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Weser VU, Duncan LR, Pendergrass TM, Fernandes CS, Fiellin LE, Hieftje KD. A quasi-experimental test of a virtual reality game prototype for adolescent E-Cigarette prevention. Addict Behav 2021; 112:106639. [PMID: 32920455 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the preliminary impact and participant experience/satisfaction of Invite Only VR: A Vaping Prevention Game (Invite Only VR), an electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) prevention game prototype using virtual reality (VR) hardware. METHODS Forty-seven adolescents (38 boys; mean age = 14.23 years, SD = 0.914) were enrolled to test the preliminary impact of Invite Only VR on knowledge, perceived likelihood of using e-cigarettes, perceptions of harm, attitudes, social norms, and self-efficacy to refuse e-cigarettes using a pre/post design. Experience/satisfaction was measured following gameplay. Paired-samples t-tests and associated effect sizes were used to assess changes in the dependent variables. Descriptive statistics were used to report on gameplay experience/satisfaction. RESULTS From pre- to post-gameplay, players significantly increased in knowledge (t(34) = -5.594, p < .001, Cohen's d = 0.946) and perceptions of e-cigarette harm (t(34) = -3.370, p = .002, Cohen's d = 0.530) and decreased their perceived likelihood of using e-cigarettes in the future (t(35) = 2.140, p = .039, Cohen's d = 1.274). No significant change was found for attitudes towards e-cigarettes, social norm perceptions, nor refusal self-efficacy. Participants reported that they enjoyed playing the game (M = 3.00, SD = 0.99) and that they would tell their friends to play (M = 3.08, SD = 0.91). CONCLUSIONS Invite Only VR may help players develop knowledge and correct harm perceptions regarding e-cigarettes while reducing their perceived likelihood of using them in the future. Participant enjoyment also provides an initial indication that the intervention may be acceptable for use with adolescents.
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Ahun MN, Lauzon B, Sylvestre MP, Bergeron-Caron C, Eltonsy S, O'Loughlin J. A systematic review of cigarette smoking trajectories in adolescents. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2020; 83:102838. [PMID: 32683174 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Trajectory analyses differentiate subgroups of smokers based on early patterns of cigarette use, but no study has summarized this literature. We systematically reviewed the literature on adolescent cigarette smoking trajectories to document the number and shapes of trajectories identified, assess if certain study characteristics influence the number or shapes of trajectories identified, summarize factors associated with and outcomes of trajectory group membership, and assess whether the results of trajectory analyses help identify windows of opportunity for intervention. We searched PubMed and EMBASE (1/1/1980 to 1/11/2018) and identified 1695 articles. Forty-three articles with data from 37 unique datasets were retained. Each trajectory was categorized into one of three groups (i.e., low-stable, increasing, other). Number of trajectories ranged from 2 to 6 (mode = 4); 44-76% of participants were low-stable cigarette consumers, 11-21% increased consumption, and 3-11% were categorized as "other." Number of data points, smoking indicator used, and time axis influenced the number of trajectories identified. Only two articles depicted the natural course of smoking since onset. Factors associated with trajectory membership included age, sex/gender, race/ethnicity, parental education, behavior problems, depression, academic performance, baseline cigarette use, parental and friends smoking, alcohol use, and cannabis use. Outcomes included illicit drug and alcohol use. Beyond parsimoniously describing cigarette smoking patterns, it is not clear whether trajectory analyses offer increased insight into the natural course, determinants or outcomes of cigarette smoking in ways that inform the development of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn N Ahun
- Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre Tour Saint-Antoine, 850 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X0A9; Université de Montréal School of Public Health, 7101 Avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3N1X9
| | - Béatrice Lauzon
- Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre Tour Saint-Antoine, 850 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X0A9; Université de Montréal School of Public Health, 7101 Avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3N1X9
| | - Marie-Pierre Sylvestre
- Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre Tour Saint-Antoine, 850 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X0A9; Université de Montréal School of Public Health, 7101 Avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3N1X9.
| | - Cassi Bergeron-Caron
- Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre Tour Saint-Antoine, 850 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X0A9; Université de Montréal School of Public Health, 7101 Avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3N1X9
| | - Sherif Eltonsy
- University of Moncton, J.-Raymond Frenette Building. 18 rue Antonine Maillet, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada E1A3E9; College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E0T5
| | - Jennifer O'Loughlin
- Université de Montréal Hospital Research Centre Tour Saint-Antoine, 850 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X0A9; Université de Montréal School of Public Health, 7101 Avenue du Parc, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3N1X9
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Too much or too little? A short-term longitudinal study of youth's own economic resources and risk behaviour. J Adolesc 2018; 66:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Adolescent Socioeconomic and School-Based Social Status, Smoking, and Drinking. J Adolesc Health 2015; 57:37-45. [PMID: 26095407 PMCID: PMC4510202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Relationships between subjective social status (SSS) and health-risk behaviors have received less attention than those between SSS and health. Inconsistent associations between school-based SSS and smoking or drinking might be because it is a single measure reflecting several status dimensions. We investigated how adolescent smoking and drinking are associated with "objective" socioeconomic status (SES), subjective SES, and three dimensions of school-based SSS. METHODS Scottish 13-15 years-olds (N = 2,503) completed questionnaires in school-based surveys, providing information on: "objective" SES (residential deprivation, family affluence); subjective SES (MacArthur Scale youth version); and three school-based SSS dimensions ("SSS-peer", "SSS-scholastic" and "SSS-sports"). We examined associations between each status measure and smoking (ever and weekly) and drinking (ever and usually five or more drinks) and investigated variations according to gender and age. RESULTS Smoking and heavier drinking were positively associated with residential deprivation; associations with family affluence and subjective SES were weak or nonexistent. Both substances were related to each school-based SSS measure, and these associations were equally strong or stronger than those with deprivation. Although SSS-peer was positively associated with both smoking and (especially heavier) drinking, SSS-scholastic and SSS-sports were negatively associated with both substances. There were no gender differences in the associations and few according to age. CONCLUSIONS Subjective school-based status has stronger associations with adolescent smoking and drinking than "objective" or subjective SES. However, different dimensions of school-based status relate to adolescent smoking and drinking in opposing directions, meaning one measure based on several dimensions might show inconsistent relationships with adolescent substance use.
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Stone LL, Otten R, Engels RCME, Kuijpers RCWM, Janssens JMAM. Relations Between Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in Early Childhood. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-014-9296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lu FJH, Hsu YW, Wang ETW, Lin JH, Chou CC, Yeh LC. Adolescents' Physical Activities and Peer Norms: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy. Percept Mot Skills 2014; 118:362-74. [DOI: 10.2466/06.30.pms.118k23w3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the relations among adolescents' self-efficacy and social norms, and physical activity and whether self-efficacy mediated the relationship between social norms and physical activity. 400 junior high school students (202 boys, 198 girls, 2 not identified; M age=15.3 yr., SD = 0.6) completed a demographic questionnaire, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Perceived Self-Efficacy in Physical Activity Scale, and the Physical Activity Social Norms Scale. Regression analyses indicated that both self-efficacy and social norms predicted physical activity. Self-efficacy fully mediated the relationship between peer norms and physical activity for boys but partially mediated the relationship for girls. An application of the results may be to foster self-efficacy and peer norms as a motivational strategy for supporting increased physical activity.
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Taylor MJ, Merritt SM, Austin CC. Negative Affect, Delinquency, and Alcohol Use Among Rural and Urban African-American Adolescents: A Brief Report. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2012.729923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Alatupa S, Pulkki-Råback L, Hintsanen M, Elovainio M, Mullola S, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. Disruptive behavior in childhood and socioeconomic position in adulthood: a prospective study over 27 years. Int J Public Health 2012; 58:247-56. [PMID: 22965635 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-012-0408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined whether childhood disruptive behavior (aggressiveness, hyperactivity and social adjustment), predicts adulthood socioeconomic position (SEP), i.e., educational level, occupational status and income and social mobility. METHODS Social mobility was defined by comparing the participants' adulthood socioeconomic position with that of their parents ("intergenerational social mobility"). The subjects were derived from a population-based cohort study (N = 3,600) and our sample consisted of 782 participants (403 women) aged 3-9 years at baseline and were followed until they were aged 30-36. RESULTS High childhood aggression associated with low educational level and occupational status suggesting an early beginning negative tracking of aggressive behavior. High hyperactivity and poor social adjustment predicted adulthood low occupational status proposing a more slow effect on adulthood SEP. No associations between disruptive behavior and income-related mobility were found, but high hyperactivity associated with educational downward drift, whereas high aggression and low social adjustment related with occupational downward drift. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that childhood disruptive behavior may have long-lasting negative effects. In order to reduce the adverse effects of disruptive behavior, early intervention of problematic behavior becomes salient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saija Alatupa
- IBS, Unit of Personality, Work and Health Psychology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
AIMS To investigate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors on smoking trajectory membership and to test whether individual smoking trajectories represent phenotypical thresholds of increasing genetic risk along a common genetic liability dimension. DESIGN Prospective study of a birth cohort of female like-sex twin pairs. SETTING Participants completed diagnostic interview surveys four times from adolescence (average age 16) to young adulthood (average age 25). PARTICIPANTS Female twins who had smoked ≥100 cigarettes life-time (n = 1466 regular smokers). MEASUREMENTS Number of cigarettes smoked per day during the heaviest period of smoking (two waves) or during the past 12 months (two waves). FINDINGS A four-trajectory class solution provided the best fit to cigarette consumption data and was characterized by low (n = 564, 38.47%), moderate (n = 366, 24.97%) and high-level smokers (n = 197, 13.44%), and smokers who increased their smoking from adolescence to young adulthood (n =339, 23.12%). The best genetic model fit was a three-category model that comprised the low, a combined increasing + moderate and high trajectories. This trajectory categorization was heritable (72.7%), with no evidence for significant contribution from shared environmental factors. CONCLUSIONS The way in which smoking patterns develop in adolescence has a high level of heritability.
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Hiemstra M, Otten R, Engels RCME. Smoking onset and the time-varying effects of self-efficacy, environmental smoking, and smoking-specific parenting by using discrete-time survival analysis. J Behav Med 2012; 35:240-51. [PMID: 21643802 PMCID: PMC3305880 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-011-9355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the timing of smoking onset during mid- or late adolescence and the time-varying effects of refusal self-efficacy, parental and sibling smoking behavior, smoking behavior of friends and best friend, and parental smoking-specific communication. We used data from five annual waves of the 'Family and Health' project. In total, 428 adolescents and their parents participated at baseline. Only never smokers were included at baseline (n = 272). A life table and Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that 51% of all adolescents who did not smoke at baseline did not start smoking within 4 years. The risk for smoking onset during mid- or late adolescence is rather stable (hazard ratio between 16 and 19). Discrete-time survival analyses revealed that low refusal self-efficacy, high frequency of communication, and sibling smoking were associated with smoking onset one year later. No interaction effects were found. Conclusively, the findings revealed that refusal self-efficacy is an important predictor of smoking onset during mid- or late adolescence and is independent of smoking-specific communication and smoking behavior of parents, siblings, and (best) friend(s). Findings emphasize the importance of family prevention programs focusing on self-efficacy skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Hiemstra
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Kleinjan M, Vitaro F, Wanner B, Brug J, Van den Eijnden RJJM, Engels RCME. Predicting nicotine dependence profiles among adolescent smokers: the roles of personal and social-environmental factors in a longitudinal framework. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:196. [PMID: 22424115 PMCID: PMC3328251 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several studies have reported that symptoms of nicotine dependence can occur after limited exposure to smoking, the majority of research on nicotine dependence has focused on adult smokers. Insufficient knowledge exists regarding the epidemiology and aetiology of nicotine dependence among adolescent smokers. The objective of the present study is to identify the effects of theoretically driven social and individual predictors of nicotine dependence symptom profiles in a population-based sample of adolescent smokers. METHOD A longitudinal study among 6,783 adolescents (12 to 14 years old at baseline) was conducted. In the first and second year of secondary education, personality traits and exposure to smoking in the social environment were assessed. Two and a half years later, adolescents' smoking status and nicotine dependence symptom profiles were assessed. A total of 796 adolescents were identified as smokers and included in the analyses. RESULTS At follow-up, four distinct dependence symptom profiles were identified: low cravings only, high cravings and withdrawal, high cravings and behavioural dependence, and overall highly dependent. Personality traits of neuroticism and extraversion did not independently predict nicotine dependence profiles, whereas exposure to smoking in the social environment posed a risk for the initial development of nicotine dependence symptoms. However, in combination with environmental exposure to smoking, extraversion and neuroticism increased the risk of developing more severe dependence symptom profiles. CONCLUSIONS Nicotine dependence profiles are predicted by interactions between personal and environmental factors. These insights offer important directions for tailoring interventions to prevent the onset and escalation of nicotine dependence. Opportunities for intervention programs that target individuals with a high risk of developing more severe dependence symptom profiles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Kleinjan
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9104, Nijmegen 6500 HE, The Netherlands.
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Tjora T, Hetland J, Aarø LE, Øverland S. Distal and proximal family predictors of adolescents' smoking initiation and development: a longitudinal latent curve model analysis. BMC Public Health 2011; 11:911. [PMID: 22152017 PMCID: PMC3297654 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies on adolescent smoking indicate that the smoking behaviours of their parents, siblings and friends are significant micro-level predictors. Parents' socioeconomic status (SES) is an important macro-level predictor. We examined the longitudinal relationships between these predictors and the initiation and development of adolescents' smoking behaviour in Norway. Methods We employed data from The Norwegian Longitudinal Health Behaviour Study (NLHB), in which participants were followed from the age of 13 to 30. We analysed data from the first 5 waves, covering the age span from 13 to 18, with latent curve modeling (LCM). Results Smoking rates increased from 3% to 31% from age 13 to age 18. Participants' smoking was strongly associated with their best friends' smoking. Parental SES, parents' smoking and older siblings' smoking predicted adolescents' initial level of smoking. Furthermore, the same variables predicted the development of smoking behaviour from age 13 to 18. Parents' and siblings' smoking behaviours acted as mediators of parents' SES on the smoking habits of adolescents. Conclusions Parents' SES was significantly associated, directly and indirectly, with both smoking initiation and development. Parental and older siblings' smoking behaviours were positively associated with both initiation and development of smoking behaviour in adolescents. There were no significant gender differences in these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Tjora
- Uni Health, Uni Research, Christiesgate 12, 5015 Bergen, Norway.
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Hiemstra M, Otten R, de Leeuw RNH, van Schayck OCP, Engels RCME. The changing role of self-efficacy in adolescent smoking initiation. J Adolesc Health 2011; 48:597-603. [PMID: 21575820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refusal self-efficacy is assumed to be linked to adolescent smoking. The aim of the present study was to examine the changing role of self-efficacy in adolescent smoking over time while controlling for parental, sibling, and friends' smoking. METHODS This study used data from five annual waves of the "Family and Health" project. A total of 428 adolescents (mean age = 13.3 years; standard deviation = .48) and their parents participated at baseline. Only never smokers at baseline (n = 272) were included to measure smoking initiation. First, the effects of baseline self-efficacy, parental, sibling, and friends' smoking on adolescent smoking initiation at measurement five were examined. Second, with latent growth curves analyses, individual growth curve parameters of adolescent smoking, self-efficacy, parental, sibling, and friends' smoking were calculated. Subsequently, these growth parameters were used to predict growth of adolescent smoking. RESULTS Findings showed that baseline self-efficacy, parental and friends' smoking did not predict adolescent smoking at wave five, but baseline sibling smoking did. However, growth curve parameters showed that a decrease in self-efficacy, an increase in proportion of smoking friends, and an increase in sibling smoking over time were related to an increase in adolescent smoking. Initial levels of sibling and friends' smoking moderated the link between self-efficacy and adolescent smoking over time. CONCLUSION A decrease in self-efficacy over time, rather than baseline self-efficacy, is associated with smoking initiation in adolescence. Findings emphasize the need for more fine-grained analyses when looking at self-efficacy or other individual characteristics that might fluctuate over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Hiemstra
- Behavioural Science Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Other-sex friendships in late adolescence: risky associations for substance use and sexual debut? J Youth Adolesc 2010; 40:875-88. [PMID: 21088876 PMCID: PMC3111728 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-010-9605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents' friendships with other-sex peers serve important developmental functions, but they may also facilitate engagement in problem behavior. This study examines the unique contributions of other-sex friendships and friends' behavior to alcohol use, smoking, and initiation of sexual intercourse among late adolescent girls and boys. A total of 320 adolescents (53% girls; 33% racial/ethnic minorities) provided sociometric nominations of friendships annually in grades 10-12. Friendship networks were derived using social network analysis in each grade. Adolescents and their friends also reported on their alcohol use, smoking, and sexual debut at each assessment. After controlling for demographics, previous problem behavior, and friends' behavior, other-sex friendships in 10th grade were associated with initiation of smoking among girls over the following year, and other-sex friendships in 11th grade were linked with lower levels of subsequent alcohol use among boys. Additionally, friends' smoking and sexual experience in 10th grade predicted the same behaviors for all adolescents over the following year. Other-sex friendships thus appear to serve as a risk context for adolescent girls' smoking and a protective context for adolescent boys' drinking. Promoting mixed-gender activities and friendships among older high school students may be helpful in reducing males' alcohol use, but may need to incorporate additional components to prevent increases in females' smoking.
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Chung T, White HR, Hipwell AE, Stepp SD, Loeber R. A parallel process model of the development of positive smoking expectancies and smoking behavior during early adolescence in Caucasian and African American girls. Addict Behav 2010; 35:647-50. [PMID: 20188483 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the development of positive smoking expectancies and smoking behavior in an urban cohort of girls followed annually over ages 11-14. Longitudinal data from the oldest cohort of the Pittsburgh Girls Study (N = 566, 56% African American, 44% Caucasian) were used to estimate a parallel process growth model of positive smoking expectancies and smoking behavior. Average level of positive smoking expectancies was relatively stable over ages 11-14, although there was significant variability in initial level and rate of change in positive smoking expectancies. Ethnicity was associated with expectancy intercept and slope, such that African American, relative to Caucasian, girls initially had more positive expectancies, and less rapid change in positive expectancies. Ethnic differences in past year smoking prevalence emerged at age 14, with greater smoking prevalence among Caucasian (17%), compared to African American (8%), girls. Initial level of positive smoking expectancies and initial smoking behavior were positively associated, but positive expectancies did not predict growth in smoking behavior. Depression at age 11 was concurrently and positively associated with both positive expectancies and smoking. Study results suggest the potential utility of culturally tailored smoking prevention efforts, and the potential secondary benefit of depression treatment to prevent smoking among at-risk girls.
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West P. The changing evidence-base: further challenges for smoking prevention. Addiction 2009; 104:651-2. [PMID: 19335662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick West
- MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, 4 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK.
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