. This includes human papillomaviruses (HPVs), who target Scribble via the E6 protein. Binding of E6 from high-risk HPV strains to Scribble via a C-terminal PDZ-binding motif leads to Scribble degradation in vivo. However, the precise molecular basis for Scribble-E6 interactions remains to be defined. We now show that Scribble PDZ1 and PDZ3 are the major interactors of HPV E6 from multiple high-risk strains, with each E6 protein displaying a unique interaction profile. We then determined crystal structures of Scribble PDZ1 and PDZ3 domains in complex with the PDZ-binding motif (PBM) motifs of E6 from HPV strains 16, 18 and 66. Our findings reveal distinct interaction patterns for each E6 PBM motif from a given HPV strain, suggesting that a complex molecular interplay exists that underpins the overt Scribble-HPV E6 interaction and controls E6 carcinogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Z Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sofia Caria
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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6
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Wang Y, Liu R, Liao J, Jiang L, Jeong GH, Zhou L, Polite M, Duong D, Seyfried NT, Wang H, Kiyokawa H, Yin J. Orthogonal ubiquitin transfer reveals human papillomavirus E6 downregulates nuclear transport to disarm interferon-γ dependent apoptosis of cervical cancer cells. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21986. [PMID: 34662469 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101232rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The E6 protein of the human papillomavirus (HPV) underpins important protein interaction networks between the virus and host to promote viral infection. Through its interaction with E6AP, a host E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligase, E6 stirs the protein ubiquitination pathways toward the oncogenic transformation of the infected cells. For a systematic measurement of E6 reprogramming of the substrate pool of E6AP, we performed a proteomic screen based on "orthogonal UB transfer (OUT)" that allowed us to identify the ubiquitination targets of E6AP dependent on the E6 protein of HPV-16, a high-risk viral subtype for the development of cervical cancer. The OUT screen identified more than 200 potential substrates of the E6-E6AP pair based on the transfer of UB from E6AP to the substrate proteins. Among them, we verified that E6 would induce E6AP-catalyzed ubiquitination of importin proteins KPNA1-3, protein phosphatase PGAM5, and arginine methyltransferases CARM1 to trigger their degradation by the proteasome. We further found that E6 could significantly reduce the cellular level of KPNA1 that resulted in the suppression of nuclear transport of phosphorylated STAT1 and the inhibition of interferon-γ-induced apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. Overall, our work demonstrates OUT as a powerful proteomic platform to probe the interaction of E6 and host cells through protein ubiquitination and reveals a new role of E6 in down-regulating nuclear transport proteins to attenuate tumor-suppressive signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ruochuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jia Liao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lucen Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geon H Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Monica Polite
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Duc Duong
- Integrated Proteomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Huadong Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hiroaki Kiyokawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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7
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Velloso FJ, Campos AR, Sogayar MC, Correa RG. Proteome profiling of triple negative breast cancer cells overexpressing NOD1 and NOD2 receptors unveils molecular signatures of malignant cell proliferation. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:152. [PMID: 30791886 PMCID: PMC6385390 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a malignancy with very poor prognosis, due to its aggressive clinical characteristics and lack of response to receptor-targeted drug therapy. In TNBC, immune-related pathways are typically upregulated and may be associated with a better prognosis of the disease, encouraging the pursuit for immunotherapeutic options. A number of immune-related molecules have already been associated to the onset and progression of breast cancer, including NOD1 and NOD2, innate immune receptors of bacterial-derived components which activate pro-inflammatory and survival pathways. In the context of TNBC, overexpression of either NOD1or NOD2 is shown to reduce cell proliferation and increase clonogenic potential in vitro. To further investigate the pathways linking NOD1 and NOD2 signaling to tumorigenesis in TNBC, we undertook a global proteome profiling of TNBC-derived cells ectopically expressing each one of these NOD receptors. Results We have identified a total of 95 and 58 differentially regulated proteins in NOD1- and NOD2-overexpressing cells, respectively. We used bioinformatics analyses to identify enriched molecular signatures aiming to integrate the differentially regulated proteins into functional networks. These analyses suggest that overexpression of both NOD1 and NOD2 may disrupt immune-related pathways, particularly NF-κB and MAPK signaling cascades. Moreover, overexpression of either of these receptors may affect several stress response and protein degradation systems, such as autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome complex. Interestingly, the levels of several proteins associated to cellular adhesion and migration were also affected in these NOD-overexpressing cells. Conclusions Our proteomic analyses shed new light on the molecular pathways that may be modulating tumorigenesis via NOD1 and NOD2 signaling in TNBC. Up- and downregulation of several proteins associated to inflammation and stress response pathways may promote activation of protein degradation systems, as well as modulate cell-cycle and cellular adhesion proteins. Altogether, these signals seem to be modulating cellular proliferation and migration via NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways. Further investigation of altered proteins in these pathways may provide more insights on relevant targets, possibly enabling the immunomodulation of tumorigenesis in the aggressive TNBC phenotype. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5523-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J Velloso
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL), Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, 05360-130, Brazil
| | - Alexandre R Campos
- SBP Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mari C Sogayar
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL), Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, 05360-130, Brazil
| | - Ricardo G Correa
- SBP Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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8
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Bonello TT, Peifer M. Scribble: A master scaffold in polarity, adhesion, synaptogenesis, and proliferation. J Cell Biol 2018; 218:742-756. [PMID: 30598480 PMCID: PMC6400555 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201810103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Key events ranging from cell polarity to proliferation regulation to neuronal signaling rely on the assembly of multiprotein adhesion or signaling complexes at particular subcellular sites. Multidomain scaffolding proteins nucleate assembly and direct localization of these complexes, and the protein Scribble and its relatives in the LAP protein family provide a paradigm for this. Scribble was originally identified because of its role in apical-basal polarity and epithelial integrity in Drosophila melanogaster It is now clear that Scribble acts to assemble and position diverse multiprotein complexes in processes ranging from planar polarity to adhesion to oriented cell division to synaptogenesis. Here, we explore what we have learned about the mechanisms of action of Scribble in the context of its multiple known interacting partners and discuss how this knowledge opens new questions about the full range of Scribble protein partners and their structural and signaling roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa T Bonello
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Mark Peifer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC .,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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9
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Mruk DD, Cheng CY. The Mammalian Blood-Testis Barrier: Its Biology and Regulation. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:564-91. [PMID: 26357922 PMCID: PMC4591527 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is the cellular process by which spermatogonia develop into mature spermatids within seminiferous tubules, the functional unit of the mammalian testis, under the structural and nutritional support of Sertoli cells and the precise regulation of endocrine factors. As germ cells develop, they traverse the seminiferous epithelium, a process that involves restructuring of Sertoli-germ cell junctions, as well as Sertoli-Sertoli cell junctions at the blood-testis barrier. The blood-testis barrier, one of the tightest tissue barriers in the mammalian body, divides the seminiferous epithelium into 2 compartments, basal and adluminal. The blood-testis barrier is different from most other tissue barriers in that it is not only comprised of tight junctions. Instead, tight junctions coexist and cofunction with ectoplasmic specializations, desmosomes, and gap junctions to create a unique microenvironment for the completion of meiosis and the subsequent development of spermatids into spermatozoa via spermiogenesis. Studies from the past decade or so have identified the key structural, scaffolding, and signaling proteins of the blood-testis barrier. More recent studies have defined the regulatory mechanisms that underlie blood-testis barrier function. We review here the biology and regulation of the mammalian blood-testis barrier and highlight research areas that should be expanded in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores D Mruk
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065
| | - C Yan Cheng
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York 10065
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10
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Ono Y, Urata Y, Goto S, Nakagawa S, Humbert PO, Li TS, Zammit PS. Muscle stem cell fate is controlled by the cell-polarity protein Scrib. Cell Rep 2015; 10:1135-48. [PMID: 25704816 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells are resident skeletal muscle stem cells that supply myonuclei for homeostasis, hypertrophy, and repair in adult muscle. Scrib is one of the major cell-polarity proteins, acting as a potent tumor suppressor in epithelial cells. Here, we show that Scrib also controls satellite-cell-fate decisions in adult mice. Scrib is undetectable in quiescent cells but becomes expressed during activation. Scrib is asymmetrically distributed in dividing daughter cells, with robust accumulation in cells committed to myogenic differentiation. Low Scrib expression is associated with the proliferative state and preventing self-renewal, whereas high Scrib levels reduce satellite cell proliferation. Satellite-cell-specific knockout of Scrib in mice causes a drastic and insurmountable defect in muscle regeneration. Thus, Scrib is a regulator of tissue stem cells, controlling population expansion and self-renewal with Scrib expression dynamics directing satellite cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ono
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Yoshishige Urata
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shinji Goto
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Tao-Sheng Li
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Peter S Zammit
- Kings College London, Randall Division of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, London SE1 1UL, UK
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11
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Nagasaka K, Massimi P, Pim D, Subbaiah VK, Kranjec C, Nakagawa S, Yano T, Taketani Y, Banks L. The mechanism and implications of hScrib regulation of ERK. Small GTPases 2014; 1:108-112. [PMID: 21686263 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.1.2.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Scribble is a potential tumor suppressor protein, whose loss is a frequent event in late stage cancer development. In both Drosophila and mammalian model systems, Scribble has been shown capable of regulating cell polarity, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Although several interacting partners, including βPiX, have been identified that help to explain how Scribble can regulate cell polarity and migration, little is known about how Scribble can control cell proliferation. Recent work from our laboratory has shown that Scribble can directly regulate the ERK signaling pathway. This is mediated by a direct protein-protein interaction between Scribble and ERK, which has two components. In the first, Scribble appears to anchor ERK at membrane-bound sites, with the loss of Scribble enhancing ERK nuclear translocation. In the second, Scribble can decrease the levels of active phosphorylated ERK, a function that is dependent upon the ability of Scribble to bind ERK directly. One of the consequences of this activity of Scribble is the inhibition of EJ-ras induced cell transformation. These results provide some of the first direct mechanistic information on how Scribble can regulate cell proliferation and, furthermore, they provide indications as to the identity of other signaling intermediates that may be recruited by Scribble to directly regulate mitogenic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Nagasaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Graduate School of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo, Japan
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12
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CD74-dependent deregulation of the tumor suppressor scribble in human epithelial and breast cancer cells. Neoplasia 2014; 15:660-8. [PMID: 23730214 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The γ subunit of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II complex, CD74, is overexpressed in a significant proportion of metastatic breast tumors, but the mechanistic foundation and biologic significance of this phenomenon are not fully understood. Here, we show that when CD74 is overexpressed in human cancer and noncancerous epithelial cells, it interacts and interferes with the function of Scribble, a product of a well-known tumor suppressor gene. Furthermore, using epithelial cell lines expressing CD74 under the control of tetracycline-inducible promoter and quantitative high-resolution mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that, as a result of CD74 overexpression, the phosphorylation pattern of the C-terminal part of Scribble undergoes specific changes. This is accompanied with a translocation of the protein from the sites of cell-to-cell contacts at the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm, which is likely to effectively enhance the motility and invasiveness of the cancer cells.
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13
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Owens MB, Hill AD, Hopkins AM. Ductal barriers in mammary epithelium. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e25933. [PMID: 24665412 PMCID: PMC3783220 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.25933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue barriers play an integral role in the biology and pathobiology of mammary ductal epithelium. In normal breast physiology, tight and adherens junctions undergo dynamic changes in permeability in response to hormonal and other stimuli, while several of their proteins are directly involved in mammary tumorigenesis. This review describes first the structure of mammary ductal epithelial barriers and their role in normal mammary development, examining the cyclical changes in response to puberty, pregnancy, lactation and involution. It then examines the role of adherens and tight junctions and the participation of their constituent proteins in mammary tumorigenic functions such as migration, invasion and metastasis. Finally, it discusses the potential of these adhesion proteins as both prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Owens
- Department of Surgery; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arnold Dk Hill
- Department of Surgery; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ann M Hopkins
- Department of Surgery; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Lei Y, Zhu H, Duhon C, Yang W, Ross ME, Shaw GM, Finnell RH. Mutations in planar cell polarity gene SCRIB are associated with spina bifida. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69262. [PMID: 23922697 PMCID: PMC3724847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) (OMIM #182940) including anencephaly, spina bifida and craniorachischisis, are severe congenital malformations that affect 0.5–1 in 1,000 live births in the United States, with varying prevalence around the world. Mutations in planar cell polarity (PCP) genes are believed to cause a variety of NTDs in both mice and humans. SCRIB is a PCP-associated gene. Mice that are homozygous for the Scrib p.I285K and circletail (Crc) mutations, present with the most severe form of NTDs, namely craniorachischisis. A recent study reported that mutations in SCRIB were associated with craniorachischisis in humans, but whether SCRIB mutations contribute to increased spina bifida risk is still unknown. We sequenced the SCRIB gene in 192 infants with spina bifida and 190 healthy controls. Among the spina bifida patients, we identified five novel missense mutations that were predicted-to-be-deleterious by the PolyPhen software. Of these five mutations, three of them (p.P1043L, p.P1332L, p.L1520R) significantly affected the subcellular localization of SCRIB. In addition, we demonstrated that the craniorachischisis mouse line-90 mutation I285K, also affected SCRIB subcellular localization. In contrast, only one novel missense mutation (p.A1257T) was detected in control samples, and it was predicted to be benign. This study demonstrated that rare deleterious mutations of SCRIB may contribute to the multifactorial risk for human spina bifida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Lei
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nutritional Sciences, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Huiping Zhu
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nutritional Sciences, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Cody Duhon
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nutritional Sciences, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - M. Elizabeth Ross
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gary M. Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nutritional Sciences, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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The Scribble-Dlg-Lgl polarity module in development and cancer: from flies to man. Essays Biochem 2012; 53:141-68. [PMID: 22928514 DOI: 10.1042/bse0530141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Scribble, Par and Crumbs modules were originally identified in the vinegar (fruit) fly, Drosophila melanogaster, as being critical regulators of apico-basal cell polarity. In the present chapter we focus on the Scribble polarity module, composed of Scribble, discs large and lethal giant larvae. Since the discovery of the role of the Scribble polarity module in apico-basal cell polarity, these proteins have also been recognized as having important roles in other forms of polarity, as well as regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, cell signalling and vesicular trafficking. In addition to these physiological roles, an important role for polarity proteins in cancer progression has also been uncovered, with loss of polarity and tissue architecture being strongly correlated with metastatic disease.
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16
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Miyamoto Y, Nakagawa S, Wada-Hiraike O, Seiki T, Tanikawa M, Hiraike H, Sone K, Nagasaka K, Oda K, Kawana K, Nakagawa K, Fujii T, Yano T, Kozuma S, Taketani Y. Sequential effects of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib and chemotherapeutic agents in uterine cervical cancer cell lines. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:51-7. [PMID: 23064281 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the prognosis of uterine cervical cancer has improved due to the advances of treatment modalities, survival of recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer remains poor. Cisplatin is an effective radiosensitizer, but its single agent activity in recurrent cervical cancer is disappointing. Inactivation of tumor suppressors through ubiquitin-mediated degradation by human papillomavirus is known to be a critical step in the carcinogenesis of uterine cervix. Bortezomib, a selective inhibitor of the proteasome, has been shown to inhibit the growth of several solid tumors. To determine the role of bortezomib in cervical cancer as a chemotherapeutic agent, we studied its biological properties. Bortezomib efficiently inhibited the proteasomal activities in cervical cancer cells, and an increased expression of tumor suppressors such as p53, hDlg and hScrib became evident. In addition, sequential or concomitant treatment of bortezomib and cisplatin stimulated the expression of p53, hScrib and p21 and the stimulation was markedly influenced by the order of drugs in HeLa cells. We further confirmed that the concomitant use of bortezomib and cisplatin has synergistic inhibitory effects on the growth of xenograft tumors derived from HeLa cells. Our data establish the possibility that the concomitant use of bortezomib and cisplatin could be an alternative choice in cases resistant to conventional chemotherapy, and sequential effects must be considered for advanced and therapy-resistant cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Miyamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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17
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Pearson HB, Perez-Mancera PA, Dow LE, Ryan A, Tennstedt P, Bogani D, Elsum I, Greenfield A, Tuveson DA, Simon R, Humbert PO. SCRIB expression is deregulated in human prostate cancer, and its deficiency in mice promotes prostate neoplasia. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4257-67. [PMID: 21965329 DOI: 10.1172/jci58509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of cellular polarity is a hallmark of epithelial cancers, raising the possibility that regulators of polarity have a role in suppressing tumorigenesis. The Scribble complex is one of at least three interacting protein complexes that have a critical role in establishing and maintaining epithelial polarity. In human colorectal, breast, and endometrial cancers, expression of the Scribble complex member SCRIB is often mislocalized and deregulated. Here, we report that Scrib is indispensable for prostate homeostasis in mice. Scrib heterozygosity initiated prostate hyperplasia, while targeted biallelic Scrib loss predisposed mice to prostate intraepithelial neoplasia. Mechanistically, Scrib was shown to negatively regulate the MAPK cascade to suppress tumorigenesis. Further analysis revealed that prostate-specific loss of Scrib in mice combined with expression of an oncogenic Kras mutation promoted the progression of prostate cancer that recapitulated the human disease. The clinical significance of the work in mice was highlighted by our observation that SCRIB deregulation strongly correlated with poor survival in human prostate cancer. These data suggest that the polarity network could provide a new avenue for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen B Pearson
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Namdarian B, Wong E, Galea R, Pedersen J, Chin X, Speirs R, Humbert PO, Costello AJ, Corcoran NM, Hovens CM. Loss of APKC expression independently predicts tumor recurrence in superficial bladder cancers. Urol Oncol 2011; 31:649-55. [PMID: 21549621 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is known to play an important role in the development of tumor invasion and progression in tumors of epithelial origin. Our aim was to investigate the role of tight junction proteins, Par3/Par6/atypical protein kinase C (APKC), Discs large (Dlg), and Scribble in human bladder pathogenesis. METHODS We evaluated levels of APKC, Dlg, and Scribble in 92 superficial bladder tumors using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry, and correlated expression with pathologic variables and clinical outcomes. RESULTS There was a slight apparent enrichment in strong vs. weak staining for APKC (54.9% vs. 45.1%), Dlg (65.7% vs. 34.3%), and a marked enrichment for Scribble (75% vs. 25%) in the superficial bladder tumors. Univariate analysis determined that both tumor focality and APKC expression were significantly associated with tumor recurrence (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis using the Cox's proportional hazards model revealed that only APKC (P = 0.025) as well as tumor focality (P = 0.018) were independent and significant prognostic factors for tumor recurrence in all patients. We found that no immunohistochemical staining of any of the cell polarity proteins significantly predicted for tumor progression on either univariate or multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Loss of APKC expression in superficial bladder tumors is a strong predictor of tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Namdarian
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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19
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Nicolaides L, Davy C, Raj K, Kranjec C, Banks L, Doorbar J. Stabilization of HPV16 E6 protein by PDZ proteins, and potential implications for genome maintenance. Virology 2011; 414:137-45. [PMID: 21489588 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The E6 protein from high-risk human papillomaviruses appears necessary for persistence of viral episomes in cells but the underlying mechanism is unclear. E6 has many activities, including its ability to bind and degrade PDZ domain-containing proteins, such as hScrib. However little is known about the role of these interactions for E6 function and the viral life cycle. We now show that the levels of expression of wild-type E6 are increased in the presence of hScrib whilst a mutant E6 protein lacking the PDZ-binding motif is found at lower levels as it is turned over more rapidly by the proteasome. This correlates with an inability of genomes containing this mutation to be maintained as episomes. These results show that E6 association with certain PDZ domain-containing proteins can stabilize the levels of E6 expression and provides one explanation as to how the PDZ-binding capacity of E6 might contribute to genome episomal maintenance.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/chemistry
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/chemistry
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Discs Large Homolog 1 Protein
- Genome, Viral
- Guanylate Kinases
- Human papillomavirus 16/chemistry
- Human papillomavirus 16/genetics
- Human papillomavirus 16/metabolism
- Humans
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/chemistry
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/metabolism
- PDZ Domains
- Papillomavirus Infections/metabolism
- Papillomavirus Infections/virology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Stability
- Repressor Proteins/chemistry
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/chemistry
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lietta Nicolaides
- Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK
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20
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Ou HD, May AP, O'Shea CC. The critical protein interactions and structures that elicit growth deregulation in cancer and viral replication. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 3:48-73. [PMID: 21061422 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in biomedicine is to define the critical targets and network interactions that are subverted to elicit growth deregulation in human cells. Understanding and developing rational treatments for cancer requires a definition of the key molecular targets and how they interact to elicit the complex growth deregulation phenotype. Viral proteins provide discerning and powerful probes to understand both how cells work and how they can be manipulated using a minimal number of components. The small DNA viruses have evolved to target inherent weaknesses in cellular protein interaction networks to hijack the cellular DNA and protein replication machinery. In the battle to escape the inevitability of senescence and programmed cell death, cancers have converged on similar mechanisms, through the acquisition and selection of somatic mutations that drive unchecked cellular replication in tumors. Understanding the dynamic mechanisms through which a minimal number of viral proteins promote host cells to undergo unscheduled and pathological replication is a powerful strategy to identify critical targets that are also disrupted in cancer. Viruses can therefore be used as tools to probe the system-wide protein-protein interactions and structures that drive growth deregulation in human cells. Ultimately this can provide a path for developing system context-dependent therapeutics. This review will describe ongoing experimental approaches using viruses to study pathways deregulated in cancer, with a particular focus on viral cellular protein-protein interactions and structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horng D Ou
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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21
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Phosphorylation state regulates the localization of Scribble at adherens junctions and its association with E-cadherin-catenin complexes. Exp Cell Res 2010; 317:413-22. [PMID: 21146521 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian ortholog of Scribble tumor suppressor has been reported to regulate cadherin-mediated epithelial cell adhesion by stabilizing the coupling of E-cadherin with catenins, but the molecular mechanism involved remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the localization of mouse Scribble at cadherin-based adherens junctions (AJs) and its phosphorylation state. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed that Scribble was localized at AJs as well as at the basolateral plasma membrane in epithelial cells. We found that Scribble was detected as two bands by Western blotting analysis and that the band shift to the higher molecular weight was dependent on its phosphorylation at Ser 1601. Triton X-100 treatment extracted Scribble localized on the basolateral membrane but not Scribble localized at AJs in cultured epithelial cells, and the Triton X-100-resistant Scribble was the Ser 1601-unphosphorylated form. Conversely, an in-house-generated antibody that predominantly recognized Ser 1601-phosphorylated Scribble only detected Scribble protein on the lateral plasma membrane. Furthermore, Ser 1601-unphosphorylated Scribble was selectively coprecipitated with E-cadherin-catenin complexes in E-cadherin-expressing mouse L fibroblasts. Taken together, these results suggest that the phosphorylation state of Scribble regulates its complex formation with the E-cadherin-catenin system and may control cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion.
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22
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Nagasaka K, Pim D, Massimi P, Thomas M, Tomaić V, Subbaiah VK, Kranjec C, Nakagawa S, Yano T, Taketani Y, Myers M, Banks L. The cell polarity regulator hScrib controls ERK activation through a KIM site-dependent interaction. Oncogene 2010; 29:5311-21. [PMID: 20622900 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cell polarity regulator, human Scribble (hScrib), is a potential tumour suppressor whose loss is a frequent event in late-stage cancer development. Little is yet known about the mode of action of hScrib, although recent reports suggest its role in the regulation of cell signalling. In this study we show that hScrib is a direct regulator of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In human keratinocytes, loss of hScrib results in elevated phospho-ERK levels and concomitant increased nuclear translocation of phospho-ERK. We also show that hScrib interacts with ERK through two well-conserved kinase interaction motif (KIM) docking sites, both of which are also required for ERK-induced phosphorylation of hScrib on two distinct residues. Although wild-type hScrib can downregulate activation of ERK and oncogenic Ras co-transforming activity, an hScrib mutant that lacks the carboxy terminal KIM docking site has no such effects. These results provide a clear mechanistic explanation of how hScrib can regulate ERK signalling and begin to explain how loss of hScrib during cancer development can contribute to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nagasaka
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Trieste, Italy.
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23
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Rivera C, Yamben IF, Shatadal S, Waldof M, Robinson ML, Griep AE. Cell-autonomous requirements for Dlg-1 for lens epithelial cell structure and fiber cell morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:2292-308. [PMID: 19623611 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity and adhesion are thought to be key determinants in organismal development. In Drosophila, discs large (dlg) has emerged as an important regulator of epithelial cell proliferation, adhesion, and polarity. Herein, we investigated the role of the mouse homolog of dlg (Dlg-1) in the development of the mouse ocular lens. Tissue-specific ablation of Dlg-1 throughout the lens early in lens development led to an expansion and disorganization of the epithelium that correlated with changes in the distribution of adhesion and polarity factors. In the fiber cells, differentiation defects were observed. These included alterations in cell structure and the disposition of cell adhesion/cytoskeletal factors, delay in denucleation, and reduced levels of alpha-catenin, pERK1/2, and MIP26. These fiber cell defects were recapitulated when Dlg-1 was disrupted only in fiber cells. These results suggest that Dlg-1 acts in a cell autonomous manner to regulate epithelial cell structure and fiber cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Rivera
- Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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24
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Vandenberg AL, Sassoon DA. Non-canonical Wnt signaling regulates cell polarity in female reproductive tract development via van gogh-like 2. Development 2009; 136:1559-70. [PMID: 19363157 DOI: 10.1242/dev.034066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling effectors direct the development and adult remodeling of the female reproductive tract (FRT); however, the role of non-canonical Wnt signaling has not been explored in this tissue. The non-canonical Wnt signaling protein van gogh-like 2 is mutated in loop-tail (Lp) mutant mice (Vangl2(Lp)), which display defects in multiple tissues. We find that Vangl2(Lp) mutant uterine epithelium displays altered cell polarity, concommitant with changes in cytoskeletal actin and scribble (scribbled, Scrb1) localization. The postnatal mutant phenotype is an exacerbation of that seen at birth, exhibiting more smooth muscle and reduced stromal mesenchyme. These data suggest that early changes in cell polarity have lasting consequences for FRT development. Furthermore, Vangl2 is required to restrict Scrb1 protein to the basolateral epithelial membrane in the neonatal uterus, and an accumulation of fibrillar-like structures observed by electron microscopy in Vangl2(Lp) mutant epithelium suggests that mislocalization of Scrb1 in mutants alters the composition of the apical face of the epithelium. Heterozygous and homozygous Vangl2(Lp) mutant postnatal tissues exhibit similar phenotypes and polarity defects and display a 50% reduction in Wnt7a levels, suggesting that the Vangl2(Lp) mutation acts dominantly in the FRT. These studies demonstrate that the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity through non-canonical Wnt signaling are required for FRT development.
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25
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Abstract
The neoplastic tumour suppressors, Scribble, Dlg and Lgl, originally discovered in the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster, are currently being actively studied for their potential role in mammalian tumourigenesis. In Drosophila, these tumour suppressors function in a common genetic pathway to regulate apicobasal cell polarity and also play important roles in the control of cell proliferation, survival, differentiation and in cell migration/invasion. The precise mechanism by which Scribble, Dlg and Lgl function is not clear; however, they have been implicated in the regulation of signalling pathways, vesicle trafficking and in the Myosin II-actin cytoskeleton. We review the evidence for the involvement of Scribble, Dlg, and Lgl in cancer, and how the various functions ascribed to these tumour suppressors in Drosophila and mammalian systems may impact on the process of tumourigenesis.
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26
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Sone K, Nakagawa S, Nakagawa K, Takizawa S, Matsumoto Y, Nagasaka K, Tsuruga T, Hiraike H, Hiraike-Wada O, Miyamoto Y, Oda K, Yasugi T, Kugu K, Yano T, Taketani Y. hScrib, a human homologue of Drosophila neoplastic tumor suppressor, is a novel death substrate targeted by caspase during the process of apoptosis. Genes Cells 2008; 13:771-85. [PMID: 18513328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2008.01204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
hScrib, human homologue of Drosophila neoplastic tumor suppressor, was identified as a target of human papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein for the ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Here, we report that hScrib is a novel death substrate targeted by caspase. Full-length hScrib was cleaved by caspase during death ligands-induced apoptosis, which generates a p170 C-terminal fragments in Hela cells. In vitro cleavage assay using recombinant caspases showed that hScrib is cleaved by the executioner caspases. DNA damage-induced apoptosis caused loss of expression of full-length hScrib, which was recovered by addition of capase-3 inhibitor in HaCat cells. TUNEL positive apoptotic cells, which were identified 4 h after UV irradiation in HaCat cells, showed loss of hScrib expression at the adherens junction. Mutational analysis identified the caspase-dependent cleavage site of hScrib at the position of Asp-504. Although MDCK cells transfected with GFP-fused wild-type hScrib showed loss of E-cadherin expression and shrinkage of cytoplasm by UV irradiation, cells transfected with hScrib with Ala substitution of Asp-504 showed resistance to caspase-dependent cleavage of hScrib and intact expression of E-cadherin. These results indicate that caspase-dependent cleavage of hScrib is a critical step for detachment of cell contact during the process of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenbun Sone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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27
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Izawa I, Nishizawa M, Hayashi Y, Inagaki M. Palmitoylation of ERBIN is required for its plasma membrane localization. Genes Cells 2008; 13:691-701. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2008.01198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yeh JH, Sidhu SS, Chan AC. Regulation of a late phase of T cell polarity and effector functions by Crtam. Cell 2008; 132:846-59. [PMID: 18329370 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spatial organization of cellular proteins plays an important role in establishment of cellular polarity to regulate cell division, differentiation, migration, and organogenesis. Activation of T cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) results in the formation of an immunological synapse (IS), assembly of a signaling scaffold at the T cell receptor (TCR) contact, cytoskeletal reorganization, and generation of second messengers within the first hours following intercellular contact. We demonstrate here that Crtam (class-I MHC-restricted T-cell associated molecule), an immunoglobulin-superfamily transmembrane protein, coordinates a signaling complex anchored by the Scrib polarity protein to establish a later phase of T cell polarity on a subset of CD4+ T cells >6 hours following activation. Maintenance of this late cellular polarity results in the ability of CD4+Crtam+ T cells to selectively produce more IFNgamma and IL22. Crtam engagement thus modulates signals many hours beyond the initial activation event and dynamically influences the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hua Yeh
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Osmani N, Etienne-Manneville S. [Scrib, a tumor suppressor gene involved in cell polarity]. Med Sci (Paris) 2008; 24:61-4. [PMID: 18198112 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200824161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarity is a fundamental feature of all organisms both during development and in the adult. This reflects the key role of cell polarity during basic fundamental processes such as cell division, cell differentiation and cell migration. The control of cell polarity relies on functionally conserved proteins. Among these, Scribble, initially identified as a tumor suppressor gene in Drosophila, has been first involved in epithelial polarity. More recently Scribble function has been implicated in neuronal polarity and polarized cell migration. Scribble joins the growing family of tumor suppressors that play a key and conserved function in cell polarity. Scribble illustrates the more and more obvious link between regulation of cell polarity, cell transformation and tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naël Osmani
- Groupe Polarité et Migration Cellulaires, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris Cedex 15, France
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Grzeschik NA, Amin N, Secombe J, Brumby AM, Richardson HE. Abnormalities in cell proliferation and apico-basal cell polarity are separable in Drosophila lgl mutant clones in the developing eye. Dev Biol 2007; 311:106-23. [PMID: 17870065 PMCID: PMC2974846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In homozygous mutants of Drosophila lethal-2-giant larvae (lgl), tissues lose apico-basal cell polarity and exhibit ectopic proliferation. Here, we use clonal analysis in the developing eye to investigate the effect of lgl null mutations in the context of surrounding wild-type tissue. lgl- clones in the larval eye disc exhibit ectopic expression of the G1-S regulator, Cyclin E, and ectopic proliferation, but do not lose apico-basal cell polarity. Decreasing the perdurance of Lgl protein in larval eye disc clones, by forcing extra proliferation of lgl- tissue (using a Minute background), leads to a loss in cell polarity and to more extreme ectopic cell proliferation. Later in development at the pupal stage, lgl mutant photoreceptor cells show aberrant apico-basal cell polarity, but this is not associated with ectopic proliferation, presumably because cells are differentiated. Thus in a clonal context, the ectopic proliferation and cell polarity defects of lgl- mutants are separable. Furthermore, lgl- mosaic eye discs have alterations in the normal patterns of apoptosis: in larval discs some lgl- and wild-type cells at the clonal boundary undergo apoptosis and are excluded from the epithelia, but apoptosis is decreased elsewhere in the disc, and in pupal retinas lgl- tissue shows less apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola A. Grzeschik
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nancy Amin
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie Secombe
- Genetics Department, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony M. Brumby
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Genetics Department, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Helena E. Richardson
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Anatomy and Cell Biology Department, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Genetics Department, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Abstract
Cell motility makes essential contributions to normal embryonic development and homeostasis. It is also thought to contribute in important ways to tumor metastasis. Because of this dual importance, cell migration has been extensively studied. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has served as an important model organism for genetic analysis of many aspects of developmental biology, including cell migration. Here we describe the various types of cell movements that have been studied in detail, which represent models for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, transepithelial migration, inflammation, wound healing and invasion. We summarize what has been learned about the molecular control of cell migration from genetic studies in the fly. In addition, we describe recent efforts to model tumor metastasis directly in Drosophila by expressing oncogenes and/or mutating tumor suppressor genes. Together these studies suggest that Drosophila has much to offer as a model for varied aspects of tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C-C Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
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Mirouse V, Swick LL, Kazgan N, St Johnston D, Brenman JE. LKB1 and AMPK maintain epithelial cell polarity under energetic stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 177:387-92. [PMID: 17470638 PMCID: PMC2064817 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200702053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
LKB1 is mutated in both familial and spontaneous tumors, and acts as a master kinase that activates the PAR-1 polarity kinase and the adenosine 5′monophosphate–activated kinase (AMPK). This has led to the hypothesis that LKB1 acts as a tumor suppressor because it is required to maintain cell polarity and growth control through PAR-1 and AMPK, respectively. However, the genetic analysis of LKB1–AMPK signaling in vertebrates has been complicated by the existence of multiple redundant AMPK subunits. We describe the identification of mutations in the single Drosophila melanogaster AMPK catalytic subunit AMPKα. Surprisingly, ampkα mutant epithelial cells lose their polarity and overproliferate under energetic stress. LKB1 is required in vivo for AMPK activation, and lkb1 mutations cause similar energetic stress–dependent phenotypes to ampkα mutations. Furthermore, lkb1 phenotypes are rescued by a phosphomimetic version of AMPKα. Thus, LKB1 signals through AMPK to coordinate epithelial polarity and proliferation with cellular energy status, and this might underlie the tumor suppressor function of LKB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Mirouse
- The Gurdon Institute, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
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