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SPOCK2 Affects the Biological Behavior of Endometrial Cancer Cells by Regulation of MT1-MMP and MMP2. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:1391-1399. [PMID: 32430715 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal expression of SPARC (osteonectin), cwcv and kazal-like domains proteoglycan 2 (SPOCK2) plays a significant role in the development and progression of various human cancers, yet a relationship between SPOCK2 and endometrial cancer (EC) has not been reported. Here, we assessed the potential role and mechanism by which SPOCK2 acts in the pathogenesis and progression of EC. First, protein expression of SPOCK2 in EC tissue from patients was detected by immunohistochemistry and associated clinical data were analyzed. Then, HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells were transfected with an adenoviral vector containing an SPOCK2 recombinant fragment and the biological behavior of transfected cells was observed. Finally, the expression of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and MMP2 in the transfected cells was detected by Western blot and zymography gel assay to analyze the effect of SPOCK2 on the regulation of the MT1-MMP/MMP2 pathway. We found that there was significantly less SPOCK2 protein expression in the EC tissue than in the normal endometrium tissue, and lack of SPOCK2 protein expression in EC tissue was associated with distant metastasis and myometrial invasion. Upregulation of SPOCK2 in HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells inhibited cell proliferation, invasion, adhesion, and apoptosis. Upregulation of SPOCK2 inhibited the expression of MT1-MMP and MMP2 and activation of MMP2 in HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells. Collectively, our data indicated that SPOCK2 contributed to the progression of EC by regulating the biological behavior of cancer cells, which is achieved partly through regulating protein expression of MT1-MMP and MMP2 and activation of MMP2.
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Association between MMP/TIMP Levels in the Aqueous Humor and Plasma with Axial Lengths in Myopia Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2961742. [PMID: 32596291 PMCID: PMC7305534 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2961742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The present study investigated the profiles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) of the aqueous humor (AH) and plasma (PL) in myopia patients, to determine whether there was an association between these levels with their axial length (AL) and to investigate if MMPs/TIMPs were regulated locally or systemically. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. Thirty-nine patients (78 eyes) diagnosed with high myopia were recruited. The AL was measured using IOL Master. And the patients were divided into three groups based on their AL, Group A (AL ≤ 26 mm), Group B (26 < AL ≤ 28 mm), and Group C (AL > 28 mm). The AH in both eyes and blood samples were collected before the patients underwent implantable collamer lens surgery. In all, 78 samples of the AH and 39 samples of the PL were analyzed using MILLIPLEX map assays, followed by statistical analyses of the results. Results There were 8 patients (16 eyes) in Group A, 22 patients (44 eyes) in Group B, and 9 patients (18 eyes) in Group C. MMP-1 (p = 0.014, Β = 0.118), MMP-2 (p ≤ 0.001, Β = 0.278), MMP-9 (p ≤ 0.001, Β = 0.019), and TIMP-1 (p = 0.014, Β = 0.062) in the AH were positively associated with the AL. MMP-1 (p = 0.004, Β = 0.001) and TIMP-1 (p = 0.030, Β = 1.171) concentrations in the PL increased linearly with longer ALs. No concentration-dependent relationship was found between MMP-2 in the PL and AL. Conclusions There was a consistent relationship between MMP-2 in the AH and AL. AL was not consistently or substantially affected by MMP-2 in the PL, indicating myopia formation was possibly a localized process. Associations among MMP-1, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 in the AH and AL were also observed.
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Ren F, Wang D, Wang Y, Chen P, Guo C. SPOCK2 Affects the Biological Behavior of Endometrial Cancer Cells by Regulation of MT1-MMP and MMP2. Reprod Sci 2019:1933719119834341. [PMID: 30832559 DOI: 10.1177/1933719119834341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal expression of SPARC (osteonectin), cwcv and kazal-like domains proteoglycan 2 (SPOCK2) plays a significant role in the development and progression of various human cancers, yet a relationship between SPOCK2 and endometrial cancer (EC) has not been reported. Here, we assessed the potential role and mechanism by which SPOCK2 acts in the pathogenesis and progression of EC. First, protein expression of SPOCK2 in EC tissue from patients was detected by immunohistochemistry and associated clinical data were analyzed. Then, HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells were transfected with an adenoviral vector containing an SPOCK2 recombinant fragment and the biological behavior of transfected cells was observed. Finally, the expression of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and MMP2 in the transfected cells was detected by Western blot and zymography gel assay to analyze the effect of SPOCK2 on the regulation of the MT1-MMP/MMP2 pathway. We found that there was significantly less SPOCK2 protein expression in the EC tissue than in the normal endometrium tissue, and lack of SPOCK2 protein expression in EC tissue was associated with distant metastasis and myometrial invasion. Upregulation of SPOCK2 in HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells inhibited cell proliferation, invasion, adhesion, and apoptosis. Upregulation of SPOCK2 inhibited the expression of MT1-MMP and MMP2 and activation of MMP2 in HEC-1A and Ishikawa cells. Collectively, our data indicated that SPOCK2 contributed to the progression of EC by regulating the biological behavior of cancer cells, which is achieved partly through regulating protein expression of MT1-MMP and MMP2 and activation of MMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ren
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Danni Wang
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yizi Wang
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Peng Chen
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Cuishan Guo
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Hariono M, Yuliani SH, Istyastono EP, Riswanto FD, Adhipandito CF. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in wound healing of diabetic foot ulcer: Molecular target and structure-based drug design. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wndm.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Nagai H, Hasegawa S, Uchida F, Terabe T, Ishibashi Kanno N, Kato K, Yamagata K, Sakai S, Kawashiri S, Sato H, Yanagawa T, Bukawa H. MicroRNA-205-5p suppresses the invasiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting TIMP‑2 expression. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:841-850. [PMID: 29393341 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) play important roles in carcinogenesis. The miRNA, miR-205-5p, has been reported to suppress the growth of various types of tumor; however, its functional contribution to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is not yet clear. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the miRNA expression signatures in OSCC and to investigate the functional role of miR‑205‑5p in OSCC cells. We measured miR‑205‑5p expression by RT-qPCR, and examined the function of miR‑205‑5p by transfecting a miR‑205‑5p mimic or inhibitor into OSCC cells and measuring cell proliferation, migration and invasiveness. Genes targeted by miR‑205‑5p were identified using the TargetScan database and verified by western blot analysis, luciferase reporter assay and ELISA. We found that miR‑205‑5p was significantly downregulated in OSCC cell lines and tissue specimens. Following transfection of miR‑205‑5p mimic or inhibitor into the cancer cell lines, miR‑205‑5p overexpression significantly suppressed cancer cell migration and invasion. We further demonstrated that miR‑205‑5p directly targeted and regulated the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‑2 (TIMP‑2) gene. The silencing of TIMP‑2 suppressed cancer cell invasion and the activation of pro‑matrix metalloproteinase‑2 (pro‑MMP‑2). These results suggest that TIMP‑2 promotes tumor progression, and that miR‑205‑5p directly regulates TIMP‑2, thereby suppressing pro‑MMP‑2 activation and inhibiting OSCC cell invasiveness. Our data describing the pathways regulated by miR‑205‑5p provide new insight into the mechanisms responsible for OSCC development and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nagai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Shogo Hasegawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Uchida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Takehito Terabe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Naomi Ishibashi Kanno
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Koroku Kato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamagata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sakai
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kawashiri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Department of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Toru Yanagawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Hiroki Bukawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors as Investigational and Therapeutic Tools in Unrestrained Tissue Remodeling and Pathological Disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 148:355-420. [PMID: 28662828 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes that degrade various proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMPs may also regulate the activity of membrane receptors and postreceptor signaling mechanisms and thereby affect cell function. The MMP family includes collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type MMPs, and other MMPs. Inactive proMMPs are cleaved by other MMPs or proteases into active MMPs, which interact with various protein substrates in ECM and cell surface. MMPs regulate important biological processes such as vascular remodeling and angiogenesis and may be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and aneurysm. The role of MMPs is often assessed by measuring their mRNA expression, protein levels, and proteolytic activity using gel zymography. MMP inhibitors are also used to assess the role of MMPs in different biological processes and pathological conditions. MMP activity is regulated by endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), and the MMP/TIMP balance could determine the net MMP activity, ECM turnover, and tissue remodeling. Also, several synthetic MMP inhibitors have been developed. Synthetic MMP inhibitors include a large number of zinc-binding globulins (ZBGs), in addition to non-ZBGs and mechanism-based inhibitors. MMP inhibitors have been proposed as potential tools in the management of osteoarthritis, cancer, and cardiovascular disorders. However, most MMP inhibitors have broad-spectrum actions on multiple MMPs and could cause undesirable musculoskeletal side effects. Currently, doxycycline is the only MMP inhibitor approved by the Food and Drug Administration. New generation biological and synthetic MMP inhibitors may show greater MMP specificity and fewer side effects and could be useful in targeting specific MMPs, reducing unrestrained tissue remodeling, and the management of MMP-related pathological disorders.
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Li Z, Takino T, Endo Y, Sato H. Activation of MMP-9 by membrane type-1 MMP/MMP-2 axis stimulates tumor metastasis. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:347-353. [PMID: 27987367 PMCID: PMC5378257 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An artificial receptor for proMMP-9 was created by fusing tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 (TIMP-1) with type II transmembrane mosaic serine protease (MSP-T1). Expression of MSP-T1 in 293T cells induced binding of proMMP-9, which was processed by MMP-2 activated by membrane type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP). HT1080 cells transfected with the MSP-T1 gene produced activated MMP-9 in collagen gel, and addition of proMMP-2 to the culture augmented it, which resulted in intensive collagen digestion. These cells metastasized into chick embryonic liver more than control cells. Treatment of HT1080 cells with concanavalin A in the presence of exogenous proMMP-2 induced activation of not only proMMP-2 but also proMMP-9. Knockdown of MT1-MMP or TIMP-2 expression with siRNA suppressed activation of both proMMP-2 and proMMP-9. Transfection of TIMP-1 siRNA suppressed cell binding and activation of proMMP-9, but not proMMP-2 activation. Knockdown of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) expression reduced cell binding and processing of proMMP-9. These results suggest that proMMP-9, which binds to a receptor complex containing TIMP-1 and ADAM10, is activated by the MT1-MMP/MMP-2 axis, and MMP-9 thus activated stimulates cellular proteolysis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Li
- Department of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takahisa Takino
- Department of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshio Endo
- Central Research Resource Branch, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Department of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Chikano Y, Domoto T, Furuta T, Sabit H, Kitano-Tamura A, Pyko IV, Takino T, Sai Y, Hayashi Y, Sato H, Miyamoto KI, Nakada M, Minamoto T. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β sustains invasion of glioblastoma via the focal adhesion kinase, Rac1, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase-mediated pathway. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 14:564-74. [PMID: 25504636 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The failure of current treatment options for glioblastoma stems from their inability to control tumor cell proliferation and invasion. Biologically targeted therapies offer great hope and one promising target is glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), implicated in various diseases, including cancer. We previously reported that inhibition of GSK3β compromises the survival and proliferation of glioblastoma cells, induces their apoptosis, and sensitizes them to temozolomide and radiation. Here, we explore whether GSK3β also contributes to the highly invasive nature of glioblastoma. The effects of GSK3β inhibition on migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells were examined by wound-healing and Transwell assays, as well as in a mouse model of glioblastoma. We also investigated changes in cellular microarchitectures, cytoskeletal components, and proteins responsible for cell motility and invasion. Inhibition of GSK3β attenuated the migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells in vitro and that of tumor cells in a mouse model of glioblastoma. These effects were associated with suppression of the molecular axis involving focal adhesion kinase, guanine nucleotide exchange factors/Rac1 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Changes in cellular phenotypes responsible for cell motility and invasion were also observed, including decreased formation of lamellipodia and invadopodium-like microstructures and alterations in the subcellular localization, and activity of Rac1 and F-actin. These changes coincided with decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinases. Our results confirm the potential of GSK3β as an attractive therapeutic target against glioblastoma invasion, thus highlighting a second role in this tumor type in addition to its involvement in chemo- and radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Chikano
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan. Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Domoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Furuta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hemragul Sabit
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ayako Kitano-Tamura
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan. Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ilya V Pyko
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan. Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takahisa Takino
- Division of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Sai
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Division of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Miyamoto
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Toshinari Minamoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Lu ZX, Mao LL, Lian F, He J, Zhang WT, Dai CY, Xue S, Lu WG, Zhu HS. Cardioprotective activity of placental growth factor in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction: nanoparticle-based delivery versus direct myocardial injection. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014; 14:53. [PMID: 24742302 PMCID: PMC4014437 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-14-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To comparatively evaluate the cardioprotective activity of placental growth factor (PGF) delivered through direct injection and a nanoparticle-based system respectively and to study the underlying mechanisms in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-based PGF-carrying nanoparticles (PGF-PLGANPs) were created. The mean size and morphology of particles were analyzed with particle size analyzer and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). Encapsulation efficiency and sustained-release dose curve were analyzed by ELISA. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups (n = 10). While animals in the first group were left untreated as controls, those in the other 3 groups underwent surgical induction of AMI, followed by treatment with physiological saline, PGF, and PGF-PLGANPs, respectively. Cardiac function was evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography at 4 weeks after treatment. At 6 weeks, rats were sacrificed, infarction size was analyzed with Masson trichrome staining, and protein contents of TIMP-2, MT1-MMP and MMP-2 at the infarction border were determined by immunohistochemistry and western blotting analysis. Results PGF was released for at least 15 days, showing successful preparation of PGF-PLGANPs. Coronary artery ligation successfully induced AMI. Compared to physiological saline control, PGF, injected to the myocardium either as a nude molecule or in a form of nanoparticles, significantly reduced infarction size, improved cardiac function, and elevated myocardial expression of TIMP-2, MT1-MMP, and MMP-2 (P < 0.05). The effect of PGF-PLGANPs was more pronounced than that of non-encapsulated PGF (P < 0.05). Conclusion Target PGF delivery to myocardium may improve cardiac function after AMI in rats. PLGA-based nanoparticles appear to be a better approach to delivery PGF. PGF exerts its cardioprotective effect at least partially through regulating metalloproteinase-mediated myocardial tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Feng Lian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pu-Jian Rd, Shanghai 200127, People's Republic of China.
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Zile MR, Baicu CF, Stroud RE, Van Laer AO, Jones JA, Patel R, Mukherjee R, Spinale FG. Mechanistic relationship between membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase and the myocardial response to pressure overload. Circ Heart Fail 2014; 7:340-50. [PMID: 24395927 PMCID: PMC3961496 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.113.000984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were initially thought to result primarily in extracellular matrix degradation, certain MMP types, such as membrane type-1 (MT1) MMP, may also be involved in profibrotic cascades through hydrolysis of latency-associated transforming growth factor-binding protein (LTBP-1) and activation of transforming growth factor-dependent profibrotic signaling. The present study tested the hypothesis that MT1-MMP plays a direct role in the matrix remodeling response to a left ventricular (LV) pressure overload (PO) stimulus. METHODS AND RESULTS Wild-type (WT) and transgenic mice with cardiac-restricted MT1-MMP overexpression or MT1-MMP reduced expression underwent PO for 4 weeks. PO resulted in a 57% increase in LV mass (no change in LV end diastolic volume, resulting in an increase in the LV mass/volume ratio consistent with concentric remodeling), a 60% increase in MT1-MMP-mediated LTBP-1 hydrolysis and a 190% increase in collagen content in WT mice. Although LV mass was similar among WT, MT1-MMP overexpression, and MT1-MMP reduced expression after PO, significant differences in LV function, MT1-MMP-mediated LTBP-1 hydrolysis, and collagen content occurred. PO in MT1-MMP overexpression increased LTBP-1 hydrolysis (18%), collagen content (60%), and left atrial dimension (19%; indicative of LV diastolic dysfunction) when compared with WT. PO in MT1-MMP reduced expression reduced left atrial dimension (19%), LTBP-1 hydrolysis (40%), and collagen content (32%) when compared with both WT. CONCLUSIONS Despite an equivalent PO stimulus and magnitude of LV myocardial growth, altering MT1-MMP levels caused specific matrix-dependent changes in remodeling, thereby demonstrating a mechanistic role in the development of the maladaptive remodeling and myocardial fibrotic response to PO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Zile
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, and RHJ Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Catalin F. Baicu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, and RHJ Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Robert E. Stroud
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, and RHJ Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - An O. Van Laer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, and RHJ Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Jeffrey A. Jones
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, and RHJ Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Risha Patel
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, and RHJ Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Rupak Mukherjee
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, and RHJ Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Francis G. Spinale
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, and W.J.B. Dorn Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC
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Kitano A, Shimasaki T, Chikano Y, Nakada M, Hirose M, Higashi T, Ishigaki Y, Endo Y, Takino T, Sato H, Sai Y, Miyamoto KI, Motoo Y, Kawakami K, Minamoto T. Aberrant glycogen synthase kinase 3β is involved in pancreatic cancer cell invasion and resistance to therapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55289. [PMID: 23408967 PMCID: PMC3568118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The major obstacles to treatment of pancreatic cancer are the highly invasive capacity and resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) regulates multiple cellular pathways and is implicated in various diseases including cancer. Here we investigate a pathological role for GSK3β in the invasive and treatment resistant phenotype of pancreatic cancer. Methods Pancreatic cancer cells were examined for GSK3β expression, phosphorylation and activity using Western blotting and in vitro kinase assay. The effects of GSK3β inhibition on cancer cell survival, proliferation, invasive ability and susceptibility to gemcitabine and radiation were examined following treatment with a pharmacological inhibitor or by RNA interference. Effects of GSK3β inhibition on cancer cell xenografts were also examined. Results Pancreatic cancer cells showed higher expression and activity of GSK3β than non-neoplastic cells, which were associated with changes in its differential phosphorylation. Inhibition of GSK3β significantly reduced the proliferation and survival of cancer cells, sensitized them to gemcitabine and ionizing radiation, and attenuated their migration and invasion. These effects were associated with decreases in cyclin D1 expression and Rb phosphorylation. Inhibition of GSK3β also altered the subcellular localization of Rac1 and F-actin and the cellular microarchitecture, including lamellipodia. Coincident with these changes were the reduced secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and decreased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The effects of GSK3β inhibition on tumor invasion, susceptibility to gemcitabine, MMP-2 expression and FAK phosphorylation were observed in tumor xenografts. Conclusion The targeting of GSK3β represents an effective strategy to overcome the dual challenges of invasiveness and treatment resistance in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kitano
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takeo Shimasaki
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuri Chikano
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hirose
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tomomi Higashi
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Ishigaki
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yoshio Endo
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takahisa Takino
- Division of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- Division of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Sai
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Miyamoto
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Motoo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kawakami
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshinari Minamoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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12
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Gkantidis N, Katsaros C, Chiquet M. Detection of gelatinolytic activity in developing basement membranes of the mouse embryo head by combining sensitive in situ zymography with immunolabeling. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 138:557-71. [PMID: 22688677 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0982-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic evidence indicates that the major gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 are involved in mammalian craniofacial development. Since these matrix metalloproteinases are secreted as proenzymes that require activation, their tissue distribution does not necessarily reflect the sites of enzymatic activity. Information regarding the spatial and temporal expression of gelatinolytic activity in the head of the mammalian embryo is sparse. Sensitive in situ zymography with dye-quenched gelatin (DQ-gelatin) has been introduced recently; gelatinolytic activity results in a local increase in fluorescence. Using frontal sections of wild-type mouse embryo heads from embryonic day 14.5-15.5, we optimized and validated a simple double-labeling in situ technique for combining DQ-gelatin zymography with immunofluorescence staining. MMP inhibitors were tested to confirm the specificity of the reaction in situ, and results were compared to standard SDS-gel zymography of tissue extracts. Double-labeling was used to show the spatial relationship in situ between gelatinolytic activity and immunostaining for gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9, collagenase 3 (MMP-13) and MT1-MMP (MMP-14), a major activator of pro-gelatinases. Strong gelatinolytic activity, which partially overlapped with MMP proteins, was confirmed for Meckel's cartilage and developing mandibular bone. In addition, we combined in situ zymography with immunostaining for extracellular matrix proteins that are potential gelatinase substrates. Interestingly, gelatinolytic activity colocalized precisely with laminin-positive basement membranes at specific sites around growing epithelia in the developing mouse head, such as the ducts of salivary glands or the epithelial fold between tongue and lower jaw region. Thus, this sensitive method allows to associate, with high spatial resolution, gelatinolytic activity with epithelial morphogenesis in the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Gkantidis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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13
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Zile MR, Baicu CF, Stroud RE, Van Laer A, Arroyo J, Mukherjee R, Jones JA, Spinale FG. Pressure overload-dependent membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase induction: relationship to LV remodeling and fibrosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H1429-37. [PMID: 22287584 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00580.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased myocardial extracellular matrix collagen represents an important structural milestone during the development of left ventricular (LV) pressure overload (PO); however, the proteolytic pathways that contribute to this process are not fully understood. This study tested the hypothesis that membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is directly induced at the transcriptional level in vivo during PO and is related to changes in LV collagen content. PO was induced in vivo by transverse aortic constriction in transgenic mice containing the full length human MT1-MMP promoter region ligated to luciferase (MT1-MMP Prom mice). MT1-MMP promoter activation (luciferase expression), expression, and activity; collagen volume fraction (CVF); and left atrial dimension were measured at 1 (n = 8), 2 (n = 12), and 4 (n = 17) wk following PO. Non-PO mice (n = 10) served as controls. Luciferase expression increased by fivefold at 1 wk, fell at 2 wk, and increased again by ninefold at 4 wk of PO (P < 0.05). MT1-MMP expression and activity increased at 1 wk, fell at 2 wk, and increased again at 4 wk after PO. CVF increased at 1 wk, remained unchanged at 2 wk, and increased by threefold at 4 wk of PO (P < 0.05). There was a strong positive correlation between CVF and MT1-MMP activity (r = 0.80, P < 0.05). Left atrial dimension remained unchanged at 1 and 2 wk but increased by 25% at 4 wk of PO. When a mechanical load was applied in vitro to LV papillary muscles isolated from MT1-MMP Prom mice, increased load caused MT1-MMP promoter activation to increase by twofold and MT1-MMP expression to increase by fivefold (P < 0.05). These findings challenge the canonical belief that PO suppresses overall matrix proteolytic activity, but rather supports the concept that certain proteases, such as MT1-MMP, play a pivotal role in PO-induced matrix remodeling and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Zile
- Divisions of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 29425, USA.
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14
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Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors as investigative tools in the pathogenesis and management of vascular disease. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2012; 103:209-79. [PMID: 22642194 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0364-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes that degrade various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMPs could also regulate the activity of several non-ECM bioactive substrates and consequently affect different cellular functions. Members of the MMPs family include collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane-type MMPs, and others. Pro-MMPs are cleaved into active MMPs, which in turn act on various substrates in the ECM and on the cell surface. MMPs play an important role in the regulation of numerous physiological processes including vascular remodeling and angiogenesis. MMPs may also be involved in vascular diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, and varicose veins. MMPs also play a role in the hemodynamic and vascular changes associated with pregnancy and preeclampsia. The role of MMPs is commonly assessed by measuring their gene expression, protein amount, and proteolytic activity using gel zymography. Because there are no specific activators of MMPs, MMP inhibitors are often used to investigate the role of MMPs in different physiologic processes and in the pathogenesis of specific diseases. MMP inhibitors include endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) and pharmacological inhibitors such as zinc chelators, doxycycline, and marimastat. MMP inhibitors have been evaluated as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in cancer, autoimmune disease, and cardiovascular disease. Although several MMP inhibitors have been synthesized and tested both experimentally and clinically, only one MMP inhibitor, i.e., doxycycline, is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. This is mainly due to the undesirable side effects of MMP inhibitors especially on the musculoskeletal system. While most experimental and clinical trials of MMP inhibitors have not demonstrated significant benefits, some trials still showed promising results. With the advent of new genetic and pharmacological tools, disease-specific MMP inhibitors with fewer undesirable effects are being developed and could be useful in the management of vascular disease.
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15
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Domoto T, Takino T, Guo L, Sato H. Cleavage of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 by membrane-type MMP-1 activates matriptase. Cancer Sci 2011; 103:448-54. [PMID: 22118498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-expression of membrane-type 1 (MT1)-MMP with hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 (HAI-1) in HEK293T cells resulted in cleavage of HAI-1 to produce three fragments. Recombinant MT1-MMP was shown to cleave HAI-1 protein in vitro. Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 was initially identified as the cognate inhibitor of matriptase, a transmembrane serine protease that processes urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). Co-expression of HAI-1 with matriptase suppressed matriptase protease activity, and co-expression of MT1-MMP with them resulted in recovery of matriptase activity by stimulating shedding of HAI-1 fragments. Matriptase protein was detected in squamous carcinoma-derived HSC-4 cells, however, matriptase protease activity was undetectable. Transfection of siRNA for HAI-1 enhanced serine protease activity, which was suppressed by cotransfection of matriptase siRNA. Collagen-gel culture or treatment with concanavalin A (ConA) of HSC-4 cells enhanced MT1-MMP activity, which induced shedding of HAI-1 fragments and conversely stimulated uPA activation by these cells. Serine protease activity, including uPA activation of cells treated with ConA, was abrogated by downregulation of either matriptase or MT1-MMP through the transfection of each siRNA. These results suggest that MT1-MMP induced by collagen-gel culture or ConA treatment causes cleavage and shedding of HAI-1 protein, which allows activation of matriptase in HSC-4 cells. HSC-4 cells showed a characteristic invasive growth by forming vacuole-like structures in collagen gel, which was suppressed by transfection of siRNA for either MT1-MMP or matriptase, suggesting that activation of matriptase through the cleavage of HAI-1 is one of the MT1-MMP multifunctions essential for invasive growth of HSC-4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Domoto
- Department of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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16
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Heijink IH, Brandenburg SM, Noordhoek JA, Slebos DJ, Postma DS, van Oosterhout AJ. Role of aberrant metalloproteinase activity in the pro-inflammatory phenotype of bronchial epithelium in COPD. Respir Res 2011; 12:110. [PMID: 21861887 PMCID: PMC3182910 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoke, the major risk factor for COPD, is known to activate matrix metalloproteinases in airway epithelium. We investigated whether metalloproteinases, particularly A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAM)17, contribute to increased pro-inflammatory epithelial responses with respect to the release of IL-8 and TGF-α, cytokines implicated in COPD pathogenesis. METHODS We studied the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and metalloproteinase inhibitors on TGF-α and IL-8 release in primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) from COPD patients, healthy smokers and non-smokers. RESULTS We observed that TGF-α was mainly shed by ADAM17 in PBECs from all groups. Interestingly, IL-8 production occurred independently from ADAM17 and TGF-α shedding, but was significantly inhibited by broad-spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitor TAPI-2. CSE did not induce ADAM17-dependent TGF-α shedding, while it slightly augmented the production of IL-8. This was accompanied by reduced endogenous inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-3 levels, suggesting that CSE does not directly but rather indirectly alter activity of ADAM17 through the regulation of its endogenous inhibitor. Furthermore, whereas baseline TGF-α shedding was lower in COPD PBECs, the early release of IL-8 (likely due to its shedding) was higher in PBECs from COPD than healthy smokers. Importantly, this was accompanied by lower TIMP-2 levels in COPD PBECs, while baseline TIMP-3 levels were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that IL-8 secretion is regulated independently from ADAM17 activity and TGF-α shedding and that particularly its early release is differentially regulated in PBECs from COPD and healthy smokers. Since TIMP-2-sensitive metalloproteinases could potentially contribute to IL-8 release, these may be interesting targets to further investigate novel therapeutic strategies in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene H Heijink
- Laboratory of Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone M Brandenburg
- Laboratory of Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobien A Noordhoek
- Laboratory of Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Slebos
- Department of Pulmonology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Department of Pulmonology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon J van Oosterhout
- Laboratory of Allergology & Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Berger EA, McClellan SA, Barrett RP, Hazlett LD. Testican-1 promotes resistance against Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced keratitis through regulation of MMP-2 expression and activation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:5339-46. [PMID: 21613368 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Testican-1 (or SPOCK) is a highly conserved chimeric proteoglycan encoded by the SPOCK1 gene. Protease regulatory activity has recently been demonstrated by this molecule and its family members testican-2 and -3. The present study tested the hypothesis that testican-1 regulates corneal matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 expression, thus improving disease outcome after Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced keratitis. METHODS C57BL/6 (B6) and BALB/c mice were routinely infected with P. aeruginosa and were evaluated at various postinfection (pi) times for corneal expression of testican-1 and MMP-2, by PCR array, real-time RT-PCR, ELISA, activity assays, zymography, and immunohistochemistry. Next, B6 mice were treated with recombinant human (rh) testican-1, and expression was knocked down in BALB/c ice by siTestican-1 treatment, to determine the relationship between the two molecules. RESULTS BALB/c versus B6 mice expressed significantly higher mRNA and protein levels of testican-1 after P. aeruginosa-induced ocular infection. MMP-2 expression and activation was also disparate between the two mouse strains. After rhTestican-1 treatment in B6 mice, overall disease response was significantly improved, whereas siRNA treatment of BALB/c mice converted the normally resistant response to susceptible. Testican-1 was shown to influence MMP-2 expression, activation, and regulation, as well. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates corneal expression of testican-1 and its temporal regulation of MMP-2 expression and activation after induction of bacterial keratitis. Furthermore, the data collectively indicate that testican-1 is a novel target for disease treatment to promote better disease outcome regarding chronic inflammation and infection and diseases involving pathologic tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Berger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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18
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Johansson E, Komuro A, Iwata C, Hagiwara A, Fuse Y, Watanabe A, Morishita Y, Aburatani H, Funa K, Kano MR, Miyazono K. Exogenous introduction of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 reduces accelerated growth of TGF-β-disrupted diffuse-type gastric carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:2398-403. [PMID: 20718757 PMCID: PMC11159670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse-type gastric carcinoma is characterized by rapid progression and poor prognosis. High expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and thick stromal fibrosis are observed in this type of gastric carcinoma. We have previously shown that disruption of TGF-β signaling via introduction of a dominant negative form of the TGF-β type II receptor (dnTβRII) into diffuse-type gastric cancer cell lines, including OCUM-2MLN, caused accelerated tumor growth through induction of tumor angiogenesis in vivo. In the present study, we show that TGF-β induces upregulation of expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2) in the OCUM-2MLN cell line in vitro, and that expression of TIMP2 is repressed by dnTβRII expression in vivo. Transplantation of the OCUM-2MLN cells to nude mice exhibited accelerated tumor growth in response to dnTβRII expression, which was completely abolished when TIMP2 was coexpressed with dnTβRII. Although the blood vessel density of TIMP2-expressing tumors was only slightly decreased, the degree of hypoxia in tumor tissues was significantly increased and pericytes covering tumor vasculature were decreased by TIMP2 expression in OCUM-2MLN cells, suggesting that the function of tumor vasculatures was repressed by TIMP2 and consequently tumor growth was reduced. These findings provide evidence that one of the mechanisms of the increase in angiogenesis in diffuse-type gastric carcinoma is the downregulation of the anti-angiogenic protein TIMP2.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Hypoxia
- Immunoblotting
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2/genetics
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Johansson
- Department of Molecular Pathology and the Global Center of Excellence Program for Integrative Life Science Based on the Study of Biosignaling Mechanisms, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Sato H, Takino T. Coordinate action of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MT1-MMP) and MMP-2 enhances pericellular proteolysis and invasion. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:843-7. [PMID: 20148894 PMCID: PMC11158779 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MT1-MMP) mediates cleavage of not only MMP-2/gelatinase A for activation, but also a variety of substrates including type I collagen (reviewed in Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 212-7). MMP-2 activation involves tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-2 as a bridging molecule between MT1-MMP and pro-MMP-2. Thus, net activity of MT1-MMP and MMP-2 is regulated in a complex manner depending on TIMP-2 concentration. During invasive growth of tumor cells in type I collagen matrix, MT1-MMP initiates denaturation of collagen into gelatin, which is subsequently digested further by MMP-2 adjacent to MT1-MMP. Coordinate action of MT1-MMP and MMP-2 may facilitate pericellular proteolysis, and enhance not only tumor invasion/migration but also cell growth. Tetraspanins as binding proteins of MT1-MMP regulate MT1-MMP subcellular localization and compartmentalization, leading to efficient MMP-2 activation and proteolysis coupled with cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sato
- Department of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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20
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Onodera M, Zen Y, Harada K, Sato Y, Ikeda H, Itatsu K, Sato H, Ohta T, Asaka M, Nakanuma Y. Fascin is involved in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-dependent production of MMP9 in cholangiocarcinoma. J Transl Med 2009; 89:1261-74. [PMID: 19721413 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascin is an actin-binding protein involved in the cell motility. Recently, aberrant expression of fascin in carcinoma cells was reported to participate in their invasive growth in cooperation with proteinases such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This study examined the participation of fascin in the progression of cholangiocarcinoma (CC) with reference to MMPs and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Expression levels of fascin and MMP2 and 9 were examined immunohistochemically in human non-neoplastic biliary epithelium (13 cases) and CC (87 cases). The relationship between fascin and MMP9-expression levels was examined using two CC cell lines (CCKS-1 and HuCCT1). It was also examined whether or not fascin was involved in TNF-alpha-induced overproduction of MMP9 in CC. Fascin and MMP9 were expressed in 49 and 53% of CC samples, respectively, and the expression of these genes was frequent in intrahepatic CC. Fascin expression was correlated significantly with MMP9 expression. In particular, these two molecules were expressed more intensely at the invasive fronts of CC. Fascin expression was an unfavorable prognostic factor for patients with intrahepatic CC. In vitro studies showed that TNF-alpha could induce the overexpression of fascin and MMP9 in two CC cell lines. A knockdown study of fascin by siRNA showed that TNF-alpha induced the overproduction of fascin, which in turn upregulated MMP9 expression. Overexpression of fascin may have an important function in the progression of CC, and fascin expression might be involved in the signaling pathway in TNF-alpha-dependent production of MMP9 in CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Onodera
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
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21
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Bret C, Hose D, Reme T, Sprynski AC, Mahtouk K, Schved JF, Quittet P, Rossi JF, Goldschmidt H, Klein B. Expression of genes encoding for proteins involved in heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate chain synthesis and modification in normal and malignant plasma cells. Br J Haematol 2009; 145:350-68. [PMID: 19298595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Syndecan-1 is a proteoglycan that concentrates heparin-binding factors on the surface of multiple myeloma cells, and probably plays a major role in multiple myeloma biology. As heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate are the bioactive components of syndecan-1, we analysed the signature of genes encoding 100 proteins involved in synthesis of these chains, i.e. from precursor uptake to post-translational modifications, using Affymetrix microarrays. The expression of enzymes required for heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate biosynthesis was shown to increase in parallel with syndecan-1 expression, throughout the differentiation of memory B cells into plasmablasts and normal bone marrow plasma cells. Sixteen genes were significantly different between normal and malignant plasma cells, nine of these genes -EXT2, CHSY3, CSGALNACT1, HS3ST2, HS2ST1, CHST11, CSGALNACT2, HPSE, SULF2 - encode proteins involved in glycosaminoglycan chain synthesis or modifications. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed in two independent series of patients: B4GALT7, CSGALNACT1, HS2ST1 were associated with a good prognosis whereas EXT1 was linked to a bad prognosis. This study provides an overall picture of the major genes encoding for proteins involved in heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate synthesis and modifications that can be implicated in normal and malignant plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bret
- INSERM U847, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2006, Université Montpellier, UFR Méldecine, Montpellier, France
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22
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Itatsu K, Sasaki M, Yamaguchi J, Ohira S, Ishikawa A, Ikeda H, Sato Y, Harada K, Zen Y, Sato H, Ohta T, Nagino M, Nimura Y, Nakanuma Y. Cyclooxygenase-2 is involved in the up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in cholangiocarcinoma induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:829-41. [PMID: 19218340 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an important enzyme in tumor invasion and metastasis in malignant tumors, including cholangiocarcinoma (CC). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a proinflammatory cytokine, was recently reported to induce the up-regulation of MMP-9 in cultured CC cells. We examined whether cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), another endogenous tumor promoter, are involved in the up-regulation of MMP-9 in CC using CC tissue specimens and a CC cell line, HuCCT-1. MMP-9 and COX-2 were immunohistochemically expressed in 58% and 89% of 110 CC cases, respectively; the expression of MMP-9 and COX-2 was correlated (r = 0.32, P = 0.00072). Using zymography, latent MMP-9 was detectable in all cases and active MMP-9 was detected in 24% of cases of the CC specimens. The TNF-alpha/TNF-receptor 1 (TNF-R1) interaction induced MMP-9 production and activation, as well as COX-2 overexpression and PGE2 production, and increased the migration of CC cells. MMP-9 up-regulation was inhibited by COX inhibitors, antagonists of EP2/4 (receptors of PGE2), and COX-1 and COX-2 siRNAs. Inhibitors of both MMP-9 and MMP-9 siRNA treatment abrogated the increase in the migration of CC cells induced by TNF-alpha. In conclusion, we propose a novel signaling pathway of MMP-9 up-regulation in CC cells such that TNF-alpha induces the activation of COX-2 and PGE2 via TNF-R1 followed by the up-regulation of MMP-9 via the PGE2 (EP2/4) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Itatsu
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
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23
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Itatsu K, Sasaki M, Harada K, Yamaguchi J, Ikeda H, Sato Y, Ohta T, Sato H, Nagino M, Nimura Y, Nakanuma Y. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB are involved in upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 by tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Liver Int 2009; 29:291-8. [PMID: 18710428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) induced by tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is reportedly involved in a variety of non-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases. In this study, we examined which signalling pathways are involved in TNF-alpha-induced MMP-9 upregulation in cholangiocarcinoma (CC). METHODS We used two CC cell lines: HuCCT-1 and CCKS-1. RESULTS In an ex vivo study using HuCCT-1 and CCKS-1 cells, TNF-alpha treatment induced MMP-9 production and activation via interaction with TNF receptor-1 (TNF-R1) but not with TNF receptor-2 (TNF-R2), shown by zymography, and increased MMP-9 promoter activity (luciferase assay). As for the signalling pathway, TNF-alpha stimulation led to the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and translocation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) (p65) into the nuclei. Inhibition studies using SB203580 (inhibitor of p38MAPK), U0126 (inhibitor of mitogen-activated or extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2) and MG132 (inhibitor of NF-kappaB) showed that the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and p38MAPK with activation of NF-kappaB was closely related to MMP-9 upregulation in both cell lines. CONCLUSION These data suggest that TNF-alpha/TNF-R1 interaction leads to the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and p38MAPK and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, which is closely associated with the production and activation of MMP-9 in cultured CC cells of HuCTT-1 and CCKS-1. Upregulation of MMP-9 with NF-kappaB activation may be involved in the tumour invasion of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Itatsu
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
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Nishida Y, Miyamori H, Thompson EW, Takino T, Endo Y, Sato H. Activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) by membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase through an artificial receptor for proMMP-2 generates active MMP-2. Cancer Res 2008; 68:9096-104. [PMID: 18974156 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The suggested model for pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 (proMMP-2) activation by membrane type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP) implicates the complex between MT1-MMP and tissue inhibitor of MMP-2 (TIMP-2) as a receptor for proMMP-2. To dissect this model and assess the pathologic significance of MMP-2 activation, an artificial receptor for proMMP-2 was created by replacing the signal sequence of TIMP-2 with cytoplasmic/transmembrane domain of type II transmembrane mosaic serine protease (MSP-T2). Unlike TIMP-2, MSP-T2 served as a receptor for proMMP-2 without inhibiting MT1-MMP, and generated TIMP-2-free active MMP-2 even at a low level of MT1-MMP. Thus, MSP-T2 did not affect direct cleavage of the substrate testican-1 by MT1-MMP, whereas TIMP-2 inhibited it even at the level that stimulates proMMP-2 processing. Expression of MSP-T2 in HT1080 cells enhanced MMP-2 activation by endogenous MT1-MMP and caused intensive hydrolysis of collagen gel. Expression of MSP-T2 in U87 glioma cells, which express a trace level of endogenous MT1-MMP, induced MMP-2 activation and enhanced cell-associated protease activity, activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and metastatic ability into chick embryonic liver and lung. MT1-MMP can exert both maximum MMP-2 activation and direct cleavage of substrates with MSP-T2, which cannot be achieved with TIMP-2. These results suggest that MMP-2 activation by MT1-MMP potentially amplifies protease activity, and combination with direct cleavage of substrate causes effective tissue degradation and enhances tumor invasion and metastasis, which highlights the complex role of TIMP-2. MSP-T2 is a unique tool to analyze physiologic and pathologic roles of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP in comparison with TIMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nishida
- Department of Molecular Virology and Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
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Keller KE, Aga M, Bradley JM, Kelley MJ, Acott TS. Extracellular matrix turnover and outflow resistance. Exp Eye Res 2008; 88:676-82. [PMID: 19087875 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Normal homeostatic adjustment of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) involves remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the trabecular meshwork (TM). This entails sensing elevated IOP, releasing numerous activated proteinases to degrade existing ECM and concurrent biosynthesis of replacement ECM components. To increase or decrease IOP, the quantity, physical properties and/or organization of new components should be somewhat different from those replaced in order to modify outflow resistance. ECM degradation and replacement biosynthesis in the outflow pathway must be tightly controlled and focused to retain the complex structural organization of the tissue. Recently identified podosome- or invadopodia-like structures (PILS) may aid in the focal degradation of ECM and organization of replacement components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Keller
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-4197, USA
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Su G, Blaine SA, Qiao D, Friedl A. Membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase-mediated stromal syndecan-1 shedding stimulates breast carcinoma cell proliferation. Cancer Res 2008; 68:9558-65. [PMID: 19010933 PMCID: PMC2877371 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence implicates stromal fibroblasts in breast carcinoma progression. We have recently shown in three-dimensional coculture experiments that human mammary fibroblasts stimulate the proliferation of T47D breast carcinoma cells and that this activity requires the shedding of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-1 (Sdc1) from the fibroblast surface. The goal of this project was to determine the mechanism of Sdc1 ectodomain shedding. The broad spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor GM6001 specifically blocked Sdc1-mediated carcinoma cell growth stimulation, pointing toward MMPs as critical enzymes involved in Sdc1 shedding. MMP-2 and membrane type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP) were the predominant MMPs expressed by the mammary fibroblasts. Fibroblast-dependent carcinoma cell growth stimulation in three-dimensional coculture was abolished by MT1-MMP expression silencing with small interfering RNA and restored either by adding recombinant MT1-MMP catalytic domain or by expressing a secreted form of Sdc1 in the fibroblasts. These findings are consistent with a model where fibroblast-derived MT1-MMP cleaves Sdc1 at the fibroblast surface, leading to paracrine growth stimulation of carcinoma cells by Sdc1 ectodomain. The relevance of MT1-MMP in paracrine interactions was further supported by coculture experiments with T47D cells and primary fibroblasts isolated from human breast carcinomas or matched normal breast tissue. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts stimulated T47D cell proliferation significantly more than normal fibroblasts in three-dimensional coculture. Function-blocking anti-MT1-MMP antibody significantly inhibited the T47D cell growth stimulation in coculture with primary fibroblasts. In summary, these results ascribe a novel role to fibroblast-derived MT1-MMP in stromal-epithelial signaling in breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Su
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53792-8550, USA
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