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Zhang Y, Wei S, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Sun C. Paris saponin VII inhibits triple-negative breast cancer by targeting the MEK/ERK/STMN1 signaling axis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 130:155746. [PMID: 38763012 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a category of breast cancer characterized with high molecular heterogeneity. Owing to the lack of effective therapeutic strategies, patients with TNBC have a poor prognosis. Paris saponin VII (PSⅦ), a steroidal saponin extracted from the rhizome of Trichillium tschonoskii Maxim, exhibits excellent anti-cancer activity in a variety of solid tumors. However, the role and potential mechanism of PSⅦ against TNBC remain unexplored. PURPOSE This study aimed to elucidate the therapeutic effects of PSⅦ against TNBC and explore the potential mechanism of action. METHODS We combined the analysis of public single-cell sequencing data with weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identity differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that distinguished malignant and normal epithelial cells in TNBC. Subsequently, the biological features of DEGs in TNBC were evaluated. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to define potential pathways associated with the DEGs. The pharmacological activity of PSⅦ for TNBC was evidenced via in vitro and in vivo experiments, and molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD), surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay and western blotting were employed to confirm the relative mechanisms. RESULTS Single-cell sequencing and WGCNA revealed STMN1 as a pivotal biomarker of TNBC. STMN1 overexpression in TNBC was associated with poor patient prognosis. GSEA revealed a significant accumulation of STMN1 within the MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, In vitro experiments showed that PSⅦ showed significantly suppressive actions on the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities for TNBC cells, while inducing apoptosis. Molecular docking, MD analysis and SPR assay indicated a robust interaction between PSⅦ and the MEK protein. Western blotting revealed that PSⅦ may inhibit tumor progression by suppressing the phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and the downstream phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and STMN1. Intraperitoneal injection of PSⅦ (10 mg/kg) notably reduced tumor growth by 71.26 % in a 4T1 xenograft model. CONCLUSION In our study, the systems biology method was used to identify potential therapeutic targets for TNBC. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated PSⅦ suppresses cancer progression by targeting the MEK/ERK/STMN1 signaling axis. For the first time, the inhibition of STMN1 phosphorylation has been indicated as a possible mechanism for the anticancer effects of PSⅦ. These results emphasize the potential value of PSⅦ as a promising anti-cancer drug candidate for further development in the field of TNBC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubao Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Shijie Wei
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qinxiang Zhang
- Institute of Integrated Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Integrated Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, No. 7166, Baotong West Street, Weicheng District, Weifang, Shandong Province 261000, China.
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2
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Liu R, Liang X, Guo H, Li S, Yao W, Dong C, Wu J, Lu Y, Tang J, Zhang H. STNM1 in human cancers: role, function and potential therapy sensitizer. Cell Signal 2023:110775. [PMID: 37331415 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
STMN1 belongs to the stathmin gene family, it encodes a cytoplasmic phosphorylated protein, stathmin1, which is commonly observed in vertebrate cells. STMN1 is a structural microtubule-associated protein (MAP) that binds to microtubule protein dimers rather than microtubules, with each STMN1 binding two microtubule protein dimers and preventing their aggregation, leading to microtubule instability. STMN1 expression is elevated in a number of malignancies, and inhibition of its expression can interfere with tumor cell division. Its expression can change the division of tumor cells, thereby arresting cell growth in the G2/M phase. Moreover, STMN1 expression affects tumor cell sensitivity to anti-microtubule drug analogs, including vincristine and paclitaxel. The research on MAPs is limited, and new insights on the mechanism of STMN1 in different cancers are emerging. The effective application of STMN1 in cancer prognosis and treatment requires further understanding of this protein. Here, we summarize the general characteristics of STMN1 and outline how STMN1 plays a role in cancer development, targeting multiple signaling networks and acting as a downstream target for multiple microRNAs, circRNAs, and lincRNAs. We also summarize recent findings on the function role of STMN1 in tumor resistance and as a therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Liu
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaodong Liang
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Haiwei Guo
- Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, (Affiliated People's Hospital Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiping Yao
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Chenfang Dong
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Disease Proteomics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China; Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Center, Cancer Center, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, (Affiliated People's Hospital Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanwei Lu
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Myostatin Knockout Affects Mitochondrial Function by Inhibiting the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC1α Pathway in Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213703. [PMID: 36430183 PMCID: PMC9694677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (Mstn) is a major negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass and initiates multiple metabolic changes. The deletion of the Mstn gene in mice leads to reduced mitochondrial functions. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate myostatin-knockout (Mstn-KO) mice via pronuclear microinjection. Mstn-KO mice exhibited significantly larger skeletal muscles. Meanwhile, Mstn knockout regulated the organ weights of mice. Moreover, we found that Mstn knockout reduced the basal metabolic rate, muscle adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, activities of mitochondrial respiration chain complexes, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle, and thermogenesis. Mechanistically, expressions of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (pAMPK) were down-regulated, while peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) acetylation modification increased in the Mstn-KO mice. Skeletal muscle cells from Mstn-KO and WT were treated with AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR), and the AMPK inhibitor Compound C, respectively. Compared with the wild-type (WT) group, Compound C treatment further down-regulated the expression or activity of pAMPK, SIRT1, citrate synthase (CS), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDHm), and α-ketoglutarate acid dehydrogenase (α-KGDH) in Mstn-KO mice, while Mstn knockout inhibited the AICAR activation effect. Therefore, Mstn knockout affects mitochondrial function by inhibiting the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC1α signaling pathway. The present study reveals a new mechanism for Mstn knockout in regulating energy homeostasis.
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4
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Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) from Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) Strains M81 and B95.8 Modulate miRNA Expression When Expressed in Immortalized Human Nasopharyngeal Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020353. [PMID: 35205397 PMCID: PMC8871543 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous γ herpesvirus strongly associated with nasopharyngeal carcinomas, and the viral oncogenicity in part relies on cellular effects of the viral latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). It was previously described that EBV strains B95.8 and M81 differ in cell tropism and the activation of the lytic cycle. Nonetheless, it is unknown whether LMP1 from these strains have different effects when expressed in nasopharyngeal cells. Thus, herein we evaluated the effects of EBV LMP1 derived from viral strains B95.8 and M81 and expressed in immortalized nasopharyngeal cells NP69SV40T in the regulation of 91 selected cellular miRNAs. We found that cells expressing either LMP1 behave similarly in terms of NF-kB activation and cell migration. Nonetheless, the miRs 100-5p, 192-5p, and 574-3p were expressed at higher levels in cells expressing LMP1 B95.8 compared to M81. Additionally, results generated by in silico pathway enrichment analysis indicated that LMP1 M81 distinctly regulate genes involved in cell cycle (i.e., RB1), mRNA processing (i.e., NUP50), and mitochondrial biogenesis (i.e., ATF2). In conclusion, LMP1 M81 was found to distinctively regulate miRs 100-5p, 192-5p, and 574-3p, and the in silico analysis provided valuable clues to dissect the molecular effects of EBV LMP1 expressed in nasopharyngeal cells.
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5
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Gu M, Zhou X, Zhu L, Gao Y, Gao L, Bai C, Yang L, Li G. Myostatin Mutation Promotes Glycolysis by Increasing Phosphorylation of Phosphofructokinase via Activation of PDE5A-cGMP-PKG in Cattle Heart. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:774185. [PMID: 35155444 PMCID: PMC8831326 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.774185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is a primary negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass and causes multiple metabolic changes. However, whether MSTN mutation affects heart morphology and physiology remains unclear. Myostatin mutation (MT) had no effect on cattle cardiac muscle in histological examination, but in biochemical assays, glycolysis increased in cattle hearts with MT. Compared with wild-type cattle, there were no differences in mRNA and protein levels of rate-limiting enzymes, but phosphofructokinase (PFK) phosphorylation increased in cattle hearts with MT. Transcriptome analysis showed that phosphodiesterase-5A (PDE5A), a target for inhibiting cGMP-PKG signaling, was downregulated. For the mechanism, chromatin immunoprecipitation qPCR showed that the SMAD2/SMAD3 complex in the canonical downstream pathway for MSTN combined with the promoter of PDE5A. The cGMP-PKG pathway was activated, and PKG increased phosphorylation of PFK in cattle hearts with MT. In addition, activation of PKG and the increase in PFK phosphorylation promoted glycolysis. Knockdown of PKG resulted in the opposite phenomena. The results indicated that MT potentiated PFK phosphorylation via the PDE5A-cGMP-PKG pathway and thereby promoted glycolysis in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yajie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Li Gao
- Baotou Teachers’ College, Baotou, China
| | - Chunling Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Yang, ; Guangpeng Li,
| | - Guangpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Yang, ; Guangpeng Li,
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6
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Cao Y, Xie L, Shi F, Tang M, Li Y, Hu J, Zhao L, Zhao L, Yu X, Luo X, Liao W, Bode AM. Targeting the signaling in Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases: mechanism, regulation, and clinical study. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:15. [PMID: 33436584 PMCID: PMC7801793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus-associated diseases are important global health concerns. As a group I carcinogen, EBV accounts for 1.5% of human malignances, including both epithelial- and lymphatic-originated tumors. Moreover, EBV plays an etiological and pathogenic role in a number of non-neoplastic diseases, and is even involved in multiple autoimmune diseases (SADs). In this review, we summarize and discuss some recent exciting discoveries in EBV research area, which including DNA methylation alterations, metabolic reprogramming, the changes of mitochondria and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), oxidative stress and EBV lytic reactivation, variations in non-coding RNA (ncRNA), radiochemotherapy and immunotherapy. Understanding and learning from this advancement will further confirm the far-reaching and future value of therapeutic strategies in EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Research Center for Technologies of Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics Hunan Province, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, 410078, Changsha, China. .,Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.
| | - Longlong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yueshuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Jianmin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Luqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Xinfang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, 410078, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weihua Liao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
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7
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Molecular Evolution and Characterization of Fish Stathmin Genes. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081328. [PMID: 32752168 PMCID: PMC7460142 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Stathmin is a highly conserved microtubule remodeling protein. Here, 175 putative stathmin genes were identified in 27 species of fish. Gene organization, motif distribution, divergence of duplicated genes, functional divergence, synteny relationship, and protein-protein interaction were performed to investigate their evolutionary history. In addition, expression profiles of some stathmins were examined under dimethoate treatment. The results will provide useful references for further functional analyses. Abstract Stathmin is a highly conserved microtubule remodeling protein, involved in many biological processes such as signal transduction, cell proliferation, neurogenesis and so on. However, little evolutional information has been reported about this gene family in fish. In this study, 175 stathmin genes were identified in 27 species of fish. Conserved exon-intron structure and motif distributions were found in each group. Divergence of duplicated genes implied the species’ adaptation to the environment. Functional divergence suggested that the evolution of stathmin is mainly influenced by purifying selection, and some residues may undergo positive selection. Moreover, synteny relationship near the stathmin locus was relatively conserved in some fish. Network analyses also exhibited 74 interactions, implying functional diversity. The expression pattern of some stathmin genes was also investigated under pesticide stress. These will provide useful references for their functional research in the future.
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8
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Zheng P, Chen X, Xie J, Chen X, Lin S, Ye L, Chen L, Lin J, Yu X, Zheng M. Capn4 is induced by and required for Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 promotion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis through ERK/AP-1 signaling. Cancer Sci 2019; 111:72-83. [PMID: 31691433 PMCID: PMC6942433 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Capn4, also known as CapnS1, is a member of the calpain family, which plays a crucial role in maintaining the activity and function of calpain. We previously reported that Capn4 also plays an essential role in the migration of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells through regulation of (MMP‐2) by nuclear factor‐kappa B activation. Epstein‐Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is closely related to the malignant functions of NPC; however, the relationship between LMP1 and Capn4 in NPC remain unclear. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the level of LMP1 and Capn4 expression was high in both primary and metastatic NPC tissues, with a significantly positive correlation. We further found that LMP1 was able to upregulate the Capn4 promoter in a dose‐dependent way through the C‐terminal activation region (CTAR)1 and CTAR2 domains to activate AP‐1. Moreover, we also found that LMP1 activated AP‐1 through ERK/JNK phosphorylation. These findings indicate that Capn4 coordination with LMP1 promotes actin rearrangement and, ultimately, cellular migration. These results show that Capn4 coordination with LMP1 enhances NPC migration by increasing actin rearrangement involving ERK/JNK/AP‐1 signaling. Therapeutically, additional and more specific LMP1 and Capn4 targeted inhibitors could be exploited to treat NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peichan Zheng
- Fujian Center for Safety Evaluation of New Drug, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The 900th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Joint Service Support Force, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianqin Xie
- Fujian Center for Safety Evaluation of New Drug, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The 900th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Joint Service Support Force, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Lin
- Fujian Center for Safety Evaluation of New Drug, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lixiang Ye
- Fujian Center for Safety Evaluation of New Drug, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lingfan Chen
- Fujian Center for Safety Evaluation of New Drug, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Fujian Center for Safety Evaluation of New Drug, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiangbin Yu
- Fujian Center for Safety Evaluation of New Drug, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ming Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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9
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Wu Y, Wei F, Tang L, Liao Q, Wang H, Shi L, Gong Z, Zhang W, Zhou M, Xiang B, Wu X, Li X, Li Y, Li G, Xiong W, Zeng Z, Xiong F, Guo C. Herpesvirus acts with the cytoskeleton and promotes cancer progression. J Cancer 2019; 10:2185-2193. [PMID: 31258722 PMCID: PMC6584404 DOI: 10.7150/jca.30222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a complex fibrous reticular structure composed of microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments. These components coordinate morphology support and intracellular transport that is involved in a variety of cell activities, such as cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. In addition, the cytoskeleton also plays an important role in viral infection. During an infection by a Herpesvirus, the virus utilizes microfilaments to enter cells and travel to the nucleus by microtubules; the viral DNA replicates with the help of host microfilaments; and the virus particles start assembling with a capsid in the cytoplasm before egress. The cytoskeleton changes in cells infected with Herpesvirus are made to either counteract or obey the virus, thereby promote cell transforming into cancerous ones. This article aims to clarify the interaction between the virus and cytoskeleton components in the process of Herpesvirus infection and the molecular motor, cytoskeleton-associated proteins and drugs that play an important role in the process of a Herpesvirus infection and carcinogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfen Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Le Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Guiyuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Can Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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10
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RNAi targeting STMN alleviates the resistance to taxol and collectively contributes to down regulate the malignancy of NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 34:7-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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The Cdc2/Cdk1 inhibitor, purvalanol A, enhances the cytotoxic effects of taxol through Op18/stathmin in non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:235-242. [PMID: 28534969 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purvalanol A is a highly selective inhibitor of Cdc2 [also known as cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1)]. Taxol is an anti-tumor chemotherapeutic drug which is widely used clinically. In this study, the CDK1 inhibitor, purvalanol A was applied to explore the relevance of Cdc2 signaling and taxol sensitivity through analyses, such as cellular proliferation and apoptosis assays, ELISA, western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation. We demonstrated that purvalanol A effectively enhanced the taxol-induced apoptosis of NCI-H1299 cells, as well as its inhibitory effects on cellular proliferation and colony formation. In combination, purvalanol A and taxol mainly decreased the expression of oncoprotein 18 (Op18)/stathmin and phosphorylation at Ser16 and Ser38, while purvalanol A alone inhibited the phosphorylation of Op18/stathmin at all 4 serine sites. Co-treatment with purvalanol A and taxol weakened the expression of Bcl-2 and activated the extrinsic cell death pathway through the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8. Further experiments indicated that Cdc2 kinase activities, including the expression of Cdc2 and the level of phospho-Cdc2 (Thr161) were significantly higher in taxol-resistant NCI-H1299 cells compared with the relatively sensitive CNE1 cells before and following treatment with taxol. These findings suggest that Cdc2 is positively associatd with the development of taxol resistance. The Cdc2 inhibitor, purvalanol A, enhanced the cytotoxic effects of taxol through Op18/stathmin. Our findings may prove to be useful in clinical practice, as they may provide a treatment strategy with which to to reduce the doses of taxol applied clinically, thus alleviating the side-effects.
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12
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EBV based cancer prevention and therapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. NPJ Precis Oncol 2017; 1:10. [PMID: 29872698 PMCID: PMC5871899 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-017-0018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus is an important cancer causing virus. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is an infection-related cancer strongly driven by Epstein-Barr virus. In this cancer model, we identified the major host targets of latent membrane protein 1 which is a driving oncogene encoded by Epstein-Barr virus in latency infection. latent membrane protein 1 activates several oncogenic signaling axes causing multiple malignant phenotypes and therapeutic resistance. Also, Epstein-Barr virus up-regulates DNA methyltransferase 1 and mediates onco-epigenetic effects in the carcinogenesis. The collaborating pathways activated by latent membrane protein 1 constructs an oncogenic signaling network, which makes latent membrane protein 1 an important potential target for effective treatment or preventive intervention. In Epstein-Barr virus lytic phase, the plasma level of Epstein-Barr virus DNA is considered as a distinguishing marker for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in subjects from healthy high-risk populations and is also a novel prognostic marker in Epstein-Barr virus-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Now the early detection and screening of the lytic proteins and Epstein-Barr virus DNA have been applied to clinical and high-risk population. The knowledge generated regarding Epstein-Barr virus can be used in Epstein-Barr virus based precision cancer prevention and therapy in the near future.
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13
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Shen F, Long D, Yu T, Chen X, Liao Y, Wu Y, Lin X. Vinblastine differs from Taxol as it inhibits the malignant phenotypes of NSCLC cells by increasing the phosphorylation of Op18/stathmin. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2481-2489. [PMID: 28259950 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxol (paclitaxel) and vinblastine (VBL) are both efficacious chemotherapeutic agents that target the microtubules of tumor cells, but each functions in a mutual antagonistic manner. Op18/stathmin is a small molecular phosphoprotein which promotes depolymerization of microtubules. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) NCI-H1299 cells were employed to compare the curative effects of VBL and Taxol and explore the correlation between drug sensitivity and Op18/stathmin signaling. The present study found that VBL obviously promoted cellular apoptosis and initiated activation of caspase 3 and 9, and inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation, as well as cell migration in the NCI-H1299 cells in contrast with Taxol. VBL did not affect the expression of Op18/stathmin, but increased its phosphorylation at all 4 serine sites. Conversely, Taxol mainly decreased the expression of Op18/stathmin and the phosphorylation at Ser25 and Ser63 sites. Silencing of Op18/stathmin by RNA interference (RNAi) led to a great reduction in the differences in the cell proliferation inhibition between VBL and Taxol. VBL treatment notably weakened the expression of PP2A, Bcl-2, NF-κB and interleukin-10 (IL-10) and autocrine IL-10 compared with Taxol; whereas PP2A was substantially increased following Taxol induction. High expression of Op18/stathmin was found to be negatively correlated with the sensitivity of Taxol in the NSCLC cells, but had a minor impact on VBL cytotoxicity. These findings revealed that both VBL and Taxol induce cell apoptosis through Op18/stathmin, but the mechanisms are completely different. VBL is an attractive alternative to the treatment of Taxol-resistant tumors with high expression of Op18/stathmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Shen
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
| | - Dan Long
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Xuechi Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
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14
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Meng ZJ, Tao K. Enhancement of Chemosensitivity by Stathmin-1 Silencing in Gastric Cancer Cells In Situ and In Vivo. Oncol Res 2016; 23:35-41. [PMID: 26802649 PMCID: PMC7842403 DOI: 10.3727/096504015x14452563486057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Reports show that the stathmin gene may have a close relationship with tumor chemotherapeutic sensitivity. However, the effect of stathmin-1 on the chemosensitivity of gastric cancer to docetaxel has not been clearly determined. siRNA targeting stathmin-1 was introduced. The cell growth inhibition, expression of associated proteins, cell cycle, and apoptosis were evaluated by MTT, Western blot, and flow cytometric assays, respectively. The influence of silencing stathmin-1 was detected in situ and in vivo. SGC7901/docetaxel cells are the drug-resistant cells. After silencing stathmin-1, the resistance index (RI) reduced to 3.41, the expressions of STMN-1, MDR1, and ERCC1 were downregulated, but caspase 3 was upregulated. Stathmin-1 siRNA could improve the chemosensitivity of gastric cancer cells to docetaxel, making the percentage of cells at the sub-G1 stage increase and promote apoptosis. The growth of transplantation tumor was significantly suppressed. Therefore, stathmin-1 might be a potential target for enhancing the chemosensitivity of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-jian Meng
- Department of Emergency, Zhengzhou People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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15
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Biaoxue R, Xiguang C, Hua L, Shuanying Y. Stathmin-dependent molecular targeting therapy for malignant tumor: the latest 5 years' discoveries and developments. J Transl Med 2016; 14:279. [PMID: 27670291 PMCID: PMC5037901 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms on malignant tumors is very critical for the development of new treatment strategies like molecularly targeted therapies. In last 5 years, many investigations suggest that stathmin is over-expressed in a variety of human malignant tumors, and potentially promotes the occurrence and development of tumors. Rather, down-regulation of stathmin can reduce cell proliferation, motility and metastasis and induce apoptosis of malignant tumors. Thus, a stathmin antagonist, such as a specific inhibitor (antibody, small molecule compound, peptide, or siRNA), may be a novel strategy of molecular targeted therapy. This review summarizes the research progress of recent 5 years on the role of stathmin in tumorigenesis, the molecular mechanisms and development of anti-stathmin treatment, which suggest that continued investigations into the function of stathmin in the tumorigenesis could lead to more rationally designed therapeutics targeting stathmin for treating human malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Biaoxue
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Cai Xiguang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liu Hua
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Shuanying
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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16
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Lin X, Yu T, Zhang L, Chen S, Chen X, Liao Y, Long D, Shen F. Silencing Op18/stathmin by RNA Interference Promotes the Sensitivity of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells to Taxol and High-Grade Differentiation of Xenografted Tumours in Nude Mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 119:611-620. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuechi Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory; Changsha Medical University; Changsha China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; Institute of Neuroscience; Changsha Medical University; Changsha China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Medical Laboratory; Changsha Medical University; Changsha China
| | - Lingxi Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory; Changsha Medical University; Changsha China
| | - Sangyan Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory; Changsha Medical University; Changsha China
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory; Changsha Medical University; Changsha China
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Medical Laboratory; Changsha Medical University; Changsha China
| | - Dan Long
- Department of Medical Laboratory; Changsha Medical University; Changsha China
| | - Fang Shen
- Department of Medical Laboratory; Changsha Medical University; Changsha China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory; the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University; Changsha Hunan China
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17
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Lin X, Liao Y, Chen X, Long D, Yu T, Shen F. Regulation of Oncoprotein 18/Stathmin Signaling by ERK Concerns the Resistance to Taxol in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2016; 31:37-43. [PMID: 26881937 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2015.1921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxol is a cytotoxic antiepithelioma chemotherapy drug widely used clinically, which results in appearing a broad range of taxol-resistant tumors. Oncoprotein 18 (Op18)/stathmin is a genetically highly conserved small-molecule cytosolic phosphoprotein and highly expressed in tumors. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a main member of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The study demonstrated that combination of blockage of ERK signal by ERK inhibitor PD98059 and Taxol greatly promoted taxol-induced cellular apoptosis and growth inhibition, decreased the expression of Op18/stathmin and total levels of phosphor-Op18/stathmin, while weakened the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdc2) activity and antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression and inhibited IL-10 autocrine in taxol-resistant NCI-H1299 cells; Taxol-resistant NCI-H1299 cells expressed high levels of ERK and phosphor-ERK in contrast to taxol-sensitive CNE1 cells, and ERK mainly phosphorylated Op18/stathmin at Ser 25 site. These findings suggest that ERK-mediated Op18/stathmin is involved in taxol resistance of tumors; blockage of ERK signal improves the sensitivity of tumor cells to taxol, which provides new clues for treating taxol-resistant carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechi Lin
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University , Changsha, China .,2 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, Hunan
| | - Ying Liao
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University , Changsha, China .,3 Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Changsha Medical University , Changsha, China
| | - Xian Chen
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University , Changsha, China
| | - Dan Long
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University , Changsha, China
| | - Ting Yu
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University , Changsha, China
| | - Fang Shen
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University , Changsha, China .,2 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, Hunan
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18
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Jiang Y, Yan B, Lai W, Shi Y, Xiao D, Jia J, Liu S, Li H, Lu J, Li Z, Chen L, Chen X, Sun L, Muegge K, Cao Y, Tao Y. Repression of Hox genes by LMP1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and modulation of glycolytic pathway genes by HoxC8. Oncogene 2015; 34:6079-91. [PMID: 25745994 PMCID: PMC4564361 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes human lymphoid malignancies, and the EBV product latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) has been identified as an oncogene in epithelial carcinomas such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). EBV can epigenetically reprogram lymphocyte-specific processes and induce cell immortalization. However, the interplay between LMP1 and the NPC host cell remains largely unknown. Here, we report that LMP1 is important to establish the Hox gene expression signature in NPC cell lines and tumor biopsies. LMP1 induces repression of several Hox genes in part via stalling of RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II). Pol II stalling can be overcome by irradiation involving the epigenetic regulator TET3. Furthermore, we report that HoxC8, one of the genes silenced by LMP1, has a role in tumor growth. Ectopic expression of HoxC8 inhibits NPC cell growth in vitro and in vivo, modulates glycolysis and regulates the expression of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-related genes. We propose that viral latency products may repress via stalling key mediators that in turn modulate glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Jiang
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
| | - Bin Yan
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
| | - Weiwei Lai
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
| | - Ying Shi
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
| | - Desheng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078 China
| | - Jiantao Jia
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Medicine Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008 China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Center for Medicine Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008 China
| | - Hongde Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
| | - Jinchen Lu
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
| | - Zhi Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Ling Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
| | - Xue Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
| | - Lunqun Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Kathrin Muegge
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Hunan, 410078 China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Hunan, 410078 China
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19
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Kim JM, Kim K, Schmidt T, Punj V, Tucker H, Rice JC, Ulmer TS, An W. Cooperation between SMYD3 and PC4 drives a distinct transcriptional program in cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:8868-83. [PMID: 26350217 PMCID: PMC4605318 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
SET and MYND domain containing protein 3 (SMYD3) is a histone methyltransferase, which has been implicated in cell growth and cancer pathogenesis. Increasing evidence suggests that SMYD3 can influence distinct oncogenic processes by acting as a gene-specific transcriptional regulator. However, the mechanistic aspects of SMYD3 transactivation and whether SMYD3 acts in concert with other transcription modulators remain unclear. Here, we show that SMYD3 interacts with the human positive coactivator 4 (PC4) and that such interaction potentiates a group of genes whose expression is linked to cell proliferation and invasion. SMYD3 cooperates functionally with PC4, because PC4 depletion results in the loss of SMYD3-mediated H3K4me3 and target gene expression. Individual depletion of SMYD3 and PC4 diminishes the recruitment of both SMYD3 and PC4, indicating that SMYD3 and PC4 localize at target genes in a mutually dependent manner. Artificial tethering of a SMYD3 mutant incapable of binding to its cognate elements and interacting with PC4 to target genes is sufficient for achieving an active transcriptional state in SMYD3-deficient cells. These observations suggest that PC4 contributes to SMYD3-mediated transactivation primarily by stabilizing SMYD3 occupancy at target genes. Together, these studies define expanded roles for SMYD3 and PC4 in gene regulation and provide an unprecedented documentation of their cooperative functions in stimulating oncogenic transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Man Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kyunghwan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Vasu Punj
- Department of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Haley Tucker
- University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Judd C Rice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Tobias S Ulmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Woojin An
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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20
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Novel roles and therapeutic targets of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1-induced oncogenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Expert Rev Mol Med 2015; 17:e15. [PMID: 26282825 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was first discovered 50 years ago as an oncogenic gamma-1 herpesvirus and infects more than 90% of the worldwide adult population. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) poses a serious health problem in southern China and is one of the most common cancers among the Chinese. There is now strong evidence supporting a role for EBV in the pathogenesis of NPC. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), a primary oncoprotein encoded by EBV, alters several functional and oncogenic properties, including transformation, cell death and survival in epithelial cells in NPC. LMP1 may increase protein modification, such as phosphorylation, and initiate aberrant signalling via derailed activation of host adaptor molecules and transcription factors. Here, we summarise the novel features of different domains of LMP1 and several new LMP1-mediated signalling pathways in NPC. When then focus on the potential roles of LMP1 in cancer stem cells, metabolism reprogramming, epigenetic modifications and therapy strategies in NPC.
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21
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Xu K, Harrison RE. Down-regulation of Stathmin Is Required for the Phenotypic Changes and Classical Activation of Macrophages. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19245-60. [PMID: 26082487 PMCID: PMC4521045 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.639625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important cells of innate immunity with specialized capacity for recognition and elimination of pathogens and presentation of antigens to lymphocytes for adaptive immunity. Macrophages become activated upon exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines and pathogenic stimuli. Classical activation of macrophages with interferon-γ (IFNγ) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers a wide range of signaling events and morphological changes to induce the immune response. Our previous microtubule (MT) proteomic work revealed that the stathmin association with MTs is considerably reduced in activated macrophages, which contain significantly more stabilized MTs. Here, we show that there is a global decrease in stathmin levels, an MT catastrophe protein, in activated macrophages using both immunoblotting and immunofluorescent microscopy. This is an LPS-specific response that induces proteasome-mediated degradation of stathmin. We explored the functions of stathmin down-regulation in activated macrophages by generating a stable cell line overexpressing stathmin-GFP. We show that stathmin-GFP overexpression impacts MT stability, impairs cell spreading, and reduces activation-associated phenotypes. Furthermore, overexpressing stathmin reduces complement receptor 3-mediated phagocytosis and cellular activation, implicating a pivotal inhibitory role for stathmin in classically activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Xu
- From the Departments of Cell and Systems Biology and Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Rene E Harrison
- From the Departments of Cell and Systems Biology and Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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Lin X, Liao Y, Xie J, Liu S, Su L, Zou H. Op18/Stathmin Is Involved in the Resistance of Taxol Among Different Epithelial Carcinoma Cell Lines. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2014; 29:376-86. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2014.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xuechi Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Xie
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuangling Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijun Su
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Haijiao Zou
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
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Schimmack S, Taylor A, Lawrence B, Schmitz-Winnenthal H, Fischer L, Büchler MW, Modlin IM, Kidd M, Tang LH. Stathmin in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: a marker of proliferation and PI3K signaling. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:399-408. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2629-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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24
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A combination of paclitaxel and siRNA-mediated silencing of Stathmin inhibits growth and promotes apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2013; 37:53-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-013-0163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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25
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Xu Y, Shi Y, Yuan Q, Liu X, Yan B, Chen L, Tao Y, Cao Y. Epstein-Barr Virus encoded LMP1 regulates cyclin D1 promoter activity by nuclear EGFR and STAT3 in CNE1 cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2013; 32:90. [PMID: 24499623 PMCID: PMC3843577 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) oncoprotein, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is strongly associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a prevalent cancer in China. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is important in carcinogenesis, as it is a ubiquitously expressed receptor tyrosine kinase. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a master transcriptional regulator in proliferation and apoptosis. Our previous study demonstrated that the nuclear EGFR could bind to the cyclin D1 promoter directly in the presence of LMP1, and the correlation between EGFR and STAT3 in NPC remains to be further explored. Here, we have shown that the interaction of EGFR and STAT3 increased in the nucleus in the presence of LMP1. LMP1 promoted both EGFR and STAT3 binding to the promoter region of cyclin D1, in turn, enhancing the promoter activity of cyclin D1. Furthermore, we demonstrated that both transcriptional activity and mRNA levels of cyclin D1 were decreased by small molecule interference of EGFR and STAT3 activity. These findings may provide a novel linkage between the EGFR and STAT3 signaling pathways and the activation of cyclin D1 by LMP1 in the carcinogenesis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongguang Tao
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
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26
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Du XX, Li YJ, Wu CL, Zhou JH, Han Y, Sui H, Wei XL, Liu L, Huang P, Yuan HH, Zhang TT, Zhang WJ, Xie R, Lang XH, Jia DX, Bai YX. Initiation of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and autophagy of esophageal cancer cells by dihydroartemisinin. Biomed Pharmacother 2013; 67:417-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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27
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Brice A, Moseley GW. Viral interactions with microtubules: orchestrators of host cell biology? Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Viral interaction with the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton is critical to infection by many viruses. Most data regarding virus–MT interaction indicate key roles in the subcellular transport of virions/viral genomic material to sites of replication, assembly and egress. However, the MT cytoskeleton orchestrates diverse processes in addition to subcellular cargo transport, including regulation of signaling pathways, cell survival and mitosis, suggesting that viruses, expert manipulators of the host cell, may use the virus–MT interface to control multiple aspects of cell biology. Several lines of evidence support this idea, indicating that specific viral proteins can modify MT dynamics and/or structure and regulate processes such as apoptosis and innate immune signaling through MT-dependent mechanisms. Here, the authors review general aspects of virus–MT interactions, with emphasis on viral mechanisms that modify MT dynamics and functions to affect processes beyond virion transport. The emerging importance of discrete viral protein–MT interactions in pathogenic processes indicates that these interfaces may represent new targets for future therapeutics and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Brice
- Viral Immune Evasion & Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gregory W Moseley
- Viral Immune Evasion & Pathogenicity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Gan L, Duan CG, Gong S, Guo K, Shu H, Liu YK. Role of Oncoprotein 18 in metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:2151-2156. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i23.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the role of Oncoprotein 18 (Op18) in metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: Op18 expression was repressed in HCCLM3 cells by RNA interference, and interference effect was evaluated by RT-PCR and Western blot. Cell adhesion, migration and invasion were analyzed by cell adhesion assay and Transwell assay in vitro. Op18 expression was detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in 96 HCC specimens with or without metastasis.
RESULTS: Op18 expression was effectively inhibited by RNA interference in HCCLM3 cells. Cell adhesion was significantly suppressed in the RNAi group compared to the mock group (20 min: 0.616 ± 0.057 vs 0.944 ± 0.068; 40 min: 0.740 ± 0.0713 vs 1.196 ± 0.115; 60 min: 1.001 ± 0.083 vs 1.441 ± 0.053; all P < 0.05). Transwell assay revealed that cell migration and invasion decreased in the RNAi group compared to the mock group (migration: 0.145 ± 0.011 vs 0.206 ± 0.008; invasion: 0.127 ± 0.008 vs 0.168 ± 0.012; both P < 0.01). Op18 expression was detected in 96 HCC tissues with or without metastasis. RT-PCR demonstrated that Op18 was overexpressed in HCC tissues with metastasis (n = 48) compared with HCC tissues without metastasis (n = 48, Op18/GAPDH relative ratio: 0.560 ± 0.128 vs 0.414 ± 0.086); and IHC results also indicated that Op18 expression was up-regulated in HCC tissues with metastasis in comparison with HCC tissues without metastasis (integrated density: 624.771 ± 100.032 vs 413.786 ± 71.833, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Overexpression of Op18 may play an important role in HCC metastasis.
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