1
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Monster JL, Kemp LJ, Busslinger GA, Vliem MJ, Derks LL, Staes AA, Bisseling TM, Clevers H, van der Post RS, Gloerich M. Cell division-dependent dissemination following E-cadherin loss underlies initiation of diffuse-type gastric cancer. J Pathol 2024; 263:226-241. [PMID: 38572612 DOI: 10.1002/path.6277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Loss of the cell-cell adhesion protein E-cadherin underlies the development of diffuse-type gastric cancer (DGC), which is characterized by the gradual accumulation of tumor cells originating from the gastric epithelium in the surrounding stroma. How E-cadherin deficiency drives DGC formation remains elusive. Therefore, we investigated the consequences of E-cadherin loss on gastric epithelial organization utilizing a human gastric organoid model and histological analyses of early-stage DGC lesions. E-cadherin depletion from gastric organoids recapitulates DGC initiation, with progressive loss of a single-layered architecture and detachment of individual cells. We found that E-cadherin deficiency in gastric epithelia does not lead to a general loss of epithelial cohesion but disrupts the spindle orientation machinery. This leads to a loss of planar cell division orientation and, consequently, daughter cells are positioned outside of the gastric epithelial layer. Although basally delaminated cells fail to detach and instead reintegrate into the epithelium, apically mispositioned daughter cells can trigger the gradual loss of the single-layered epithelial architecture. This impaired architecture hampers reintegration of mispositioned daughter cells and enables basally delaminated cells to disseminate into the surrounding matrix. Taken together, our findings describe how E-cadherin deficiency disrupts gastric epithelial architecture through displacement of dividing cells and provide new insights in the onset of DGC. © 2024 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooske L Monster
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Js Kemp
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Georg A Busslinger
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J Vliem
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lucca Lm Derks
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annelot Al Staes
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tanya M Bisseling
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel S van der Post
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Gloerich
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Zou G, Huang Y, Zhang S, Ko KP, Kim B, Zhang J, Venkatesan V, Pizzi MP, Fan Y, Jun S, Niu N, Wang H, Song S, Ajani JA, Park JI. E-cadherin loss drives diffuse-type gastric tumorigenesis via EZH2-mediated reprogramming. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230561. [PMID: 38411616 PMCID: PMC10899090 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma (DGAC) is a deadly cancer often diagnosed late and resistant to treatment. While hereditary DGAC is linked to CDH1 mutations, the role of CDH1/E-cadherin inactivation in sporadic DGAC tumorigenesis remains elusive. We discovered CDH1 inactivation in a subset of DGAC patient tumors. Analyzing single-cell transcriptomes in malignant ascites, we identified two DGAC subtypes: DGAC1 (CDH1 loss) and DGAC2 (lacking immune response). DGAC1 displayed distinct molecular signatures, activated DGAC-related pathways, and an abundance of exhausted T cells in ascites. Genetically engineered murine gastric organoids showed that Cdh1 knock-out (KO), KrasG12D, Trp53 KO (EKP) accelerates tumorigenesis with immune evasion compared with KrasG12D, Trp53 KO (KP). We also identified EZH2 as a key mediator promoting CDH1 loss-associated DGAC tumorigenesis. These findings highlight DGAC's molecular diversity and potential for personalized treatment in CDH1-inactivated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyi Zou
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuanjian Huang
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengzhe Zhang
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kyung-Pil Ko
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bongjun Kim
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vishwa Venkatesan
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melissa P. Pizzi
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yibo Fan
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sohee Jun
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Na Niu
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shumei Song
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaffer A. Ajani
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jae-Il Park
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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3
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Leibold J, Tsanov KM, Amor C, Ho YJ, Sánchez-Rivera FJ, Feucht J, Baslan T, Chen HA, Tian S, Simon J, Wuest A, Wilkinson JE, Lowe SW. Somatic mouse models of gastric cancer reveal genotype-specific features of metastatic disease. NATURE CANCER 2024; 5:315-329. [PMID: 38177458 PMCID: PMC10899107 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00686-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Metastatic gastric carcinoma is a highly lethal cancer that responds poorly to conventional and molecularly targeted therapies. Despite its clinical relevance, the mechanisms underlying the behavior and therapeutic response of this disease are poorly understood owing, in part, to a paucity of tractable models. Here we developed methods to somatically introduce different oncogenic lesions directly into the murine gastric epithelium. Genotypic configurations observed in patients produced metastatic gastric cancers that recapitulated the histological, molecular and clinical features of all nonviral molecular subtypes of the human disease. Applying this platform to both wild-type and immunodeficient mice revealed previously unappreciated links between the genotype, organotropism and immune surveillance of metastatic cells, which produced distinct patterns of metastasis that were mirrored in patients. Our results establish a highly portable platform for generating autochthonous cancer models with flexible genotypes and host backgrounds, which can unravel mechanisms of gastric tumorigenesis or test new therapeutic concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Leibold
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
- iFIT Cluster of Excellence EXC 2180 'Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies', University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Kaloyan M Tsanov
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Corina Amor
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francisco J Sánchez-Rivera
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Judith Feucht
- iFIT Cluster of Excellence EXC 2180 'Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies', University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department I-General Paediatrics, Haematology/Oncology, University Children's Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Timour Baslan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hsuan-An Chen
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sha Tian
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janelle Simon
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra Wuest
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John E Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Zou G, Huang Y, Zhang S, Ko KP, Kim B, Zhang J, Venkatesan V, Pizzi MP, Fan Y, Jun S, Niu N, Wang H, Song S, Ajani JA, Park JI. CDH1 loss promotes diffuse-type gastric cancer tumorigenesis via epigenetic reprogramming and immune evasion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.23.533976. [PMID: 36993615 PMCID: PMC10055394 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.23.533976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma (DGAC) is a deadly cancer often diagnosed late and resistant to treatment. While hereditary DGAC is linked to CDH1 gene mutations, causing E-Cadherin loss, its role in sporadic DGAC is unclear. We discovered CDH1 inactivation in a subset of DGAC patient tumors. Analyzing single-cell transcriptomes in malignant ascites, we identified two DGAC subtypes: DGAC1 (CDH1 loss) and DGAC2 (lacking immune response). DGAC1 displayed distinct molecular signatures, activated DGAC-related pathways, and an abundance of exhausted T cells in ascites. Genetically engineered murine gastric organoids showed that Cdh1 knock-out (KO), KrasG12D, Trp53 KO (EKP) accelerates tumorigenesis with immune evasion compared to KrasG12D, Trp53 KO (KP). We also identified EZH2 as a key mediator promoting CDH1 loss-associated DGAC tumorigenesis. These findings highlight DGAC's molecular diversity and potential for personalized treatment in CDH1-inactivated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyi Zou
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuanjian Huang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Shengzhe Zhang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kyung-Pil Ko
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bongjun Kim
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vishwa Venkatesan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Melissa P. Pizzi
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yibo Fan
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sohee Jun
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Na Niu
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology/Lab Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shumei Song
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jaffer A. Ajani
- Department of GI Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jae-Il Park
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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5
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Lim HJ, Zhuang L, Fitzgerald RC. Current advances in understanding the molecular profile of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer and its clinical implications. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:57. [PMID: 36869400 PMCID: PMC9985294 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) is an autosomal dominant cancer syndrome attributed to germline CDH1 mutations that carries a high risk for early onset DGC. HDGC raises a significant health issue due to its high penetrance and mortality unless diagnosed early. The definitive treatment is to undergo prophylactic total gastrectomy which is associated with significant morbidity., highlighting the urgent need for alternative treatment methods. However, there is limited literature examining potential therapeutic strategies building on emerging insights into the molecular basis of progressive lesions in the context of HDGC. The aim of this review is to summarise the current understanding of HDGC in the context of CDH1 pathogenic variants followed by a review of the proposed mechanisms for progression. In addition, we discuss the development of novel therapeutic approaches and highlight pertinent areas for further research. A literature search was therefore performed for relevant studies examining CDH1 germline variants, second-hit mechanisms of CDH1, pathogenesis of HDGC and potential therapeutic strategies in databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus. Germline mutations are mostly truncating CDH1 variants affecting extracellular domains of E-cadherin, generally due to frameshift, single nucleotide variants or splice site mutations. A second somatic hit of CDH1 most commonly occurs via promoter methylation as shown in 3 studies, but studies are limited with a small sample size. The multi-focal development of indolent lesions in HDGC provide a unique opportunity to understand genetic events that drive the transition to the invasive phenotype. To date, a few signalling pathways have been shown to facilitate the progression of HDGC, including Notch and Wnt. In in-vitro studies, the ability to inhibit Notch signalling was lost in cells transfected with mutant forms of E-cadherin, and increased Notch-1 activity correlated with apoptosis resistance. Furthermore, in patient samples, overexpression of Wnt-2 was associated with cytoplasmic and nuclear β-catenin accumulation and increased metastatic potential. As loss-of-function mutations are challenging to target therapeutically, these findings pave the way towards a synthetic lethal approach in CDH1-deficient cells with some promising results in-vitro. In future, if we could better understand the molecular vulnerabilities in HDGC, there may be opportunities to offer alternative treatment pathways to avoid gastrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jun Lim
- Department of Oncology, Early Cancer Institute, University of Cambridge, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0XZ, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Sarcoma, Peritoneal and Rare Tumors (SPRinT), Division of Surgery and Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Lizhe Zhuang
- Department of Oncology, Early Cancer Institute, University of Cambridge, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0XZ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca C Fitzgerald
- Department of Oncology, Early Cancer Institute, University of Cambridge, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0XZ, Cambridge, UK
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6
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Zeng M, Pi C, Li K, Sheng L, Zuo Y, Yuan J, Zou Y, Zhang X, Zhao W, Lee RJ, Wei Y, Zhao L. Patient-Derived Xenograft: A More Standard "Avatar" Model in Preclinical Studies of Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:898563. [PMID: 35664756 PMCID: PMC9161630 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.898563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, gastric cancer remains the third most common cause of cancer-related death in humans. The establishment of relevant animal models of gastric cancer is critical for further research. Due to the complexity of the tumor microenvironment and the genetic heterogeneity of gastric cancer, the commonly used preclinical animal models fail to adequately represent clinically relevant models of gastric cancer. However, patient-derived models are able to replicate as much of the original inter-tumoral and intra-tumoral heterogeneity of gastric cancer as possible, reflecting the cellular interactions of the tumor microenvironment. In addition to implanting patient tissues or primary cells into immunodeficient mouse hosts for culture, the advent of alternative hosts such as humanized mouse hosts, zebrafish hosts, and in vitro culture modalities has also facilitated the advancement of gastric cancer research. This review highlights the current status, characteristics, interfering factors, and applications of patient-derived models that have emerged as more valuable preclinical tools for studying the progression and metastasis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Chronic Diseases Jointly Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chao Pi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Chronic Diseases Jointly Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Chronic Diseases Jointly Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lin Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Chronic Diseases Jointly Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ying Zuo
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Chronic Diseases Jointly Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Comprehensive Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jiyuan Yuan
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Chronic Diseases Jointly Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Clinical Trial Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yonggen Zou
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Chronic Diseases Jointly Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Chronic Diseases Jointly Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Academy of Chinese MateriaMedica, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Chronic Diseases Jointly Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Robert J Lee
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yumeng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Chronic Diseases Jointly Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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7
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Diffuse gastric cancer: Emerging mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188719. [PMID: 35307354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is globally the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Patients with diffuse-type gastric cancer (DGC) particularly have a poor prognosis that only marginally improved over the last decades, as conventional chemotherapies are frequently ineffective and specific therapies are unavailable. Early-stage DGC is characterized by intramucosal lesions of discohesive cells, which can be present for many years before the emergence of advanced DGC consisting of highly proliferative and invasive cells. The mechanisms underlying the key steps of DGC development and transition to aggressive tumors are starting to emerge. Novel mouse- and organoid models for DGC, together with multi-omic analyses of DGC tumors, revealed contributions of both tumor cell-intrinsic alterations and gradual changes in the tumor microenvironment to DGC progression. In this review, we will discuss how these recent findings are leading towards an understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for DGC initiation and malignancy, which may provide opportunities for targeted therapies.
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8
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for a model of diffuse-type gastric cancer that captures the features of the disease, facilitates the study of its mechanisms, and aids the development of potential therapies. One such model may be Cdh1 and Trp53 double conditional knockout (DCKO) mice, which have histopathological features similar to those of human diffuse-type gastric cancer. However, a genomic profile of this mouse model has yet to be completed. METHODS Whole-genome sequences of tumors from eight DCKO mice were analyzed and their molecular features were compared with those of human gastric adenocarcinoma. RESULTS DCKO mice gastric cancers harbored single nucleotide variations and indel patterns comparable to those of human genomically stable gastric cancers, whereas their copy number variation fraction and ploidy were more similar to human chromosomal instability gastric cancers (perhaps due to Trp53 knockout). Copy number variations dominated changes in cancer-related genes in DCKO mice, with typical high-level amplifications observed for oncogenic drivers, e.g., Myc, Ccnd1, and Cdks, as well as gastrointestinal transcription factors, e.g., Gata4, Foxa1, and Sox9. Interestingly, frequent alterations in gastrointestinal transcription factors in DCKO mice indicated their potential role in tumorigenesis. Furthermore, mouse gastric cancer had a reproducible but smaller number of mutational signatures than human gastric cancer, including the potentially acid-related signature 17, indicating shared tumorigenic etiologies in humans and mice. CONCLUSIONS Cdh1/Trp53 DCKO mice have similar genomic features to those found in human gastric cancer; hence, this is a suitable model for further studies of diffuse-type gastric cancer mechanisms and therapies.
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9
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Nikaido M, Kakiuchi N, Miyamoto S, Hirano T, Takeuchi Y, Funakoshi T, Yokoyama A, Ogasawara T, Yamamoto Y, Yamada A, Setoyama T, Shimizu T, Kato Y, Uose S, Sakurai T, Minamiguchi S, Obama K, Sakai Y, Muto M, Chiba T, Ogawa S, Seno H. Indolent feature of Helicobacter pylori-uninfected intramucosal signet ring cell carcinomas with CDH1 mutations. Gastric Cancer 2021; 24:1102-1114. [PMID: 33961152 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-021-01191-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-uninfected individuals, diffuse-type gastric cancer (DGC) was reported as the most common type of cancer. However, the carcinogenic mechanism of Hp-uninfected sporadic DGC is largely unknown. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing of Hp-uninfected DGCs and Hp-uninfected normal gastric mucosa. For advanced DGCs, external datasets were also analyzed. RESULTS Eighteen patients (aged 29-78 years) with DGCs and nine normal subjects (28-77 years) were examined. The mutation burden in intramucosal DGCs (10-66 mutations per exome) from individuals aged 29-73 years was not very different from that in the normal gastric glands, which showed a constant mutation accumulation rate (0.33 mutations/exome/year). Unbiased dN/dS analysis showed that CDH1 somatic mutation was a driver mutation for intramucosal DGC. CDH1 mutation was more frequent in intramucosal DGCs (67%) than in advanced DGCs (27%). In contrast, TP53 mutation was more frequent in advanced DGCs (52%) than in intramucosal DGCs (0%). This discrepancy in mutations suggests that CDH1-mutated intramucosal DGCs make a relatively small contribution to advanced DGC formation. Among the 16 intramucosal DGCs (median size, 6.5 mm), 15 DGCs were pure signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) with reduced E-cadherin expression and a low proliferative capacity (median Ki-67 index, 2.4%). Five SRCCs reviewed endoscopically over 2-5 years showed no progression. CONCLUSIONS Impaired E-cadherin function due to CDH1 mutation was considered as an early carcinogenic event of Hp-uninfected intramucosal SRCC. Genetic and clinical analyses suggest that Hp-uninfected intramucosal SRCCs may be less likely to develop into advanced DGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Nikaido
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kakiuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. .,Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Fukakusa-Mukaihata-Cho, Fushimi, Kyoto, 612-8555, Japan.
| | - Tomonori Hirano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Takeuchi
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taro Funakoshi
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Yokoyama
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Ogasawara
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamamoto
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamada
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Setoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukari Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Suguru Uose
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaki Sakurai
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Minamiguchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Obama
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Manabu Muto
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Electric Power Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hiroshi Seno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Hirakawa M, Takada K, Sato M, Fujita C, Hayasaka N, Nobuoka T, Sugita S, Ishikawa A, Mizukami M, Ohnuma H, Murase K, Miyanishi K, Kobune M, Takemasa I, Hasegawa T, Sakurai A, Kato J. Case series of three patients with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer in a single family: Three case reports and review of literature. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:6689-6697. [PMID: 33268956 PMCID: PMC7673959 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i42.6689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) is a familial cancer syndrome often associated with germline mutations in the CDH1 gene. However, the frequency of CDH1 mutations is low in patients with HDGC in East Asian countries. Herein, we report three cases of HDGC harboring a missense CDH1 variant, c.1679C>G, from a single Japanese family.
CASE SUMMARY A 26-year-old female (Case 1) and a 51-year-old male (father of Case 1), who had a strong family history of gastric cancer, were diagnosed with advanced diffuse gastric cancer. After genetic counselling, a 25-year-old younger brother of Case 1 underwent surveillance esophagogastroduodenoscopy that detected small signet ring cell carcinoma foci as multiple pale lesions in the gastric mucosa. Genetic analysis revealed a CDH1 c.1679C>G variant in all three patients.
CONCLUSION It is important for individuals suspected of having HDGC to be actively offered genetics evaluation. This report will contribute to an increased awareness of HDGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hirakawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo 003-0804, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kohichi Takada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masanori Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Chisa Fujita
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naotaka Hayasaka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nobuoka
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology and Science, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sugita
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Aki Ishikawa
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Miyako Mizukami
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohnuma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Murase
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Koji Miyanishi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kobune
- Department of Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takemasa
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology and Science, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hasegawa
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sakurai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Junji Kato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan
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11
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Funakoshi T, Miyamoto S, Kakiuchi N, Nikaido M, Setoyama T, Yokoyama A, Horimatsu T, Yamada A, Torishima M, Kosugi S, Yamada H, Sugimura H, Haga H, Sakai Y, Ogawa S, Seno H, Muto M, Chiba T. Genetic analysis of a case of Helicobacter pylori-uninfected intramucosal gastric cancer in a family with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2019; 22:892-898. [PMID: 30542785 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-018-00912-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Germline mutations in CDH1, encoding E-cadherin, are known to be the causative mechanism of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC). We encountered two cases of gastric cancer in a Japanese family with HDGC. A 28-year-old man (Case 1) died of advanced gastric cancer. His younger sister aged 27 (Case 2) was diagnosed with intramucosal signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC). Both had identical germline CDH1 mutations, but Case 1 was positive for Helicobacter pylori infection, whereas Case 2 was negative. Case 2 underwent total gastrectomy. Whole-exome sequencing of an intramucosal SRCC in Case 2 revealed seven somatic mutations including one in CDH1. The six non-CDH1 mutations were classified as non-driver mutations. Decreased expression of E-cadherin in intramucosal SRCC was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Our report demonstrated that CDH1 mutation was the only active driver mutation in Helicobacter pylori-uninfected intramucosal SRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Funakoshi
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shin'ichi Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54, Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Kakiuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54, Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nikaido
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54, Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Setoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Yokoyama
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Horimatsu
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamada
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masako Torishima
- Department of Medical Ethics and Medical Genetics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Kosugi
- Department of Medical Ethics and Medical Genetics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yamada
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sugimura
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hironori Haga
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54, Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Manabu Muto
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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12
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Early Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer (eHDGC) is Characterized by Subtle Genomic Instability and Active DNA Damage Response. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 25:711-721. [PMID: 30547291 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0547-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse gastric cancer (DGC) is one of the two primary types of stomach cancer. Carriers of germline mutations in the gene encoding E-cadherin are predisposed to DGC. The primary aim of the present study was to determine if genomic instability is an early event in DGC and how it may lead to disease progression. Chromosomal aberrations in early intramucosal hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (eHDGC) were assessed using array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH). Notably, no aneuploidy or other large-scale chromosomal rearrangements were detected. Instead, all aberrations affected small regions (< 4.8 Mb) and were predominantly deletions. Analysis of DNA sequence patterns revealed that essentially all aberrations possessed the characteristics of common fragile sites. These results and the results of subsequent immunohistochemical examinations demonstrated that unlike advanced DGC, eHDGCs is characterized by low levels of genomic instability at fragile sites. Furthermore, they express an active DNA damage response, providing a molecular basis for the observed indolence of eHDGC. This finding is an important step to understanding the pathology underlying natural history of DGC and supports a revision of the current definition of eHDGC as a malignant disease.
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13
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Luo W, Fedda F, Lynch P, Tan D. CDH1 Gene and Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer Syndrome: Molecular and Histological Alterations and Implications for Diagnosis And Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1421. [PMID: 30568591 PMCID: PMC6290068 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer, a group of common malignancies, results in the most cancer mortality worldwide after only lung and colorectal cancer. Although familial gastric cancers have long been recognized, it was not until recently that they were discovered to be associated with mutations of specific genes. Mutations of CDH1, the gene encoding E-cadherin, are the most common germline mutations detected in gastric cancer and underlie hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) syndrome. All reported HDGCs are the pure diffuse type by Lauren classification and are associated with dismal prognosis once the tumor invades the submucosa. Because CDH1 germline mutations are inherited in an autosomal-dominant fashion and have high penetrance, the International Gastric Cancer Linkage Consortium (IGCLC) developed criteria to facilitate the screening of CDH1 mutation carriers; these criteria have been proven to have excellent sensitivity and specificity. Recent histologic studies suggest that HDGC progresses through several stages. Even when the tumor becomes "invasive" in lamina propria, it may stay indolent for a long time. However, the molecular mechanisms that induce the transitions between stages and determine the length of the indolent phase remain to be determined. Although the standard management for CDH1 mutation carriers is prophylactic total gastrectomy, many questions must be answered before the surgery can be done. These include the optimal surveillance strategy, the best strategy to choose surgical candidates, and the ideal time to perform surgery. In addition to increasing the risk of gastric cancer, CDH1 germline mutations also increase the risk of invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast, and possibly colorectal adenocarcinoma, and are associated with blepharocheilodontic syndrome (a congenital development disorder). However, the optimal management of these conditions is less established owing to insufficient data regarding the risk of cancer development. This review focuses on molecular and histological findings in HDGC, as opposed to sporadic diffuse gastric cancer, and their implications for the management of CDH1 mutation carriers and the diagnosis and treatment of HDGC. Other conditions associated with CDH1 germline mutations and future research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Luo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Faysal Fedda
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Patrick Lynch
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dongfeng Tan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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14
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The significance of scirrhous gastric cancer cell lines: the molecular characterization using cell lines and mouse models. Hum Cell 2018; 31:271-281. [PMID: 29876827 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-018-0211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Scirrhous gastric cancer (SGC) exhibits aggressiveness of the rapid infiltrating tumor cells with abundant fibroblasts. Experimental studies using SGC cell lines have obtained useful information about this cancer. Our literature search divulged a total of 18 SGC cell lines; two cell lines were established from primary SGC and the other lines were established from a metastatic lesion of SGC. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) and transforming growth factor-beta receptor (TβR) are linked to the rapid development of SGC. Cross-talk between the cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) has been shown to contribute to the progression of SGC. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 1 (CXCR1) from SGC cells might be associated with the abundant CAFs in cancer microenvironments. The in vivo models established using SGC cell lines are expected to serve as a useful tool for the development of drugs such as FGFR2 inhibitors, TβR inhibitors, and CXCR1 inhibitors, which might be promising as SGC treatments. However, the number of available SGC cell lines is insufficient for the clarification of the entire biologic behavior of SGC. Since the mechanisms responsible for the characteristic aggressiveness of SGC are not fully elucidated, the establishment of new SGC cell lines could help clarify the biological behavior of SGC and contribute to its treatment.
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15
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Predicting the Functional Impact of CDH1 Missense Mutations in Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122687. [PMID: 29231860 PMCID: PMC5751289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of E-cadherin in Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer (HDGC) is unequivocal. Germline alterations in its encoding gene (CDH1) are causative of HDGC and occur in about 40% of patients. Importantly, while in most cases CDH1 alterations result in the complete loss of E-cadherin associated with a well-established clinical impact, in about 20% of cases the mutations are of the missense type. The latter are of particular concern in terms of genetic counselling and clinical management, as the effect of the sequence variants in E-cadherin function is not predictable. If a deleterious variant is identified, prophylactic surgery could be recommended. Therefore, over the last few years, intensive research has focused on evaluating the functional consequences of CDH1 missense variants and in assessing E-cadherin pathogenicity. In that context, our group has contributed to better characterize CDH1 germline missense variants and is now considered a worldwide reference centre. In this review, we highlight the state of the art methodologies to categorize CDH1 variants, as neutral or deleterious. This information is subsequently integrated with clinical data for genetic counseling and management of CDH1 variant carriers.
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16
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Wang JL, Ling ZQ. Progress in research of gastric signet ring cell carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:358-363. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i4.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric signet ring cell carcinoma is a special type of gastric cancer. In recent years the incidence of gastric cancer has decreased, but the incidence of gastric signet ring cell carcinoma is still rising. Although a large number of studies reported the clinicopathologic features and oncogenesis of gastric signet ring cell carcinoma, the results are inconsistent. This article mainly discusses the clinicopathologic features, prognosis, and molecular characteristics of oncogenesis of gastric signet ring cell carcinoma to provide a basis and strategy for individualized treatment of this malignancy.
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17
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Kusafuka K, Kawasaki T, Maeda M, Yamanegi K, Baba S, Ito Y, Inagaki H, Nakajima T. Salivary duct carcinoma with rhabdoid features: a salivary counterpart of pleomorphic lobular carcinoma of the breast. Histopathology 2016; 70:164-173. [PMID: 27079821 DOI: 10.1111/his.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To analyse the clinicopathological features and immunohistochemical characteristics of nine cases of salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) with rhabdoid features (SDCRF), representing a new, extremely rare type of salivary gland malignancy. METHODS AND RESULTS We analysed 2511 cases of salivary gland tumour, clinicopathologically and immunohistochemically. The incidence of SDCRF was 0.4%. Eight patients were male. The age of patients ranged from 36 years to 85 years (mean, 61 years). SDC arose from the parotid glands and submandibular gland in six and three cases, respectively. Seven cases appeared as a carcinoma component of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma cases. Six patients died of disease. Histologically, diffuse proliferations of non-coherent large ovoid or polygonal carcinoma cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and eccentric nuclei were observed in all cases; such cytological characteristics were defined as 'rhabdoid features'. Immunohistochemically, all cases were positive for cytokeratin, gross cystic disease fluid protein-15, androgen receptor, and SMARCB1, seven cases were positive for HER2, and two cases were positive for epidermal growth factor receptor. However, all cases were negative for vimentin and myoepithelial markers. Eight cases showed no or aberrant expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin. The results suggest that SDCRF is an extremely rare subtype of SDC, and not a sarcomatoid variant of SDC. SDCRF is histologically unique, and is positive for SDC markers but negative for vimentin, unlike rhabdoid-type carcinomas arising from other organs. CONCLUSIONS The morphogenesis of SDCRF is related to no or aberrant expression of cell-cell adhesion molecules. Therefore, SDCRF could be a salivary counterpart to pleomorphic lobular breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takuya Kawasaki
- Pathology Division, Shizuoka Cancer Centre, Sunto, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Matsuyoshi Maeda
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Toyohashi Municipal Hospital, Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koji Yamanegi
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Baba
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yohei Ito
- Department of Anatomical Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inagaki
- Department of Anatomical Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakajima
- Pathology Division, Shizuoka Cancer Centre, Sunto, Shizuoka, Japan
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18
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Skierucha M, Milne ANA, Offerhaus GJA, Polkowski WP, Maciejewski R, Sitarz R. Molecular alterations in gastric cancer with special reference to the early-onset subtype. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:2460-74. [PMID: 26937134 PMCID: PMC4768192 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i8.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed neoplasms, with a global burden of 723000 deaths in 2012. It is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. There are numerous possible factors that stimulate the pro-carcinogenic activity of important genes. These factors include genetic susceptibility expressed in a single-nucleotide polymorphism, various acquired mutations (chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability, somatic gene mutations, epigenetic alterations) and environmental circumstances (e.g., Helicobcter pylori infection, EBV infection, diet, and smoking). Most of the aforementioned pathways overlap, and authors agree that a clear-cut pathway for GC may not exist. Thus, the categorization of carcinogenic events is complicated. Lately, it has been claimed that research on early-onset gastric carcinoma (EOGC) and hereditary GC may contribute towards unravelling some part of the mystery of the GC molecular pattern because young patients are less exposed to environmental carcinogens and because carcinogenesis in this setting may be more dependent on genetic factors. The comparison of various aspects that differ and coexist in EOGCs and conventional GCs might enable scientists to: distinguish which features in the pathway of gastric carcinogenesis are modifiable, discover specific GC markers and identify a specific target. This review provides a summary of the data published thus far concerning the molecular characteristics of GC and highlights the outstanding features of EOGC.
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19
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van der Post RS, Gullo I, Oliveira C, Tang LH, Grabsch HI, O'Donovan M, Fitzgerald RC, van Krieken H, Carneiro F. Histopathological, Molecular, and Genetic Profile of Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer: Current Knowledge and Challenges for the Future. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 908:371-91. [PMID: 27573781 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41388-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Familial clustering is seen in 10 % of gastric cancer cases and approximately 1-3 % of gastric cancer arises in the setting of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC). In families with HDGC, gastric cancer presents at young age. HDGC is predominantly caused by germline mutations in CDH1 and in a minority by mutations in other genes, including CTNNA1. Early stage HDGC is characterized by a few, up to dozens of intramucosal foci of signet ring cell carcinoma and its precursor lesions. These include in situ signet ring cell carcinoma and pagetoid spread of signet ring cells. Advanced HDGC presents as poorly cohesive/diffuse type carcinoma, normally with very few typical signet ring cells, and has a poor prognosis. Currently, it is unknown which factors drive the progression towards aggressive disease, but it is clear that most intramucosal lesions will not have such progression.Immunohistochemical profile of early and advanced HDGC is often characterized by abnormal E-cadherin immunoexpression, including absent or reduced membranous expression, as well as "dotted" or cytoplasmic expression. However, membranous expression of E-cadherin does not exclude HDGC. Intramucosal HDGC (pT1a) presents with an "indolent" phenotype, characterized by typical signet ring cells without immunoexpression of Ki-67 and p53, while advanced carcinomas (pT > 1) display an "aggressive" phenotype with pleomorphic cells, that are immunoreactive for Ki-67 and p53. These features show that the IHC profile is different between intramucosal and more advanced HDGC, providing evidence of phenotypic heterogeneity, and may help to define predictive biomarkers of progression from indolent to aggressive, widely invasive carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S van der Post
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 9101, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Gullo
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal.,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias S/N, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
| | - Carla Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Laura H Tang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Heike I Grabsch
- GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology and Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Peter Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, 6229 HX, The Netherlands
| | - Maria O'Donovan
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rebecca C Fitzgerald
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, 197, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Han van Krieken
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 9101, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Fátima Carneiro
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal. .,Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal. .,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias S/N, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.
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20
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Abstract
Hereditary gastric cancer syndromes are a rare but distinct cause of gastric cancers. The genetic mutations underlying most affected families are unknown. Mutations of CDH1 occur in some patients affected by hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, and is the only practical marker for guiding management. Carriers of CDH1 mutations are at risk for a highly penetrant, aggressive and early-onset diffuse-type gastric cancer, and these individuals are usually offered prophylactic total gastrectomy. Further research is required to identify other genetic mutations responsible for these syndromes to improve our understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms and optimize the clinical management of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Colvin
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Noriko Wada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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21
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Oliveira C, Pinheiro H, Figueiredo J, Seruca R, Carneiro F. Familial gastric cancer: genetic susceptibility, pathology, and implications for management. Lancet Oncol 2015; 16:e60-70. [PMID: 25638682 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(14)71016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Familial gastric cancer comprises at least three major syndromes: hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach, and familial intestinal gastric cancer. The risk of development of gastric cancer is high in families affected b-y these syndromes, but only hereditary diffuse gastric cancer is genetically explained (caused by germline alterations of CDH1, which encodes E-cadherin). Gastric cancer is also associated with a range of several cancer-associated syndromes with known genetic causes, such as Lynch, Li-Fraumeni, Peutz-Jeghers, hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndromes, familial adenomatous polyposis, and juvenile polyposis. We present contemporary knowledge on the genetics, pathogenesis, and clinical features of familial gastric cancer, and discuss research and technological developments, which together are expected to open avenues for new genetic testing approaches and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Oliveira
- Ipatimub-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology & Instituto Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Pinheiro
- Ipatimub-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology & Instituto Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Figueiredo
- Ipatimub-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology & Instituto Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Seruca
- Ipatimub-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology & Instituto Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Carneiro
- Ipatimub-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology & Instituto Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar S João, Porto, Portugal.
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22
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Christgen M, Derksen PWB. Lobular breast cancer: molecular basis, mouse and cellular models. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:16. [PMID: 25757734 PMCID: PMC4320436 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltrating lobular breast cancer (ILC) is the most common special breast cancer subtype. With mutational or epigenetic inactivation of the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin (CDH1) being confined almost exclusively to ILC, this tumor entity stands out from all other types of breast cancers. The molecular basis of ILC is linked to loss of E-cadherin, as evidenced by human CDH1 germline mutations and conditional knockout mouse models. A better understanding of ILC beyond the level of descriptive studies depends on physiologically relevant and functional tools. This review provides a detailed overview on ILC models, including well-characterized cell lines, xenograft tumors and genetically engineered mouse models. We consider advantages and limitations of these models and evaluate their representativeness for human ILC. The still incompletely defined mechanisms by which loss of E-cadherin drives malignant transformation are discussed based on recent findings in these models. Moreover, candidate genes and signaling pathways potentially involved in ILC development and progression as well as anticancer drug and endocrine resistance are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Christgen
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Patrick W B Derksen
- Department of Pathology, Utrecht University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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23
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Schneider MR, Kolligs FT. E-cadherin's role in development, tissue homeostasis and disease: Insights from mouse models: Tissue-specific inactivation of the adhesion protein E-cadherin in mice reveals its functions in health and disease. Bioessays 2014; 37:294-304. [PMID: 25449798 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies uncovered critical roles of the adhesion protein E-cadherin in health and disease. Global inactivation of Cdh1, the gene encoding E-cadherin in mice, results in early embryonic lethality due to an inability to form the trophectodermal epithelium. To unravel E-cadherin's functions beyond development, numerous mouse lines with tissue-specific disruption of Cdh1 have been generated. The consequences of E-cadherin loss showed great variability depending on the tissue in question, ranging from nearly undetectable changes to a complete loss of tissue structure and function. This review focuses on these studies and discusses how they provided important insights into E-cadherin's role in cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation, and its consequences for biological processes as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, vascularization, and carcinogenesis. Lastly, we present some perspectives and possible approaches for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Germany
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24
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Rigoli L, Caruso RA. Mitochondrial DNA alterations in the progression of gastric carcinomas: unexplored issues and future research needs. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:16159-66. [PMID: 25473169 PMCID: PMC4239503 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i43.16159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the second most frequent cause of cancer death worldwide. Patients infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are at increased risk of gastric cancer. H. pylori induces genomic instability in both nuclear and mitochondrial (mt) DNA of gastric epithelial cells. Changes in mtDNA represent an early event during gastric tumorigenesis, and thus may serve as potential biomarkers for early detection and prognosis in gastric carcinoma.This review article summarizes the mtDNA mutations that have been reported in gastric carcinomas and their precancerous conditions. Unexplored research topics, such as the role of mtDNA alterations in an alternative pathway of gastric carcinogenesis, are identified and directions for future research are suggested.
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Abstract
Gastric cancer remains highly prevalent and accounts for a notable proportion of global cancer mortality. This cancer is also associated with poor survival rates. Understanding the genetic basis of gastric cancer will offer insights into its pathogenesis, help identify new biomarkers and novel treatment targets, aid prognostication and could be central to developing individualized treatment strategies in the future. An inherited component contributes to <3% of gastric cancers; the majority of genetic changes associated with gastric cancer are acquired. Over the past few decades, advances in technology and high-throughput analysis have improved understanding of the molecular aspects of the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. These aspects are multifaceted and heterogeneous and represent a wide spectrum of several key genetic influences, such as chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability, changes in microRNA profile, somatic gene mutations or functional single nucleotide polymorphisms. These genetic aspects of the pathogenesis of gastric cancer will be addressed in this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairi H McLean
- National Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer &Inflammation Program, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Emad M El-Omar
- Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB51 5ER, UK
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26
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Gregoire C, Muller G, Machiels JP, Goeminne JC. Metastatic signet-ring cell carcinoma of unknown primary origin. Acta Clin Belg 2014; 69:135-8. [PMID: 24724758 DOI: 10.1179/0001551213z.0000000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
About 3-5% of metastatic cancers originate from an unknown primary origin. Some have a signet-ring cell (SRC) component. We report the medical history of three patients with SRC carcinoma expressing both the oestrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR). Although no primary breast cancer could be identified, we considered these three patients as having metastatic breast cancer. All of them were therefore treated with standard breast anti-hormonal therapies and all demonstrated benefit. The pitfalls of clinical presentation, diagnostic work-up, and treatment are discussed.
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27
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You H, Lei P, Andreadis ST. JNK is a novel regulator of intercellular adhesion. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e26845. [PMID: 24868495 PMCID: PMC3942331 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.26845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) is a family of protein kinases, which are activated by stress stimuli such as inflammation, heat stress and osmotic stress, and regulate diverse cellular processes including proliferation, survival and apoptosis. In this review, we focus on a recently discovered function of JNK as a regulator of intercellular adhesion. We summarize the existing knowledge regarding the role of JNK during the formation of cell-cell junctions. The potential mechanisms and implications for processes requiring dynamic formation and dissolution of cell-cell junctions including wound healing, migration, cancer metastasis and stem cell differentiation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui You
- Bioengineering Laboratory; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University at Buffalo; The State University of New York; Amherst, NY USA
| | - Pedro Lei
- Bioengineering Laboratory; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University at Buffalo; The State University of New York; Amherst, NY USA
| | - Stelios T Andreadis
- Bioengineering Laboratory; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University at Buffalo; The State University of New York; Amherst, NY USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering; University at Buffalo; The State University of New York; Amherst, NY USA ; Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences; University at Buffalo; The State University of New York; Amherst, NY USA
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28
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Carneiro P, Figueiredo J, Bordeira-Carriço R, Fernandes MS, Carvalho J, Oliveira C, Seruca R. Therapeutic targets associated to E-cadherin dysfunction in gastric cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1187-201. [PMID: 23957294 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.827174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) plays a key role in epithelial cell-cell adhesion, contributing to tissue differentiation and homeostasis. Throughout the past decades, research has shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying E-cadherin's role in tumor progression, namely in invasion and metastization. Emerging evidence established E-cadherin as a tumor suppressor and suggests that targeting E-cadherin or downstream signaling molecules may constitute effective cancer therapeutics. AREAS COVERED This review aims to cover E-cadherin-mediated signaling during cancer development and progression and highlight putative therapeutic targets. EXPERT OPINION Reconstitution of E-cadherin expression or targeting of E-cadherin downstream molecules holds promise in cancer therapies. Considering the high frequency of CDH1 promoter hypermethylation as a second hit in malignant lesions from hereditary diffuse gastric cancer patients, histone deacetylase inhibitors are potential therapeutic agents in combination with conventional chemotherapy, specifically in initial tumor stages. Concerning E-cadherin-mediated signaling, we propose that HER receptors (as epidermal growth factor receptor) and Notch downstream targets are clinically relevant and should be considered in gastric cancer therapeutics and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Carneiro
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto , Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto , Portugal +00351 225570700 ; +00351 225570799 ;
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29
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Li DM, Zhang J, Li WM, Cui JT, Pan YM, Liu SQ, Xing R, Lu YY. MAWBP and MAWD inhibit proliferation and invasion in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:2781-92. [PMID: 23687415 PMCID: PMC3653152 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i18.2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate role of putative mitogen-activated protein kinase activator with WD40 repeats (MAWD)/MAWD binding protein (MAWBP) in gastric cancer (GC). METHODS MAWBP and MAWD mRNA expression level was examined by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in six GC cell lines. Western blotting was used to examine the protein expression levels. We developed GC cells that stably overexpressed MAWBP and MAWD, and downregulated expression by RNA interference assay. Proliferation and migration of these GC cells were analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), soft agar, tumorigenicity, migration and transwell assays. The effect of expression of MAWBP and MAWD on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was examined by transfection of MAWBP and MAWD into GC cells. We detected the levels of EMT markers E-cadherin, N-cadherin and Snail in GC cells overexpressing MAWBP and MAWD by Western blotting. The effect of MAWBP and MAWD on TGF-β signal was detected by analysis of phosphorylation level and nuclear translocation of Smad3 using Western blotting and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Among the GC cell lines, expression of endogenous MAWBP and MAWD was lowest in SGC7901 cells and highest in BGC823 cells. MAWBP and MAWD were stably overexpressed in SGC7901 cells and knocked down in BGC823 cells. MAWBP and MAWD inhibited GC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. MTT assay showed that overexpression of MAWBP and MAWD suppressed growth of SGC7901 cells (P < 0.001), while knockdown of these genes promoted growth of BGC823 cells (P < 0.001). Soft agar colony formation experiments showed that overexpression of MAWBP and MAWD alone or together reduced colony formation compared with vector group in SGC7901 (86.25 ± 8.43, 12.75 ± 4.49, 30 ± 6.41 vs 336.75 ± 22.55, P < 0.001), and knocked-down MAWBP and MAWD demonstrated opposite effects (131.25 ± 16.54, 88.75 ± 11.12, 341.75 ± 22.23 vs 30.25 ± 8.07, P < 0.001). Tumorigenicity experiments revealed that overexpressed MAWBP and MAWD inhibited GC cell proliferation in vivo (P < 0.001). MAWBP and MAWD also inhibited GC cell invasion. Transwell assay showed that the number of traverse cells of MAWBP, MAWD and coexpression group were more than that in vector group (84 ± 16.57, 98.33 ± 9.8, 29 ± 16.39 vs 298 ± 11.86, P < 0.001). Coexpression of MAWBP and MAWD significantly decreased the cells traversing the matrix membrane. Conversely, knocked-down MAWBP and MAWD correspondingly promoted invasion of GC cells (100.67 ± 14.57, 72.66 ± 8.51, 330.67 ± 20.55 vs 27 ± 11.53, P < 0.001). More importantly, coexpression of MAWBP and MAWD promoted EMT. Cells that coexpressed MAWBP and MAWD displayed a pebble-like shape and tight cell-cell adhesion, while vector cells showed a classical mesenchymal phenotype. Western blotting showed that expression of E-cadherin was increased, and expression of N-cadherin and Snail was decreased when cells coexpressed MAWBP and MAWD and were treated with TGF-β1. Nuclear translocation of p-Smad3 was reduced by attenuating its phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Coexpression of MAWBP and MAWD inhibited EMT, and EMT-aided malignant cell progression was suppressed.
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30
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Oliveira C, Pinheiro H, Figueiredo J, Seruca R, Carneiro F. E-cadherin alterations in hereditary disorders with emphasis on hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:337-59. [PMID: 23481202 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The only gastric cancer (GC) syndrome with a proven inherited defect is designated as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) and is caused by germline E-cadherin/CDH1 alterations. Other E-cadherin-associated hereditary disorders have been identified, encompassing HDGC families with or without cleft-lip/palate involvement, isolated early-onset diffuse GCs, and lobular breast cancer families without GC. To date, 141 probands harboring more than 100 different germline CDH1 alterations, mainly point mutations and large deletions, have been described in these different settings. A third of all HDGC families described so far carry recurrent CDH1 alterations. Full screening of CDH1 is recommended in patients fulfilling the HDGC criteria and total prophylactic gastrectomy is the only reliable intervention for carriers of pathogenic alterations. In this chapter, we discuss CDH1-associated syndromes, frequency and type of CDH1 germline alterations, clinical criteria, and guidelines for genetic counseling, molecular pathology, and available animal/cell line models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Oliveira
- Expression Regulation in Cancer Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
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31
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Hu Z, Liu X, Tang Z, Zhou Y, Qiao L. Possible regulatory role of Snail in NF-κB-mediated changes in E-cadherin in gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:993-1000. [PMID: 23254865 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to investigate the involvement of Snail in NF-κB-mediated changes of E-cadherin in gastric cancer. A total of 189 human gastric cancer tissues, and 32 normal gastric mucosal tissues were used to determine the expression levels of NF-κB, E-cadherin and Snail by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between the expression levels and patient clinicopathological data was analyzed. Human gastric cancer cell line SGC7901 was treated with the NF-κB inhibitor PDTC, and the expression levels of E-cadherin and Snail were investigated by qPCR and western blot. NF-κB, E-cadherin and Snail were all detected in normal gastric mucosa and cancer tissues of various differentiation statuses. However, the expression patterns of each protein were different. Strong expression of E-cadherin was detected in normal gastric mucosa, whereas its expression gradually declined in gastric cancer tissues, with weak expression observed in poorly differentiated gastric cancer tissues. In contrast, weak NF-κB and Snail expressions were present in normal gastric mucosa, while their expression levels gradually increased in gastric cancer tissues, with the strongest expression detected in poorly differentiated gastric cancers. The expression of E-cadherin was inversely correlated with that of Snail and NF-κB in the tissues tested. Blockade of NF-κB using its inhibitor PDTC led to a time-dependent reduction in Snail but a time-dependent increase in E-cadherin in SGC7901 cells. These results suggest that in human gastric cancer, loss of E-cadherin may be mediated through NF-κB-induced Snail upregulation. Further studies may reveal whether targeting the NF-κB-Snail-E-cadherin axis could be a useful approach for combating gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenan Hu
- First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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32
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Lv ZD, Kong B, Li JG, Qu HL, Wang XG, Cao WH, Liu XY, Wang Y, Yang ZC, Xu HM, Wang HB. Transforming growth factor-β 1 enhances the invasiveness of breast cancer cells by inducing a Smad2-dependent epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:219-25. [PMID: 23129177 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is unequivocally the most lethal aspect of breast cancer and the most prominent feature associated with disease recurrence, the molecular mechanisms whereby epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) mediates the initiation and resolution of breast cancer metastasis remains poorly understood. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional cytokine that is intimately involved in regulating numerous physiological processes, including cellular differentiation, homeostasis and EMT. Recent findings have implicated high levels of TGF-β1 were associated with poor outcome, whereas inhibition of TGF-β signaling reduces metastasis in breast cancer, suggesting that the chemo-therapeutic targeting of TGF-β1 or TGF-β signaling may offer new inroads in ameliorating metastatic disease in breast cancer patients. In this study, we showed immunohistochemical evidence for EMT, which is associated with TGF-β1 expression, at the invasion front of breast cancer in vivo. The data also indicated that human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-435S, of epithelial cell characteristics were induced to undergo EMT by TGF-β1 and dependent on the Smad2 signaling pathway. Following TGF-β1 treatment, cells showed dramatic morphological changes assessed by phase contrast microscopy, accompanied by decreased epithelial marker and increased mesenchymal markers. Importantly, cell invasion was also enhanced in the EMT process, while knockdown of the Smad2 gene by silencing siRNA partially inhibited these effects in MDA-MB435S (P<0.05). These data suggested that EMT of breast cancer induced by TGF-β1 is dependent on Smad2 signaling and promotes breast cancer cell metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Dong Lv
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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33
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Carneiro P, Fernandes MS, Figueiredo J, Caldeira J, Carvalho J, Pinheiro H, Leite M, Melo S, Oliveira P, Simões-Correia J, Oliveira MJ, Carneiro F, Figueiredo C, Paredes J, Oliveira C, Seruca R. E-cadherin dysfunction in gastric cancer--cellular consequences, clinical applications and open questions. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:2981-9. [PMID: 22841718 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
E-cadherin plays a major role in cell-cell adhesion and inactivating germline mutations in its encoding gene predispose to hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. Evidence indicates that aside from its recognized role in early tumourigenesis, E-cadherin is also pivotal for tumour progression, including invasion and metastization. Herein, we discuss E-cadherin alterations found in a cancer context, associated cellular effects and signalling pathways, and we raise new key questions that will impact in the management of GC patients and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Carneiro
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, Porto, Portugal
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Zhang SN, Sun HH, Jin YM, Piao LZ, Jin DH, Lin ZH, Shen XH. Identification of differentially expressed genes in gastric cancer by high density cDNA microarray. Cancer Genet 2012; 205:147-55. [PMID: 22559975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The identification of molecular markers for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis is a significant issue in the management of patients with gastric cancer. We compared the expression profiles of 23 gastric cancers and 22 normal gastric tissues using cDNA microarrays. We divided the samples into two sets, 11 pairs as a training set and 12 unpaired gastric cancer and 11 unpaired normal gastric tissues as a test set. We selected significant genes in the training set and validated the significance of the genes in the test set. We obtained 238 classifier genes that showed a maximum cross-validation probability and clear hierarchical clustering pattern in the training set, and showed excellent class prediction probability in the independent test set. The classifier genes consisted of known genes related to the biological features of cancer and 28% unknown genes. We obtained genome-wide molecular signatures of gastric cancer, which provides preliminary exploration data for the pathophysiology of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Nan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
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35
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Tan IB, Ng I, Tai WM, Tan P. Understanding the genetic basis of gastric cancer: recent advances. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 6:335-41. [PMID: 22646255 DOI: 10.1586/egh.12.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two major gastric cancer histological subtypes are recognized with distinct morphology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical behavior. Genetically, the intestinal and diffuse subtypes are also characterized by distinct germline susceptibility patterns and somatic aberrations. Helicobacter pylori is strongly associated with both Lauren's subtypes, although the underlying carcinogenic mechanisms are unique. Risk is modulated by strain-specific virulence factors, host responses and specific host-microbe interactions. Somatic aberrations in gastric cancer are driven by three major mechanisms, namely chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability and epigenetic alterations. These processes drive carcinogenesis in both Lauren's subtypes; however, the relative contribution of these processes and the specific genes aberrated differ. Moving beyond Lauren's subtypes, next-generation techniques have identified major genomic subtypes that have prognostic impact and exhibit distinct response patterns to standard cytotoxics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Beehuat Tan
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore.
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Wang XM, Liu JJ, Deng H, Chen Y, Liu LJ. ER-α36 promotes the growth of SGC-7901 cells in nude mice. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:2919-2924. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i28.2919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the effect of ER-α36 on the growth of SGC-7901 cells in nude mice.
METHODS: Utilizing lentivirus technology, we developed SGC7901 cell lines stably expressing ER-α36 siRNA vector (SGC7901-Low36) and ER-α36 expression vector (SGC7901-High36). Unmanipulated SGC7901 cells were used as controls (SGC7901-Control). These cells were subcutaneously injected into the nude mice to form SGC7901 transplantable tumors. The size and weight of the tumors were measured. Nuclear division was observed after HE staining, and the expression of Ki67 and E-cadherin was detected by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: Transplantable tumors formed in all nude mice. From day 16 to day 30, tumor size was highest in the SGC7901-High36 group, followed by the SGC7901-Control group, and the SGC7901-Low36 group had the least tumor size. There were significant differences (all P < 0.05) in tumor size between any two groups. On day 30, tumor weight was significantly higher in the SGC7901-High36 group than in the SGC7901-Control and SGC7901-Low36 groups (2.58 g ± 0.014 g vs 1.32 g ± 0.0245 g, 0.471 g ± 0.021 g; both P < 0.05). The number of nuclear division phases was significantly higher in the SGC7901-High36 group than in the SGC7901-Control and SGC7901-Low36 groups (42.33 ± 6.33 vs 28.5 ± 0.35, 12.5 ± 2.5; both P < 0.05). The expression of Ki67 was significantly higher in the SGC7901-High36 group than in the SGC7901-Control and SGC7901-Low36 groups (86.35 ± 5.23 vs 65.44 ± 4.56, 18.25 ± 2.56; both P < 0.05). The expression of E-cadherin in tumors in the SGC7901-High36 group was hardly seen, significantly lower than that in the SGC7901-Control and SGC7901-High36 groups.
CONCLUSION: ER-α36 may play an important role in gastric cancer cell growth and proliferation. ER-α36 may target tumor cells through adhesion molecules to promote tumor invasion and metastasis.
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