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DiNardo CD, Olin R, Wang ES, Skikne B, Rosenthal J, Kumar P, Sumi H, Hizukuri Y, Hong Y, Patel P, Seki T, Duan T, Lesegretain A, Andreeff M. Phase 1 dose escalation study of the MDM2 inhibitor milademetan as monotherapy and in combination with azacitidine in patients with myeloid malignancies. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e70028. [PMID: 39030997 PMCID: PMC11258486 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.70028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouse double minute-2 homolog (MDM2) plays a key role in downregulating p53 activity in hematologic malignancies, and its overexpression is associated with poor outcomes. METHODS This phase 1 study assessed the safety and efficacy of different dosing regimens of the MDM2 inhibitor milademetan as monotherapy and in combination with azacitidine (AZA) in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia or high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. RESULTS Seventy-four patients (monotherapy, n = 57; milademetan-AZA combination, n = 17) were treated. The maximum tolerated dose of milademetan was 160 mg once daily given for the first 14-21 days of 28-day cycles as monotherapy and on Days 5-14 in combination with AZA. Dose-limiting toxicities were gastrointestinal, fatigue, or renal/electrolyte abnormalities. Treatment-emergent adverse events related to milademetan occurred in 82.5% and 64.7% of participants in the monotherapy and AZA combination arms, respectively. Two participants (4.2%) in the monotherapy arm achieved complete remission (CR), and 1 (2.1%) achieved CR with incomplete blood count recovery (CRi). Two participants (13.3%) achieved CRi in the combination arm. New TP53 mutations, detected only during milademetan monotherapy, were found pre-existing below standard detection frequency by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction. INTERPRETATION Milademetan was relatively well tolerated in this population; however, despite signals of activity, clinical efficacy was minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney D. DiNardo
- Department of LeukemiaThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Rebecca Olin
- University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Eunice S. Wang
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Care CenterBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Barry Skikne
- University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKansasUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ying Hong
- Daiichi Sankyo Inc.Basking RidgeNew JerseyUSA
| | - Parul Patel
- Daiichi Sankyo Inc.Basking RidgeNew JerseyUSA
| | | | - Tao Duan
- Daiichi Sankyo Inc.Basking RidgeNew JerseyUSA
| | | | - Michael Andreeff
- Department of LeukemiaThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
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Song X, Fang C, Dai Y, Sun Y, Qiu C, Lin X, Xu R. Cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) inhibitors as a novel therapeutic strategy for different molecular types of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:1239-1248. [PMID: 38355840 PMCID: PMC11014910 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02589-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 7 is aberrantly overexpressed in many types of cancer and is an attractive target for cancer therapy due to its dual role in transcription and cell cycle progression. Moreover, CDK7 can directly modulate the activities of estrogen receptor (ER), which is a major driver in breast cancer. Breast cancer cells have exhibited high sensitivity to CDK7 inhibition in pre-clinical studies. METHODS In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the latest insights into CDK7 biology and recent advancements in CDK7 inhibitor development for breast cancer treatment. We also discuss the current application of CDK7 inhibitors in different molecular types of breast cancer to provide potential strategies for the treatment of breast cancer. RESULTS Significant progress has been made in the development of selective CDK7 inhibitors, which show efficacy in both triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (HR+). Moreover, combined with other agents, CDK7 inhibitors may provide synergistic effects for endocrine therapy and chemotherapy. Thus, high-quality studies for developing potent CDK7 inhibitors and investigating their applications in breast cancer therapy are rapidly emerging. CONCLUSION CDK7 inhibitors have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy and have demonstrated significant anti-cancer activity in different subtypes of breast cancer, especially those that have been resistant to current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Song
- Department of Breast Cancer, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Chen Fang
- Department of Breast Cancer, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yan Dai
- Department of Breast Cancer, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Breast Cancer, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Chang Qiu
- Department of Breast Cancer, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- Department of Breast Cancer, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Breast Cancer, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Yang H, Ai H, Zhang J, Ma J, Liu K, Li Z. UPS: Opportunities and challenges for gastric cancer treatment. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1140452. [PMID: 37077823 PMCID: PMC10106573 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1140452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains the fourth most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide owning to the lack of efficient drugs and targets for therapy. Accumulating evidence indicates that UPS, which consists of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes and proteasome, plays an important role in the GC tumorigenesis. The imbalance of UPS impairs the protein homeostasis network during development of GC. Therefore, modulating these enzymes and proteasome may be a promising strategy for GC target therapy. Besides, PROTAC, a strategy using UPS to degrade the target protein, is an emerging tool for drug development. Thus far, more and more PROTAC drugs enter clinical trials for cancer therapy. Here, we will analyze the abnormal expression enzymes in UPS and summarize the E3 enzymes which can be developed in PROTAC so that it can contribute to the development of UPS modulator and PROTAC technology for GC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huihan Ai
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Ma
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- China-US Hormel (Henan) Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi Li, ; Kangdong Liu,
| | - Zhi Li
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi Li, ; Kangdong Liu,
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Tsai PJ, Lai YH, Manne RK, Tsai YS, Sarbassov D, Lin HK. Akt: a key transducer in cancer. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:76. [PMID: 36180910 PMCID: PMC9526305 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00860-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth factor signaling plays a pivotal role in diverse biological functions, such as cell growth, apoptosis, senescence, and migration and its deregulation has been linked to various human diseases. Akt kinase is a central player transmitting extracellular clues to various cellular compartments, in turn executing these biological processes. Since the discovery of Akt three decades ago, the tremendous progress towards identifying its upstream regulators and downstream effectors and its roles in cancer has been made, offering novel paradigms and therapeutic strategies for targeting human diseases and cancers with deregulated Akt activation. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms for Akt signaling networks paves the way for developing selective inhibitors targeting Akt and its signaling regulation for the management of human diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Jane Tsai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Lai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Rajesh Kumar Manne
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Yau-Sheng Tsai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Dos Sarbassov
- Biology Department, School of Sciences and Humanities, and National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Mi X, Li M, Huang D, Song T, Qi X, Yang M. Elevation of effective p53 expression sensitizes wild-type p53 breast cancer cells to CDK7 inhibitor THZ1. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:96. [PMID: 36058938 PMCID: PMC9442925 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00837-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) inhibitor THZ1 represses multiple cancer cells. However, its tumor-repressive efficiency in wild-type p53 breast cancer cells remains controversial. Methods We conducted various assays, including CCK8, colony formation, flow cytometry, western blotting, and lactate dehydrogenase release detection, to clarify whether p53 elevation sensitizes breast cancer cells to THZ1. Results We found that upregulating functional p53 contributes to the increased sensitivity of breast cancer cells to THZ1. Increased THZ1 sensitivity requires active p53 and an intact p53 pathway, which was confirmed by introducing exogenous wild-type p53 and the subsequent elevation of THZ1-mediated tumor suppression in breast cancer cells carrying mutant p53. We confirmed that p53 accumulates in the nucleus and mitochondria during cell death. Furthermore, we identified extensive transcriptional disruption, rather than solely CDK7 inhibition, as the mechanism underlying the nutlin-3 and THZ1-induced death of breast cancer cells. Finally, we observed the combined nutlin-3 and THZ1 treatment amplified gasdermin E cleavage. Conclusion Enhanced sensitivity of breast cancer cells to THZ1 can be achieved by increasing effective p53 expression. Our approach may serve as a potential treatment for patients with breast cancer resistant to regular therapies. Video Abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-022-00837-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyuan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuguang Mi
- Tumor Biotherapy Center, Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, Republic of China
| | - Mingxi Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Qi
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.
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Ou X, Zhou X, Li J, Ye J, Liu H, Fang D, Cai Q, Cai S, He Y, Xu J. p53-Induced LINC00893 Regulates RBFOX2 Stability to Suppress Gastric Cancer Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:796451. [PMID: 35127712 PMCID: PMC8807521 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.796451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to regulate diverse tumorigenic processes. However, little is known about long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 00893 (LINC00893) and its role in gastric cancer (GC). Herein we investigated its biological functions and molecular mechanism in GC. LINC00893 was decreased in GC tissues but significantly elevated in AGS cells after treatment with Nutlin-3. In GC patients, it was found that low expression of LINC00893 was correlated with tumor growth, metastasis and poor survival. Functionally, overexpression of LINC00893 suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of GC cells. Mechanistically, LINC00893 regulated the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins by binding to RNA binding fox-1 homolog 2 (RBFOX2) and promoting its ubiquitin-mediated degradation, thus suppressing the EMT and related functions of GC. In addition, the transcription factor p53 can regulate the expression of LINC00893 in an indirect way. Taken together, these results suggested that LINC00893 regulated by p53 repressed GC proliferation, migration and invasion by functioning as a binding site for RBFOX2 to regulate its stability and the expression of EMT-related proteins. LINC00893 acts as a tumor-inhibiting lncRNA that is induced by p53 in GC and regulates EMT by binding to RBFOX2, thus providing a novel experimental basis for the clinical treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinde Ou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingyu Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Digestive Disease Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinning Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haohan Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deliang Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinbo Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shirong Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulong He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Digestive Disease Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Yulong He, ; Jianbo Xu,
| | - Jianbo Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yulong He, ; Jianbo Xu,
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Evolution of KIPPIS as a versatile platform for evaluating intracellularly functional peptide aptamers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11758. [PMID: 34083659 PMCID: PMC8175380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91287-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric proteins have been widely used to evaluate intracellular protein–protein interactions (PPIs) in living cells with various readouts. By combining an interleukin-3-dependent murine cells and chimeric proteins containing a receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit, we previously established a c-kit-based PPI screening (KIPPIS) system to evaluate and select protein binders. In the KIPPIS components, proteins of interest are connected with a chemically inducible helper module and the intracellular domain of the growth-signaling receptor c-kit, which detects PPIs based on cell proliferation as a readout. In this system, proteins of interest can be incorporated into chimeric proteins without any scaffold proteins, which would be advantageous for evaluating interaction between small peptides/domains. To prove this superiority, we apply KIPPIS to 6 peptide aptamer–polypeptide pairs, which are derived from endogenous, synthetic, and viral proteins. Consequently, all of the 6 peptide aptamer–polypeptide interactions are successfully detected by cell proliferation. The detection sensitivity can be modulated in a helper ligand-dependent manner. The assay results of KIPPIS correlate with the activation levels of Src, which is located downstream of c-kit-mediated signal transduction. Control experiments reveal that KIPPIS clearly discriminates interacting aptamers from non-interacting ones. Thus, KIPPIS proves to be a versatile platform for evaluating the binding properties of peptide aptamers.
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Wang X, Yamamoto Y, Imanishi M, Zhang X, Sato M, Sugaya A, Hirose M, Endo S, Natori Y, Moriwaki T, Yamato K, Hyodo I. Enhanced G1 arrest and apoptosis via MDM4/MDM2 double knockdown and MEK inhibition in wild-type TP53 colon and gastric cancer cells with aberrant KRAS signaling. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:558. [PMID: 34084225 PMCID: PMC8161467 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine double minute homolog 2 (MDM2) is an oncoprotein that induces p53 degradation via ubiquitin-ligase activity. MDM4 cooperates with MDM2-mediated p53 degradation, directly inhibiting p53 transcription by binding to its transactivation domain. Our previous study reported that the simultaneous inhibition of MDM2 and MDM4 using nutlin-3 (an inhibitor of the MDM2-p53 interaction) and chimeric small interfering RNA with DNA-substituted seed arms (named chiMDM2 and chiMDM4) more potently activated p53 than the MDM2 or MDM4 inhibitor alone and synergistically augmented antitumor effects in various types of cancer cells with the wild-type (wt) TP53. Recently, the synergism of MDM2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors has been demonstrated in wt TP53 colorectal and non-small cell lung cancer cells harboring mutant-type (mt) KRAS. The current study examined whether chiMDM4 augmented the synergistic antitumor effects of MDM2 and MEK inhibition using chiMDM2 or nutlin-3 and trametinib, respectively. ChiMDM2 and trametinib used in combination demonstrated a synergistic antitumor activity in HCT116 and LoVo colon cancer cells, and SNU-1 gastric cancer cells harboring wt TP53 and mt KRAS. Furthermore, chiMDM4 synergistically enhanced this combinational effect. Similar results were observed when nutlin-3 was used instead of chiMDM2. MDM4/MDM2 double knockdown combined with trametinib treatment enhanced G1 arrest and apoptosis induction. This was associated with the accumulation of p53, suppression of phosphorylated-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2, inhibition of retinoblastoma phosphorylation, suppression of E2F1-activated proteins, and potent activation of pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Fas and p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis. The results inidcated that the triple inhibition of MDM4, MDM2 and MEK exerted a potent antitumor effect in wt TP53 colon and gastric cancer cells with mt KRAS. Simultaneous activation of p53 and inhibition of aberrant KRAS signaling may be a rational treatment strategy for gastrointestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Mamiko Imanishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masashi Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Akinori Sugaya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Ibaraki Prefectural Central Hospital, Kasama, Ibaraki 309-1793, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Hirose
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Tsuchiura Clinical Education and Training Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki 300-8585, Japan
| | - Shinji Endo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinmatsudo Central General Hospital, Matsudo, Chiba 270-0034, Japan
| | | | - Toshikazu Moriwaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ichinosuke Hyodo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, NHO Shikoku Cancer Center, Matsuyama, Ehime 791-0280, Japan
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Sokolova O, Naumann M. Manifold role of ubiquitin in Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4765-4783. [PMID: 33825941 PMCID: PMC8195768 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infection with H. pylori induces a strong host cellular response represented by induction of a set of molecular signaling pathways, expression of proinflammatory cytokines and changes in proliferation. Chronic infection and inflammation accompanied by secretory dysfunction can result in the development of gastric metaplasia and gastric cancer. Currently, it has been determined that the regulation of many cellular processes involves ubiquitinylation of molecular effectors. The binding of ubiquitin allows the substrate to undergo a change in function, to interact within multimolecular signaling complexes and/or to be degraded. Dysregulation of the ubiquitinylation machinery contributes to several pathologies, including cancer. It is not understood in detail how H. pylori impacts the ubiquitinylation of host substrate proteins. The aim of this review is to summarize the existing literature in this field, with an emphasis on the role of E3 ubiquitin ligases in host cell homeodynamics, gastric pathophysiology and gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sokolova
- Medical Faculty, Otto Von Guericke University, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Medical Faculty, Otto Von Guericke University, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Isoforms of the p53 Family and Gastric Cancer: A Ménage à Trois for an Unfinished Affair. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040916. [PMID: 33671606 PMCID: PMC7926742 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The p53 family is a complex family of transcription factors with different cellular functions that are involved in several physiological processes. A massive amount of data has been accumulated on their critical role in the tumorigenesis and the aggressiveness of cancers of different origins. If common features are observed, there are numerous specificities that may reflect particularities of the tissues from which the cancers originated. In this regard, gastric cancer tumorigenesis is rather remarkable, as it is induced by bacterial and viral infections, various chemical carcinogens, and familial genetic alterations, which provide an example of the variety of molecular mechanisms responsible for cell transformation and how they impact the p53 family. This review summarizes the knowledge gathered from over 40 years of research on the role of the p53 family in gastric cancer, which still displays one of the most elevated mortality rates amongst all types of cancers. Abstract Gastric cancer is one of the most aggressive cancers, with a median survival of 12 months. This illustrates its complexity and the lack of therapeutic options, such as personalized therapy, because predictive markers do not exist. Thus, gastric cancer remains mostly treated with cytotoxic chemotherapies. In addition, less than 20% of patients respond to immunotherapy. TP53 mutations are particularly frequent in gastric cancer (±50% and up to 70% in metastatic) and are considered an early event in the tumorigenic process. Alterations in the expression of other members of the p53 family, i.e., p63 and p73, have also been described. In this context, the role of the members of the p53 family and their isoforms have been investigated over the years, resulting in conflicting data. For instance, whether mutations of TP53 or the dysregulation of its homologs may represent biomarkers for aggressivity or response to therapy still remains a matter of debate. This uncertainty illustrates the lack of information on the molecular pathways involving the p53 family in gastric cancer. In this review, we summarize and discuss the most relevant molecular and clinical data on the role of the p53 family in gastric cancer and enumerate potential therapeutic innovative strategies.
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Wang H, Lu Y, Wang M, Wu Y, Wang X, Li Y. Roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases in gastric cancer carcinogenesis and their effects on cisplatin resistance. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:193-212. [PMID: 33392633 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers with high incidence and mortality rates, its pathogenesis is still not elucidated. GC carcinogenesis is complicated and involved in the activation of oncoproteins and inactivation of tumor suppressors. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is crucial for protein degradation and regulation of physiological and pathological processes. E3 ubiquitin ligases are pivotal enzymes in UPS, containing various subfamily proteins. Previous studies report that some E3 ligases, including SKP2, CUL1, and MDM2, act as oncoproteins in GC carcinogenesis. On the other hand, FBXW7, FBXL5, FBXO31, RNF43, and RNF180 exert as tumor suppressors in GC carcinogenesis. Moreover, E3 ligases modulate cell growth, cell apoptosis, and cell cycle; thus, it is complicated to confer cisplatin resistance/sensitivity in GC cells. The intrinsic and acquired cisplatin resistance limits its clinical application against GC. In this review, we explore oncogenic and tumor suppressive roles of E3 ligases in GC carcinogenesis and focus on the effects of E3 ligases on cisplatin resistance in GC cells, which will provide novel therapeutic targets for GC therapy, especially for cisplatin-resistant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yida Lu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Mingliang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Youliang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yongxiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
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12
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Moia R, Boggione P, Mahmoud AM, Kodipad AA, Adhinaveni R, Sagiraju S, Patriarca A, Gaidano G. Targeting p53 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:1239-1250. [PMID: 33016796 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1832465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genomic studies have allowed to identify molecular predictors for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treatment tailoring. TP53 disruption is the strongest predictor of chemo-refractoriness and its assessment is the first decisional node in the disease treatment algorithm. AREAS COVERED The review covers the p53 biological pathway, its genetic alterations and clinical implications in CLL, and its druggable targets. The potential therapeutic options for TP53 disrupted patients are described, including: i) agents circumventing TP53 disruption; ii) targeted therapies restoring the physiological function of mutant p53; and iii) medicines potentiating p53 function. EXPERT OPINION The key approach to improve CLL outcome is treatment tailoring in individual patients. BCR and BCL2 inhibitors have significantly improved CLL survival, however TP53 disrupted patients still have a less favorable outcome than wild type cases, possibly because these novel drugs do not directly target p53 and do not restore the function of the disrupted p53 pathway. Emerging innovative molecules in cancer are able to restore the p53 mutant protein and/or potentiate the activity of the p53 wild type protein. If these compounds were confirmed as efficacious also for CLL, they would represent another step forward in the care of high risk CLL patients with TP53 abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Moia
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale , Novara, Italy
| | - Paola Boggione
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale , Novara, Italy
| | - Abdurraouf Mokhtar Mahmoud
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale , Novara, Italy
| | - Ahad Ahmed Kodipad
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale , Novara, Italy
| | - Ramesh Adhinaveni
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale , Novara, Italy
| | - Sruthi Sagiraju
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale , Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Patriarca
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale , Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Gaidano
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale , Novara, Italy
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13
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Wang M, Dai W, Ke Z, Li Y. Functional roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:22. [PMID: 32774495 PMCID: PMC7405480 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, >650 E3 ubiquitin ligases have been described in humans, including >600 really interesting new genes (RINGs), 28 homologous to E6-associated protein C-terminus (HECTs) and several RING-in-between-RINGs. They are considered key regulators and therapeutic targets of many types of human cancers, including gastric cancer (GC). Among them, some RING and HECT E3 ligases are closely related to the proliferation, infiltration and prognosis of GC. During the past few years, abnormal expressions and functions of many E3 ligases have been identified in GC. However, the functional roles of E3 ligases in GC have not been fully elucidated. The present article focuses on the functional roles of E3 ligases related to the proteasome in GC. In this comprehensive review, the latest research progress on E3 ligases involved in GC and elaborate their structure, classification, functional roles and therapeutic value in GC was summarized. Finally, 30 E3 ligases that serve essential roles in regulating the development of GC were described. Some of these ligases may serve as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in GC, whereas the pathological mechanism of others needs further study; for example, constitutive photomorphogenic 1. In conclusion, the present review demonstrated that E3 ligases are crucial tumor regulatory factors and potential therapeutic targets in GC. Therefore, more studies should focus on the therapeutic targeting of E3 ligases in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Zhangyan Ke
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yongxiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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14
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Wang Y, Jiang X, Feng F, Liu W, Sun H. Degradation of proteins by PROTACs and other strategies. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:207-238. [PMID: 32082969 PMCID: PMC7016280 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking the biological functions of scaffold proteins and aggregated proteins is a challenging goal. PROTAC proteolysis-targeting chimaera (PROTAC) technology may be the solution, considering its ability to selectively degrade target proteins. Recent progress in the PROTAC strategy include identification of the structure of the first ternary eutectic complex, extra-terminal domain-4-PROTAC-Von-Hippel-Lindau (BRD4-PROTAC-VHL), and PROTAC ARV-110 has entered clinical trials for the treatment of prostate cancer in 2019. These discoveries strongly proved the value of the PROTAC strategy. In this perspective, we summarized recent meaningful research of PROTAC, including the types of degradation proteins, preliminary biological data in vitro and in vivo, and new E3 ubiquitin ligases. Importantly, the molecular design, optimization strategy and clinical application of candidate molecules are highlighted in detail. Future perspectives for development of advanced PROTAC in medical fields have also been discussed systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xueyang Jiang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, China
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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15
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Gupta A, Behl T, Heer HR, Deshmukh R, Sharma PL. Mdm2-P53 Interaction Inhibitor with Cisplatin Enhances Apoptosis in Colon and Prostate Cancer Cells In-Vitro. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:3341-3351. [PMID: 31759358 PMCID: PMC7062994 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.11.3341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of RITA (MDM2-p53 interaction inhibitor) and its action along with genotoxic drug cisplatin was evaluated on COLO-205 colon cancer and PC-3 prostate cancer cells. METHOD Various in-vitro parameters to determine cytotoxic and apoptotic potential of RITA with genotoxic drug cisplatin were evaluated. The potentiation of cytotoxic effect was evaluated using MTT assay and colony forming assay, mechanism of cell death by Etbr/AcO assay and the mechanism of apoptosis was determined by caspase-3 release assay. RESULTS The findings from MTT confirmed the best possible potent combination of 5+5µM and 10+10µM concentration of Cisplatin and RITA respectively. These combinations were further evaluated for its chemo sensitizing effect which confirmed the significant reduction in number of colonies in combination as compared to monotherapy. Also, the results of Etbr/AcO assay were in line with the colony forming assay. For apoptotic activity, it was noted that increasing the concentration of cisplatin and RITA (10µM), did not affect much to apoptotic activity and was found to be equally effective to that of low dose (5µM) concentration. The same results were seen in Caspase-3 release effect on both the cell lines. CONCLUSION Our present study provides compelling evidence that pharmacological activation of the p53 by blocking the MDM2-p53 interaction is a promising cancer therapeutic strategy and using RITA in combination with Cisplatin not only decrease the toxic effect of Cisplatin by decreasing its dose but also increasing the apoptotic effect, warrants clinical evaluation on both colon and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Gupta
- Animal Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy,
| | - Tapan Behl
- Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy Moga,
| | - Hem Raj Heer
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara Collge of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura,
| | - Rahul Deshmukh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab,
| | - Pyare Lal Sharma
- 5Emeritus, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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16
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Wang X, Chen Y, Liu H, Guo S, Hu Y, Zhan Y, An H. A novel anti-cancer mechanism of Nutlin-3 through downregulation of Eag1 channel and PI3K/AKT pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 517:445-451. [PMID: 31378368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nutlin-3 shows a potent antitumor efficacy through downregulation of the cancerogenic ether à go-go 1 (Eag1) channel. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of Eag1 by Nutlin-3 in cancer cells remain unclear. In this study, we propose a novel anticancer mechanism of Nutlin-3, in which Nutlin-3 acts through the p53-Eag1-PI3K/AKT pathway. We first confirmed that Eag1 was downregulated through the activation of p53 by Nutlin-3. We then revealed that the inhibition of Eag1 electrophysiological function resulted in the decrease of viability, migration and invasion of HeLa cells. It is worth noting that the antitumor effect of Nutlin-3 was abolished in the Eag1 knockdown HeLa cell lines by siRNA. And Nutlin-3 can decrease the cell viability of H8 cells which were stably transfected with Eag1, but has no obvious inhibitory effect on blank H8 cells. Finally, we demonstrated that the decrease in Eag1 channel activity induced by Nutlin-3 treatment exerts anticancer activity by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway. Our study therefore fills the gap between p53 pathway and its cellular function mediated by Eag1, shedding light on the new anti-cancer mechanism of Nutlin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China
| | - Yafei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China
| | - Shuai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China
| | - Yufeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China
| | - Yong Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China.
| | - Hailong An
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, PR China.
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17
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Bajelan B, Zaki-Dizaji M, Rahmani B, Darzi S, Darabi S, Rajaei F. Resistance of human primary mesenchymal stem cells to cytotoxic effects of nutlin-3 in vitro. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:788-796. [PMID: 31452266 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The small-molecule nutlin-3 was found to be an effective therapeutic compound and p53 activator, and acts as a murine double minute 2 antagonist, although these findings need to be clinically confirmed. The essential components of the bone marrow include mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which play a key role in protecting, regenerating, and proliferating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). This feature is vital for HSC after exposure to myelotoxic anticancer agents; nevertheless, the effects of nutlin-3 on MSCs remain to be disclosed. The present research study was conducted to examine the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effectiveness of nutlin-3 in bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Human-derived BMSCs were cultured for different durations, that is, 24, 48, and 72 hours, and treated using various concentrations of nutlin-3, including 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 μΜ. To investigate the effect of nutlin-3 on the apoptosis, cell vitality and proliferation in BMSCs, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide, propidium iodide (PI) and annexin V assay, as well as real-time polymerase chain reaction, were used. RESULTS BMSCs viability significantly decreased (P < .05) in the cells treated at concentrations of 50 and 100 μM for 24 hours and concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 μM for 48 hours and at all concentrations for 72 hours. The apoptosis of BMSCs (TUNEL positive) was significantly more visible at concentrations of 25 and 50 μM compared with that in the controls (P < .05), while this increased through dose-dependent processes. Annexin V/PI staining revealed negligible dose-dependent increases in all the apoptotic cells after 72 hours of incubation, and this apoptosis elevation was significant at 25 and 50 μM (P < .05). CONCLUSION Resistance to nutlin-3 was observed in human bone marrow-derived MSCs; nevertheless, further clinical data are required to be obtained with long-duration exposure to confirm the present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Bajelan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Majid Zaki-Dizaji
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Rahmani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Sina Darzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Shahram Darabi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Farzad Rajaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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18
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Ciardullo C, Aptullahoglu E, Woodhouse L, Lin WY, Wallis JP, Marr H, Marshall S, Bown N, Willmore E, Lunec J. Non-genotoxic MDM2 inhibition selectively induces a pro-apoptotic p53 gene signature in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Haematologica 2019; 104:2429-2442. [PMID: 31004033 PMCID: PMC6959162 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.206631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a clinically heterogeneous hematologic malignancy. In approximately 90% of cases the TP53 gene is in its wildtype state at diagnosis of this malignancy. As mouse double-minute-2 homolog (MDM2) is a primary repressor of p53, targeting this protein is an attractive therapeutic approach for non-genotoxic reactivation of p53. Since the discovery of the first MDM2 inhibitor, Nutlin-3a, newer potent and bioavailable compounds have been developed. In this study we tested the second-generation MDM2 inhibitor, RG7388, in patient-derived CLL cells and normal cells, examining its effect on the induction of p53-transcriptional targets. RG7388 potently decreased viability in p53-functional CLL cells, whereas p53-non-functional samples were more resistant to the drug. RG7388 induced a pro-apoptotic gene expression signature with upregulation of p53-target genes involved in the intrinsic (PUMA, BAX) and extrinsic (TNFRSF10B, FAS) pathways of apoptosis, as well as MDM2. Only a slight induction of CDKN1A was observed and upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes dominated, indicating that CLL cells are primed for p53-dependent apoptosis. Consequently, RG7388 led to a concentration-dependent increase in caspase-3/7 activity and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Importantly, we observed a preferential pro-apoptotic signature in CLL cells but not in normal blood and bone marrow cells, including CD34+ hematopoietic cells. These data support the further evaluation of MDM2 inhibitors as a novel additional treatment option for patients with p53-functional CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Ciardullo
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Erhan Aptullahoglu
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Laura Woodhouse
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Jonathan P Wallis
- Department of Haematology, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Helen Marr
- Department of Haematology, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Scott Marshall
- Department of Haematology, City Hospitals Sunderland NHS Trust, Sunderland
| | - Nick Bown
- Northern Genetics Service, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elaine Willmore
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - John Lunec
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
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19
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Imanishi M, Yamamoto Y, Wang X, Sugaya A, Hirose M, Endo S, Natori Y, Yamato K, Hyodo I. Augmented antitumor activity of 5-fluorouracil by double knockdown of MDM4 and MDM2 in colon and gastric cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:639-649. [PMID: 30488540 PMCID: PMC6361612 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene is essential during cancer development and progression. Mutations of TP53 are often missense and occur in various human cancers. In some fraction of wild‐type (wt) TP53 tumors, p53 is inactivated by upregulated murine double minute homolog 2 (MDM2) and MDM4. We previously reported that simultaneous knockdown of MDM4 and MDM2 using synthetic DNA‐modified siRNAs revived p53 activity and synergistically inhibited in vitro cell growth in cancer cells with wt TP53 and high MDM4 expression (wtTP53/highMDM4). In the present study, MDM4/MDM2 double knockdown with the siRNAs enhanced 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)‐induced p53 activation, arrested the cell cycle at G1 phase, and potentiated the antitumor effect of 5‐FU in wtTP53/highMDM4 human colon (HCT116 and LoVo) and gastric (SNU‐1 and NUGC‐4) cancer cells. Exposure to 5‐FU alone induced MDM2 as well as p21 and PUMA by p53 activation. As p53‐MDM2 forms a negative feedback loop, enhancement of the antitumor effect of 5‐FU by MDM4/MDM2 double knockdown could be attributed to blocking of the feedback mechanism in addition to direct suppression of these p53 antagonists. Intratumor injection of the MDM4/MDM2 siRNAs suppressed in vivo tumor growth and boosted the antitumor effect of 5‐FU in an athymic mouse xenograft model using HCT116 cells. These results suggest that a combination of MDM4/MDM2 knockdown and conventional cytotoxic drugs could be a promising treatment strategy for wtTP53/highMDM4 gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Imanishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akinori Sugaya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kasumigaura Medical Center, Tsuchiura, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Hirose
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tsuchiura Clinical Education and Training Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsuchiura, Japan
| | - Shinji Endo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinmatsudo Central General Hospital, Matsudo, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Yamato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ichinosuke Hyodo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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20
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Fedorova O, Daks A, Petrova V, Petukhov A, Lezina L, Shuvalov O, Davidovich P, Kriger D, Lomert E, Tentler D, Kartsev V, Uyanik B, Tribulovich V, Demidov O, Melino G, Barlev NA. Novel isatin-derived molecules activate p53 via interference with Mdm2 to promote apoptosis. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1917-1930. [PMID: 30109812 PMCID: PMC6152504 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1506664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 protein is a key tumor suppressor in mammals. In response to various forms of genotoxic stress p53 stimulates expression of genes whose products induce cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. An E3-ubiquitin ligase, Mdm2 (mouse-double-minute 2) and its human ortholog Hdm2, physically interact with the amino-terminus of p53 to mediate its ubiquitin-mediated degradation via the proteasome. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of the p53-Mdm2 interaction leads to overall stabilization of p53 and stimulation of its anti-tumorigenic activity. In this study we characterize the biological effects of a novel class of non-genotoxic isatin Schiff and Mannich base derivatives (ISMBDs) that stabilize p53 on the protein level. The likely mechanism behind their positive effect on p53 is mediated via the competitive interaction with Mdm2. Importantly, unlike Nutlin, these compounds selectively promoted p53-mediated cell death. These novel pharmacological activators of p53 can serve as valuable molecular tools for probing p53-positive tumors and set up the stage for development of new anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Fedorova
- Gene Expression Programme, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra Daks
- Gene Expression Programme, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Alexey Petukhov
- Gene Expression Programme, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Hematology, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Russia
| | - Larissa Lezina
- Gene Expression Programme, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg Shuvalov
- Gene Expression Programme, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel Davidovich
- Molecular Pharmacology, State Technological University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Darya Kriger
- Gene Expression Programme, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Lomert
- Gene Expression Programme, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Tentler
- Gene Expression Programme, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Oleg Demidov
- INSERM U866, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | | | - Nickolai A. Barlev
- Gene Expression Programme, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Intracellular Signalling Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
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21
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Abstract
Maintenance of protein homeostasis is a crucial process for the normal functioning of the cell. The regulated degradation of proteins is primarily facilitated by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), a system of selective tagging of proteins with ubiquitin followed by proteasome-mediated proteolysis. The UPS is highly dynamic consisting of both ubiquitination and deubiquitination steps that modulate protein stabilization and degradation. Deregulation of protein stability is a common feature in the development and progression of numerous cancer types. Simultaneously, the elevated protein synthesis rate of cancer cells and consequential accumulation of misfolded proteins drives UPS addiction, thus sensitizing them to UPS inhibitors. This sensitivity along with the potential of stabilizing pro-apoptotic signaling pathways makes the proteasome an attractive clinical target for the development of novel therapies. Targeting of the catalytic 20S subunit of the proteasome is already a clinically validated strategy in multiple myeloma and other cancers. Spurred on by this success, promising novel inhibitors of the UPS have entered development, targeting the 20S as well as regulatory 19S subunit and inhibitors of deubiquitinating and ubiquitin ligase enzymes. In this review, we outline the manner in which deregulation of the UPS can cause cancer to develop, current clinical application of proteasome inhibitors, and the (pre-)clinical development of novel inhibitors of the UPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Mofers
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Paola Pellegrini
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Stig Linder
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden. .,Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Pádraig D'Arcy
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
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22
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Miao R, Xu X, Wang Z, Liu S, Qu K, Chen W, Liu C. Synergistic effect of nutlin-3 combined with aspirin in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells through activation of Bcl-2/Bax signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3735-3743. [PMID: 29286113 PMCID: PMC5802178 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspirin as an antitumor drug has been studied in various malignancies with regards to its effects on apoptosis, proliferation, metastasis and senescence of tumor cells. However, the clinical application is limited by its side effects. Nutlin-3 is a novel antitumor compound, which has not been clinically approved. The present study investigated the value of combining aspirin and nutlin-3 on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. MTT was performed to detect the proliferation of HepG2 cells treated with aspirin or/and nutlin-3. Transwell invasion assays were performed to estimate the invasion ability of HepG2 cells treated with aspirin or/and nutlin-3. Then the apoptotic analysis of HepG2 cells evaluated the synergistic effect of aspirin and nutlin-3. Apoptosis markers, including B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 were estimated by western blot analysis at various time points. In addition, a Xenograft mouse model was established by infection with HepG2 cells, and aspirin and/or nutlin-3 was administrated to verify the anti-apoptotic effect of the two drugs in vivo. A high dose of aspirin and nutlin-3 inhibit the proliferation and apoptosis of HepG2 cells. The antitumor effect was enhanced with the combined treatment of the two drugs, particularly in the group with a low concentration of aspirin and nutlin-3. Nutlin-3 was able to increase the level of Bax in HepG2 cells treated with aspirin significantly after treatment for 8 h. When treated with a low concentration of aspirin and nutlin-3, the level of Bax in HepG2 cells was enhanced for 2 h. In the animal model, tumor volume and tumor angiogenesis were significantly decreased in combination group compared with other groups (P<0.01). Although there were side effects in the group treated with aspirin alone, no side effects were observed in the combination group. Nutlin-3 enhanced the apoptotic effect of a low dose of aspirin by upregulating Bax expression in the HepG2 cell line and in vivo. The synergistic effect of nutlin-3 in aspirin antitumor therapy contributed to diminishing the dose of aspirin required and decreased the occurrence of adverse drug events in HCC through targeting the Bcl-2/Bax signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runchen Miao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xinsen Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810000, P.R. China
| | - Sushun Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Kai Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Lu D, Rauhauser A, Li B, Ren C, McEnery K, Zhu J, Chaki M, Vadnagara K, Elhadi S, Jetten AM, Igarashi P, Attanasio M. Loss of Glis2/NPHP7 causes kidney epithelial cell senescence and suppresses cyst growth in the Kif3a mouse model of cystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2017; 89:1307-23. [PMID: 27181777 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Enlargement of kidney tubules is a common feature of multiple cystic kidney diseases in humans and mice. However, while some of these pathologies are characterized by cyst expansion and organ enlargement, in others, progressive interstitial fibrosis and kidney atrophy prevail. The Kif3a knockout mouse is an established non-orthologous mouse model of cystic kidney disease. Conditional inactivation of Kif3a in kidney tubular cells results in loss of primary cilia and rapid cyst growth. Conversely, loss of function of the gene GLIS2/NPHP7 causes progressive kidney atrophy, interstitial inflammatory infiltration, and fibrosis. Kif3a null tubular cells have unrestrained proliferation and reduced stabilization of p53 resulting in a loss of cell cycle arrest in the presence of DNA damage. In contrast, loss of Glis2 is associated with activation of checkpoint kinase 1, stabilization of p53, and induction of cell senescence. Interestingly, the cystic phenotype of Kif3a knockout mice is partially rescued by genetic ablation of Glis2 and pharmacological stabilization of p53. Thus, Kif3a is required for cell cycle regulation and the DNA damage response, whereas cell senescence is significantly enhanced in Glis2 null cells. Hence, cell senescence is a central feature in nephronophthisis type 7 and Kif3a is unexpectedly required for efficient DNA damage response and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alysha Rauhauser
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Binghua Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chongyu Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kayla McEnery
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jili Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Moumita Chaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Komal Vadnagara
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Elhadi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Peter Igarashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Massimo Attanasio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Eugene McDermott Center for Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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24
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p53-dependent SIRT6 expression protects Aβ42-induced DNA damage. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25628. [PMID: 27156849 PMCID: PMC4860716 DOI: 10.1038/srep25628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and age-related neurodegenerative disease. Elucidating the cellular changes that occur during ageing is an important step towards understanding the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. SIRT6 is a member of the mammalian sirtuin family of anti-aging genes. However, the relationship between SIRT6 and AD has not yet been elucidated. Here, we report that SIRT6 protein expression levels are reduced in the brains of both the 5XFAD AD mouse model and AD patients. Aβ42, a major component of senile plaques, decreases SIRT6 expression, and Aβ42-induced DNA damage is prevented by the overexpression of SIRT6 in HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons. Also, there is a strong negative correlation between Aβ42-induced DNA damage and p53 levels, a protein involved in DNA repair and apoptosis. In addition, upregulation of p53 protein by Nutlin-3 prevents SIRT6 reduction and DNA damage induced by Aβ42. Taken together, this study reveals that p53-dependent SIRT6 expression protects cells from Aβ42-induced DNA damage, making SIRT6 a promising new therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
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25
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Lakoma A, Barbieri E, Agarwal S, Jackson J, Chen Z, Kim Y, McVay M, Shohet JM, Kim ES. The MDM2 small-molecule inhibitor RG7388 leads to potent tumor inhibition in p53 wild-type neuroblastoma. Cell Death Discov 2015; 1. [PMID: 26998348 PMCID: PMC4794278 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is an aggressive pediatric malignancy which is >98% p53 wild-type at diagnosis. As a primary repressor of p53 activity and part of a p53-activated negative feedback loop, targeting of mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) is an attractive therapeutic approach to reactivation of p53. Since development of the first selective MDM2 inhibitor, Nutlin-3a, newer compounds have been developed for increased potency and improved bioavailability. Herein, we sought to determine the efficacy and specificity of a second-generation MDM2 inhibitor, RG7388, in neuroblastoma cell lines and xenografts and examine its effect on the p53-independent pathway of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Cell viability and apoptosis studies were performed on the neuroblastoma cell lines, NGP, SH-SY5Y, LAN-5, LAN-5 si-p53 (p53 silenced), and SK-N-AS (p53 null). RG7388 potently decreased cell proliferation and activated p53-dependent apoptosis. Tumor-bearing mice treated with RG7388 demonstrated significant tumor inhibition by 59% in NGP (P=0.003), 67% in SH-SY5Y (P=0.006), and 75% in LAN-5 (P=0.0019) p53 wild-type xenograft tumors, but no inhibitory effect on LAN-5 si-p53 or SK-N-AS p53-silenced/null xenograft tumors. Moreover, RG7388 was found to inhibit the p53-independent pathway of HIF-1α/VEGF with decreased gene expression and alteration of angiogenesis. Our study supports the further evaluation of RG7388 as a novel treatment option in p53 wild-type neuroblastoma at diagnosis and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lakoma
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - E Barbieri
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - S Agarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - J Jackson
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Y Kim
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - M McVay
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - J M Shohet
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - E S Kim
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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26
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Discovery of Novel Isatin-Based p53 Inducers. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:856-60. [PMID: 26288684 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of isatin Schiff base derivatives were identified during in silico screening of the small molecule library for novel activators of p53. The compounds selected based on molecular docking results were further validated by a high-content screening assay using U2OS human osteosarcoma cells with an integrated EGFP-expressing p53-dependent reporter. The hit compounds activated and stabilized p53, as shown by Western blotting, at higher rates than the well-known positive control Nutlin-3. Thus, the p53-activating compounds identified by this approach represent useful molecular probes for various cancer studies.
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27
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Voon YL, Ahmad M, Wong PF, Husaini R, Ng WTW, Leong CO, Lane DP, Khoo ASB. Nutlin-3 sensitizes nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells to cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1692-700. [PMID: 26252575 PMCID: PMC4564086 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The small-molecule inhibitor of p53-Mdm2 interaction, Nutlin-3, is known to be effective against cancers expressing wild-type (wt) p53. p53 mutations are rare in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), hence targeting disruption of p53-Mdm2 interaction to reactivate p53 may offer a promising therapeutic strategy for NPC. In the present study, the effects of Nutlin-3 alone or in combination with cisplatin, a standard chemotherapeutic agent, were tested on C666-1 cells, an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive NPC cell line bearing wt p53. Treatment with Nutlin-3 activated the p53 pathway and sensitized NPC cells to the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin. The combined treatment also markedly suppressed soft agar colony growth formation and increased apoptosis of NPC cells. The effect of Nutlin-3 on NPC cells was inhibited by knockdown of p53, suggesting that its effect was p53-dependent. Extended treatment with increasing concentrations of Nutlin-3 did not result in emergence of p53 mutations in the C666-1 cells. Collectively, the present study revealed supportive evidence of the effectiveness of combining cisplatin and Nutlin-3 as a potential therapy against NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Lin Voon
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur 50588, Malaysia
| | - Munirah Ahmad
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur 50588, Malaysia
| | - Pooi-Fong Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Roslina Husaini
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur 50588, Malaysia
| | - Wayne Tiong-Weng Ng
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur 50588, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - David Philip Lane
- p53 Laboratory (p53Lab), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Republic of Singapore
| | - Alan Soo-Beng Khoo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur 50588, Malaysia
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28
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Das M, Duan W, Sahoo SK. Multifunctional nanoparticle–EpCAM aptamer bioconjugates: A paradigm for targeted drug delivery and imaging in cancer therapy. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:379-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Hou YC, Deng JY. Role of E3 ubiquitin ligases in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:786-93. [PMID: 25624711 PMCID: PMC4299330 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i3.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligases have an important role in carcinogenesis and include a large family of proteins that catalyze the ubiquitination of many protein substrates for targeted degradation by the 26S proteasome. So far, E3 ubiquitin ligases have been reported to have a role in a variety of biological processes including cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Recently, several kinds of E3 ubiquitin ligases were demonstrated to be generally highly expressed in gastric cancer (GC) tissues and to contribute to carcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and information about the clinical significance of E3 ubiquitin ligases in GC. Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, encouraged the evaluation of other components of the ubiquitin proteasome system for pharmaceutical intervention. The clinical value of novel treatment strategies targeting aberrant E3 ubiquitin ligases for GC are discussed in the review.
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30
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Hirose M, Yamato K, Endo S, Saito R, Ueno T, Hirai S, Suzuki H, Abei M, Natori Y, Hyodo I. MDM4 expression as an indicator of TP53 reactivation by combined targeting of MDM2 and MDM4 in cancer cells without TP53 mutation. Oncoscience 2014; 1:830-43. [PMID: 25621298 PMCID: PMC4303891 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MDM2 and MDM4, a structurally related MDM2 homolog, negatively regulates expression and functions of TP53 tumor suppressor gene. To explore the precise expression patterns and function of MDM2 and MDM4 in wild-type (wt) TP53 cancer cells, we analyzed 11 various cancer cell lines with wt TP53. All cell lines exhibited deregulated expression of MDM2 and MDM4, and were divided into two distinct types; the one expressing high levels of MDM4 and another expressing low levels of MDM4. The low MDM4 type expressed higher MDM2 levels than the high MDM4 type. In cells with high MDM4 expression, knockdown of MDM4 or MDM2 reactivated TP53, and simultaneous knockdown of MDM2 and MDM4 synergistically reactivated TP53. In contrast, in cells with low MDM4 expression, knockdown of only MDM2 reactivated TP53. These results suggest that both MDM2 and MDM4 are closely involved in TP53 inactivation in cancer cells with high MDM4 expression, whereas only MDM2, and not MDM4, is a regulator of TP53 in cells with low MDM4 expression. MDM4 expression in wt TP53-tumors is a potential indicator for TP53 reactivation cancer therapy by simultaneous targeting of MDM4 and MDM2. Specific knockdown of MDM2 and MDM4 might be applicable for TP53 restoration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuaki Hirose
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinji Endo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Rie Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takunori Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hirai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideo Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masato Abei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Ichinosuke Hyodo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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31
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Ivanenkov YA, Vasilevski SV, Beloglazkina EK, Kukushkin ME, Machulkin AE, Veselov MS, Chufarova NV, Chernyaginab ES, Vanzcool AS, Zyk NV, Skvortsov DA, Khutornenko AA, Rusanov AL, Tonevitsky AG, Dontsova OA, Majouga AG. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel potent MDM2/p53 small-molecule inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:404-9. [PMID: 25479770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective synthesis, biological evaluation and 3D-molecular modeling for a series of novel diastereomeric 2-thioxo-5H-dispiro[imidazolidine-4,3-pyrrolidine-2,3-indole]-2,5(1H)-diones are described. The studied compounds have been tentatively identified as potent small molecule MDM2/p53 PPI inhibitors and can therefore be reasonably regarded as promising anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan A Ivanenkov
- ChemDiv, Inc., 6605 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny, InstitutskiPereulok 9, Moskovskaya Oblast, Russia; Moscow State University, Chemistry Dept., Leninskie Gory, Building 1/3, GSP-1, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergei V Vasilevski
- Moscow State University, Chemistry Dept., Leninskie Gory, Building 1/3, GSP-1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena K Beloglazkina
- Moscow State University, Chemistry Dept., Leninskie Gory, Building 1/3, GSP-1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Moscow State University of Mechanical Engineering (MAMI), Moscow, Russia
| | - Maksim E Kukushkin
- Moscow State University, Chemistry Dept., Leninskie Gory, Building 1/3, GSP-1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey E Machulkin
- Moscow State University, Chemistry Dept., Leninskie Gory, Building 1/3, GSP-1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Moscow State University of Mechanical Engineering (MAMI), Moscow, Russia
| | - Mark S Veselov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny, InstitutskiPereulok 9, Moskovskaya Oblast, Russia.
| | - Nina V Chufarova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny, InstitutskiPereulok 9, Moskovskaya Oblast, Russia; National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Elizaveta S Chernyaginab
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny, InstitutskiPereulok 9, Moskovskaya Oblast, Russia
| | | | - Nikolay V Zyk
- Moscow State University, Chemistry Dept., Leninskie Gory, Building 1/3, GSP-1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Skvortsov
- Moscow State University, Chemistry Dept., Leninskie Gory, Building 1/3, GSP-1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Khutornenko
- Belozersky Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/40, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexander G Tonevitsky
- SRC Bioclinicum, Ugreshskaya str 2/85, Moscow 115088, Russia; P.A. Hertsen Moscow Research Oncology Institute, 2nd Botkinsky st., 125284 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A Dontsova
- Moscow State University, Chemistry Dept., Leninskie Gory, Building 1/3, GSP-1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Belozersky Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/40, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G Majouga
- Moscow State University, Chemistry Dept., Leninskie Gory, Building 1/3, GSP-1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Moscow 119049, Russia.
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32
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Ueno T, Endo S, Saito R, Hirose M, Hirai S, Suzuki H, Yamato K, Hyodo I. The sirtuin inhibitor tenovin-6 upregulates death receptor 5 and enhances cytotoxic effects of 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin in colon cancer cells. Oncol Res 2014; 21:155-64. [PMID: 24512730 DOI: 10.3727/096504013x13854886566598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that upregulated SIRT1 (NAD(+)-dependent class III histone deacetylase) deacetylates the p53 protein, represses its function, and allows for tumor cell growth in various cancers. Here we investigated antitumor effects of tenovin-6, a small-molecule inhibitor of SIRT1 and SIRT2, in various colon cancer cell lines. Tenovin-6 induced apoptosis in all five colon cancer cell lines investigated (two cell lines with wild-type p53 and three with mutant p53) regardless of the p53 mutation status. This effect was accompanied by accumulation of death receptor 5 (DR5) in most cell lines. DR5 silencing in HCT116 cells strongly attenuated tenovin-6-induced apoptosis. We investigated the effect of combining tenovin-6 with conventional anticancer agents 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), SN-38 (an active metabolite of irinotecan), and oxaliplatin. Synergistic antitumor effects of tenovin-6 were observed in combination with either 5-FU or oxaliplatin in vitro. The combination of tenovin-6 and oxaliplatin exhibited potent growth inhibition of HCT116 xenograft tumors in vivo. In conclusion, tenovin-6 induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cells through the activation of the DR5 signaling pathway and enhanced the antitumor properties of 5-FU and oxaliplatin. These results may help develop a novel treatment option for colorectal cancer using a SIRT inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takunori Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Tsukuba Graduate School, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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33
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Hirai S, Endo S, Saito R, Hirose M, Ueno T, Suzuki H, Yamato K, Abei M, Hyodo I. Antitumor effects of a sirtuin inhibitor, tenovin-6, against gastric cancer cells via death receptor 5 up-regulation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102831. [PMID: 25033286 PMCID: PMC4102575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Up-regulated sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), an NAD+-dependent class III histone deacetylase, deacetylates p53 and inhibits its transcriptional activity, leading to cell survival. SIRT1 overexpression has been reported to predict poor survival in some malignancies, including gastric cancer. However, the antitumor effect of SIRT1 inhibition remains elusive in gastric cancer. Here, we investigated the antitumor mechanisms of a sirtuin inhibitor, tenovin-6, in seven human gastric cancer cell lines (four cell lines with wild-type TP53, two with mutant-type TP53, and one with null TP53). Interestingly, tenovin-6 induced apoptosis in all cell lines, not only those with wild-type TP53, but also mutant-type and null versions, accompanied by up-regulation of death receptor 5 (DR5). In the KatoIII cell line (TP53-null), DR5 silencing markedly attenuated tenovin-6-induced apoptosis, suggesting that the pivotal mechanism behind its antitumor effects is based on activation of the death receptor signal pathway. Although endoplasmic reticulum stress caused by sirtuin inhibitors was reported to induce DR5 up-regulation in other cancer cell lines, we could not find marked activation of its related molecules, such as ATF6, PERK, and CHOP, in gastric cancer cells treated with tenovin-6. Tenovin-6 in combination with docetaxel or SN-38 exerted a slight to moderate synergistic cytotoxicity against gastric cancer cells. In conclusion, tenovin-6 has potent antitumor activity against human gastric cancer cells via DR5 up-regulation. Our results should be helpful for the future clinical development of sirtuin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Hirai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinji Endo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Rie Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Hirose
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takunori Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideo Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masato Abei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ichinosuke Hyodo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Kazi A, Ozcan S, Tecleab A, Sun Y, Lawrence HR, Sebti SM. Discovery of PI-1840, a novel noncovalent and rapidly reversible proteasome inhibitor with anti-tumor activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11906-11915. [PMID: 24570003 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.533950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is effective in hematologic malignancies such as multiple myeloma but has little activity against solid tumors, acts covalently, and is associated with undesired side effects. Therefore, noncovalent inhibitors that are less toxic and more effective against solid tumors are desirable. Structure activity relationship studies led to the discovery of PI-1840, a potent and selective inhibitor for chymotrypsin-like (CT-L) (IC50 value = 27 ± 0.14 nm) over trypsin-like and peptidylglutamyl peptide hydrolyzing (IC50 values >100 μm) activities of the proteasome. Furthermore, PI-1840 is over 100-fold more selective for the constitutive proteasome over the immunoproteasome. Mass spectrometry and dialysis studies demonstrate that PI-1840 is a noncovalent and rapidly reversible CT-L inhibitor. In intact cancer cells, PI-1840 inhibits CT-L activity, induces the accumulation of proteasome substrates p27, Bax, and IκB-α, inhibits survival pathways and viability, and induces apoptosis. Furthermore, PI-1840 sensitizes human cancer cells to the mdm2/p53 disruptor, nutlin, and to the pan-Bcl-2 antagonist BH3-M6. Finally, in vivo, PI-1840 but not bortezomib suppresses the growth in nude mice of human breast tumor xenografts. These results warrant further evaluation of a noncovalent and rapidly reversible proteasome inhibitor as potential anticancer agents against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslamuzzaman Kazi
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620
| | - Sevil Ozcan
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Awet Tecleab
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Ying Sun
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Harshani R Lawrence
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620; Chemical Biology Core, H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Saïd M Sebti
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620.
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Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in anti-tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. It has been described as "the guardian of the genome", because it is essential for conserving genomic stability by preventing mutation, and its mutation and inactivation are highly related to all human cancers. Two important p53 regulators, MDM2 and MDMX, inactivate p53 by directly inhibiting its transcriptional activity and mediating its ubiquitination in a feedback fashion, as their genes are also the transcriptional targets of p53. On account of the importance of the p53-MDM2-MDMX loop in the initiation and development of wild type p53-containing tumors, intensive studies over the past decade have been aiming to identify small molecules or peptides that could specifically target individual protein molecules of this pathway for developing better anti-cancer therapeutics. In this chapter, we review the approaches for screening and discovering efficient and selective MDM2 inhibitors with emphasis on the most advanced synthetic small molecules that interfere with the p53-MDM2 interaction and are currently on Phase I clinical trials. Other therapeutically useful strategies targeting this loop, which potentially improve the prospects of cancer therapy and prevention, will also be discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, Louisiana, LA, 70112, USA
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Growth hormone is a cellular senescence target in pituitary and nonpituitary cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3331-9. [PMID: 23940366 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1310589110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature proliferative arrest in benign or early-stage tumors induced by oncoproteins, chromosomal instability, or DNA damage is associated with p53/p21 activation, culminating in either senescence or apoptosis, depending on cell context. Growth hormone (GH) elicits direct peripheral metabolic actions as well as growth effects mediated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). Locally produced peripheral tissue GH, in contrast to circulating pituitary-derived endocrine GH, has been proposed to be both proapoptotic and prooncogenic. Pituitary adenomas expressing and secreting GH are invariably benign and exhibit DNA damage and a senescent phenotype. We therefore tested effects of nutlin-induced p53-mediated senescence in rat and human pituitary cells. We show that DNA damage senescence induced by nutlin triggers the p53/p21 senescent pathway, with subsequent marked induction of intracellular pituitary GH in vitro. In contrast, GH is not induced in cells devoid of p53. Furthermore we show that p53 binds specific GH promoter motifs and enhances GH transcription and secretion in senescent pituitary adenoma cells and also in nonpituitary (human breast and colon) cells. In vivo, treatment with nutlin results in up-regulation of both p53 and GH in the pituitary gland, as well as increased GH expression in nonpituitary tissues (lung and liver). Intracrine GH acts in pituitary cells as an apoptosis switch for p53-mediated senescence, likely protecting the pituitary adenoma from progression to malignancy. Unlike in the pituitary, in nonpituitary cells GH exerts antiapoptotic properties. Thus, the results show that GH is a direct p53 transcriptional target and fulfills criteria as a p53 target gene. Induced GH is a readily measurable cell marker for p53-mediated cellular senescence.
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Liu X, Wilcken R, Joerger AC, Chuckowree IS, Amin J, Spencer J, Fersht AR. Small molecule induced reactivation of mutant p53 in cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:6034-44. [PMID: 23630318 PMCID: PMC3695503 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 cancer mutant Y220C is an excellent paradigm for rescuing the function of conformationally unstable p53 mutants because it has a unique surface crevice that can be targeted by small-molecule stabilizers. Here, we have identified a compound, PK7088, which is active in vitro: PK7088 bound to the mutant with a dissociation constant of 140 μM and raised its melting temperature, and we have determined the binding mode of a close structural analogue by X-ray crystallography. We showed that PK7088 is biologically active in cancer cells carrying the Y220C mutant by a battery of tests. PK7088 increased the amount of folded mutant protein with wild-type conformation, as monitored by immunofluorescence, and restored its transcriptional functions. It induced p53-Y220C-dependent growth inhibition, cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Most notably, PK7088 increased the expression levels of p21 and the proapoptotic NOXA protein. PK7088 worked synergistically with Nutlin-3 on up-regulating p21 expression, whereas Nutlin-3 on its own had no effect, consistent with its mechanism of action. PK7088 also restored non-transcriptional apoptotic functions of p53 by triggering nuclear export of BAX to the mitochondria. We suggest a set of criteria for assigning activation of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Liu
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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Micel LN, Tentler JJ, Smith PG, Eckhardt GS. Role of ubiquitin ligases and the proteasome in oncogenesis: novel targets for anticancer therapies. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:1231-8. [PMID: 23358974 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.44.0958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) regulates the ubiquitination, and thus degradation and turnover, of many proteins vital to cellular regulation and function. The UPS comprises a sequential series of enzymatic processes using four key enzyme families: E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzymes), E2 (ubiquitin-carrier proteins), E3 (ubiquitin-protein ligases), and E4 (ubiquitin chain assembly factors). Because the UPS is a crucial regulator of the cell cycle, and abnormal cell-cycle control can lead to oncogenesis, aberrancies within the UPS pathway can result in a malignant cellular phenotype and thus has become an attractive target for novel anticancer agents. This article will provide an overall review of the mechanics of the UPS, describe aberrancies leading to cancer, and give an overview of current drug therapies selectively targeting the UPS.
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Son DS, Kabir SM, Dong YL, Lee E, Adunyah SE. Inhibitory effect of tumor suppressor p53 on proinflammatory chemokine expression in ovarian cancer cells by reducing proteasomal degradation of IκB. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51116. [PMID: 23300534 PMCID: PMC3534106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, one of inflammation-associated cancers, is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths among women. Inflammation in the tumor microenvironment is associated with peritoneal tumor dissemination and massive ascites, which contribute to high mortality in ovarian cancer. Tumor suppressor p53 is frequently deleted or mutated in aggressive and high-grade ovarian cancer, probably aggravating cancer progression and increasing mortality. We therefore investigated the influence of p53 on proinflammatory chemokines in ovarian cancer cells. A PCR array of the chemokine network revealed that ovarian cancer cells with low or mutated p53 expression expressed high levels of proinflammatory chemokines such as CXCL1, 2, 3 and 8. Transient transfection of p53 into p53-null ovarian cancer cells downregulated proinflammatory chemokines induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine abundantly expressed in ovarian cancer. Furthermore, p53 restoration or stabilization blocked TNF-induced NF-κB promoter activity and reduced TNF-activated IκB. Restoration of p53 increased ubiquitination of IκB, resulting from concurrently reduced proteasome activity followed by stability of IκB. A ubiquitination PCR array on restoration of p53 did not reveal any significant change in expression except for Mdm2, indicating that the balance between p53 and Mdm2 is more important in regulating NF-κB signaling rather than the direct effect of p53 on ubiquitin-related genes or IκB kinases. In addition, nutlin-3, a specific inducer of p53 stabilization, inhibited proinflammatory chemokines by reducing TNF-activated IκB through p53 stabilization. Taken together, these results suggest that p53 inhibits proinflammatory chemokines in ovarian cancer cells by reducing proteasomal degradation of IκB. Thus, frequent loss or mutation of p53 may promote tumor progression by enhancing inflammation in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Soo Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Kapoor S. The emerging anti-proliferative role of Nutlin-3 in the pathogenesis of systemic malignancies. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 14:5. [PMID: 23114642 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.22629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Frezza C, Martins CP. From tumor prevention to therapy: Empowering p53 to fight back. Drug Resist Updat 2012; 15:258-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Künkele A, De Preter K, Heukamp L, Thor T, Pajtler KW, Hartmann W, Mittelbronn M, Grotzer MA, Deubzer HE, Speleman F, Schramm A, Eggert A, Schulte JH. Pharmacological activation of the p53 pathway by nutlin-3 exerts anti-tumoral effects in medulloblastomas. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14:859-69. [PMID: 22591662 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastomas account for 20% of pediatric brain tumors. With an overall survival of 40%-70%, their treatment is still a challenge. The majority of medulloblastomas lack p53 mutations, but even in cancers retaining wild-type p53, the tumor surveillance function of p53 is inhibited by the oncoprotein MDM2. Deregulation of the MDM2/p53 balance leads to malignant transformation. Here, we analyzed MDM2 mRNA and protein expression in primary medulloblastomas and normal cerebellum and assessed the mutational status of p53 and MDM2 expression in 6 medulloblastoma cell lines. MDM2 expression was elevated in medulloblastomas, compared with cerebellum. Four of 6 medulloblastoma cell lines expressed wild-type p53 and high levels of MDM2. The tumor-promoting p53-MDM2 interaction can be inhibited by the small molecule, nutlin-3, restoring p53 function. Targeting the p53-MDM2 axis using nutlin-3 significantly reduced cell viability and induced either cell cycle arrest or apoptosis and expression of the p53 target gene p21 in these 4 cell lines. In contrast, DAOY and UW-228 cells harboring TP53 mutations were almost unaffected by nutlin-3 treatment. MDM2 knockdown in medulloblastoma cells by siRNA mimicked nutlin-3 treatment, whereas expression of dominant negative p53 abrogated nutlin-3 effects. Oral nutlin-3 treatment of mice with established medulloblastoma xenografts inhibited tumor growth and significantly increased survival. Thus, nutlin-3 reduced medulloblastoma cell viability in vitro and in vivo by re-activating p53 function. We suggest that inhibition of the MDM2-p53 interaction with nutlin-3 is a promising therapeutic option for medulloblastomas with functional p53 that should be further evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Künkele
- University Children’s Hospital Essen, Pediatric Oncology, Essen, Germany.
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Choi JH, Yoon JS, Won YW, Park BB, Lee YY. Chloroquine enhances the chemotherapeutic activity of 5-fluorouracil in a colon cancer cell line via cell cycle alteration. APMIS 2012; 120:597-604. [PMID: 22716215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that degrades cytoplasmic proteins and organelles for recycling. The role of autophagy in tumorigenesis is controversial because autophagy can be either protective or damaging to tumor cells, and its effects may change during tumor progression. A number of cancer cell lines have been exposed to chloroquine, an anti-malarial drug, with the aim of inhibiting cell growth and inducing cell death. In addition, chloroquine inhibits a late phase of autophagy. This study was conducted to investigate the anti-cancer effect of autophagy inhibition, using chloroquine together with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in a colon cancer cell line. Human colon cancer DLD-1 cells were treated with 5-FU (10 μΜ) or chloroquine (100 μΜ), or a combination of both. Autophagy was evaluated by western blot analysis of microtubule-associated protein light chain3 (LC3). Proliferative activity, alterations of the cell cycle, and apoptosis were measured by MTT assays, flow cytometry, and western blotting. LC3-II protein increased after treatment with 5-FU, and chloroquine potentiated the cytotoxicity of 5-FU. MTT assays showed that 5-FU inhibited proliferation of the DLD-1 cells and that chloroquine enhanced this inhibitory effect of 5-FU. The combination of 5-FU and chloroquine induced G1 arrest, up-regulation of p27 and p53, and down-regulation of CDK2 and cyclin D1. These results suggest that chloroquine may potentiate the anti-cancer effect of 5-FU via cell cycle inhibition. Chloroquine potentiates the anti-cancer effect of 5-FU in colon cancer cells. Supplementation of conventional chemotherapy with chloroquine may provide a new cancer therapy modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hye Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Edelmann MJ, Nicholson B, Kessler BM. Pharmacological targets in the ubiquitin system offer new ways of treating cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and infectious diseases. Expert Rev Mol Med 2011; 13:e35. [PMID: 22088887 PMCID: PMC3219211 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399411002031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the development and discovery of pharmacological interventions within the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) have uncovered an enormous potential for possible novel treatments of neurodegenerative disease, cancer, immunological disorder and microbial infection. Interference with proteasome activity, although initially considered unlikely to be exploitable clinically, has already proved to be very effective against haematological malignancies, and more specific derivatives that target subsets of proteasomes are emerging. Recent small-molecule screens have revealed inhibitors against ubiquitin-conjugating and -deconjugating enzymes, many of which have been evaluated for their potential use as therapeutics, either as single agents or in synergy with other drugs. Here, we discuss recent advances in the characterisation of novel UPS modulators (in particular, inhibitors of ubiquitin-conjugating and -deconjugating enzymes) and how they pave the way towards new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of proteotoxic disease, cancer and microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola J. Edelmann
- Institute of Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology,
Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experimental Station, Mississippi State University,
Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | | | - Benedikt M. Kessler
- Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Nuffield
Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
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Morelli X, Bourgeas R, Roche P. Chemical and structural lessons from recent successes in protein–protein interaction inhibition (2P2I). Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:475-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hashimoto T, Ichiki T, Ikeda J, Narabayashi E, Matsuura H, Miyazaki R, Inanaga K, Takeda K, Sunagawa K. Inhibition of MDM2 attenuates neointimal hyperplasia via suppression of vascular proliferation and inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:711-9. [PMID: 21498419 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Tumour protein p53 plays an important role in the vascular remodelling process as well as in oncogenesis. p53 is negatively regulated by murine double minute 2 (MDM2). A recently developed MDM2 inhibitor, nutlin-3, is a non-genotoxic activator of the p53 pathway. So far, the effect of MDM2 inhibition on vascular remodelling has not been elucidated. We therefore investigated the effect of nutlin-3 on neointima formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Nutlin-3 up-regulated p53 and its downstream target p21 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). DNA synthesis assay and flow cytometric analysis revealed that nutlin-3 inhibited platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced VSMC proliferation by cell cycle arrest. This inhibitory effect was abrogated in p53-siRNA-transfected VSMCs. Furthermore, nutlin-3 inhibited PDGF-stimulated VSMC migration. Treatment with nutlin-3 attenuated neointimal hyperplasia at 28 days after vascular injury in mice, associated with up-regulation of p53 and p21. BrdU incorporation was decreased at 14 days after injury in nutlin-3-treated mice. TUNEL assay showed that nutlin-3 did not exaggerate apoptosis of the injured vessels. Infiltration of macrophages and T-lymphocytes and mRNA expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-5, interleukin-6, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were decreased in the injured vessels of nutlin-3-treated mice. Nutlin-3 suppressed NF-κB activation in VSMCs, but not in p53-siRNA-transfected VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS The MDM2 antagonist nutlin-3 inhibits VSMC proliferation, migration, and NF-κB activation, and also attenuates neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury in mice, which is associated with suppression of vascular cell proliferation and an inflammatory response. Targeting MDM2 might be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of vascular proliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Hashimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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