1
|
The effect of different solvents and acidifying reagents on the anthocyanin profiles and antioxidant capacity of purple corn. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
2
|
Cappellini F, Marinelli A, Toccaceli M, Tonelli C, Petroni K. Anthocyanins: From Mechanisms of Regulation in Plants to Health Benefits in Foods. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:748049. [PMID: 34777426 PMCID: PMC8580863 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.748049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins represent the major red, purple, and blue pigments in many flowers, fruits, vegetables, and cereals. They are also recognized as important health-promoting components in the human diet with protective effects against many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and cancer. Anthocyanin biosynthesis has been studied extensively, and both biosynthetic and key regulatory genes have been isolated in many plant species. Here, we will provide an overview of recent progress in understanding the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in plants, focusing on the transcription factors controlling activation or repression of anthocyanin accumulation in cereals and fruits of different plant species, with special emphasis on the differences in molecular mechanisms between monocot and dicot plants. Recently, new insight into the transcriptional regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis, including positive and negative feedback control as well as epigenetic and post-translational regulation of MYB-bHLH-WD40 complexes, has been gained. We will consider how knowledge of regulatory mechanisms has helped to produce anthocyanin-enriched foods through conventional breeding and metabolic engineering. Additionally, we will briefly discuss the biological activities of anthocyanins as components of the human diet and recent findings demonstrating the important health benefits of anthocyanin-rich foods against chronic diseases.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim JT, Yi G, Chung IM, Son BY, Bae HH, Go YS, Ha JY, Baek SB, Kim SL. Timing and Pattern of Anthocyanin Accumulation during Grain Filling in Purple Waxy Corn ( Zea mays L.) Suggest Optimal Harvest Dates. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:15702-15708. [PMID: 32637845 PMCID: PMC7331206 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purple-corn kernels contain anthocyanins, a group of antioxidants proposed to be beneficial to human health. This study investigated the concentrations of anthocyanins and amino acids and the composition of fatty acids in the kernels of purple waxy corn (Zea mays L.) "Heukjinjuchal" during grain filling to determine when the grain nutritional value is at its highest. During grain filling, anthocyanin contents increased as the kernel color darkened. Among the anthocyanins measured, cyanidin-3-β-O-glucoside reached the highest contents, 57.0-409.1 mg kg-1 fresh weight in raw kernels and 1027.6 mg kg-1 in dry seeds. Pelargonidin-3-β-O-glucoside and malvidin-3-β-O-glucoside became detectable at 21 days after silking; they occurred in the second- and third-highest amounts, respectively, among anthocyanins in the purple-corn cultivars tested. The anthocyanin accumulation pattern was strongly associated with physicochemical properties and partly associated with amino acid content. Anthocyanin contents increased in a stepwise rather than linear fashion. This study showed that kernels undergo dramatic changes that affect the nutritional value of fresh corn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Tae Kim
- Department of Central
Area Crop Science, National Institute of
Crop Science, RDA, Suwon-si 16429, Republic of Korea
| | - Gibum Yi
- Department of Central
Area Crop Science, National Institute of
Crop Science, RDA, Suwon-si 16429, Republic of Korea
| | - Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Crop Science, Sanghuh College of Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic
of Korea
| | - Beom-Young Son
- Department of Central
Area Crop Science, National Institute of
Crop Science, RDA, Suwon-si 16429, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Hee Bae
- Department of Central
Area Crop Science, National Institute of
Crop Science, RDA, Suwon-si 16429, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sam Go
- Department of Central
Area Crop Science, National Institute of
Crop Science, RDA, Suwon-si 16429, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Ha
- Department of Central
Area Crop Science, National Institute of
Crop Science, RDA, Suwon-si 16429, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Bum Baek
- Department of Central
Area Crop Science, National Institute of
Crop Science, RDA, Suwon-si 16429, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Lim Kim
- Department of Central
Area Crop Science, National Institute of
Crop Science, RDA, Suwon-si 16429, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Magaña Cerino J, Peniche Pavía H, Tiessen A, Gurrola Díaz C. Pigmented Maize (Zea mays L.) Contains Anthocyanins with Potential Therapeutic Action Against Oxidative Stress - A Review. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.31883/pjfns/113272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
5
|
Wang Y, Zhang XN, Xie WH, Zheng YX, Cao JP, Cao PR, Chen QJ, Li X, Sun CD. The Growth of SGC-7901 Tumor Xenografts Was Suppressed by Chinese Bayberry Anthocyanin Extract through Upregulating KLF6 Gene Expression. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8100599. [PMID: 27690088 PMCID: PMC5083987 DOI: 10.3390/nu8100599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the antitumor effect of anthocyanins extracted from Chinese bayberry fruit (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.), a nude mouse tumor xenograft model was established. Treatments with C3G (cyanidin-3-glucoside, an anthocyanin) significantly suppressed the growth of SGC-7901 tumor xenografts in a dose-dependent manner. Immunohistochemical staining showed a significant increase in p21 expression, indicating that the cell cycle of tumor xenografts was inhibited. qPCR screening showed that C3G treatment up-regulated the expression of the KLF6 gene, which is an important tumor suppressor gene inactivated in many human cancers. Western blot showed that C3G treatments markedly increased KLF6 and p21 protein levels, inhibited CDK4 and Cyclin D1 expression, but did not notably change the expression of p53. These results indicated that KLF6 up-regulates p21 in a p53-independent manner and significantly reduces tumor proliferation. This study provides important information for the possible mechanism of C3G-induced antitumor activity against gastric adenocarcinoma in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xia-Nan Zhang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Wen-Hua Xie
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yi-Xiong Zheng
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China.
| | - Jin-Ping Cao
- Taizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linhai 317000, China.
| | - Pei-Rang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Qing-Jun Chen
- National Light Industry Food Quality Inspection Hangzhou Station, Hangzhou 310009, China.
| | - Xian Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Chong-de Sun
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Long N, Suzuki S, Sato S, Naiki-Ito A, Sakatani K, Shirai T, Takahashi S. Purple corn color inhibition of prostate carcinogenesis by targeting cell growth pathways. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:298-303. [PMID: 23199305 PMCID: PMC7657151 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purple corn color is a widely used food colorant that was reported to have attenuating effects on hypertension, diabetes, and to have anti-cancer effects on colon and breast cancer. Our study is the first on its possible chemoprevention effects against prostate cancer. For this purpose an androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP, was used to examine effects in vitro. Purple corn color inhibited the proliferation of LNCaP cells by decreasing the expression of Cyclin D1 and inhibiting the G1 stage of the cell cycle. Thirty-six male transgenic rats for adenocarcinoma of prostate were fed basic diet or diet with purple corn color for 8 weeks. Purple corn color decreased the incidence of adenocarcinoma in the lateral prostate and slowed down the progression of prostate cancer. A lower Ki67 positive rate, a decrease of the expression of Cyclin D1, and downregulation of the activation of Erk1/2 and p38 MAPK were observed in the group consuming purple corn color in the diet. Since purple corn color is a mixture, determining its active component should help in the understanding and usage of purple corn color for prostate cancer chemoprevention. Therefore, the three major anthocyanins in purple corn color, cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside, were tested with LNCaP cells. The results suggested that cyanidin-3-glucoside and pelargonidin-3-glucoside are the active compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ne Long
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Purple corn anthocyanins retard diabetes-associated glomerulosclerosis in mesangial cells and db/db mice. Eur J Nutr 2011; 51:961-73. [PMID: 22102159 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetic glomerulosclerosis is the hardening of the renal glomeruli that can lead to kidney failure. In the early stage of glomerulosclerosis occur renal mesangial expansion and renal filtration dysfunction. Purple corn has been classified as a functional food and is rich in anthocyanins exerting potential disease-preventive activities. The in vitro study using human renal mesangial cells examined that anthocyanin-rich purple corn butanol fraction (PCB) can attenuate high glucose (HG)-promoted mesangial cell proliferation and matrix accumulation. METHODS Cells were cultured for 3 days in media containing 33 mM glucose in the presence of 1-20 μg/mL PCB. In the in vivo animal study, db/db mice were treated with 10 mg/kg anthocyanin-rich polyphenolic extracts of purple corn (PCE) for 8 weeks. RESULTS HG enhanced mesangial production of the fibrosis biomarkers of collagen IV and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), which was markedly attenuated by adding PCB. Such mesangial fibrosis entailed interleukin-8 activation via eliciting Tyk2-STAT signaling pathway. PCB dampened HG-promoted mesangial hyperplasia that appeared to be attributed to increased expression of platelet-derived growth factor. The 8-week administration of PCE lowered plasma glucose level of db/db mice and ameliorated severe albuminuria. Moreover, PCE lessened collagen fiber accumulation in kidney glomeruli and CTGF expression via retarding TGF-β signaling. Protein expressions of nephrin and podocin, key proteins for filtration barrier function of the glomerular capillary wall, were repressed by treating mice with PCE. CONCLUSION Purple corn may be a potent therapeutic agent for the treatment for diabetes-associated glomerulosclerosis accompanying proteinuria and kidney filtration dysfunction.
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu M, Bower KA, Wang S, Frank JA, Chen G, Ding M, Wang S, Shi X, Ke Z, Luo J. Cyanidin-3-glucoside inhibits ethanol-induced invasion of breast cancer cells overexpressing ErbB2. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:285. [PMID: 21034468 PMCID: PMC2984473 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethanol is a tumor promoter. Both epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that ethanol may enhance the metastasis of breast cancer cells. We have previously demonstrated that ethanol increased the migration/invasion of breast cancer cells expressing high levels of ErbB2. Amplification of ErbB2 is found in 20-30% of breast cancer patients and is associated with poor prognosis. We sought to identify agents that can prevent or ameliorate ethanol-induced invasion of breast cancer cells. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), an anthocyanin present in many vegetables and fruits, is a potent natural antioxidant. Ethanol exposure causes the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study evaluated the effect of C3G on ethanol-induced breast cancer cell migration/invasion. Results C3G attenuated ethanol-induced migration/invasion of breast cancer cells expressing high levels of ErbB2 (BT474, MDA-MB231 and MCF7ErbB2) in a concentration dependent manner. C3G decreased ethanol-mediated cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as the amount of focal adhesions and the formation of lamellipodial protrusion. It inhibited ethanol-stimulated phosphorylation of ErbB2, cSrc, FAK and p130Cas, as well as interactions among these proteins. C3G abolished ethanol-mediated p130Cas/JNK interaction. Conclusions C3G blocks ethanol-induced activation of the ErbB2/cSrc/FAK pathway which is necessary for cell migration/invasion. C3G may be beneficial in preventing/reducing ethanol-induced breast cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shimizu Y, Imada T, Ohno T, Zhang H, Shimomura K. Characteristics of Gynura Bbicolor DC. Color and Its Applications as a Novel Natural Food Color. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.57.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
10
|
Chen G, Luo J. Anthocyanins: are they beneficial in treating ethanol neurotoxicity? Neurotox Res 2010; 17:91-101. [PMID: 19590929 PMCID: PMC4992359 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Heavy alcohol exposure produces profound damage to the developing central nervous system (CNS) as well as the adult brain. Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) have a variety of cognitive, behavioral, and neurological impairments. FASD currently represents the leading cause of mental retardation. Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) and neurodegeneration in the adult brain. Although the cellular/molecular mechanism underlying ethanol's neurotoxicity has not been fully understood, it is generally believed that oxidative stress plays an important role. Identification of neuroprotective agents that can ameliorate ethanol neurotoxicity is an important step for developing preventive/therapeutic strategies. Targeting ethanol-induced oxidative stress using natural antioxidants is an attractive approach. Anthocyanins, a large subgroup of flavonoids present in many vegetables and fruits, are safe and potent antioxidants. They exhibit diverse potential health benefits including cardioprotection, anti-atherosclerotic activity, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammation properties. Anthocyanins can cross the blood-brain barrier and distribute in the CNS. Recent studies indicate that anthocyanins represent novel neuroprotective agents and may be beneficial in ameliorating ethanol neurotoxicity. In this review, we discuss the evidence and potential of anthocyanins in alleviating ethanol-induced damage to the CNS. Furthermore, we discuss possible underlying mechanisms as well as future research approaches necessary to establish the therapeutic role of anthocyanins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 124C Combs Research Building, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 124C Combs Research Building, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| |
Collapse
|