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Wang Y, Li X, Gang Q, Huang Y, Liu M, Zhang H, Shen S, Qi Y, Zhang J. Pathomics and single-cell analysis of papillary thyroid carcinoma reveal the pro-metastatic influence of cancer-associated fibroblasts. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:710. [PMID: 38858612 PMCID: PMC11163752 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is globally prevalent and associated with an increased risk of lymph node metastasis (LNM). The role of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in PTC remains unclear. METHODS We collected postoperative pathological hematoxylin-eosin (HE) slides from 984 included patients with PTC to analyze the density of CAF infiltration at the invasive front of the tumor using QuPath software. The relationship between CAF density and LNM was assessed. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from GSE193581 and GSE184362 datasets were integrated to analyze CAF infiltration in PTC. A comprehensive suite of in vitro experiments, encompassing EdU labeling, wound scratch assays, Transwell assays, and flow cytometry, were conducted to elucidate the regulatory role of CD36+CAF in two PTC cell lines, TPC1 and K1. RESULTS A significant correlation was observed between high fibrosis density at the invasive front of the tumor and LNM. Analysis of scRNA-seq data revealed metastasis-associated myoCAFs with robust intercellular interactions. A diagnostic model based on metastasis-associated myoCAF genes was established and refined through deep learning methods. CD36 positive expression in CAFs can significantly promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of PTC cells, while inhibiting the apoptosis of PTC cells. CONCLUSION This study addresses the significant issue of LNM risk in PTC. Analysis of postoperative HE pathological slides from a substantial patient cohort reveals a notable association between high fibrosis density at the invasive front of the tumor and LNM. Integration of scRNA-seq data comprehensively analyzes CAF infiltration in PTC, identifying metastasis-associated myoCAFs with strong intercellular interactions. In vitro experimental results indicate that CD36 positive expression in CAFs plays a promoting role in the progression of PTC. Overall, these findings provide crucial insights into the function of CAF subset in PTC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Wang
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110042, China
| | - Qingwei Gang
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Yinde Huang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Mingyu Liu
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Shikai Shen
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Yao Qi
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
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Matsuoka T, Yashiro M. The Role of the Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Pathway in Gastrointestinal Cancers. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1551. [PMID: 37892233 PMCID: PMC10605301 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has attracted attention as a tumor suppressor because of its potent growth-suppressive effect on epithelial cells. Dysregulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway is considered to be one of the key factors in carcinogenesis, and genetic alterations affecting TGF-β signaling are extraordinarily common in cancers of the gastrointestinal system, such as hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer and pancreatic cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that TGF-β is produced from various types of cells in the tumor microenvironment and mediates extracellular matrix deposition, tumor angiogenesis, the formation of CAFs, and suppression of the anti-tumor immune reaction. It is also being considered as a factor that promotes the malignant transformation of cancer, particularly the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Therefore, elucidating the role of TGF-β signaling in carcinogenesis, cancer invasion, and metastasis will provide novel basic insight for diagnosis and prognosis and the development of new molecularly targeted therapies for gastrointestinal cancers. In this review, we outline an overview of the complex mechanisms and functions of TGF-β signaling. Furthermore, we discuss the therapeutic potentials of targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway for gastrointestinal cancer treatment and discuss the remaining challenges and future perspectives on targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 5458585, Japan;
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3
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Diffuse gastric cancer: Emerging mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188719. [PMID: 35307354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is globally the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Patients with diffuse-type gastric cancer (DGC) particularly have a poor prognosis that only marginally improved over the last decades, as conventional chemotherapies are frequently ineffective and specific therapies are unavailable. Early-stage DGC is characterized by intramucosal lesions of discohesive cells, which can be present for many years before the emergence of advanced DGC consisting of highly proliferative and invasive cells. The mechanisms underlying the key steps of DGC development and transition to aggressive tumors are starting to emerge. Novel mouse- and organoid models for DGC, together with multi-omic analyses of DGC tumors, revealed contributions of both tumor cell-intrinsic alterations and gradual changes in the tumor microenvironment to DGC progression. In this review, we will discuss how these recent findings are leading towards an understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for DGC initiation and malignancy, which may provide opportunities for targeted therapies.
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4
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Tang D, Liu S, Shen H, Deng G, Zeng S. Extracellular Vesicles Promote the Formation of Pre-Metastasis Niche in Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:813015. [PMID: 35173726 PMCID: PMC8841609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.813015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, gastric cancer (GC) ranks fourth in the incidence of malignant tumors. The early clinical manifestations of GC lack specificity. Most patients are already at an advanced stage when they are first diagnosed, and their late progression is mainly due to peritoneal metastasis. A pre-metastatic microenvironment is formed, before the macroscopic tumor metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanovesicles released by cells into body fluids. Recent studies have shown that EVs can affect the tumor microenvironment by carrying cargos to participate in cell-to-cell communication. EVs derived from GC cells mediate the regulation of the pre-metastasis niche and act as a coordinator between tumor cells and normal stroma, immune cells, inflammatory cells, and tumor fibroblasts to promote tumor growth and metastasis. This review highlights the regulatory role of EVs in the pre-metastatic niche of GC and mulls EVs as a potential biomarker for liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Tang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Shen
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gongping Deng
- Department of Emergency, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Gongping Deng, ; Shan Zeng,
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Gongping Deng, ; Shan Zeng,
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Abstract
E-cadherin is the main component of epithelial adherens junctions (AJs), which play a crucial role in the maintenance of stable cell-cell adhesion and overall tissue integrity. Down-regulation of E-cadherin expression has been found in many carcinomas, and loss of E-cadherin is generally associated with poor prognosis in patients. During the last decade, however, numerous studies have shown that E-cadherin is essential for several aspects of cancer cell biology that contribute to cancer progression, most importantly, active cell migration. In this review, we summarize the available data about the input of E-cadherin in cancer progression, focusing on the latest advances in the research of the various roles E-cadherin-based AJs play in cancer cell dissemination. The review also touches upon the "cadherin switching" in cancer cells where N- or P-cadherin replace or are co-expressed with E-cadherin and its influence on the migratory properties of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N Rubtsova
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Institute of Carcinogenesis, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Y Zhitnyak
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Institute of Carcinogenesis, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya A Gloushankova
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Institute of Carcinogenesis, Moscow, Russia
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Asif PJ, Longobardi C, Hahne M, Medema JP. The Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Cancer Invasion and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4720. [PMID: 34572947 PMCID: PMC8472587 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a key role in cancer progression by contributing to extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and remodeling, extensive crosstalk with cancer cells, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, metastasis, and therapy resistance. As metastasis is a main reason for cancer-related deaths, it is crucial to understand the role of CAFs in this process. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease and lethality is especially common in a subtype of CRC with high stromal infiltration. A key component of stroma is cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). To provide new perspectives for research on CAFs and CAF-targeted therapeutics, especially in CRC, we discuss the mechanisms, crosstalk, and functions involved in CAF-mediated cancer invasion, metastasis, and protection. This summary can serve as a framework for future studies elucidating these roles of CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris Jabeen Asif
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (P.J.A.); (C.L.)
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ciro Longobardi
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (P.J.A.); (C.L.)
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Hahne
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France;
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (P.J.A.); (C.L.)
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wu F, Yang J, Liu J, Wang Y, Mu J, Zeng Q, Deng S, Zhou H. Signaling pathways in cancer-associated fibroblasts and targeted therapy for cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:218. [PMID: 34108441 PMCID: PMC8190181 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To flourish, cancers greatly depend on their surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME), and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in TME are critical for cancer occurrence and progression because of their versatile roles in extracellular matrix remodeling, maintenance of stemness, blood vessel formation, modulation of tumor metabolism, immune response, and promotion of cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and therapeutic resistance. CAFs are highly heterogeneous stromal cells and their crosstalk with cancer cells is mediated by a complex and intricate signaling network consisting of transforming growth factor-beta, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Wnt, Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription, epidermal growth factor receptor, Hippo, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, etc., signaling pathways. These signals in CAFs exhibit their own special characteristics during the cancer progression and have the potential to be targeted for anticancer therapy. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of these signaling cascades in interactions between cancer cells and CAFs is necessary to fully realize the pivotal roles of CAFs in cancers. Herein, in this review, we will summarize the enormous amounts of findings on the signals mediating crosstalk of CAFs with cancer cells and its related targets or trials. Further, we hypothesize three potential targeting strategies, including, namely, epithelial-mesenchymal common targets, sequential target perturbation, and crosstalk-directed signaling targets, paving the way for CAF-directed or host cell-directed antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingtian Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxiang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuzhi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Shi H, Huang S, Qin M, Xue X, Guo X, Jiang L, Hong H, Fang J, Gao L. Exosomal circ_0088300 Derived From Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Acts as a miR-1305 Sponge and Promotes Gastric Carcinoma Cell Tumorigenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:676319. [PMID: 34124064 PMCID: PMC8188357 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.676319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-derived exosomes play a major role in gastric carcinoma (GC) tumorigenesis. However, the mechanism behind the activity of circular RNAs in CAF-derived exosomes in GC remains unclear. In the present study, we identified differentially expressed circ_0088300 in GC tissues and plasma exosomes. We found that CAFs delivered functional circ_0088300 to GC tumor cells via exosomes and promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of GC cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that circ_0088300 packaging into exosomes was driven by KHDRBS3. In addition, we verified that circ_0088300 served as a sponge that directly targeted miR-1305 and promoted GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Finally, the JAK/STAT signaling pathway was found to be involved in the circ_0088300/miR-1305 axis, which accelerates GC tumorigenesis. In conclusion, our results indicated a previously unknown regulatory pathway in which exosomal circ_0088300 derived from CAFs acts as a sponge of miR-1305 and promotes GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion; these data identify a potential biomarker and novel therapeutic target for GC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shi
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingde Qin
- The Stem Cell and Biomedical Material Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province (The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xue
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xingpo Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Linhua Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Han Hong
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Fang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhangjiagang Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Phenotypic Plasticity of Cancer Cells Based on Remodeling of the Actin Cytoskeleton and Adhesive Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041821. [PMID: 33673054 PMCID: PMC7918886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence that, instead of a binary switch, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer results in a flexible array of phenotypes, each one uniquely suited to a stage in the invasion-metastasis cascade. The phenotypic plasticity of epithelium-derived cancer cells gives them an edge in surviving and thriving in alien environments. This review describes in detail the actin cytoskeleton and E-cadherin-based adherens junction rearrangements that cancer cells need to implement in order to achieve the advantageous epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype and plasticity of migratory phenotypes that can arise from partial EMT.
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10
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Goulet CR, Pouliot F. TGFβ Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1270:89-105. [PMID: 33123995 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-47189-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is a pleiotropic growth factor. Under normal physiological conditions, TGFβ maintains homeostasis in mammalian tissues by restraining the growth of cells and stimulating apoptosis. However, the role of TGFβ signaling in the carcinogenesis is complex. TGFβ acts as a tumor suppressor in the early stages of disease and as a tumor promoter in its later stages where cancer cells have been relieved from TGFβ growth controls. Overproduction of TGFβ by cancer cells lead to a local fibrotic and immune-suppressive microenvironment that fosters tumor growth and correlates with invasive and metastatic behavior of the cancer cells. Here, we present an overview of the complex biology of the TGFβ family, and we discuss the roles of TGFβ signaling in carcinogenesis and how this knowledge is being leveraged to develop TGFβ inhibition therapies against the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Ringuette Goulet
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Pouliot
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.
- Department of surgery, CHU de Québec Research Center - Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling in Fibrotic Diseases and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121666. [PMID: 33322749 PMCID: PMC7763058 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is essential in embryo development and maintaining normal homeostasis. Extensive evidence shows that TGF-β activation acts on several cell types, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells, to form a pro-fibrotic environment, ultimately leading to fibrotic diseases. TGF-β is stored in the matrix in a latent form; once activated, it promotes a fibroblast to myofibroblast transition and regulates extracellular matrix (ECM) formation and remodeling in fibrosis. TGF-β signaling can also promote cancer progression through its effects on the tumor microenvironment. In cancer, TGF-β contributes to the generation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that have different molecular and cellular properties from activated or fibrotic fibroblasts. CAFs promote tumor progression and chronic tumor fibrosis via TGF-β signaling. Fibrosis and CAF-mediated cancer progression share several common traits and are closely related. In this review, we consider how TGF-β promotes fibrosis and CAF-mediated cancer progression. We also discuss recent evidence suggesting TGF-β inhibition as a defense against fibrotic disorders or CAF-mediated cancer progression to highlight the potential implications of TGF-β-targeted therapies for fibrosis and cancer.
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12
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Takabatake K, Kawai H, Omori H, Qiusheng S, Oo MW, Sukegawa S, Nakano K, Tsujigiwa H, Nagatsuka H. Impact of the Stroma on the Biological Characteristics of the Parenchyma in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207714. [PMID: 33081066 PMCID: PMC7590027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors consist of the tumor parenchyma and stroma. The standard concept of oncology is that the tumor parenchyma regulates the tumor stroma and promotes tumor progression, and that the tumor parenchyma represents the tumor itself and defines the biological characteristics of the tumor tissue. Thus, the tumor stroma plays a pivotal role in assisting tumor parenchymal growth and invasiveness and is regarded as a supporter of the tumor parenchyma. The tumor parenchyma and stroma interact with each other. However, the influence of the stroma on the parenchyma is not clear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of the stroma on the parenchyma in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We isolated tumor stroma from two types of OSCCs with different invasiveness (endophytic type OSCC (ED-st) and exophytic type OSCC (EX-st)) and examined the effect of the stroma on the parenchyma in terms of proliferation, invasion, and morphology by co-culturing and co-transplanting the OSCC cell line (HSC-2) with the two types of stroma. Both types of stroma were partially positive for alpha-smooth muscle actin. The tumor stroma increased the proliferation and invasion of tumor cells and altered the morphology of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. ED-st exerted a greater effect on the tumor parenchyma in proliferation and invasion than EX-st. Morphological analysis showed that ED-st changed the morphology of HSC-2 cells to the invasive type of OSCC, and EX-st altered the morphology of HSC-2 cells to verrucous OSCC. This study suggests that the tumor stroma influences the biological characteristics of the parenchyma and that the origin of the stroma is strongly associated with the biological characteristics of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyofumi Takabatake
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan; (K.T.); (H.O.); (S.Q.); (M.W.O.); (S.S.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
| | - Hotaka Kawai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan; (K.T.); (H.O.); (S.Q.); (M.W.O.); (S.S.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (H.N.); Tel.: +81-086-235-6651 (H.K. & H.N.)
| | - Haruka Omori
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan; (K.T.); (H.O.); (S.Q.); (M.W.O.); (S.S.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
| | - Shan Qiusheng
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan; (K.T.); (H.O.); (S.Q.); (M.W.O.); (S.S.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
| | - May Wathone Oo
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan; (K.T.); (H.O.); (S.Q.); (M.W.O.); (S.S.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
| | - Shintaro Sukegawa
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan; (K.T.); (H.O.); (S.Q.); (M.W.O.); (S.S.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kagawa 7600065, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakano
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan; (K.T.); (H.O.); (S.Q.); (M.W.O.); (S.S.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
| | - Hidetsugu Tsujigiwa
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan; (K.T.); (H.O.); (S.Q.); (M.W.O.); (S.S.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 7000005, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagatsuka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan; (K.T.); (H.O.); (S.Q.); (M.W.O.); (S.S.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (H.N.); Tel.: +81-086-235-6651 (H.K. & H.N.)
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Miki Y, Yashiro M, Moyano-Galceran L, Sugimoto A, Ohira M, Lehti K. Crosstalk Between Cancer Associated Fibroblasts and Cancer Cells in Scirrhous Type Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:568557. [PMID: 33178597 PMCID: PMC7596590 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.568557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause among all cancer deaths globally. Although the treatment outcome of GC has improved, the survival of patients with GC at stages III and IV remains unsatisfactory. Among several types of GC, scirrhous type GC (SGC) shows highly aggressive growth and invasive activity, leading to frequent peritoneal metastasis. SGC is well known to accompany abundant stromal cells that compose the tumor microenvironment (TME) along with the produced extracellular matrix (ECM) and secreted factors. One of the main stromal components is cancer associated fibroblast (CAF). In the SGC microenvironment, CAFs are a source of various secreted factors, including fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), which mediate prominent tumor-stimulating activity. In turn, cancer cells also secrete numerous factors, which can activate and educate CAFs. Current findings suggest that cancer cells and stromal cells communicate interactively via the soluble factors, the ECM, and likely also by exosomes. In this review, we focus on the soluble factors mediating communication between cancer cells and CAFs in SGC, and consider how they are related to the modulation of TME and the high rate of peritoneal metastasis. At last, we discuss the perspectives on targeting these communication pathways for improved future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Miki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lidia Moyano-Galceran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Atsushi Sugimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaichi Ohira
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaisa Lehti
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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14
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Sapudom J, Müller CD, Nguyen KT, Martin S, Anderegg U, Pompe T. Matrix Remodeling and Hyaluronan Production by Myofibroblasts and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in 3D Collagen Matrices. Gels 2020; 6:E33. [PMID: 33008082 PMCID: PMC7709683 DOI: 10.3390/gels6040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a key modulator in cancer progression and has become a novel target in cancer therapy. An increase in hyaluronan (HA) accumulation and metabolism can be found in advancing tumor progression and are often associated with aggressive malignancy, drug resistance and poor prognosis. Wound-healing related myofibroblasts or activated cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are assumed to be the major sources of HA. Both cell types are capable to synthesize new matrix components as well as reorganize the extracellular matrix. However, to which extent myofibroblasts and CAF perform these actions are still unclear. In this work, we investigated the matrix remodeling and HA production potential in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHFB) and CAF in the absence and presence of transforming growth factor beta -1 (TGF-β1), with TGF-β1 being a major factor of regulating fibroblast differentiation. Three-dimensional (3D) collagen matrix was utilized to mimic the extracellular matrix of the tumor microenvironment. We found that CAF appeared to response insensitively towards TGF-β1 in terms of cell proliferation and matrix remodeling when compared to NHFB. In regards of HA production, we found that both cell types were capable to produce matrix bound HA, rather than a soluble counterpart, in response to TGF-β1. However, activated CAF demonstrated higher HA production when compared to myofibroblasts. The average molecular weight of produced HA was found in the range of 480 kDa for both cells. By analyzing gene expression of HA metabolizing enzymes, namely hyaluronan synthase (HAS1-3) and hyaluronidase (HYAL1-3) isoforms, we found expression of specific isoforms in dependence of TGF-β1 present in both cells. In addition, HAS2 and HYAL1 are highly expressed in CAF, which might contribute to a higher production and degradation of HA in CAF matrix. Overall, our results suggested a distinct behavior of NHFB and CAF in 3D collagen matrices in the presence of TGF-β1 in terms of matrix remodeling and HA production pointing to a specific impact on tumor modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiranuwat Sapudom
- Laboratory for Immuno Bioengineering Research and Applications, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, UAE
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.D.M.); (S.M.); (T.P.)
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.-T.N.); (U.A.)
| | - Claudia Damaris Müller
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.D.M.); (S.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Khiet-Tam Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.-T.N.); (U.A.)
| | - Steve Martin
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.D.M.); (S.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Ulf Anderegg
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.-T.N.); (U.A.)
| | - Tilo Pompe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.D.M.); (S.M.); (T.P.)
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15
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Mierke CT. Mechanical Cues Affect Migration and Invasion of Cells From Three Different Directions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:583226. [PMID: 33043017 PMCID: PMC7527720 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration and invasion is a key driving factor for providing essential cellular functions under physiological conditions or the malignant progression of tumors following downward the metastatic cascade. Although there has been plentiful of molecules identified to support the migration and invasion of cells, the mechanical aspects have not yet been explored in a combined and systematic manner. In addition, the cellular environment has been classically and frequently assumed to be homogeneous for reasons of simplicity. However, motility assays have led to various models for migration covering only some aspects and supporting factors that in some cases also include mechanical factors. Instead of specific models, in this review, a more or less holistic model for cell motility in 3D is envisioned covering all these different aspects with a special emphasis on the mechanical cues from a biophysical perspective. After introducing the mechanical aspects of cell migration and invasion and presenting the heterogeneity of extracellular matrices, the three distinct directions of cell motility focusing on the mechanical aspects are presented. These three different directions are as follows: firstly, the commonly used invasion tests using structural and structure-based mechanical environmental signals; secondly, the mechano-invasion assay, in which cells are studied by mechanical forces to migrate and invade; and thirdly, cell mechanics, including cytoskeletal and nuclear mechanics, to influence cell migration and invasion. Since the interaction between the cell and the microenvironment is bi-directional in these assays, these should be accounted in migration and invasion approaches focusing on the mechanical aspects. Beyond this, there is also the interaction between the cytoskeleton of the cell and its other compartments, such as the cell nucleus. In specific, a three-element approach is presented for addressing the effect of mechanics on cell migration and invasion by including the effect of the mechano-phenotype of the cytoskeleton, nucleus and the cell's microenvironment into the analysis. In precise terms, the combination of these three research approaches including experimental techniques seems to be promising for revealing bi-directional impacts of mechanical alterations of the cellular microenvironment on cells and internal mechanical fluctuations or changes of cells on the surroundings. Finally, different approaches are discussed and thereby a model for the broad impact of mechanics on cell migration and invasion is evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Cheng YQ, Wang SB, Liu JH, Jin L, Liu Y, Li CY, Su YR, Liu YR, Sang X, Wan Q, Liu C, Yang L, Wang ZC. Modifying the tumour microenvironment and reverting tumour cells: New strategies for treating malignant tumours. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12865. [PMID: 32588948 PMCID: PMC7445401 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in tumour fate determination. The TME acts together with the genetic material of tumour cells to determine their initiation, metastasis and drug resistance. Stromal cells in the TME promote the growth and metastasis of tumour cells by secreting soluble molecules or exosomes. The abnormal microenvironment reduces immune surveillance and tumour killing. The TME causes low anti‐tumour drug penetration and reactivity and high drug resistance. Tumour angiogenesis and microenvironmental hypoxia limit the drug concentration within the TME and enhance the stemness of tumour cells. Therefore, modifying the TME to effectively attack tumour cells could represent a comprehensive and effective anti‐tumour strategy. Normal cells, such as stem cells and immune cells, can penetrate and disrupt the abnormal TME. Reconstruction of the TME with healthy cells is an exciting new direction for tumour treatment. We will elaborate on the mechanism of the TME to support tumours and the current cell therapies for targeting tumours and the TME—such as immune cell therapies, haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation therapies, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transfer and embryonic stem cell‐based microenvironment therapies—to provide novel ideas for producing breakthroughs in tumour therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Qi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shou Bi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Hui Liu
- Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Lin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya Ru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Run Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Lund ME, Campbell DH, Walsh BJ. The Role of Glypican-1 in the Tumour Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1245:163-176. [PMID: 32266658 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40146-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glypican-1 (GPC-1) is a cell surface heparan sulphate proteoglycan that is critical during normal development, but which is not required for normal homoeostasis in the adult. It is, however, overexpressed in a variety of solid tumours and is known to regulate tumour growth, invasion, metastasis and progression, through modulation of tumour cell biology as well as influence on the tumour microenvironment (TME). The role of GPC-1 in the TME and on the tumour cell is broad, as GPC-1 regulates signalling by several growth factors, including FGF, HGF, TGF-β, Wnt and Hedgehog (Hh). Signalling via these pathways promotes tumour growth and invasive and metastatic ability (drives epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)) and influences angiogenesis, affecting both tumour and stromal cells. Broad modulation of the TME via inhibition of GPC-1 may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for inhibition of tumour progression. Here, we discuss the complex role of GPC-1 in tumour cells and the TME, with discussion of potential therapeutic targeting strategies.
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18
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Early Events in Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics and E-Cadherin-Mediated Cell-Cell Adhesion during Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030578. [PMID: 32121325 PMCID: PMC7140442 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in development and also in initiation of metastasis during cancer. Disruption of cell-cell contacts during EMT allowing cells to detach from and migrate away from their neighbors remains poorly understood. Using immunofluorescent staining and live-cell imaging, we analyzed early events during EMT induced by epidermal growth factor (EGF) in IAR-20 normal epithelial cells. Control cells demonstrated stable adherens junctions (AJs) and robust contact paralysis, whereas addition of EGF caused rapid dynamic changes at the cell-cell boundaries: fragmentation of the circumferential actin bundle, assembly of actin network in lamellipodia, and retrograde flow. Simultaneously, an actin-binding protein EPLIN was phosphorylated, which may have decreased the stability of the circumferential actin bundle. Addition of EGF caused gradual replacement of linear E-cadherin–based AJs with dynamic and unstable punctate AJs, which, unlike linear AJs, colocalized with the mechanosensitive protein zyxin, confirming generation of centripetal force at the sites of cell-cell contacts during EMT. Our data show that early EMT promotes heightened dynamics at the cell-cell boundaries—replacement of stable AJs and actin structures with dynamic ones—which results in overall weakening of cell-cell adhesion, thus priming the cells for front-rear polarization and eventual migration.
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19
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Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Undifferentiated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Putative Role for the EBV-Encoded Oncoprotein, LMP1. Pathogens 2019; 9:pathogens9010008. [PMID: 31861782 PMCID: PMC7168608 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is 100% associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection, and biopsies display variable levels of expression of the viral oncoprotein, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). Emerging evidence suggests an important role for cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the NPC tumour microenvironment, yet the interaction between the virus, its latent gene products and the recruitment and activation of CAFs in the NPC tumour stroma remains unclear. This short review will discuss the current evidence for the importance of CAFs in NPC pathogenesis and outline a putative role for the EBV-encoded oncoprotein, LMP1, in governing tumour–stromal interactions.
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20
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Kuroda K, Yashiro M, Sera T, Yamamoto Y, Kushitani Y, Sugimoto A, Kushiyama S, Nishimura S, Togano S, Okuno T, Tamura T, Toyokawa T, Tanaka H, Muguruma K, Ohira M. The clinicopathological significance of Thrombospondin-4 expression in the tumor microenvironment of gastric cancer. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224727. [PMID: 31703077 PMCID: PMC6839882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Thrombospondin-4 [1] is an extracellular glycoprotein involved in wound healing and tissue remodeling. Although THBS4 is reportedly frequently expressed in solid tumors, there are few reports of the clinicopathological features of carcinomas with THBS4 expression. We evaluated the clinicopathologic significance of THBS4 expression in gastric carcinoma (GC). Materials and methods We retrospectively analyzed the cases of 584 GC patients. The expression of THBS4 in each tumor was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. We then divided the patients into the THBS4-high (n = 223, 38.2%) group and THBS4-low (n = 361, 61.8%) group. THBS4 expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), normal-associated fibroblasts (NFs) and gastric cancer cell lines was examined by western blotting. Results THBS4 is expressed on stromal cells with αSMA or Podoplanin expression in the GC microenvironment, but not expressed on cancer cells with cytokeratin expression. The western blot analysis results showed that CAFs (but not NFs and cancer cells) expressed THBS4. Compared to the THBS4-low expression status, the THBS4-high expression status was correlated with higher αSMA expression, higher invasion depth, lymph-node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, peritoneal cytology, peritoneal metastasis, larger tumor size, microscopic diffuse type, and the macroscopic diffuse infiltrating type. The THBS4-high group's 5-year overall survival rate was significantly poorer than that of the THBS4-low group. A multivariate analysis revealed that THBS4 expression was an independent prognostic factor. Conclusion THBS4 is expressed on CAFs in the gastric cancer microenvironment. THBS4 from CAFs is associated with the metastasis of cancer cells, and is a useful prognostic indicator for gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuroda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tomohiro Sera
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
| | - Yurie Yamamoto
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
| | - Yukako Kushitani
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sugimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
| | - Syuhei Kushiyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
| | - Sadaaki Nishimura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
| | - Shingo Togano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Okuno
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
- Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Tamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
| | - Takahiro Toyokawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
| | - Kazuya Muguruma
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
| | - Masaichi Ohira
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka city, Japan
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21
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Anqi C, Takabatake K, Kawai H, Oo MW, Yoshida S, Fujii M, Omori H, Sukegawa S, Nakano K, Tsujigiwa H, Jinhua Z, Nagatsuka H. Differentiation and roles of bone marrow-derived cells on the tumor microenvironment of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:6628-6638. [PMID: 31807176 PMCID: PMC6876317 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The stroma affects the properties and dynamics of the tumor. Previous studies have demonstrated that bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) possess the capability of differentiating into stromal cells. However, the characteristics and roles of BMDCs in oral squamous cell carcinoma remain unclear. The current study therefore investigated their locations and features by tracing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled BMDCs in a transplantation mouse model. After irradiation, BALB-c nu-nu mice were injected with bone marrow cells from C57BL/6-BALB-C-nu/nu-GFP transgenic mice. These recipient mice were then injected subcutaneously in the head with human squamous cell carcinoma-2 cells. Immunohistochemistry for GFP, Vimentin, CD11b, CD31 and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), and double-fluorescent immunohistochemistry for GFP-Vimentin, GFP-CD11b, GFP-CD31 and GFP-α-SMA was subsequently performed. Many round-shaped GFP-positive cells were observed in the cancer stroma, which indicated that BMDCs served a predominant role in tumorigenesis. Vimentin(+) GFP(+) cells may also be a member of the cancer-associated stroma, originating from bone marrow. Round or spindle-shaped CD11b(+) GFP(+) cells identified in the present study may be macrophages derived from bone marrow. CD31(+)GFP(+) cells exhibited a high tendency towards bone marrow-derived angioblasts. The results also indicated that spindle-shaped α-SMA(+) GFP(+) cells were not likely to represent bone marrow-derived cancer-associated fibroblasts. BMDCs gathering within the tumor microenvironment exhibited multilineage potency and participated in several important processes, such as tumorigenesis, tumor invasion and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Anqi
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Kiyofumi Takabatake
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Hotaka Kawai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - May Wathone Oo
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Saori Yoshida
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Masae Fujii
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Haruka Omori
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sukegawa
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kagawa 760-8557, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakano
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Tsujigiwa
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan.,Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Zheng Jinhua
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Science College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Hitoshi Nagatsuka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
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22
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Kim HS, Won YJ, Shim JH, Kim HJ, Kim BS, Hong HN. Role of EphA2-PI3K signaling in vasculogenic mimicry induced by cancer-associated fibroblasts in gastric cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:3031-3038. [PMID: 31452781 PMCID: PMC6704280 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular receptor A2 (EphA2) signaling serves an important role in the tumor microenvironment, its contribution to vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation in gastric cancer cells remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of EphA2 in VM formation induced by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The conditioned medium of CAFs (CAF-CM) was prepared from 12 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. VM was evaluated by the number of tubules and intersections in gastric cancer cells following CAF-CM treatment. The role of EphA2-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) in VM was investigated using EphA2-targeted small interfering (si)RNAs (siEphA2), EphA2 inhibitors and PI3K-inhibitors. CAF-CM-induced VM formation was significantly associated with high protein expression levels of EphA2. EphA2 inhibitor and siEphA2 manipulation significantly decreased VM formation by CAF-CM. In siEphA2 cells, decreased expression levels of VM-associated proteins were observed. CAF-CM-induced VM formation was blocked by the PI3K-inhibitor. In conclusion, CAFs facilitate VM formation via EphA2-PI3K signaling in gastric cancer cells. Thus, EphA2-PI3K signaling may be required for CAF-promoted VM formation during gastric tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sung Kim
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jin Won
- Department of Anatomy, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Shim
- Department of Anatomy, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Kim
- Department of Anatomy, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Sik Kim
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea Nam Hong
- Department of Anatomy, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
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23
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Lindner T, Loktev A, Giesel F, Kratochwil C, Altmann A, Haberkorn U. Targeting of activated fibroblasts for imaging and therapy. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 4:16. [PMID: 31659499 PMCID: PMC6658625 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors form a complex environment consisting of a variety of non-malignant cells. Especially cancer-associated fibroblasts have been shown to have an important role for different aspects of malignant tumors such as migration, metastasis, resistance to chemotherapy and immunosuppression. Therefore, a targeting of these cells may be useful for both imaging and therapy. In this respect, an interesting target is the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) which is expressed in activated fibroblasts, but not in quiescent fibroblasts, giving the opportunity to use this membrane-anchored enzyme as a target for radionuclide-based approaches for diagnosis and treatment of tumors and for the diagnosis of non-malignant disease associated with a remodelling of the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Loktev
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederik Giesel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Kratochwil
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annette Altmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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Okuno T, Yashiro M, Masuda G, Togano S, Kuroda K, Miki Y, Hirakawa K, Ohsawa M, Wanibuchi H, Ohira M. Establishment of a New Scirrhous Gastric Cancer Cell Line with FGFR2 Overexpression, OCUM-14. Ann Surg Oncol 2019; 26:1093-1102. [PMID: 30652228 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-07145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of scirrhous gastric carcinoma (SGC), which is characterized by rapid infiltration and proliferation of cancer cells accompanied by extensive stromal fibrosis, is extremely poor. In this study, we report the establishment of a unique SGC cell line from a gastric cancer patient in whom an autopsy was performed. METHODS A new SGC cell line, OCUM-14, was established from malignant ascites of a male patient with SGC. A postmortem autopsy was performed on the patient. Characterization of OCUM-14 cells was analyzed by microscopic examination, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, immunohistochemical examination, CCK-8 assay, and in vivo assay. RESULTS OCUM-14 cells grew singly or in clusters, and were floating and round-shaped. Most OCUM-14 cells had many microvilli on their surfaces. The doubling time was 43.1 h, and the subcutaneous inoculation of 1.0 × 107 OCUM-14 cells into mice resulted in 50% tumor formation. mRNA expressions of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) were observed in OCUM-14 cells. FGFR2, but not HER2, overexpression was found in OCUM-14 cells. The heterogeneous overexpression of FGFR2 was also found in both the primary tumor and metastatic lesions of the peritoneum, lymph node, bone marrow, and lung of the patient. The FGFR2 inhibitors AZD4547 and BGJ398 significantly decreased the growth of OCUM-14 cells, while paclitaxel and 5-fluorouracil significantly decreased the proliferation of OCUM-14 cells, but cisplatin did not. CONCLUSION A new gastric cancer cell line, OCUM-14, was established from SGC and showed FGFR2 overexpression. OCUM-14 might be useful for elucidating the characteristic mechanisms of SGC and clarifying the effect of FGFR2 inhibitors on SGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Okuno
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan.,Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan. .,Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Japan. .,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Japan.
| | - Go Masuda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shingo Togano
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan.,Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Japan
| | - Kenji Kuroda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan.,Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Miki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan.,Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Japan.,Cancer Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Japan
| | - Kosei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ohsawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Japan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Japan
| | - Masaichi Ohira
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
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25
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Suzuki M, Yokobori T, Gombodorj N, Yashiro M, Turtoi A, Handa T, Ogata K, Oyama T, Shirabe K, Kuwano H. High stromal transforming growth factor β-induced expression is a novel marker of progression and poor prognosis in gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2018; 118:966-974. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.25217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Suzuki
- Department of General Surgical Science; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokobori
- Department of General Surgical Science; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Japan
- Department of Innovative Cancer Immunotherapy; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Japan
| | - Navchaa Gombodorj
- Department of General Surgical Science; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Andrei Turtoi
- Institut du Cancer; Montpellier France
- INSERM U1194; Montpellier France
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier; Montpellier France
- Université Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Tadashi Handa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Japan
| | - Kyoichi Ogata
- Department of General Surgical Science; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Japan
| | - Tetsunari Oyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Japan
| | - Ken Shirabe
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kuwano
- Department of General Surgical Science; Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine; Maebashi Japan
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26
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Hong HN, Won YJ, Shim JH, Kim HJ, Han SH, Kim BS, Kim HS. Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote gastric tumorigenesis through EphA2 activation in a ligand-independent manner. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:1649-1663. [PMID: 29948146 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Under physiologic conditions, the binding of erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) A2 receptor and its ligand ephrinA1 results in decreased EphA2 level and tumor suppression. However, EphA2 and ephrinA1 are highly expressed in human cancers including gastric adenocarcinoma. In this study, we tested our hypothesis that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promote gastric tumorigenesis through EphA2 signaling in a ligand-independent manner. METHODS Expression of EphA2 protein in primary tumor tissues of 91 patients who underwent curative surgery for gastric adenocarcinoma was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Conditioned medium of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF-CM) was used to evaluate the tumorigenic effect of CAFs on gastric cancer cell lines. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were assessed. EphrinA1-Fc ligand was used to determine the suppressor role of EphA2 receptor-ligand binding. RESULTS CAF-CM-induced EMT and promoted cancer cell motility even without cell-cell interaction. Treatment with a selective EphA2 inhibitor (ALW-II-41-27) or EphA2-targeted siRNA markedly reduced CAF-CM-induced gastric tumorigenesis. EphrinA1-Fc ligand treatment showing ligand-dependent tumor suppression diminished the EphA2 expression and EMT progression. In contrast, ephrinA1-targeted siRNA did not significantly affect CAF-CM-mediated increases in EphA2 expression and EMT progression. Treatment with VEGF showed effects like CAF-CM in terms of EphA2 activation and EMT progression. CONCLUSION CAFs may contribute to gastric tumorigenesis by activating EphA2 signaling pathway in a ligand-independent manner. Our results suggest that ligand-independent activation of EphA2 was triggered by VEGF released from CAF-CM. Our result may partially explain why ligand-dependent tumor suppressor roles of EphA2 are not evident in gastric cancer despite the prominent level of ephrinA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hea Nam Hong
- Department of Anatomy, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jin Won
- Department of Anatomy, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Shim
- Department of Anatomy, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Kim
- Department of Anatomy, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Han
- Department of Anatomy, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Sik Kim
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sung Kim
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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27
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The significance of scirrhous gastric cancer cell lines: the molecular characterization using cell lines and mouse models. Hum Cell 2018; 31:271-281. [PMID: 29876827 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-018-0211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Scirrhous gastric cancer (SGC) exhibits aggressiveness of the rapid infiltrating tumor cells with abundant fibroblasts. Experimental studies using SGC cell lines have obtained useful information about this cancer. Our literature search divulged a total of 18 SGC cell lines; two cell lines were established from primary SGC and the other lines were established from a metastatic lesion of SGC. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) and transforming growth factor-beta receptor (TβR) are linked to the rapid development of SGC. Cross-talk between the cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) has been shown to contribute to the progression of SGC. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 1 (CXCR1) from SGC cells might be associated with the abundant CAFs in cancer microenvironments. The in vivo models established using SGC cell lines are expected to serve as a useful tool for the development of drugs such as FGFR2 inhibitors, TβR inhibitors, and CXCR1 inhibitors, which might be promising as SGC treatments. However, the number of available SGC cell lines is insufficient for the clarification of the entire biologic behavior of SGC. Since the mechanisms responsible for the characteristic aggressiveness of SGC are not fully elucidated, the establishment of new SGC cell lines could help clarify the biological behavior of SGC and contribute to its treatment.
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28
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Miki Y, Yashiro M, Okuno T, Kitayama K, Masuda G, Hirakawa K, Ohira M. CD9-positive exosomes from cancer-associated fibroblasts stimulate the migration ability of scirrhous-type gastric cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2018; 118:867-877. [PMID: 29438363 PMCID: PMC5886122 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Crosstalk between cancer cells and fibroblasts is crucial for tumour progression. It has been reported that exosomes derived from cancer cells play an important role in the intracellular communications involved in the development of carcinoma. However, the role of exosomes from fibroblasts remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the effect of exosomes from fibroblasts on the motility of gastric cancer cells. Methods: 5 gastric cancer cell lines were used: OCUM-12, NUGC-3, MKN45, FU97 and MKN74. 2 cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were used. CD9 expression of exosomes from fibroblasts was examined by western blot. The effect of exosomes on the motility of cancer cells was analysed by migration assays. MMP2 was examined by RT-PCR or gelatin zymography. Then, CD9 and MMP2 expressions of 619 gastric cancers were analysed by immunohistochemistry. Results: Exosomes from CAFs were taken into scirrhous-type gastric cancer cells, namely OCUM-12 cells and NUGC-3 cells, but not into other types of gastric cancer cells. Exosomes from CAFs were positive for CD9. Exosomes from CAFs significantly stimulated the migration and invasion of OCUM-12 and NUGC-3 cells, which was inhibited by anti-CD9 antibody or CD9-siRNA. MMP2 expression of OCUM-12 and NUGC-3 cells was significantly decreased by CD9-siRNA. 116 CD9-positive cases were significantly correlated with scirrhous-type gastric cancer, lymph node metastasis and venous invasion. The 5-year survival rate of patients with CD9-positive tumours was significantly lower (P<0.001) than in those with CD9-negative tumours. Conclusions: CD9-positive exosomes from CAFs might stimulate the migration ability of scirrhous-type gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Miki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Okuno
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kishu Kitayama
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Go Masuda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kosei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masaichi Ohira
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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29
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Saito H, Fushida S, Harada S, Miyashita T, Oyama K, Yamaguchi T, Tsukada T, Kinoshita J, Tajima H, Ninomiya I, Ohta T. Importance of human peritoneal mesothelial cells in the progression, fibrosis, and control of gastric cancer: inhibition of growth and fibrosis by tranilast. Gastric Cancer 2018; 21:55-67. [PMID: 28540637 PMCID: PMC5741788 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-017-0726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scirrhous gastric cancer is an intractable disease with a high incidence of peritoneal dissemination and obstructive symptoms (e.g., ileus, jaundice, and hydronephrosis) arising from accompanying marked fibrosis. Microenvironmental interactions between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts are the suggested cause of the disease. We elucidated the mechanisms of tumor growth and fibrosis using human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) and investigated the effects of tranilast treatment on cells and a xenograft mouse model of fibrosis. METHODS HPMCs were isolated from surgically excised omentum and their interaction with MKN-45 gastric cancer cells was investigated using co-culture. Furthermore, a fibrosis tumor model was developed based on subcutaneous transplantation of co-cultured cells into the dorsal side of nude mice to form large fibrotic tumors. Mice were subsequently treated with or without tranilast. RESULTS The morphology of HPMCs treated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 changed from cobblestone to spindle-type. Moreover, E-cadherin was weakly expressed whereas high levels of α-smooth muscle actin expression were observed. TGF-β-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like changes in HPMCs were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner following tranilast treatment through inhibition of Smad2 phosphorylation. In the mouse model, tumor size decreased significantly and fibrosis was inhibited in the tranilast treatment group compared with that in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Tranilast acts on the TGF-β/Smad pathway to inhibit interactions between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts, thereby inhibiting tumor growth and fibrosis. This study supports the hypothesis that tranilast represents a novel strategy to prevent fibrous tumor establishment represented by peritoneal dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Saito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641 Japan
| | - Sachio Fushida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641 Japan
| | - Shinichi Harada
- Center for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641 Japan
| | - Tomoharu Miyashita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641 Japan
| | - Katsunobu Oyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641 Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641 Japan
| | - Tomoya Tsukada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641 Japan
| | - Jun Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641 Japan
| | - Hidehiro Tajima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641 Japan
| | - Itasu Ninomiya
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641 Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ohta
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641 Japan
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30
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Kawai H, Tsujigiwa H, Siar CH, Nakano K, Takabatake K, Fujii M, Hamada M, Tamamura R, Nagatsuka H. Characterization and potential roles of bone marrow-derived stromal cells in cancer development and metastasis. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1406-1414. [PMID: 30275769 PMCID: PMC6158661 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.24370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The tumor microenvironment and its stromal cells play an important role in cancer development and metastasis. Bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs), a rich source of hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, putatively contribute to this tumoral stroma. However their characteristics and roles within the tumor microenvironment are unclear. In the present study, BMDCs in the tumor microenvironment were traced using the green fluorescent protein (GFP) bone marrow transplantation model. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were irradiated and rescued by bone marrow transplantation from GFP-transgenic mice. Lewis lung cancer cells were inoculated into the mice to generate subcutaneous allograft tumors or lung metastases. Confocal microscopy, immunohistochemistry for GFP, α-SMA, CD11b, CD31, CD34 and CD105, and double-fluorescent immunohistochemistry for GFP-CD11b, GFP-CD105 and GFP-CD31 were performed. Results: Round and dendritic-shaped GFP-positive mononuclear cells constituted a significant stromal subpopulation in primary tumor peripheral area (PA) and metastatic tumor area (MA) microenvironment, thus implicating an invasive and metastatic role for these cells. CD11b co-expression in GFP-positive cells suggests that round/dendritic cell subpopulations are possibly BM-derived macrophages. Identification of GFP-positive mononuclear infiltrates co-expressing CD31 suggests that these cells might be BM-derived angioblasts, whereas their non-reactivity for CD34, CD105 and α-SMA implies an altered vascular phenotype distinct from endothelial cells. Significant upregulation of GFP-positive, CD31-positive and GFP/CD31 double-positive cell densities positively correlated with PA and MA (P<0.05). Conclusion: Taken together, in vivo evidence of traceable GFP-positive BMDCs in primary and metastatic tumor microenvironment suggests that recruited BMDCs might partake in cancer invasion and metastasis, possess multilineage potency and promote angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hotaka Kawai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Tsujigiwa
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chong Huat Siar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Keisuke Nakano
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Takabatake
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masae Fujii
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mei Hamada
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryo Tamamura
- Department of Histology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagatsuka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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31
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Sun F, Feng M, Guan W. Mechanisms of peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6991-6998. [PMID: 29344127 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dissemination is the most frequent metastatic pattern of gastric cancer, but the mechanisms underlying peritoneal dissemination are yet to be elucidated. Paget's 'seed and soil' hypothesis is recognized as the fundamental theory of metastasis. The 'seeding' theory proposes that the formation of peritoneal dissemination is a multistep process, including detachment from the primary tumour, transmigration and attachment to the distant peritoneum, invasion into subperitoneal tissue and proliferation with blood vascular neogenesis. In the present review, the progress of each step is discussed. Milky spots, as a lymphatic apparatus, are indicative of lymphatic orifices on the surface of the peritoneum. These stomata are open gates for peritoneal-free cancer cells to migrate into the submesothelial space. Therefore, milky spots provide suitable 'soil' for cancer cells to implant. Other theories have also been proposed to clarify the peritoneal dissemination process, including the transvessel metastasis theory, which suggests that the peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer develops via a vascular network mediated by hypoxia inducible factor-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Min Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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32
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Cancer-associated fibroblasts modulate growth factor signaling and extracellular matrix remodeling to regulate tumor metastasis. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:229-236. [PMID: 28202677 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are major components of the surrounding stroma of carcinomas that emerge in the tumor microenvironment as a result of signals derived from the cancer cells. Biochemical cross-talk between cancer cells and CAFs as well as mechanical remodeling of the stromal extracellular matrix (ECM) by CAFs are important contributors to tumor cell migration and invasion, which are critical for cancer progression from a primary tumor to metastatic disease. In this review, we discuss key paracrine signaling pathways between CAFs and cancer cells that promote cancer cell migration and invasion. In addition, we discuss physical changes that CAFs exert on the stromal ECM to facilitate migration and invasion of cancer cells.
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33
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Kasashima H, Yashiro M, Nakamae H, Masuda G, Kinoshita H, Morisaki T, Fukuoka T, Hasegawa T, Nakane T, Hino M, Hirakawa K, Ohira M. Clinicopathologic significance of the CXCL1-CXCR2 axis in the tumor microenvironment of gastric carcinoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178635. [PMID: 28575019 PMCID: PMC5456266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose It was reported that the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) from cancer cells stimulated the recruitment of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells (BM-MCs) into tumor stroma via chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2 (CXCR2) signaling. We conducted this retrospective study to determine the clinicopathologic significance of the CXCL1-CXCR2 axis in human gastric cancer. Methods The correlations between the clinicopathological features of 270 primary gastric carcinomas and CXCL1 in cancer cells and CXCR2 in stromal cells were analyzed in immunohistochemical studies. The effect of gastric cancer cells on the expression of CXCR2 in BM-MCs was examined using diffuse-type gastric cancer cell lines in vitro. Results The expression of CXCL1 in cancer cells was correlated with T invasion (T2–T4), lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, peritoneal cytology, peritoneal metastasis and CXCR2 expression in stromal cells. The expression of CXCR2 in stromal cells was correlated with macroscopic type-4 cancers, histological type, T invasion (T2–T4), lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion, infiltration, peritoneal cytology, peritoneal metastasis and CD271 expression in stromal cells. The overall survival of patients with CXCL1 and CXCR2-positive cancer was poorer than that of the patients with negative cancer. Both CXCL1 expression in cancer cells and CXCR2 expression in stromal cells were independent prognostic factors for gastric cancer patients. Conclusion The expressions of CXCL1 in cancer cells and CXCR2 in stromal cells are useful prognostic factors for gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kasashima
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Molecular Oncology and Therapeutics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Nakamae
- Department of Hematology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Go Masuda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruhito Kinoshita
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tamami Morisaki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsunari Fukuoka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hasegawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiko Nakane
- Department of Hematology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hino
- Department of Hematology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaichi Ohira
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Gasparski AN, Ozarkar S, Beningo KA. Transient mechanical strain promotes the maturation of invadopodia and enhances cancer cell invasion in vitro. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1965-1978. [PMID: 28446539 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.199760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell invasion is influenced by various biomechanical forces found within the microenvironment. We have previously found that invasion is enhanced in fibrosarcoma cells when transient mechanical stimulation is applied within an in vitro mechano-invasion assay. This enhancement of invasion is dependent on cofilin (CFL1), a known regulator of invadopodia maturation. Invadopodia are actin-rich structures present in invasive cancer cells that are enzymatically active and degrade the surrounding extracellular matrix to facilitate invasion. In this study, we examine changes in gene expression in response to tugging on matrix fibers. Interestingly, we find that integrin β3 expression is downregulated and leads to an increase in cofilin activity, as evidenced by a reduction in its Ser3 phosphorylation levels. As a result, invadopodia lengthen and have increased enzymatic activity, indicating that transient mechanical stimulation promotes the maturation of invadopodia leading to increased levels of cell invasion. Our results are unique in defining an invasive mechanism specific to the invasive process of cancer cells that is triggered by tugging forces in the microenvironment, as opposed to rigidity, compression or stretch forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Gasparski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202-3917, USA
| | - Snehal Ozarkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202-3917, USA
| | - Karen A Beningo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202-3917, USA
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Leach DA, Buchanan G. Stromal Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer Development and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9010010. [PMID: 28117763 PMCID: PMC5295781 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer development and progression is the result of complex interactions between epithelia cells and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, in a series of dynamic process amenable to regulation by hormones. Whilst androgen action through the androgen receptor (AR) is a well-established component of prostate cancer biology, it has been becoming increasingly apparent that changes in AR signalling in the surrounding stroma can dramatically influence tumour cell behavior. This is reflected in the consistent finding of a strong association between stromal AR expression and patient outcomes. In this review, we explore the relationship between AR signalling in fibroblasts/myofibroblasts and prostate cancer cells in the primary site, and detail the known functions, actions, and mechanisms of fibroblast AR signaling. We conclude with an evidence-based summary of how androgen action in stroma dramatically influences disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Leach
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Grant Buchanan
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Canberra Teaching Hospital, Canberra 2605, Australia.
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Kasashima H, Yashiro M, Nakamae H, Kitayama K, Masuda G, Kinoshita H, Fukuoka T, Hasegawa T, Nakane T, Hino M, Hirakawa K, Ohira M. CXCL1-Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Receptor 2 Signaling Stimulates the Recruitment of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Cells into Diffuse-Type Gastric Cancer Stroma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:3028-3039. [PMID: 27742059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor stromal cells play a critical role in the progression of diffuse-type gastric cancer (DGC). The aim of this study was to clarify where tumor stromal cells originate from and which factor(s) recruits them into the tumor stroma. Immunodeficient mice with bone marrow transplantation from the cytomegalovirus enhancer/chicken β-actin promoter-enhanced green fluorescent protein mice were used for the in vivo experiments. An in vitro study analyzed the chemotaxis-stimulating factor from DGC cells using bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells (BM-MCs). The influences of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2 (CXCR2) inhibitor on the migration of BM-MCs were examined both in vitro and in vivo. BM-MCs frequently migrated into stroma of DGC in vivo. The number of migrating BM-MCs was increased by conditioned medium from DGC cells. CXCL1 from DGC cells stimulated the chemoattractant ability of BM-MCs. Both anti-CXCL1 antibody and CXCR2 inhibitor decreased the migration of BM-MCs, stimulated by DGC cells. A CXCR2 inhibitor, SB225002, reduced the recruitment of BM-MCs into the tumor microenvironment in vivo, decreasing tumor size and lymph node metastasis, and prolonging the survival of gastric tumor-bearing mice. These findings suggested that most tumor stromal cells in DGC might originate from BM-MCs. CXCL1 from DGC cells stimulates the recruitment of BM-MCs into tumor stroma via CXCR2 signaling of BM-MCs. Inhibition of BM-MC recruitment via the CXCL1-CXCR2 axis appears a promising therapy for DGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kasashima
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Oncology Institute of Geriatrics and Medical Science, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hirohisa Nakamae
- Department of Hematology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kisyu Kitayama
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Go Masuda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruhito Kinoshita
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsunari Fukuoka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hasegawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiko Nakane
- Department of Hematology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hino
- Department of Hematology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaichi Ohira
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Kitayama J, Yamaguchi H, Ishigami H, Matsuzaki K, Sata N. Intraperitoneal Mesenchymal Cells Promote the Development of Peritoneal Metastasis Partly by Supporting Long Migration of Disseminated Tumor Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154542. [PMID: 27136922 PMCID: PMC4854412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human peritoneal cavity contains a small number of free cells of mesenchymal cell lineage. Intraperitoneal mesenchymal cells (PMC) play supportive roles in metastasis formation on the peritoneum. In this study, we found that PMC, when co-cultuerd with human gastric cancer cells, MKN45, enhanced the proliferation of MKN45 when cultured at low, but not high, cellular density. Also, PMC suppressed apoptotic cell death of MKN45 only under low density culture conditions. Time-lapse videoanalysis clearly demonstrated that PMC randomly migrated more vigorously than did MKN45, and strongly enhanced the migration behavior of co-cultured MKN45. In fact, the majority of MKN45 migrated together in direct physical contact with PMC, and the sum of migration lengths from original position of co-cultured MKN45 for 48 hours was approximately 10 times longer than that of MKN45 cultured alone. Our data suggest that enhanced migration can increase the chance of direct contact or positional proximity among sparcely distributed MKN45, which may bring survival advantages to tumor cells. This may be one of the important mechanisms of peritoneal metastasis, since only a small number of tumor cells are considered to be disseminated in the early step of metastasis formation on the peritoneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Kitayama
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hironori Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | | | - Naohiro Sata
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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Tang D, Gao J, Wang S, Ye N, Chong Y, Huang Y, Wang J, Li B, Yin W, Wang D. Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote angiogenesis in gastric cancer through galectin-1 expression. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:1889-99. [PMID: 26323258 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-1, an evolutionarily conserved glycan-binding protein with angiogenic potential, was recently identified as being overexpressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) of gastric cancer. The role of endogenous CAF-derived galectin-1 on angiogenesis in gastric cancer and the mechanism involved remain unknown. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining was used to investigate the correlation between galectin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD31 expression in gastric cancer tissues and normal gastric tissues. Galectin-1 was knocked down in CAFs isolated from gastric cancer using small interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA), or overexpressed using recombinant lentiviruses, and the CAFs were co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) or cancer cells. Subsequently, proliferation, migration, tube formation, and VEGF/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 2 expression were detected. The role of CAF-derived galectin-1 in tumor angiogenesis in vivo was studied using the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. RESULTS Galectin-1 was highly expressed in the CAFs and was positively associated with VEGF and CD31 expression. In the co-culture, high expression of galectin-1 in the CAFs increased HUVEC proliferation, migration, tube formation, and VEGFR2 phosphorylation and enhanced VEGF expression in gastric cancer cells. The CAM assay indicated that high expression of galectin-1 in the CAFs accelerated tumor growth and promoted angiogenesis. In contrast, galectin-1 knockdown in the CAFs significantly inhibited this effect. CONCLUSION CAF-derived galectin-1 significantly promotes angiogenesis in gastric cancer and may be a target for angiostatic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University (Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province), Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University (Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province), Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Wang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University (the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Nianyuan Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University (Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province), Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University (Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province), Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqin Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University (Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province), Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University (Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province), Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University (Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province), Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University (Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province), Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Daorong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University (Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province), Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China.
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Yamaguchi H, Sakai R. Direct Interaction between Carcinoma Cells and Cancer Associated Fibroblasts for the Regulation of Cancer Invasion. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:2054-62. [PMID: 26473929 PMCID: PMC4695876 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7040876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor stroma acts as an essential microenvironment of the cancer cells, which includes many different types of non-cancerous cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Stromal fibroblasts (SFs) are the major cellular constituents of the tumor stroma and are often called cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). They are often characterized by α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression, which is indicative of the myofibroblast phenotype and strong contractility. These characteristics contribute to the remodeling and stiffening of the stromal ECM, thereby offering an appropriate field for cancer cell invasion. Importance of the tumor stroma in cancer progression has recently been highlighted. Moreover, several reports suggest that stromal fibroblasts interact with adjacent cancer cells through soluble factors, exosomes, or direct cell-cell adhesion to promote cancer cell invasion. In this review, current models of the regulation of cancer cell invasion by surrounding fibroblasts are summarized, including our recent work on the interaction between stromal fibroblasts and scirrhous gastric carcinoma (SGC) cells by using a three-dimensional (3D) culture system. Further mechanistic insights into the roles of the interaction between cancer cells and stromal fibroblasts in cancer invasion will be required to identify novel molecular targets for preventing cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Yamaguchi
- Division of Refractory and Advanced Cancer, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Sakai
- Division of Refractory and Advanced Cancer, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan.
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Kinoshita H, Yashiro M, Fukuoka T, Hasegawa T, Morisaki T, Kasashima H, Masuda G, Noda S, Hirakawa K. Diffuse-type gastric cancer cells switch their driver pathways from FGFR2 signaling to SDF1/CXCR4 axis in hypoxic tumor microenvironments. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:1511-20. [PMID: 26385890 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been considered to play an important role for tumor progression of cancer. Solid tumors contain heterogeneous distribution of oxygen in their microenvironments. This study investigated the growth signaling of gastric cancer (GC) cells in focus on the interaction with CAFs and GC cells under normoxia and hypoxia. Four diffuse-type GC cell lines, two intestinal-type GC cell lines and three CAF cell lines were used. Cells were examined for expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) and stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF1) by RT-PCR, western blot, ELISA and immunohistochemical staining of xenografted tumors. GC cell proliferation was examined under hypoxia in the presence or absence of CAFs, a FGFR2 inhibitor, a CXCR4 inhibitor and HIF1α siRNA. Proliferation of diffuse-type GC cells, but not intestinal-type GC cells, was significantly increased by CAFs. CXCR4 expression by diffuse-type GC cells was significantly increased in hypoxia, while FGFR2 expression was decreased. CXCR4 expression was correlated with hypoxic microenvironment of xenografted tumor, but FGFR2 expression was not. FGFR2 inhibition significantly decreased the growth-stimulating activity of CAFs for diffuse-type GC cells in normoxia. In contrast, CXCR4 inhibition significantly decreased the growth-stimulating activity of CAFs in hypoxia. SDF1 production by CAFs was increased in hypoxia, while cancer cells did not produce SDF1. HIF1 siRNA significantly decreased both CXCR4 expression by diffuse-type GC cells and SDF1 production by CAFs. These findings suggest that diffuse-type GC cells might switch their driver pathways from FGFR2 signaling to SDF1/CXCR4 axis through HIF1 in hypoxic tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Oncology Institute of Geriatrics and Medical Science, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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Bone marrow-derived stromal cells are associated with gastric cancer progression. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:443-52. [PMID: 26125445 PMCID: PMC4522640 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to clarify the role of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BM-SCs) expressing CD271 in the development of gastric cancer. Methods: The effect of human BM-SCs on the proliferation and motility of six gastric cancer cell lines, OCUM-2M, OCUM-2MD3, OCUM-12, KATO-III, NUGC-3, and MKN-74, was examined. CD271 expression levels in BM-SCs were analysed by flow cytometry. We also generated a gastric tumour model by orthotopic inoculation of OCUM-2MLN cells in mice that had received transplantation of bone marrow from the CAG-EGFP mice. The correlation between the clinicopathological features of 279 primary gastric carcinomas and CD271 expression in tumour stroma was examined by immunohistochemistry. Results: Numerous BM-SCs infiltrated the gastric tumour microenvironment; CD271 expression was found in ∼25% of BM-SCs. Conditioned medium from BM-SCs significantly increased the proliferation of gastric cancer cell lines. Furthermore, conditioned medium from gastric cancer cells significantly increased the number of BM-SCs, whereas migration of OCUM-12 and NUGC-3 cells was significantly increased by conditioned medium from BM-SCs. CD271 expression in stromal cells was significantly associated with macroscopic type-4 cancers, diffuse-type tumours, and tumour invasion depth. The overall survival of patients (n=279) with CD271-positive stromal cells was significantly worse compared with that of patients with CD271-negative stromal cells. This is the first report of the significance of BM-SCs in gastric cancer progression. Conclusions: Bone marrow-derived stromal cells might have an important role in gastric cancer progression, and CD271-positive BM-SCs might be a useful prognostic factor for gastric cancer patients.
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Terai S, Fushida S, Tsukada T, Kinoshita J, Oyama K, Okamoto K, Makino I, Tajima H, Ninomiya I, Fujimura T, Harada S, Ohta T. Bone marrow derived "fibrocytes" contribute to tumor proliferation and fibrosis in gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2015; 18:306-13. [PMID: 24792410 PMCID: PMC4371822 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-014-0380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the stroma are considered to play important roles for gastric cancer proliferation, invasion, and fibrosis, but the source of CAFs and their interaction with cancer cells in the microenvironment have not been fully determined. Here we elucidated the role of bone marrow-derived cells, fibrocytes, in development of gastric cancers, as represented by scirrhous gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS In co-culturing MKN45 gastric cancer cells and purified fibrocytes from healthy volunteers, migration and endothelial mesenchymal transition associated gene expression were evaluated using western blot analysis. Also, mouse xenograft models of MKN45 with or without fibrocytes were conducted to investigate their tumorigenicity and immunohistological differences of tumors. RESULTS Co-culture of fibrocytes with MKN45 resulted in morphological changes from cobblestone-shape to spindle-shape and enhanced expression of α-SMA and collagen type I in fibrocytes, suggesting that co-culture with gastric cancer cells may have induced the differentiation of fibrocytes to myofibroblasts. Furthermore, enhanced expression of SDF-1 in MKN45 and CXCR4 in fibrocytes were also determined. Mouse xenograft models inoculated with MKN45 and fibrocytes revealed significantly larger tumors than those inoculated with MKN45 cells alone, and the stroma in co-inoculated tumors consisted of myofibroblasts and fibrosis. Mouse-derived cells expressing both CD45 and type I collagen were also observed in co-inoculated tumors. CONCLUSION Fibrocytes derived from bone marrow may migrate into the microenvironment of gastric cancer by SDF-1/CXCR4 system, and enhance the tumor proliferation and fibrosis as CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Terai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan
| | - Sachio Fushida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan
| | - Tomoya Tsukada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan
| | - Jun Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan
| | - Katsunobu Oyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan
| | - Koichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan
| | - Isamu Makino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan
| | - Hidehiro Tajima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan
| | - Itasu Ninomiya
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan
| | - Takashi Fujimura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan
| | - Shinichi Harada
- Center for Biomedical Research and Education, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ohta
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641 Japan
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Shinbo T, Fushida S, Tsukada T, Harada S, Kinoshita J, Oyama K, Okamoto K, Ninomiya I, Takamura H, Kitagawa H, Fujimura T, Yashiro M, Hirakawa K, Ohta T. Protein-bound polysaccharide K suppresses tumor fibrosis in gastric cancer by inhibiting the TGF-β signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:553-8. [PMID: 25435013 PMCID: PMC4306268 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) is the most frequent metastatic pattern of gastric cancer and its prognosis is extremely poor. PC is characterized by rich fibrosis and the development of obstructive disorders such as ileus, jaundice and hydronephrosis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the major causes of tissue fibrosis and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) has a pivotal function in the progression of EMT. Protein-bound polysaccharide K (PSK) is a biological response modifier that can modulate the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in vitro. In the present study, we established a fibrotic tumor model using human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) and a human gastric cancer cell line to evaluate whether PSK attenuates tumor fibrosis. HPMCs exposed to PSK did not undergo the morphological change from a cobblestone-like pattern to a spindle-shape pattern normally induced by treatment with TGF-β. Immunofluorescence further demonstrated that PSK suppressed TGF-β-induced overexpression of α-SMA in the HPMCs. We further showed that HPMCs contributed to the proliferation of tumor fibrosis by using a mouse xenograft model. Additionally, PSK treatment of these mice significantly reduced the area of observable tumor fibrosis. These results suggest that seeded cancer cells transformed HPMCs into myofibroblast-like cells through their release of TGF-β in the microenvironment, facilitating the development of fibrous tumors in organs covered with HPMCs. Therefore, our study indicates that PSK has potential utility as an anti-fibrotic agent in the treatment of gastric cancer patients with PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Shinbo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Sachio Fushida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tsukada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Shinichi Harada
- Center for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Jun Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Katsunobu Oyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Koichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Itasu Ninomiya
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Kitagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujimura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kousei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ohta
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Division of Cancer Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
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44
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Reciprocal interaction between carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and squamous carcinoma cells through interleukin-1α induces cancer progression. Neoplasia 2014; 16:928-38. [PMID: 25425967 PMCID: PMC4240921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between cancer cells and carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) has earned recognition as an interaction that plays a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. Thus, we attempted to clarify whether increase in the level of CAFs promotes cancer progression by proportionally enhancing the interaction between cancer cells and CAFs. We first analyzed clinical correlation between the levels of fibroblasts and cancer progression and found that the level of CAFs made a noticeable difference on the prognosis of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In vivo animal study also demonstrated that tumor volume depended on the dose of CAFs that was co-injected with OSCC cells. The same tendency was observed in an in vitro study. We also found that interleukin-1α (IL-1α) secreted from OSCC cells had dual effects on CAFs: IL-1α not only promoted the proliferation of CAFs but also upregulated the secretion of cytokines in CAFs such as CCL7, CXCL1, and IL-8. The induction activity of cytokine secretion by IL-1α surpassed that of proliferation in OSCC cells. In summary, we unraveled an important interactive mechanism of carcinogenesis: IL-1α released from carcinoma stimulates the proliferation of CAFs and the simultaneous increase in cytokine secretion from CAFs promotes cancer progression in human OSCC. On the basis of these findings, we propose that the level of CAFs is eligible for being selected as a prognostic factor that will be useful in routine diagnosis. We also propose that blockage of reciprocal interaction between cancer cells and CAFs will provide an insight for developing novel chemotherapeutic strategy.
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Kurashige J, Mima K, Sawada G, Takahashi Y, Eguchi H, Sugimachi K, Mori M, Yanagihara K, Yashiro M, Hirakawa K, Baba H, Mimori K. Epigenetic modulation and repression of miR-200b by cancer-associated fibroblasts contribute to cancer invasion and peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer. Carcinogenesis 2014; 36:133-41. [PMID: 25411357 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have recently been linked to the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer. In addition, the microRNA (miR)-200 family plays a central role in the regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process during cancer metastasis, and aberrant DNA methylation is one of the key mechanisms underlying regulation of the miR-200 family. In this study, we clarified whether epigenetic changes of miR-200b by CAFs stimulate cancer invasion and peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer. We evaluated the relationship between miR-200b and CAFs using a coculture model. In addition, we established a peritoneal metastasis mouse model and investigated the expression and methylation status of miR-200b. We also investigated the expression and methylation status of miR-200b and CAFs expression in primary gastric cancer samples. CAFs (CAF-37 and CAF-50) contributed to epigenetic changes of miR-200b, reduced miR-200b expression and promoted tumor invasion and migration in NUGC3 and OCUM-2M cells in coculture. In the model mice, epigenetic changes of miR-200b were observed in the inoculated high-frequency peritoneal dissemination cells. In the 173 gastric cancer samples, the low miR-200b expression group demonstrated a significantly poorer prognosis compared with the high miR-200b expression group and was associated with peritoneal metastasis. In addition, downregulation of miR-200b in cancer cells was significantly correlated with alpha-smooth muscle actin expression. Our data provide evidence that CAFs reduce miR-200b expression and promote tumor invasion through epigenetic changes of miR-200b in gastric cancer. Thus, CAFs might be a therapeutic target for inhibition of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Kurashige
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu, Oita 874-0838, Japan, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu, Oita 874-0838, Japan, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Genta Sawada
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu, Oita 874-0838, Japan, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu, Oita 874-0838, Japan, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu, Oita 874-0838, Japan
| | - Keishi Sugimachi
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu, Oita 874-0838, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Yanagihara
- Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan and
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kosei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Koshi Mimori
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu, Oita 874-0838, Japan,
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46
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Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) from stromal fibroblasts stimulates the progression of gastric cancer. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:438-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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47
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Naito Y, Yasuno K, Tagawa H, Sakamoto N, Oue N, Yashiro M, Sentani K, Goto K, Shinmei S, Oo HZ, Yanagihara K, Hirakawa K, Yasui W. MicroRNA-145 is a potential prognostic factor of scirrhous type gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1720-6. [PMID: 25051317 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. In particular, scirrhous type GC is highly metastatic and is characterized clinically by rapid disease progression and poor prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in cancer development and progression. We previously demonstrated by microarray analysis that microRNA-145 (miR-145) is one of the more highly expressed miRNAs in scirrhous type GC vs. non-scirrhous types of GC. In the present study, we investigated the role of miR-145 in scirrhous type GC. The expression levels of miR-145 assessed by quantitative RT-PCR were higher in scirrhous type GC tissue samples than in non-scirrhous type GC and corresponding normal tissues. GC patients with high miR-145 expression were at a more advanced tumor stage (P=0.0156) and had more scirrhous type histology (P=0.0054) than those with low miR-145 expression. Furthermore, miR-145 expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis in GC patients (P=0.0438). miR-145 expression was localized in stromal fibroblasts of scirrhous type GC but not in cancer cells. miR-145 was induced by treatment by transforming growth factor-β, and it enhanced the expression of α-smooth muscle actin, a marker of myofibroblasts, in both normal gastric fibroblasts and cancer-associated fibroblasts. These data suggest that miR-145 may contribute to the progression of scirrhous type GC by regulating activation of peri-tumoral fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Naito
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Minami‑ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kyohei Yasuno
- Faculty of Medicine, Hiroshima University, Minami‑ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tagawa
- Faculty of Medicine, Hiroshima University, Minami‑ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Minami‑ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Naohide Oue
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Minami‑ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sentani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Minami‑ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Keisuke Goto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Minami‑ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Shinmei
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Minami‑ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Htoo Zarni Oo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Minami‑ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Yanagihara
- Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - Kosei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Wataru Yasui
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Minami‑ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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48
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Yamaguchi H, Yoshida N, Takanashi M, Ito Y, Fukami K, Yanagihara K, Yashiro M, Sakai R. Stromal fibroblasts mediate extracellular matrix remodeling and invasion of scirrhous gastric carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85485. [PMID: 24427313 PMCID: PMC3888433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Scirrhous gastric carcinoma (SGC) has the worst prognosis of all gastric cancers, owing to its rapid expansion by invasion and frequent peritoneal dissemination. Due to the increased proliferation of stromal fibroblasts (SFs) that occurs within SGC lesions and the peritoneal metastatic sites, SFs have been proposed to support the progression of this disease. However, the biological and molecular basis and the pathological role of the intercellular interaction between SGC cells and SFs remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of SFs in the invasion of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by SGC cells. When SGC cells were cocultured with SFs derived from SGC tissue on three-dimensional (3D) Matrigel, they were attracted together to form large cellular aggregates that invaded within the Matrigel. Time-lapse imaging revealed that this process was associated with extensive contraction and remodeling of the ECM. Immunofluorescence and biochemical analysis showed that SGC cells stimulate phosphorylation of myosin light chain and actomyosin-mediated mechanical remodeling of the ECM by SFs. By utilizing this assay system for inhibitor library screening, we have identified several inhibitors that potently suppress the cooperation between SGC cells and SFs to form the invasive structures. Among them, a Src inhibitor dasatinib impaired the interaction between SGC cells and SFs both in vitro and in vivo and effectively blocked peritoneal dissemination of SGC cells. These results indicate that SFs mediate mechanical remodeling of the ECM by SGC cells, thereby promoting invasion and peritoneal dissemination of SGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Yamaguchi
- Division of Metastasis and Invasion Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nachi Yoshida
- Division of Metastasis and Invasion Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Takanashi
- Division of Metastasis and Invasion Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignal, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuumi Ito
- Division of Metastasis and Invasion Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignal, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Fukami
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignal, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Yanagihara
- Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa-City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Sakai
- Division of Metastasis and Invasion Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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49
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Naito Y, Sakamoto N, Oue N, Yashiro M, Sentani K, Yanagihara K, Hirakawa K, Yasui W. MicroRNA-143 regulates collagen type III expression in stromal fibroblasts of scirrhous type gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:228-35. [PMID: 24283360 PMCID: PMC4317817 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. In particular, scirrhous type GC is highly metastatic and is characterized clinically by rapid disease progression and poor prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in cancer development and progression. In the present study, we identified several miRNAs that are expressed at higher levels in scirrhous type GC than in non-scirrhous type GC by miRNA microarray analysis. Among these, microRNA-143 (miR-143) expression was higher in scirrhous type GC than in non-scirrhous types of GC. In situ hybridization and quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that miR-143 is expressed by stromal fibroblasts but not by cancer cells. In stromal cells, miR-143 enhanced collagen type III expression in normal gastric fibroblasts and cancer-associated fibroblasts through activation of transforming growth factor-β)/SMAD signaling. Furthermore, high miR-143 expression in GC was associated with worse cancer-specific mortality (P = 0.0141). Multivariate analysis revealed that miR-143 was an independent prognostic factor. Treatment of GC cell lines with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine restored the expression of miR-143, and precursor miR-143 caused the inhibition of cancer cell invasion. These data suggest that miR-143 regulates fibrosis of scirrhous type GC through induction of collagen expression in stromal fibroblasts and that miR-143 expression serves as a prognostic marker of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Naito
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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50
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Hasegawa T, Yashiro M, Nishii T, Matsuoka J, Fuyuhiro Y, Morisaki T, Fukuoka T, Shimizu K, Shimizu T, Miwa A, Hirakawa K. Cancer-associated fibroblasts might sustain the stemness of scirrhous gastric cancer cells via transforming growth factor-β signaling. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1785-95. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hasegawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku; Osaka Japan
| | - Masakazu Yashiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku; Osaka Japan
- Oncology Institute of Geriatrics and Medical Science; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku; Osaka Japan
| | - Takafumi Nishii
- Department of Surgical Oncology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku; Osaka Japan
| | - Junko Matsuoka
- Department of Surgical Oncology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku; Osaka Japan
| | - Yuhiko Fuyuhiro
- Department of Surgical Oncology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku; Osaka Japan
| | - Tamami Morisaki
- Department of Surgical Oncology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku; Osaka Japan
| | - Tatsunari Fukuoka
- Department of Surgical Oncology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku; Osaka Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Shimizu
- Pharmacological Research Laboratories; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Chiyodaku; Tokyo Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shimizu
- Research Planning Department; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Chiyodaku; Tokyo Japan
| | - Atsushi Miwa
- Biologics Research Laboratories; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Chiyodaku; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kosei Hirakawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology; Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku; Osaka Japan
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