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Shinton SA, Brill-Dashoff J, Hayakawa K. Pla2g2a promotes innate Th2-type immunity lymphocytes to increase B1a cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14899. [PMID: 36050343 PMCID: PMC9437038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborns require early generation of effective innate immunity as a primary physiological mechanism for survival. The neonatal Lin28+Let7– developmental pathway allows increased generation of Th2-type cells and B1a (B-1 B) cells compared to adult cells and long-term maintenance of these initially generated innate cells. For initial B1a cell growth from the neonatal to adult stage, Th2-type IL-5 production from ILC2s and NKT2 cells is important to increase B1a cells. The Th17 increase is dependent on extracellular bacteria, and increased bacteria leads to lower Th2-type generation. Secreted group IIA-phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA) from the Pla2g2a gene can bind to gram-positive bacteria and degrade bacterial membranes, controlling microbiota in the intestine. BALB/c mice are Pla2g2a+, and express high numbers of Th2-type cells and B1a cells. C57BL/6 mice are Pla2g2a-deficient and distinct from the SLAM family, and exhibit fewer NKT2 cells and fewer B1a cells from the neonatal to adult stage. We found that loss of Pla2g2a in the BALB/c background decreased IL-5 from Th2-type ILC2s and NKT2s but increased bacterial-reactive NKT17 cells and MAIT cells, and decreased the number of early-generated B1a cells and MZ B cells and the CD4/CD8 T cell ratio. Low IL-5 by decreased Th2-type cells in Pla2g2a loss led to low early-generated B1a cell growth from the neonatal to adult stage. In anti-thymocyte/Thy-1 autoreactive μκ transgenic (ATAμκ Tg) Pla2g2a+ BALB/c background C.B17 mice generated NKT2 cells that continuously control CD1d+ B1 B cells through old aging and lost CD1d in B1 B cells generating strong B1 ATA B cell leukemia/lymphoma. Pla2g2a-deficient ATAμκTg C57BL/6 mice suppressed the initial B1a cell increase, with low/negative spontaneous leukemia/lymphoma generation. These data confirmed that the presence of Pla2g2a to control bacteria is important to allow the neonatal to adult stage. Pla2g2a promotes innate Th2-type immunity lymphocytes to increase early generated B1a cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Shinton
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | | | - Kyoko Hayakawa
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA.
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Chada S, Wiederhold D, Menander KB, Sellman B, Talbott M, Nemunaitis JJ, Ahn HM, Jung BK, Yun CO, Sobol RE. Tumor suppressor immune gene therapy to reverse immunotherapy resistance. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:825-834. [PMID: 34349241 PMCID: PMC9209327 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While immune checkpoint inhibitors are becoming a standard of care for multiple types of cancer, the majority of patients do not respond to this form of immunotherapy. New approaches are required to overcome resistance to immunotherapies. METHODS We investigated the effects of adenoviral p53 (Ad-p53) gene therapy in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors and selective IL2 or IL15 CD122/132 agonists in the aggressive B16F10 tumor model resistant to immunotherapies. To assess potential mechanisms of action, pre- and post- Ad-p53 treatment biopsies were evaluated for changes in gene-expression profiles by Nanostring IO 360 assays. RESULTS The substantial synergy of "triplet" Ad-p53 + CD122/132 + anti-PD-1 therapy resulted in potential curative effects associated with the complete tumor remissions of both the primary and contralateral tumors. Interestingly, contralateral tumors, which were not injected with Ad-p53 showed robust abscopal effects resulting in statistically significant decreases in tumor size and increased survival (p < 0.001). None of the monotherapies or doublet treatments induced the complete tumor regressions. Ad-p53 treatment increased interferon, CD8+ T cell, immuno-proteosome antigen presentation, and tumor inflammation gene signatures. Ad-p53 treatment also decreased immune-suppressive TGF-beta, beta-catenin, macrophage, and endothelium gene signatures, which may contribute to enhanced immune checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) efficacy. Unexpectedly, a number of previously unidentified, strongly p53 downregulated genes associated with stromal pathways and IL10 expression identified novel anticancer therapeutic applications. CONCLUSIONS These results imply the ability of Ad-p53 to induce efficacious local and systemic antitumor immune responses with the potential to reverse resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy when combined with CD122/132 agonists and immune checkpoint blockade. Our findings further imply that Ad-p53 has multiple complementary immune mechanisms of action, which support future clinical evaluation of triplet Ad-p53, CD122/132 agonist, and immune checkpoint inhibitor combination treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - John J. Nemunaitis
- grid.411726.70000 0004 0628 5895University of Toledo Medical Center, Eleanor N. Dana Cancer Center, Toledo, OH USA
| | - Hyo Min Ahn
- grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bo-Kyeong Jung
- grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea ,grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
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Bredeck G, Kämpfer AAM, Sofranko A, Wahle T, Büttner V, Albrecht C, Schins RPF. Ingested Engineered Nanomaterials Affect the Expression of Mucin Genes-An In Vitro-In Vivo Comparison. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102621. [PMID: 34685068 PMCID: PMC8537393 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) in food has fueled the development of intestinal in vitro models for toxicity testing. However, ENM effects on intestinal mucus have barely been addressed, although its crucial role for intestinal health is evident. We investigated the effects of ENM on mucin expression and aimed to evaluate the suitability of four in vitro models of increasing complexity compared to a mouse model exposed through feed pellets. We assessed the gene expression of the mucins MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC13 and MUC20 and the chemokine interleukin-8 in pre-confluent and confluent HT29-MTX-E12 cells, in stable and inflamed triple cultures of Caco-2, HT29-MTX-E12 and THP-1 cells, and in the ileum of mice following exposure to TiO2, Ag, CeO2 or SiO2. All ENM had shared and specific effects. CeO2 downregulated MUC1 in confluent E12 cells and in mice. Ag induced downregulation of Muc2 in mice. Overall, the in vivo data were consistent with the findings in the stable triple cultures and the confluent HT29-MTX-E12 cells but not in pre-confluent cells, indicating the higher relevance of advanced models for hazard assessment. The effects on MUC1 and MUC2 suggest that specific ENM may lead to an elevated susceptibility towards intestinal infections and inflammations.
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Lehallier B, Shokhirev MN, Wyss‐Coray T, Johnson AA. Data mining of human plasma proteins generates a multitude of highly predictive aging clocks that reflect different aspects of aging. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13256. [PMID: 33031577 PMCID: PMC7681068 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified 529 proteins that had been reported by multiple different studies to change their expression level with age in human plasma. In the present study, we measured the q-value and age coefficient of these proteins in a plasma proteomic dataset derived from 4263 individuals. A bioinformatics enrichment analysis of proteins that significantly trend toward increased expression with age strongly implicated diverse inflammatory processes. A literature search revealed that at least 64 of these 529 proteins are capable of regulating life span in an animal model. Nine of these proteins (AKT2, GDF11, GDF15, GHR, NAMPT, PAPPA, PLAU, PTEN, and SHC1) significantly extend life span when manipulated in mice or fish. By performing machine-learning modeling in a plasma proteomic dataset derived from 3301 individuals, we discover an ultra-predictive aging clock comprised of 491 protein entries. The Pearson correlation for this clock was 0.98 in the learning set and 0.96 in the test set while the median absolute error was 1.84 years in the learning set and 2.44 years in the test set. Using this clock, we demonstrate that aerobic-exercised trained individuals have a younger predicted age than physically sedentary subjects. By testing clocks associated with 1565 different Reactome pathways, we also show that proteins associated with signal transduction or the immune system are especially capable of predicting human age. We additionally generate a multitude of age predictors that reflect different aspects of aging. For example, a clock comprised of proteins that regulate life span in animal models accurately predicts age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Lehallier
- Department of Neurology and Neurological SciencesStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences InstituteStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of AgingStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maxim N. Shokhirev
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics CoreThe Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tony Wyss‐Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological SciencesStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences InstituteStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of AgingStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Veterans AffairsVA Palo Alto Health Care SystemPalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
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Janeckova L, Kostovcikova K, Svec J, Stastna M, Strnad H, Kolar M, Hudcovic T, Stancikova J, Tureckova J, Baloghova N, Sloncova E, Galuskova K, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, Korinek V. Unique Gene Expression Signatures in the Intestinal Mucosa and Organoids Derived from Germ-Free and Monoassociated Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071581. [PMID: 30934845 PMCID: PMC6480644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Commensal microbiota contribute to gut homeostasis by inducing transcription of mucosal genes. Analysis of the impact of various microbiota on intestinal tissue provides an important insight into the function of this organ. We used cDNA microarrays to determine the gene expression signature of mucosa isolated from the small intestine and colon of germ-free (GF) mice and animals monoassociated with two E. coli strains. The results were compared to the expression data obtained in conventionally reared (CR) mice. In addition, we analyzed gene expression in colon organoids derived from CR, GF, and monoassociated animals. The analysis revealed that the complete absence of intestinal microbiota mainly affected the mucosal immune system, which was not restored upon monoassociation. The most important expression changes observed in the colon mucosa indicated alterations in adipose tissue and lipid metabolism. In the comparison of differentially expressed genes in the mucosa or organoids obtained from GF and CR mice, only six genes were common for both types of samples. The results show that the increased expression of the angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4) gene encoding a secreted regulator of lipid metabolism indicates the GF status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Janeckova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Klara Kostovcikova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Svec
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Srobarova 50, 100 34 Prague 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Monika Stastna
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Hynek Strnad
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Kolar
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Hudcovic
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Jitka Stancikova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Jolana Tureckova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Nikol Baloghova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Sloncova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Katerina Galuskova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Korinek
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Salim EI, Harras SF, Abdalla AG, Mona MH. Syphacia muris infection in rats attenuates colorectal carcinogenesis through oxidative stress and gene expression alterations. Implications for modulatory effects by Bryostatin-1. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:198-209. [PMID: 29351079 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggest that some infectious agents may interfere in the natural progression of neoplasia. This study examined the association between chronic infection with adult Syphacia muris parasites and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colorectal carcinogenesis in rats. In addition, the conceivable therapeutic effect of Bryostatin-1, a potent extract of the marine Bryozoan, Bugulane ritina, was investigated against this combined effect.DMH administration has induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF), surrogate biomarkers for colorectal carcinogenesis, while the S. muris infection combined with DMH has significantly increased the total numbers of ACF. Nonetheless, treatment with Bryostatin-1 after infection has significantly reduced the ACF numbers particularly larger ones. This inhibition was concomitant with significant inhibition in the immunohistochemical levels of the ki67, Caspase-3 and IgM levels in colorectal epithelium, as well as serum levels of IgM and IgG. Additionally, treatment with Bryostatin-1 after S. muris + DMH has modulated enzymatic antioxidative markers levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase as well as the non-enzymatic antioxidant markers levels of reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide and total antioxidant capacity. Further, treatment with Bryostatin-1 has down-regulated the mRNA expression levels of COX-2 and APC genes in colorectal mucosa. In conclusion, infection with S. muris during colorectal carcinogenesis has significantly modulated the oxidative stress markers in the colorectum, while treatment with Bryostatin-1 has exerted significant curative potential. A mechanism could be explained that Bryostatin-1 treatment has reduced oxidative stress markers activities along with affecting host to parasite immunity possibly leading to changes in the COX-2 and APC expression, retarding cellular proliferation and subsequently reducing the colorectal carcinogenesis events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed I Salim
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Samar F Harras
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Aisha G Abdalla
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Mohmmed H Mona
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
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Schewe M, Franken PF, Sacchetti A, Schmitt M, Joosten R, Böttcher R, van Royen ME, Jeammet L, Payré C, Scott PM, Webb NR, Gelb M, Cormier RT, Lambeau G, Fodde R. Secreted Phospholipases A2 Are Intestinal Stem Cell Niche Factors with Distinct Roles in Homeostasis, Inflammation, and Cancer. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 19:38-51. [PMID: 27292189 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal stem cell niche provides cues that actively maintain gut homeostasis. Dysregulation of these cues may compromise intestinal regeneration upon tissue insult and/or promote tumor growth. Here, we identify secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) as stem cell niche factors with context-dependent functions in the digestive tract. We show that group IIA sPLA2, a known genetic modifier of mouse intestinal tumorigenesis, is expressed by Paneth cells in the small intestine, while group X sPLA2 is expressed by Paneth/goblet-like cells in the colon. During homeostasis, group IIA/X sPLA2s inhibit Wnt signaling through intracellular activation of Yap1. However, upon inflammation they are secreted into the intestinal lumen, where they promote prostaglandin synthesis and Wnt signaling. Genetic ablation of both sPLA2s improves recovery from inflammation but increases colon cancer susceptibility due to release of their homeostatic Wnt-inhibitory role. This "trade-off" effect suggests sPLA2s have important functions as genetic modifiers of inflammation and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schewe
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick F Franken
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Sacchetti
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Schmitt
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalie Joosten
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - René Böttcher
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Martin E van Royen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands; Erasmus Optical Imaging Centre, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands
| | - Louise Jeammet
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne 06560, France
| | - Christine Payré
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne 06560, France
| | - Patricia M Scott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812-3031, USA
| | - Nancy R Webb
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-9983, USA
| | - Michael Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA
| | - Robert T Cormier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812-3031, USA
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne 06560, France
| | - Riccardo Fodde
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam 3000CA, The Netherlands.
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Chen L, Zhang C, Gui Q, Chen Y, Yang Y. Ultra‑performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‑of‑flight mass spectrometry‑based metabolic profiling of human serum prior to and following radical resection of colorectal carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6879-86. [PMID: 26352758 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly one quarter of patients with colorectal carcinoma (CRC) were diagnosed at an advanced stage. Under these circumstances, radical resection of the tumor is the best strategy to enhance the five-year survival rate. However, up to 50% of post-operative patients experience cancer recurrence within the first few years. Therefore, post‑operative surveillance is important. However, currently performed post‑operative monitoring relies on relatively dated methods with insufficient sensitivity and specificity. The present study applied an advanced technology of ultra‑performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‑of‑flight mass spectrometry in order to examine changes in metabolite patterns in serum with the aim of identifying reliable biomarkers in patients with CRC at various time-points. Serum samples were collected from and 20 CRC patients prior to radical resection (group 1) and one month following radical resection (group 2) as well as from 20 healthy volunteers (group 3). Multivariate pattern recognition was used to identify potential biomarkers of CRC. Compared with healthy volunteers, three groups of biomarkers were identified in patients with CRC (P<0.05), namely phosphatidylcholines (PCs), lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) and diacylglycerols (DAGs). However, no statistical difference in the levels of these biomarkers between pre‑operative and post‑operative CRC patients was identified (P>0.05). PCs and LPCs, which contain polyunsaturated fatty acids, were decreased, whereas LPCs and DAGs, which contain saturated fatty acids, were increased in CRC patients. The present study demonstrated that obvious metabolic disturbances occur during the development of CRC and provided a novel analytic method, which is likely to be used as a diagnostic tool for CRC and may help to improve the patients' prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufang Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Qifeng Gui
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yunmei Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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Srivastava A, Golden KL, Sanchez CA, Liu K, Fong PY, Li X, Cowan DS, Rabinovitch PS, Reid BJ, Blount PL, Odze RD. High Goblet Cell Count Is Inversely Associated with Ploidy Abnormalities and Risk of Adenocarcinoma in Barrett's Esophagus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133403. [PMID: 26230607 PMCID: PMC4521918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Goblet cells may represent a potentially successful adaptive response to acid and bile by producing a thick mucous barrier that protects against cancer development in Barrett's esophagus (BE). The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between goblet cells (GC) and risk of progression to adenocarcinoma, and DNA content flow cytometric abnormalities, in BE patients. Experimental Design Baseline mucosal biopsies (N=2988) from 213 patients, 32 of whom developed cancer during the follow up period, enrolled in a prospective dynamic cohort of BE patients were scored in a blinded fashion, for the total number (#) of GC, mean # of GC/crypt (GC density), # of crypts with ≥ 1 GC, and the proportion of crypts with ≥1 GC, in both dysplastic and non-dysplastic epithelium separately. The relationship between these four GC parameters and DNA content flow cytometric abnormalities and adenocarcinoma outcome was compared, after adjustment for age, gender, and BE segment length. Results High GC parameters were inversely associated with DNA content flow cytometric abnormalities, such as aneuploidy, ploidy >2.7N, and an elevated 4N fraction > 6%, and with risk of adenocarcinoma. However, a Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the total # of GC and the total # crypts with ≥1 GC were the only significant GC parameters (p<0.001 and 0.003, respectively). Conclusions The results of this study show, for the first time, an inverse relationship between high GC counts and flow cytometric abnormalities and risk of adenocarcinoma in BE. Further studies are needed to determine if GC depleted foci within esophageal columnar mucosa are more prone to neoplastic progression or whether loss of GC occurs secondary to underlying genetic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitabh Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kevin L. Golden
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carissa A. Sanchez
- Department of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Karen Liu
- Department of Vaccine Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pui Yee Fong
- Department of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David S. Cowan
- Department of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Rabinovitch
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Reid
- Department of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. Blount
- Department of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Odze
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhai YC, Dong B, Wei WQ, He Y, Li XQ, Cormier RT, Wang W, Liu F. Overexpression of phospholipase A2 Group IIA in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and association with cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:9417-21. [PMID: 25422234 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.21.9417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer is one of the most frequently occurring malignancies and the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. The esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common histological type of esophageal cancer worldwide. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our goal in this study was to detect phospholipase A2 Group IIA (PLA2G2A) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) immuno-expression in ESCC in a high- risk population in China. RESULTS Positive expression of PLA2G2A protein was observed in 57.2% (166/290) of the cases, while COX-2 was found in 257 of 290 samples (88.6%), both PLA2G2A and COX-2 being expressed in 153 cases (52.8%), with a significant agreement (Kappa=0.091, p=0.031).Overexpression of PLA2G2A was significantly correlated with the depth of invasion (p=0.001). Co-expression of PLA2G2A and COX-2 not only significantly correlated with the depth of invasion (p=0.004) but also with TNM stage (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that in patients with ESCC, PLA2G2A overexpression and PLA2G2A co-expression with COX-2 is significantly correlated with advanced stage. The biological role and pathophysiologic regulation of PLA2G2A and COX-2 overexpression in ESCC deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chun Zhai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China E-mail : ,
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11
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Brglez V, Lambeau G, Petan T. Secreted phospholipases A2 in cancer: Diverse mechanisms of action. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt A:114-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Human cancer xenografts in outbred nude mice can be confounded by polymorphisms in a modifier of tumorigenesis. Genetics 2014; 197:1365-76. [PMID: 24913681 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.166587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenicity studies often employ outbred nude mice, in the absence of direct evidence that this mixed genetic background will negatively affect experimental outcome. Here we show that outbred nude mice carry two different alleles of Pla2g2a, a genetic modifier of intestinal tumorigenesis in mice. Here, we identify previous unreported linked polymorphisms in the promoter, noncoding and coding sequences of Pla2g2a and show that outbred nude mice from different commercial providers are heterogeneous for this polymorphic Pla2g2a allele. This heterogeneity even extends to mice obtained from a single commercial provider, which display mixed Pla2g2a genotypes. Notably, we demonstrated that the polymorphic Pla2g2a allele affects orthotopic xenograft establishment of human colon cancer cells in outbred nude mice. This finding establishes a non-cell-autonomous role for Pla2g2a in suppressing intestinal tumorigenesis. Using in vitro reporter assays and pharmacological inhibitors, we show promoter polymorphisms and nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD) as underlying mechanisms that lead to low Pla2g2a mRNA levels in tumor-sensitive mice. Together, this study provides mechanistic insight regarding Pla2g2a polymorphisms and demonstrates a non-cell-autonomous role for Pla2g2a in suppressing tumors. Moreover, our direct demonstration that mixed genetic backgrounds of outbred nude mice can significantly affect baseline tumorigenicity cautions against future use of outbred mice for tumor xenograft studies.
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13
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Brglez V, Pucer A, Pungerčar J, Lambeau G, Petan T. Secreted phospholipases A₂are differentially expressed and epigenetically silenced in human breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 445:230-5. [PMID: 24508801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) have recently been associated with several cancers, but their role in breast cancer is unknown. Here we demonstrate that mRNA expression of group IIA, III and X sPLA2s differs both in vivo in tumour biopsies and in breast cancer cells in vitro. Their expression is differentially regulated by DNA methylation and histone acetylation and, significantly, all three genes are silenced in aggressive triple negative cells due to both mechanisms. The transcription start site promoter region and the upstream CpG islands, exclusive to the group X sPLA2 gene, have variable roles in the regulation of sPLA2 expression. Our results suggest that the differential expression of hGIIA, hGIII and hGX sPLA2s in breast cancer cells is a consequence of various degrees of epigenetic silencing due to DNA hypermethylation and histone deacetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Brglez
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Pucer
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jože Pungerčar
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS et Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 6097, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Toni Petan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Expression of group IIA phospholipase A2 is an independent predictor of favorable outcome for patients with gastric cancer. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:2020-7. [PMID: 23664539 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that phospholipase A2 (PLA2) plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis in human gastrointestinal cancer. One of the well-studied isoforms of PLA2, group IIA PLA2 (PLA2G2A), appears to exert its protumorigenic or antitumorigenic effects in a tissue-specific manner. The present study was designed to determine the expression profile and prognostic value of PLA2G2A in gastric cancer in a large Chinese cohort. By using real-time polymerase chain reaction, the amount of PLA2G2A messenger RNA in 60 pairs of fresh gastric tumors and adjacent noncancerous mucosa was measured. The immunostaining of PLA2G2A in 866 gastric cancers with paired noncancerous tissues was assayed. No expression of PLA2G2A was found in normal gastric mucosa, and focal expression of PLA2G2A was noticed in intestinal metaplasia, whereas significantly increased expression of PLA2G2A was observed in the cytoplasm of gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, the extent of PLA2G2A expression was associated with tumor size (P < .001), tumor differentiation (P = .001), T class (P < .001), N class (P < .001), and TNM stage (P < .001) of gastric cancer. Multivariate analysis showed that PLA2G2A expression was an independent predictor of survival for patients with gastric cancer (P = .024). Expression of PLA2G2A seems to be protective for patients with gastric cancer (hazard ratio, 1.423; 95% confidence interval, 1.047-1.935), and it may be a target for achieving better treatment outcomes.
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15
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El Aidy S, van Baarlen P, Derrien M, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, Hooiveld G, Levenez F, Doré J, Dekker J, Samsom JN, Nieuwenhuis EES, Kleerebezem M. Temporal and spatial interplay of microbiota and intestinal mucosa drive establishment of immune homeostasis in conventionalized mice. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:567-79. [PMID: 22617837 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During colonization of germfree mice with the total fecal microbial community of their conventionally born and raised siblings (conventionalization), the intestinal mucosal immune system initiates and maintains a balanced immune response. However, the genetic regulation of these balanced, appropriate responses to the microbiota is obscure. Here, combined analysis of germfree and conventionalized mice revealed that the major molecular responses could be detected initiating at day 4 post conventionalization, with a strong induction of innate immune functions followed by stimulation of adaptive immune responses and development and expansion of adaptive immune cells at later stages of conventionalization. This study provides a comprehensive overview of mouse developmental and immune-related cellular pathways and processes that were co-mediated by the commensal microbiota and suggests which mechanisms were involved in this reprogramming. The dynamic, region-dependent mucosal responses to the colonizing microbiota revealed potential transcriptional signatures for the control of intestinal homeostasis in healthy mice, which may help to decipher the genetic basis of pathway dysregulation in human intestinal inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar El Aidy
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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16
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van der Weyden L, Adams DJ. Using mice to unveil the genetics of cancer resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:312-30. [PMID: 22613679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the UK, four in ten people will develop some form of cancer during their lifetime, with an individual's relative risk depending on many factors, including age, lifestyle and genetic make-up. Much research has gone into identifying the genes that are mutated in tumorigenesis with the overwhelming majority of genetically-modified (GM) mice in cancer research showing accelerated tumorigenesis or recapitulating key aspects of the tumorigenic process. Yet if six out of ten people will not develop some form of cancer during their lifetime, together with the fact that some cancer patients experience spontaneous regression/remission, it suggests there are ways of 'resisting' cancer. Indeed, there are wildtype, spontaneously-arising mutants and GM mice that show some form of 'resistance' to cancer. Identification of mice with increased resistance to cancer is a novel aspect of cancer research that is important in terms of providing both chemopreventative and therapeutic options. In this review we describe the different mouse lines that display a 'cancer resistance' phenotype and discuss the molecular basis of their resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise van der Weyden
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
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17
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Sheng YH, Hasnain SZ, Florin THJ, McGuckin MA. Mucins in inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:28-38. [PMID: 21913981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is protected by a mucus barrier with both secreted and cell-surface mucins contributing to the exclusion of luminal microbes and toxins. Alterations in the structure and/or quantity of mucins alter the barrier function of mucus and could play roles in initiating and maintaining mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and in driving cancer development in the intestine. The aim of this review is to focus on the roles of the mucins in IBD. The polymorphisms of mucin genes that have been associated with susceptibility to IBD, and alterations in mucin expression as well as factors that regulate production of the mucins in IBD, are summarized. Data from animal models of intestinal inflammation, which support the importance of mucins in IBD and cancer development, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong H Sheng
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Xing XF, Li H, Zhong XY, Zhang LH, Wang XH, Liu YQ, Jia SQ, Shi T, Niu ZJ, Peng Y, Du H, Zhang GG, Hu Y, Lu AP, Li JY, Chen S, Ji JF. Phospholipase A2 group IIA expression correlates with prolonged survival in gastric cancer. Histopathology 2011; 59:198-206. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Wei Y, Epstein SP, Fukuoka S, Birmingham NP, Li XM, Asbell PA. sPLA2-IIa amplifies ocular surface inflammation in the experimental dry eye (DE) BALB/c mouse model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:4780-8. [PMID: 21519031 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE sPLA2-IIa is a biomarker for many inflammatory diseases in humans and is found at high levels in human tears. However, its role in ocular surface inflammation remains unclear. An experimentally induced BALB/c mouse dry eye (DE) model was used to elucidate the role of sPLA2-IIa in ocular surface inflammation. METHODS BALB/c mice were subcutaneously injected with scopolamine and placed in a daytime air-drying device for 5 to 10 days. Control mice received no treatment. DE status was evaluated with tear production with a phenol-red thread method. Tear inflammatory cytokines were quantified by multiplex immunoassays. Ocular surface inflammation and sPLA2-IIa expression were examined by immune-staining and quantitative (q)RT(2)-PCR. Conjunctiva (CNJ) of the mice was cultured for prostaglandin E2 production induced by sPLA2-IIa with various amount of sPLA2-IIa inhibitor, S-3319. RESULTS Treated mice produced fewer tears and heavier corneal (CN) fluorescein staining than the untreated controls (P < 0.001). They also revealed lower goblet cell density (P < 0.001) with greater inflammatory cell infiltration within the conjunctiva, and higher concentration of tear inflammatory cytokines than the controls. Moreover, treated mice showed heavier sPLA2-IIa immune staining than the controls in the CNJ epithelium, but not in the CN epithelium or the lacrimal gland. Treated mice exhibited upregulated sPLA2-IIa and cytokine gene transcription. Furthermore, CNJ cultures treated with sPLA2-IIa inhibitor showed significantly reduced sPLA2-IIa-induced inflammation. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report regarding sPLA2-IIa in the regulation of ocular surface inflammation. The findings may therefore lead to new therapeutic strategies for ocular surface inflammation, such as DE disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Girard C, Yamamoto K, Lambeau G. Emerging roles of secreted phospholipase A2 enzymes: Lessons from transgenic and knockout mice. Biochimie 2010; 92:561-82. [PMID: 20347923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Among the emerging phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) superfamily, the secreted PLA(2) (sPLA(2)) family consists of low-molecular-mass, Ca(2+)-requiring extracellular enzymes with a His-Asp catalytic dyad. To date, more than 10 sPLA(2) enzymes have been identified in mammals. Individual sPLA(2)s exhibit unique tissue and cellular localizations and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct pathophysiological roles. Despite numerous enzymatic and cell biological studies on this enzyme family in the past two decades, their precise in vivo functions still remain largely obscure. Recent studies using transgenic and knockout mice for several sPLA(2) enzymes, in combination with lipidomics approaches, have opened new insights into their distinct contributions to various biological events such as food digestion, host defense, inflammation, asthma and atherosclerosis. In this article, we overview the latest understanding of the pathophysiological functions of individual sPLA(2) isoforms fueled by studies employing transgenic and knockout mice for several sPLA(2)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Biomembrane Signaling Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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Mauchley D, Meng X, Johnson T, Fullerton DA, Weyant MJ. Modulation of growth in human esophageal adenocarcinoma cells by group IIa secretory phospholipase A2. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139:591-9; discussion 599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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A microarray gene analysis of peripheral whole blood in normal adult male rats after long-term GH gene therapy. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2010; 15:177-95. [PMID: 20119855 PMCID: PMC6275718 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-010-0001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aims of this study were to determine the effects of GH gene abuse/misuse in normal animals and to discover genes that could be used as candidate biomarkers for the detection of GH gene therapy abuse/misuse in humans. We determined the global gene expression profile of peripheral whole blood from normal adult male rats after long-term GH gene therapy using CapitalBio 27 K Rat Genome Oligo Arrays. Sixty one genes were found to be differentially expressed in GH gene-treated rats 24 weeks after receiving GH gene therapy, at a two-fold higher or lower level compared to the empty vector group (p < 0.05). These genes were mainly associated with angiogenesis, oncogenesis, apoptosis, immune networks, signaling pathways, general metabolism, type I diabetes mellitus, carbon fixation, cell adhesion molecules, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. The results imply that exogenous GH gene expression in normal subjects is likely to induce cellular changes in the metabolism, signal pathways and immunity. A real-time qRT-PCR analysis of a selection of the genes confirmed the microarray data. Eight differently expressed genes were selected as candidate biomarkers from among these 61 genes. These 8 showed five-fold higher or lower expression levels after the GH gene transduction (p < 0.05). They were then validated in real-time PCR experiments using 15 single-treated blood samples and 10 control blood samples. In summary, we detected the gene expression profiles of rat peripheral whole blood after long-term GH gene therapy and screened eight genes as candidate biomarkers based on the microarray data. This will contribute to an increased mechanistic understanding of the effects of chronic GH gene therapy abuse/misuse in normal subjects.
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Abstract
Epithelia are protected from adverse conditions by a mucous barrier. The secreted and transmembrane mucins that constitute the mucous barrier are largely unrecognized as effectors of carcinogenesis. However, both types of mucins are intimately involved in inflammation and cancer. Moreover, diverse human malignancies overexpress transmembrane mucins to exploit their role in signalling cell growth and survival. Mucins have thus been identified as markers of adverse prognosis and as attractive therapeutic targets. Notably, the findings that certain transmembrane mucins induce transformation and promote tumour progression have provided the experimental basis for demonstrating that inhibitors of their function are effective as anti-tumour agents in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald W Kufe
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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