1
|
van Griethuysen PA, Redeker KR, MacFarlane SA, Neilson R, Hartley SE. Virus-induced changes in root volatiles attract soil nematode vectors to infected plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:2275-2286. [PMID: 38327027 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Plant-derived volatiles mediate interactions among plants, pathogenic viruses, and viral vectors. These volatile-dependent mechanisms have not been previously demonstrated belowground, despite their likely significant role in soil ecology and agricultural pest impacts. We investigated how the plant virus, tobacco rattle virus (TRV), attracts soil nematode vectors to infected plants. We infected Nicotiana benthamiana with TRV and compared root growth relative to that of uninfected plants. We tested whether TRV-infected N. benthamiana was more attractive to nematodes 7 d post infection and identified a compound critical to attraction. We also infected N. benthamiana with mutated TRV strains to identify virus genes involved in vector nematode attraction. Virus titre and associated impacts on root morphology were greatest 7 d post infection. Tobacco rattle virus infection enhanced 2-ethyl-1-hexanol production. Nematode chemotaxis and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol production correlated strongly with viral load. Uninfected plants were more attractive to nematodes after the addition of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol than were untreated plants. Mutation of TRV RNA2-encoded genes reduced the production of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol and nematode attraction. For the first time, this demonstrates that virus-driven alterations in root volatile emissions lead to increased chemotaxis of the virus's nematode vector, a finding with implications for sustainable management of both nematodes and viral pathogens in agricultural systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly R Redeker
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO1 5DD, UK
| | - Stuart A MacFarlane
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Department, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Roy Neilson
- Ecological Sciences Department, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Sue E Hartley
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lettin L, Erbay B, Blair GE. Viruses and Cajal Bodies: A Critical Cellular Target in Virus Infection? Viruses 2023; 15:2311. [PMID: 38140552 PMCID: PMC10747631 DOI: 10.3390/v15122311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear bodies (NBs) are dynamic structures present in eukaryotic cell nuclei. They are not bounded by membranes and are often considered biomolecular condensates, defined structurally and functionally by the localisation of core components. Nuclear architecture can be reorganised during normal cellular processes such as the cell cycle as well as in response to cellular stress. Many plant and animal viruses target their proteins to NBs, in some cases triggering their structural disruption and redistribution. Although not all such interactions have been well characterised, subversion of NBs and their functions may form a key part of the life cycle of eukaryotic viruses that require the nucleus for their replication. This review will focus on Cajal bodies (CBs) and the viruses that target them. Since CBs are dynamic structures, other NBs (principally nucleoli and promyelocytic leukaemia, PML and bodies), whose components interact with CBs, will also be considered. As well as providing important insights into key virus-host cell interactions, studies on Cajal and associated NBs may identify novel cellular targets for development of antiviral compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Lettin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK (B.E.)
| | - Bilgi Erbay
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK (B.E.)
- Moleküler Biyoloji ve Genetik Bölümü, Fen Fakültesi, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van 65140, Türkiye
| | - G. Eric Blair
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK (B.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Spechenkova N, Samarskaya VO, Kalinina NO, Zavriev SK, MacFarlane S, Love AJ, Taliansky M. Plant Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1 Is a Potential Mediator of Cross-Talk between the Cajal Body Protein Coilin and Salicylic Acid-Mediated Antiviral Defence. Viruses 2023; 15:1282. [PMID: 37376582 DOI: 10.3390/v15061282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus and Cajal bodies (CBs) are sub-nuclear domains with well-known roles in RNA metabolism and RNA-protein assembly. However, they also participate in other important aspects of cell functioning. This study uncovers a previously unrecognised mechanism by which these bodies and their components regulate host defences against pathogen attack. We show that the CB protein coilin interacts with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), redistributes it to the nucleolus and modifies its function, and that these events are accompanied by substantial increases in endogenous concentrations of salicylic acid (SA), activation of SA-responsive gene expression and callose deposition leading to the restriction of tobacco rattle virus (TRV) systemic infection. Consistent with this, we also find that treatment with SA subverts the negative effect of the pharmacological PARP inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) on plant recovery from TRV infection. Our results suggest that PARP1 could act as a key molecular actuator in the regulatory network which integrates coilin activities as a stress sensor for virus infection and SA-mediated antivirus defence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Spechenkova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktoriya O Samarskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya O Kalinina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey K Zavriev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - S MacFarlane
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Andrew J Love
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Michael Taliansky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Atabekova AK, Solovieva AD, Chergintsev DA, Solovyev AG, Morozov SY. Role of Plant Virus Movement Proteins in Suppression of Host RNAi Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109049. [PMID: 37240394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the systems of plant defense against viral infection is RNA silencing, or RNA interference (RNAi), in which small RNAs derived from viral genomic RNAs and/or mRNAs serve as guides to target an Argonaute nuclease (AGO) to virus-specific RNAs. Complementary base pairing between the small interfering RNA incorporated into the AGO-based protein complex and viral RNA results in the target cleavage or translational repression. As a counter-defensive strategy, viruses have evolved to acquire viral silencing suppressors (VSRs) to inhibit the host plant RNAi pathway. Plant virus VSR proteins use multiple mechanisms to inhibit silencing. VSRs are often multifunctional proteins that perform additional functions in the virus infection cycle, particularly, cell-to-cell movement, genome encapsidation, or replication. This paper summarizes the available data on the proteins with dual VSR/movement protein activity used by plant viruses of nine orders to override the protective silencing response and reviews the different molecular mechanisms employed by these proteins to suppress RNAi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia K Atabekova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna D Solovieva
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A Chergintsev
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey G Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Y Morozov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Uranga M, Aragonés V, Daròs JA, Pasin F. Heritable CRISPR-Cas9 editing of plant genomes using RNA virus vectors. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102091. [PMID: 36853698 PMCID: PMC9943877 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors hold enormous potential for genome editing in plants as transient delivery vehicles of CRISPR-Cas components. Here, we describe a protocol to assemble plant viral vectors for single-guide RNA (sgRNA) delivery. The obtained viral constructs are based on compact T-DNA binary vectors of the pLX series and are delivered into Cas9-expressing plants through agroinoculation. This approach allows rapidly assessing sgRNA design for plant genome targeting, as well as the recovery of progeny with heritable mutations at targeted loci. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Uranga et al. (2021)1 and Aragonés et al. (2022).2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Uranga
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universitat Politècnica de València, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Verónica Aragonés
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universitat Politècnica de València, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - José-Antonio Daròs
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universitat Politècnica de València, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Fabio Pasin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universitat Politècnica de València, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS): A Powerful Tool for Crop Improvement and Its Advancement towards Epigenetics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065608. [PMID: 36982682 PMCID: PMC10057534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an RNA-mediated reverse genetics technology that has evolved into an indispensable approach for analyzing the function of genes. It downregulates endogenous genes by utilizing the posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) machinery of plants to prevent systemic viral infections. Based on recent advances, VIGS can now be used as a high-throughput tool that induces heritable epigenetic modifications in plants through the viral genome by transiently knocking down targeted gene expression. As a result of the progression of DNA methylation induced by VIGS, new stable genotypes with desired traits are being developed in plants. In plants, RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) is a mechanism where epigenetic modifiers are guided to target loci by small RNAs, which play a major role in the silencing of the target gene. In this review, we described the molecular mechanisms of DNA and RNA-based viral vectors and the knowledge obtained through altering the genes in the studied plants that are not usually accessible to transgenic techniques. We showed how VIGS-induced gene silencing can be used to characterize transgenerational gene function(s) and altered epigenetic marks, which can improve future plant breeding programs.
Collapse
|
7
|
D. Howland A, Quintanilla M. Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and their Effects on Ornamental Plants: A Review. J Nematol 2023; 55:20230007. [PMID: 37082221 PMCID: PMC10111207 DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2023-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the ornamental plant industry is estimated to be valued at $70 billion, with the United States' ornamental plant industry valued at $4.8 billion in 2020. Ornamental plants are cultivated for numerous reasons worldwide, such as decorative, medicinal, social, and utility purposes, making the ornamental field a high growth industry. One of the main pathogen groups affecting the yield and growth of the ornamental plant industry is plant-parasitic nematodes, which are microscopic roundworms that feed on plant parts causing significant yield loss. There are many kinds of plant-parasitic nematodes that affect ornamental plants, with the main genera being Meloidogyne spp., Aphelenchoides spp., Paratylenchus spp., Pratylenchus spp., Helicotylenchus spp., Radopholus spp., Xiphinema spp., Trichodorus spp., Paratrichodorus spp., Rotylenchulus spp., and Longidorus spp. The aim of this review is to focus on the effects, hosts, and symptoms of these major plant-parasitic nematodes on ornamental plants and synthesize current management strategies in the ornamental plant industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D. Howland
- Michigan State University, Department of Entomology, East Lansing, MI 48824US
| | - Marisol Quintanilla
- Michigan State University, Department of Entomology, East Lansing, MI 48824US
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Beris D, Tzima A, Gousi F, Rampou A, Psarra V, Theologidis I, Vassilakos N. Multiple integrations of a sense transgene, including a tandem inverted repeat confer stable RNA-silencing mediated virus resistance under different abiotic and biotic conditions. Transgenic Res 2023; 32:53-66. [PMID: 36633706 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-023-00333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, tobacco plants, transformed with a sense construct of the 57K domain of the replicase gene of tobacco rattle virus (TRV), provided resistance against genetically distant isolates of the virus. In this work, 57K-specific siRNAs were detected with RT-qPCR solely in the resistant line verifying the RNA-silencing base of the resistance. The integration sites of the transgene into the plant genome were identified with inverse-PCR. Moreover, the resistance against TRV was practically unaffected by low temperature conditions and the presence of heterologous viruses. The mechanism of the resistance was further examined by a gene expression analysis that showed increased transcript levels of genes with a key-role in the RNA silencing pathway and the basal antiviral defence. This work provides a comprehensive characterization of the robust virus resistance obtained by a sense transgene and underlines the usefulness of transgenic plants obtained by such a strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Beris
- Laboratory of Virology, Scientific Directorate of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta Street, 14561, Athens, Greece.
| | - Aliki Tzima
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Crop Production, School of Agricultural Production Infrastructure and Environment, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Fani Gousi
- Laboratory of Virology, Scientific Directorate of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta Street, 14561, Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Crop Production, School of Agricultural Production Infrastructure and Environment, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Rampou
- Laboratory of Virology, Scientific Directorate of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta Street, 14561, Athens, Greece
| | - Venetia Psarra
- Laboratory of Virology, Scientific Directorate of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta Street, 14561, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Theologidis
- Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta Street, 14561, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikon Vassilakos
- Laboratory of Virology, Scientific Directorate of Phytopathology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta Street, 14561, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guo G, Li MJ, Lai JL, Du ZY, Liao QS. Development of tobacco rattle virus-based platform for dual heterologous gene expression and CRISPR/Cas reagent delivery. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 325:111491. [PMID: 36216296 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A large number of viral delivery systems have been developed for characterizing functional genes and producing heterologous recombinant proteins in plants, and but most of them are unable to co-express two fusion-free foreign proteins in the whole plant for extended periods of time. In this study, we modified tobacco rattle virus (TRV) as a TRVe dual delivery vector, using the strategy of gene substitution. The reconstructed TRVe had the capability to simultaneously produce two fusion-free foreign proteins at the whole level of Nicotiana benthamiana, and maintained the genetic stability for the insert of double foreign genes. Moreover, TRVe allowed systemic expression of two foreign proteins with the total lengths up to ∼900 aa residues. In addition, Cas12a protein and crRNA were delivered by the TRVe expression system for site-directed editing of genomic DNA in N. benthamiana 16c line constitutively expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Taker together, the TRV-based delivery system will be a simple and powerful means to rapidly co-express two non-fused foreign proteins at the whole level and facilitate functional genomics studies in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Guo
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Meng-Jiao Li
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Jia-Liang Lai
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Zhi-You Du
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Qian-Sheng Liao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Virus-Induced Gene Editing and Its Applications in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810202. [PMID: 36142116 PMCID: PMC9499690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing technologies, which allow the precise manipulation of plant genomes, have revolutionized plant science and enabled the creation of germplasms with beneficial traits. In order to apply these technologies, CRISPR/Cas reagents must be delivered into plant cells; however, this is limited by tissue culture challenges. Recently, viral vectors have been used to deliver CRISPR/Cas reagents into plant cells. Virus-induced genome editing (VIGE) has emerged as a powerful method with several advantages, including high editing efficiency and a simplified process for generating gene-edited DNA-free plants. Here, we briefly describe CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing. We then focus on VIGE systems and the types of viruses used currently for CRISPR/Cas9 cassette delivery and genome editing. We also highlight recent applications of and advances in VIGE in plants. Finally, we discuss the challenges and potential for VIGE in plants.
Collapse
|
11
|
Rössner C, Lotz D, Becker A. VIGS Goes Viral: How VIGS Transforms Our Understanding of Plant Science. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:703-728. [PMID: 35138878 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-020542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has developed into an indispensable approach to gene function analysis in a wide array of species, many of which are not amenable to stable genetic transformation. VIGS utilizes the posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) machinery of plants to restrain viral infections systemically and is used to downregulate the plant's endogenous genes. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of DNA- and RNA-virus-based VIGS, its inherent connection to PTGS, and what is known about the systemic spread of silencing. Recently, VIGS-based technologies have been expanded to enable not only gene silencing but also overexpression [virus-induced overexpression (VOX)], genome editing [virus-induced genome editing (VIGE)], and host-induced gene silencing (HIGS). These techniques expand the genetic toolbox for nonmodel organisms even more. Further, we illustrate the versatility of VIGS and the methods derived from it in elucidating molecular mechanisms, using tomato fruit ripening and programmed cell death as examples. Finally, we discuss challenges of and future perspectives on the use of VIGS to advance gene function analysis in nonmodel plants in the postgenomic era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Rössner
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany;
| | - Dominik Lotz
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany;
| | - Annette Becker
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cheng S, Zou YN, Kuča K, Hashem A, Abd_Allah EF, Wu QS. Elucidating the Mechanisms Underlying Enhanced Drought Tolerance in Plants Mediated by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:809473. [PMID: 35003041 PMCID: PMC8733408 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.809473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are often subjected to various environmental stresses during their life cycle, among which drought stress is perhaps the most significant abiotic stress limiting plant growth and development. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, a group of beneficial soil fungi, can enhance the adaptability and tolerance of their host plants to drought stress after infecting plant roots and establishing a symbiotic association with their host plant. Therefore, AM fungi represent an eco-friendly strategy in sustainable agricultural systems. There is still a need, however, to better understand the complex mechanisms underlying AM fungi-mediated enhancement of plant drought tolerance to ensure their effective use. AM fungi establish well-developed, extraradical hyphae on root surfaces, and function in water absorption and the uptake and transfer of nutrients into host cells. Thus, they participate in the physiology of host plants through the function of specific genes encoded in their genome. AM fungi also modulate morphological adaptations and various physiological processes in host plants, that help to mitigate drought-induced injury and enhance drought tolerance. Several AM-specific host genes have been identified and reported to be responsible for conferring enhanced drought tolerance. This review provides an overview of the effect of drought stress on the diversity and activity of AM fungi, the symbiotic relationship that exists between AM fungi and host plants under drought stress conditions, elucidates the morphological, physiological, and molecular mechanisms underlying AM fungi-mediated enhanced drought tolerance in plants, and provides an outlook for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Cheng
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ying-Ning Zou
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Abeer Hashem
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qiang-Sheng Wu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li Y, Sun H, Li J, Qin S, Yang W, Ma X, Qiao X, Yang B. Effects of Genetic Background and Altitude on Sugars, Malic Acid and Ascorbic Acid in Fruits of Wild and Cultivated Apples ( Malus sp.). Foods 2021; 10:foods10122950. [PMID: 34945500 PMCID: PMC8701241 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble sugars, malic acid, and ascorbic acid in 17 apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh.) and three wild forms (M. pumila 'Saiwaihong', M. prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh. and M. micromalus Makino) from three major apple cultivation regions in China were quantified using gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Fructose was the most abundant sugar, followed by sucrose, glucose, and sorbitol. Wild apples contain more sorbitol and less sucrose and were significantly more acidic than cultivated fruits. The total sugar content varied from 110 to 160 mg/g fresh fruits, total acid content from 2 to 6 mg/g, with a strong influence of genetic background and growth location. Overall, 'Gala', 'Xiali', 'Liuyuehong', 'Lihong', 'Starking Delicious', and 'Starkrimson' were characterized by higher sugar/acid ratio indicating sweeter taste compared to other cultivars. The wild apples had the highest content of ascorbic acid (0.6-0.96 mg/g). Compared to other cultivars, 'Zhongqiuwang', 'Qinguan', and 'Nagafu No. 2' were richer in ascorbic acid. The ascorbic acid content in the commercial cultivars was highly dependent on growth location. The content of malic acid and sucrose positively correlated to altitude, and that of glucose negatively. Malic acid positively correlated with ascorbic acid and sucrose, glucose content with ascorbic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Li
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China; (Y.L.); (H.S.); (J.L.); (S.Q.); (X.Q.)
| | - Hongxia Sun
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China; (Y.L.); (H.S.); (J.L.); (S.Q.); (X.Q.)
| | - Jindong Li
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China; (Y.L.); (H.S.); (J.L.); (S.Q.); (X.Q.)
| | - Shu Qin
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China; (Y.L.); (H.S.); (J.L.); (S.Q.); (X.Q.)
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Food Chemistry and Food Development, University of Turku, Turun Yliopisto, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (W.Y.); (X.M.)
| | - Xueying Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Food Chemistry and Food Development, University of Turku, Turun Yliopisto, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (W.Y.); (X.M.)
| | - Xiongwu Qiao
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China; (Y.L.); (H.S.); (J.L.); (S.Q.); (X.Q.)
| | - Baoru Yang
- Shanxi Center for Testing of Functional Agro-Products, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China; (Y.L.); (H.S.); (J.L.); (S.Q.); (X.Q.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Food Chemistry and Food Development, University of Turku, Turun Yliopisto, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (W.Y.); (X.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rahman J, Baldwin IT, Gase K. California TRV-based VIGS vectors mediate gene silencing at elevated temperatures but with greater growth stunting. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:553. [PMID: 34809584 PMCID: PMC8607596 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), a widely used functional genomics tool, requires growth temperatures typically lower than those of the plant's native environment. Enabling VIGS under native conditions in the field according to applicable safety regulations could be a revolutionary advance for ecological research. RESULTS Here, we report the development of an enhanced thermal tolerant VIGS vector system based on a TRV California isolate. cDNA clones representing the whole viral genome were sequenced and used to construct separate binary plant transformation vectors for functional elements of RNA1 (6765 nt) and RNA2 (3682 nt). VIGS of target genes was induced by transient transformation of the host plant with both vectors or by treating the host plant with sap from already VIGS induced plants. In Nicotiana attenuata the silencing efficiency of the PDS (phytoene desaturase) gene was 90% at 28 °C and 78% at 30 °C. Silencing at these temperatures was more prominent and durable than silencing induced by the widely used TRV PpK20-based pBINTRA6/pTV00 system, but was associated with a viral phenotype. Differences in the suppressor protein and RNA dependent RNA polymerase sequences between the TRV California isolate and PpK20 may be the reason for their different thermal tolerance. CONCLUSIONS The new TRV California-based VIGS vectors induce gene silencing in Nicotiana attenuata at higher temperatures than the existing pBINTRA6/pTV00 vector system, but cause greater growth defects. The new vector system opens up an avenue to study genes functions in planta under field conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamilur Rahman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Present address: Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, 1207 Bangladesh
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus Gase
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Khakhar A, Wang C, Swanson R, Stokke S, Rizvi F, Sarup S, Hobbs J, Voytas DF. VipariNama: RNA viral vectors to rapidly elucidate the relationship between gene expression and phenotype. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:2222-2238. [PMID: 34009393 PMCID: PMC8331131 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic transcription factors have great promise as tools to help elucidate relationships between gene expression and phenotype by allowing tunable alterations of gene expression without genomic alterations of the loci being studied. However, the years-long timescales, high cost, and technical skill associated with plant transformation have limited their use. In this work, we developed a technology called VipariNama (ViN) in which vectors based on the tobacco rattle virus are used to rapidly deploy Cas9-based synthetic transcription factors and reprogram gene expression in planta. We demonstrate that ViN vectors can implement activation or repression of multiple genes systemically and persistently over several weeks in Nicotiana benthamiana, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). By exploring strategies including RNA scaffolding, viral vector ensembles, and viral engineering, we describe how the flexibility and efficacy of regulation can be improved. We also show how this transcriptional reprogramming can create predictable changes to metabolic phenotypes, such as gibberellin biosynthesis in N. benthamiana and anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis, as well as developmental phenotypes, such as plant size in N. benthamiana, Arabidopsis, and tomato. These results demonstrate how ViN vector-based reprogramming of different aspects of gibberellin signaling can be used to engineer plant size in a range of plant species in a matter of weeks. In summary, ViN accelerates the timeline for generating phenotypes from over a year to just a few weeks, providing an attractive alternative to transgenesis for synthetic transcription factor-enabled hypothesis testing and crop engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Khakhar
- Department Genetics, Cell Biology, & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55108, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minneapolis 55108, USA
| | - Cecily Wang
- Department Genetics, Cell Biology, & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55108, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minneapolis 55108, USA
| | - Ryan Swanson
- Department Genetics, Cell Biology, & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55108, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minneapolis 55108, USA
| | - Sydney Stokke
- Department Genetics, Cell Biology, & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55108, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minneapolis 55108, USA
| | - Furva Rizvi
- Department Genetics, Cell Biology, & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55108, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minneapolis 55108, USA
| | - Surbhi Sarup
- Department Genetics, Cell Biology, & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55108, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minneapolis 55108, USA
| | - John Hobbs
- Department Genetics, Cell Biology, & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55108, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minneapolis 55108, USA
| | - Daniel F Voytas
- Department Genetics, Cell Biology, & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55108, USA
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minneapolis 55108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Khakhar A, Voytas DF. RNA Viral Vectors for Accelerating Plant Synthetic Biology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668580. [PMID: 34249040 PMCID: PMC8261061 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The tools of synthetic biology have enormous potential to help us uncover the fundamental mechanisms controlling development and metabolism in plants. However, their effective utilization typically requires transgenesis, which is plagued by long timescales and high costs. In this review we explore how transgenesis can be minimized by delivering foreign genetic material to plants with systemically mobile and persistent vectors based on RNA viruses. We examine the progress that has been made thus far and highlight the hurdles that need to be overcome and some potential strategies to do so. We conclude with a discussion of biocontainment mechanisms to ensure these vectors can be used safely as well as how these vectors might expand the accessibility of plant synthetic biology techniques. RNA vectors stand poised to revolutionize plant synthetic biology by making genetic manipulation of plants cheaper and easier to deploy, as well as by accelerating experimental timescales from years to weeks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Khakhar
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Daniel F. Voytas
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Center for Precision Plant Genomics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang J, Zhang J, Li J, Dawuda MM, Ali B, Wu Y, Yu J, Tang Z, Lyu J, Xiao X, Hu L, Xie J. Exogenous Application of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Promotes Coloration and Improves the Quality of Tomato Fruit by Regulating Carotenoid Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:683868. [PMID: 34220904 PMCID: PMC8243651 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.683868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) plays an important role in plant growth and development. It can also be used to enhance crop resistance to environmental stresses and improve the color and internal quality of fruits. However, there are limited reports regarding the effects of ALA on tomato fruit color and its regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, in this study, the effects of exogenous ALA on the quality and coloration of tomato fruits were examined. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum "Yuanwei No. 1") fruit surfaces were treated with different concentrations of ALA (0, 100, and 200 mg⋅L-1) on the 24th day after fruit setting (mature green fruit stage), and the content of soluble sugar, titratable acid, soluble protein, vitamin C, and total free amino acids, as well as amino acid components, intermediates of lycopene synthetic and metabolic pathways, and ALA metabolic pathway derivatives were determined during fruit ripening. The relative expression levels of genes involved in lycopene synthesis and metabolism and those involved in ALA metabolism were also analyzed. The results indicated that exogenous ALA (200 mg⋅L-1) increased the contents of soluble sugars, soluble proteins, total free amino acids, and vitamin C as well as 11 kinds of amino acid components in tomato fruits and reduced the content of titratable acids, thus improving the quality of tomato fruits harvested 4 days earlier than those of the control plants. In addition, exogenous ALA markedly improved carotenoid biosynthesis by upregulating the gene expression levels of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, phytoene synthase 1, phytoene desaturase, and lycopene β-cyclase. Furthermore, exogenous ALA inhibited chlorophyll synthesis by downregulating the genes expression levels of Mg-chelatase and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. These findings suggest that supplementation with 200 mg⋅L-1 ALA not only enhances the nutritional quality and color of the fruit but also promotes early fruit maturation in tomato.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Basharat Ali
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhongqi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Linli Hu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Edgü G, Freund LJ, Hartje S, Tacke E, Hofferbert HR, Twyman RM, Noll GA, Muth J, Prüfer D. Fast, Precise, and Reliable Multiplex Detection of Potato Viruses by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228741. [PMID: 33228234 PMCID: PMC7699554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato is an important staple food crop in both developed and developing countries. However, potato plants are susceptible to several economically important viruses that reduce yields by up to 50% and affect tuber quality. One of the major threats is corky ringspot, which is a tuber necrosis caused by tobacco rattle virus (TRV). The appearance of corky ringspot symptoms on tubers prior to commercialization results in ≈ 45% of the tubers being downgraded in quality and value, while ≈ 55% are declared unsaleable. To improve current disease management practices, we have developed simple diagnostic methods for the reliable detection of TRV without RNA purification, involving minimalized sample handling (mini), subsequent improved colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and final verification by lateral-flow dipstick (LFD) analysis. Having optimized the mini-LAMP-LFD approach for the sensitive and specific detection of TRV, we confirmed the reliability and robustness of this approach by the simultaneous detection of TRV and other harmful viruses in duplex LAMP reactions. Therefore, our new approach offers breeders, producers, and farmers an inexpensive and efficient new platform for disease management in potato breeding and cultivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Güven Edgü
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (G.E.); (L.J.F.); (J.M.)
| | - Lena Julie Freund
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (G.E.); (L.J.F.); (J.M.)
| | - Stefanie Hartje
- Böhm-Nordkartoffel Agrarproduktion GmbH&Co. OHG, Brüggerfeld 44, 29574 Ebstorf, Germany; (S.H.); (E.T.); (H.-R.H.)
| | - Eckhard Tacke
- Böhm-Nordkartoffel Agrarproduktion GmbH&Co. OHG, Brüggerfeld 44, 29574 Ebstorf, Germany; (S.H.); (E.T.); (H.-R.H.)
| | - Hans-Reinhard Hofferbert
- Böhm-Nordkartoffel Agrarproduktion GmbH&Co. OHG, Brüggerfeld 44, 29574 Ebstorf, Germany; (S.H.); (E.T.); (H.-R.H.)
| | - Richard M. Twyman
- Twyman Research Management Ltd., P.O. Box 493, Scarborough YO11 9FJ, UK;
| | - Gundula A. Noll
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany;
| | - Jost Muth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (G.E.); (L.J.F.); (J.M.)
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (G.E.); (L.J.F.); (J.M.)
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-251-8322302
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schmitz DJ, Ali Z, Wang C, Aljedaani F, Hooykaas PJJ, Mahfouz M, de Pater S. CRISPR/Cas9 Mutagenesis by Translocation of Cas9 Protein Into Plant Cells via the Agrobacterium Type IV Secretion System. Front Genome Ed 2020; 2:6. [PMID: 34713215 PMCID: PMC8525350 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2020.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daan J. Schmitz
- Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Zahir Ali
- Division of Biological Sciences & Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chenglong Wang
- Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Fatimah Aljedaani
- Division of Biological Sciences & Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul J. J. Hooykaas
- Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Magdy Mahfouz
- Division of Biological Sciences & Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Magdy Mahfouz
| | - Sylvia de Pater
- Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Sylvia de Pater
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tavares-Esashika ML, Campos RNS, Blawid R, da Luz LL, Inoue-Nagata AK, Nagata T. Characterization of an infectious clone of pepper ringspot virus and its use as a viral vector. Arch Virol 2020; 165:367-375. [PMID: 31845151 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The genus Tobravirus comprises three species: Tobacco rattle virus, Pea early-browning virus and Pepper ringspot virus. The genomes of tobraviruses consist of two positive-sense single-stranded RNA segments (RNA1 and RNA2). Infectious clones of TRV are extensively used as virus-induced gene-silencing (VIGS) vectors for studies of virus-host interactions and functions of plant genes. Complete infectious clones of pepper ringspot virus (PepRSV), the only tobravirus present in Brazil, however, have not yet been reported. Infectious clones will help to identify unique features of PepRSV RNA2 and provide another option for development of VIGS vectors. We constructed infectious clones based on two PepRSV isolates, CAM (RNA1 and RNA2) and LAV (RNA2). The cDNA constructs for both homologous (RNA1 and RNA2 of the CAM isolate) and heterologous (RNA1/CAM and RNA2/LAV) combinations were infectious in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. VIGS vector constructs with green fluorescent protein or phytoene desaturase genes inserted in RNA2 silenced the target genes. The systemic translocation of the PepRSV RNA1 construct alone (nonmultiple infection) was also confirmed in an N. benthamiana plant. These results are similar to those reported for tobacco rattle virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moana Lima Tavares-Esashika
- Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
- Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Ravi Narayan Souza Campos
- Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Rosana Blawid
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lopes da Luz
- Pós-graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Tatsuya Nagata
- Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
- Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shaw J, Yu C, Makhotenko AV, Makarova SS, Love AJ, Kalinina NO, MacFarlane S, Chen J, Taliansky ME. Interaction of a plant virus protein with the signature Cajal body protein coilin facilitates salicylic acid-mediated plant defence responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:439-453. [PMID: 31215645 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In addition to well-known roles in RNA metabolism, the nucleolus and Cajal bodies (CBs), both located within the nucleus, are involved in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Previously we showed that plants in which expression of the CB protein coilin is downregulated are more susceptible to certain viruses including tobacco rattle virus (TRV), suggesting a role of coilin in antiviral defence. Experiments with coilin-deficient plants and the deletion mutant of the TRV 16K protein showed that both 16K and coilin are required for restriction of systemic TRV infection. The potential mechanisms of coilin-mediated antiviral defence were elucidated via experiments involving co-immunoprecipitation, use of NahG transgenic plants deficient in salicylic acid (SA) accumulation, measurement of endogenous SA concentrations and assessment of SA-responsive gene expression. Here we show that TRV 16K interacts with and relocalizes coilin to the nucleolus. In wild-type plants these events are accompanied by activation of SA-responsive gene expression and restriction of TRV systemic infection. By contrast, viral systemic spread was enhanced in NahG plants, implicating SA in these processes. Our findings suggest that coilin is involved in plant defence, responding to TRV infection by recognition of the TRV-encoded 16K protein and activating SA-dependent defence pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Shaw
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Chulang Yu
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 117997, China
| | - Antonida V Makhotenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the RAS, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Svetlana S Makarova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the RAS, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrew J Love
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Natalia O Kalinina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the RAS, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Stuart MacFarlane
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 117997, China
| | - Michael E Taliansky
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the RAS, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Katsarou K, Mitta E, Bardani E, Oulas A, Dadami E, Kalantidis K. DCL-suppressed Nicotiana benthamiana plants: valuable tools in research and biotechnology. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:432-446. [PMID: 30343523 PMCID: PMC6637889 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing is a universal mechanism involved in development, epigenetic modifications and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The major components of this mechanism are Dicer-like (DCL), Argonaute (AGO) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) proteins. Understanding the role of each component is of great scientific and agronomic importance. Plants, including Nicotiana benthamiana, an important plant model, usually possess four DCL proteins, each of which has a specific role, namely being responsible for the production of an exclusive small RNA population. Here, we used RNA interference (RNAi) technology to target DCL proteins and produced single and combinatorial mutants for DCL. We analysed the phenotype for each DCL knockdown plant, together with the small RNA profile, by next-generation sequencing (NGS). We also investigated transgene expression, as well as viral infections, and were able to show that DCL suppression results in distinct developmental defects, changes in small RNA populations, increases in transgene expression and, finally, higher susceptibility in certain RNA viruses. Therefore, these plants are excellent tools for the following: (i) to study the role of DCL enzymes; (ii) to overexpress proteins of interest; and (iii) to understand the complex relationship between the plant silencing mechanism and biotic or abiotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Katsarou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyFoundation for Research and Technology‐HellasHeraklionGreece
| | - Eleni Mitta
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
| | | | - Anastasis Oulas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyFoundation for Research and Technology‐HellasHeraklionGreece
- Present address:
Bioinformatics Group, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and GeneticsNicosiaCyprus
| | - Elena Dadami
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
- Present address:
RLP AgroScience, AlPlantaNeustadtGermany
| | - Kriton Kalantidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyFoundation for Research and Technology‐HellasHeraklionGreece
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mahas A, Ali Z, Tashkandi M, Mahfouz MM. Virus-Mediated Genome Editing in Plants Using the CRISPR/Cas9 System. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1917:311-326. [PMID: 30610646 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8991-1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeted modification of plant genomes is a powerful strategy for investigating and engineering cellular systems, paving the way for the discovery and development of important, novel agricultural traits. Cas9, an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease from the type II adaptive immune CRISPR system of the prokaryote Streptococcus pyogenes, has gained widespread popularity as a genome-editing tool for use in a wide array of cells and organisms, including model and crop plants. Effective genome engineering requires the delivery of the Cas9 protein and guide RNAs into target cells. However, in planta genome modification faces many hurdles, including the difficulty in efficiently delivering genome engineering reagents to the desired tissues. We recently developed a Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated genome engineering system for Nicotiana benthamiana. Using this platform, genome engineering reagents can be delivered into all plant parts in a simple, efficient manner, facilitating the recovery of progeny plants with the desired genomic modifications, thus bypassing the need for transformation and tissue culture. This platform expands the utility of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for in planta, targeted genome modification. Here, we provide a detailed protocol explaining the methodologies used to develop and implement TRV-mediated genome engineering in N. benthamiana. The protocol described here can be extended to any other plant species susceptible to systemic infection by TRV. However, this approach is not limited to vectors derived from TRV, as other RNA viruses could be used to develop similar delivery platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mahas
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Engineering, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahir Ali
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Engineering, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Tashkandi
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Engineering, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy M Mahfouz
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Engineering, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wróblewski T, Spiridon L, Martin EC, Petrescu AJ, Cavanaugh K, Truco MJ, Xu H, Gozdowski D, Pawłowski K, Michelmore RW, Takken FL. Genome-wide functional analyses of plant coiled-coil NLR-type pathogen receptors reveal essential roles of their N-terminal domain in oligomerization, networking, and immunity. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005821. [PMID: 30540748 PMCID: PMC6312357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to induce a defense response after pathogen attack is a critical feature of the immune system of any organism. Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are key players in this process and perceive the occurrence of nonself-activities or foreign molecules. In plants, coevolution with a variety of pests and pathogens has resulted in repertoires of several hundred diverse NLRs in single individuals and many more in populations as a whole. However, the mechanism by which defense signaling is triggered by these NLRs in plants is poorly understood. Here, we show that upon pathogen perception, NLRs use their N-terminal domains to transactivate other receptors. Their N-terminal domains homo- and heterodimerize, suggesting that plant NLRs oligomerize upon activation, similar to the vertebrate NLRs; however, consistent with their large number in plants, the complexes are highly heterometric. Also, in contrast to metazoan NLRs, the N-terminus, rather than their centrally located nucleotide-binding (NB) domain, can mediate initial partner selection. The highly redundant network of NLR interactions in plants is proposed to provide resilience to perturbation by pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Wróblewski
- The Genome Center, University of California–Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Laurentiu Spiridon
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eliza Cristina Martin
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei-Jose Petrescu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Keri Cavanaugh
- The Genome Center, University of California–Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Maria José Truco
- The Genome Center, University of California–Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Huaqin Xu
- The Genome Center, University of California–Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Dariusz Gozdowski
- Department of Experimental Design and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pawłowski
- Department of Experimental Design and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Richard W. Michelmore
- The Genome Center, University of California–Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Departments of Plant Sciences, Molecular & Cellular Biology, and Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California–Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California–Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Frank L.W. Takken
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fernández-Calvino L, Martínez-Priego L, Szabo EZ, Guzmán-Benito I, González I, Canto T, Lakatos L, Llave C. Tobacco rattle virus 16K silencing suppressor binds ARGONAUTE 4 and inhibits formation of RNA silencing complexes. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:246-257. [PMID: 26498945 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine-rich 16K protein of tobacco rattle virus (TRV), the type member of the genus Tobravirus, is known to suppress RNA silencing. However, the mechanism of action of the 16K suppressor is not well understood. In this study, we used a GFP-based sensor strategy and an Agrobacterium-mediated transient assay in Nicotiana benthamiana to show that 16K was unable to inhibit the activity of existing small interfering RNA (siRNA)- and microRNA (miRNA)-programmed RNA-induced silencing effector complexes (RISCs). In contrast, 16K efficiently interfered with de novo formation of miRNA- and siRNA-guided RISCs, thus preventing cleavage of target RNA. Interestingly, we found that transiently expressed endogenous miR399 and miR172 directed sequence-specific silencing of complementary sequences of viral origin. 16K failed to bind small RNAs, although it interacted with ARGONAUTE 4, as revealed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and immunoprecipitation assays. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that highly conserved cysteine residues within the N-terminal and central regions of the 16K protein are required for protein stability and/or RNA silencing suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Fernández-Calvino
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Llúcia Martínez-Priego
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Edit Z Szabo
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Koranyi str. 6, Hungary
| | - Irene Guzmán-Benito
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada González
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Canto
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lóránt Lakatos
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Koranyi str. 6, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Hungary
| | - César Llave
- Department of Environmental Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Peyret H, Lomonossoff GP. When plant virology met Agrobacterium: the rise of the deconstructed clones. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1121-35. [PMID: 26073158 PMCID: PMC4744784 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In the early days of molecular farming, Agrobacterium-mediated stable genetic transformation and the use of plant virus-based vectors were considered separate and competing technologies with complementary strengths and weaknesses. The demonstration that 'agroinfection' was the most efficient way of delivering virus-based vectors to their target plants blurred the distinction between the two technologies and permitted the development of 'deconstructed' vectors based on a number of plant viruses. The tobamoviruses, potexviruses, tobraviruses, geminiviruses and comoviruses have all been shown to be particularly well suited to the development of such vectors in dicotyledonous plants, while the development of equivalent vectors for use in monocotyledonous plants has lagged behind. Deconstructed viral vectors have proved extremely effective at the rapid, high-level production of a number of pharmaceutical proteins, some of which are currently undergoing clinical evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadrien Peyret
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - George P Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ali Z, Abul-faraj A, Piatek M, Mahfouz MM. Activity and specificity of TRV-mediated gene editing in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1044191. [PMID: 26039254 PMCID: PMC4883890 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1044191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant trait engineering requires efficient targeted genome-editing technologies. Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPRs)/ CRISPR associated (Cas) type II system is used for targeted genome-editing applications across eukaryotic species including plants. Delivery of genome engineering reagents and recovery of mutants remain challenging tasks for in planta applications. Recently, we reported the development of Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated genome editing in Nicotiana benthamiana. TRV infects the growing points and possesses small genome size; which facilitate cloning, multiplexing, and agroinfections. Here, we report on the persistent activity and specificity of the TRV-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 system for targeted modification of the Nicotiana benthamiana genome. Our data reveal the persistence of the TRV- mediated Cas9 activity for up to 30 d post-agroinefection. Further, our data indicate that TRV-mediated genome editing exhibited no off-target activities at potential off-targets indicating the precision of the system for plant genome engineering. Taken together, our data establish the feasibility and exciting possibilities of using virus-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 for targeted engineering of plant genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahir Ali
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences & Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aala Abul-faraj
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences & Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Marek Piatek
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences & Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy M Mahfouz
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences & Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Dugé de Bernonville T, Clastre M, Besseau S, Oudin A, Burlat V, Glévarec G, Lanoue A, Papon N, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, St-Pierre B, Courdavault V. Phytochemical genomics of the Madagascar periwinkle: Unravelling the last twists of the alkaloid engine. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 113:9-23. [PMID: 25146650 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Madagascar periwinkle produces a large palette of Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids (MIAs), a class of complex alkaloids including some of the most valuable plant natural products with precious therapeutical values. Evolutionary pressure on one of the hotspots of biodiversity has obviously turned this endemic Malagasy plant into an innovative alkaloid engine. Catharanthus is a unique taxon producing vinblastine and vincristine, heterodimeric MIAs with complex stereochemistry, and also manufactures more than 100 different MIAs, some shared with the Apocynaceae, Loganiaceae and Rubiaceae members. For over 60 years, the quest for these powerful anticancer drugs has inspired biologists, chemists, and pharmacists to unravel the chemistry, biochemistry, therapeutic activity, cell and molecular biology of Catharanthus roseus. Recently, the "omics" technologies have fuelled rapid progress in deciphering the last secret of strictosidine biosynthesis, the central precursor opening biosynthetic routes to several thousand MIA compounds. Dedicated C. roseus transcriptome, proteome and metabolome databases, comprising organ-, tissue- and cell-specific libraries, and other phytogenomic resources, were developed for instance by PhytoMetaSyn, Medicinal Plant Genomic Resources and SmartCell consortium. Tissue specific library screening, orthology comparison in species with or without MIA-biochemical engines, clustering of gene expression profiles together with various functional validation strategies, largely contributed to enrich the toolbox for plant synthetic biology and metabolic engineering of MIA biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dugé de Bernonville
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Marc Clastre
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Besseau
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Audrey Oudin
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Vincent Burlat
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS, UMR 5546, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Gaëlle Glévarec
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | | | - Benoit St-Pierre
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA2106 "Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales", Tours, France.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Otulak K, Chouda M, Bujarski J, Garbaczewska G. The evidence of Tobacco rattle virus impact on host plant organelles ultrastructure. Micron 2015; 70:7-20. [PMID: 25541480 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tobraviruses, like other (+) stranded RNA viruses of plants, replicate their genome in cytoplasm and use such usual membranous structures like endoplasmic reticulum. Based on the ultrastructural examination of Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-infected potato and tobacco leaf tissues, in this work we provide evidence of the participation of not only the membranous and vesicular ER structures but also other cell organelles during the viral infection cycle. Non-capsidated TRV PSG particles (potato isolate from the Netherlands) (long and short forms) were observed inside the nucleus while the presence of TRV capsid protein (CP) was detected in the nucleus caryolymph and within the nucleolus area. Both capsidated and non-capsidated viral particles were localized inside the strongly disorganized chloroplasts and mitochondria. The electron-dense TRV particles were connected with vesicular structures of mitochondria as well as with chloroplasts in both potato and tobacco tissues. At 15-30 days after infection, vesicles filled with TRV short particles were visible in mitochondria revealing the expanded cristae structures. Immunodetection analysis revealed the TRV PSG CP epitope inside chloroplast with disorganized thylakoids structure as well as in mitochondria of different tobacco and potato tissues. The ultrastructural analysis demonstrated high dynamics of the main cell organelles during the TRV PSG-Solanaceous plants interactions. Moreover, our results suggest a relationship between organelle changes and different stages of virus infection cycle and/or particle formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Otulak
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, WULS-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Chouda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, WULS-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Józef Bujarski
- Plant Molecular Biology Center and the Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Grażyna Garbaczewska
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, WULS-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ma X, Nicole MC, Meteignier LV, Hong N, Wang G, Moffett P. Different roles for RNA silencing and RNA processing components in virus recovery and virus-induced gene silencing in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:919-32. [PMID: 25385769 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A major antiviral mechanism in plants is mediated by RNA silencing, which relies on the cleavage of viral dsRNA into virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) by DICER-like enzymes. Members of the Argonaute (AGO) family of endonucleases then use these vsiRNA as guides to target viral RNA. This can result in a phenomenon known as recovery, whereby the plant silences viral gene expression and recovers from viral symptoms. Endogenous mRNAs can also be targeted by vsiRNAs in a phenomenon known as virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Although related to other RNA silencing mechanisms, it has not been established if recovery and VIGS are mediated by the same molecular mechanisms. We used tobacco rattle virus (TRV) carrying a fragment of the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene (TRV-PDS) or expressing green fluorescent protein (TRV-GFP) as readouts for VIGS and recovery, respectively, in Arabidopsis ago mutants. Our results demonstrated roles for AGO2 and AGO4 in susceptibility to TRV, whereas VIGS of endogenous genes appeared to be largely mediated by AGO1. However, recovery appeared to be mediated by different components, as all the aforementioned mutants were able to recover from TRV-GFP inoculation. TRV RNAs from recovered plants associated less with ribosomes, suggesting that recovery involves translational repression of viral transcripts. Translationally repressed RNAs often accumulate in RNA processing bodies (PBs), where they are eventually processed by decapping enzymes. Consistent with this, we found that viral recovery induced increased PB formation and that a decapping mutant (DCP2) showed increased VIGS and virus RNA accumulation, indicating an important role for PBs in eliminating viral RNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China Université de Sherbrooke, Département de Biologie, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke J1K 2R1, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Nicole
- Université de Sherbrooke, Département de Biologie, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke J1K 2R1, QC, Canada
| | - Louis-Valentin Meteignier
- Université de Sherbrooke, Département de Biologie, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke J1K 2R1, QC, Canada
| | - Ni Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Guoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Peter Moffett
- Université de Sherbrooke, Département de Biologie, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke J1K 2R1, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kochetov AV. The alien replicon: Artificial genetic constructs to direct the synthesis of transmissible self-replicating RNAs. Bioessays 2014; 36:1204-12. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex V. Kochetov
- Institute of Cytology & Genetics, SB RAS; Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Novosibirsk Russia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shi Y, Wang R, Luo Z, Jin L, Liu P, Chen Q, Li Z, Li F, Wei C, Wu M, Wei P, Xie H, Qu L, Lin F, Yang J. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the lycopene ε-cyclase gene via virus-induced gene silencing and its expression pattern in Nicotiana tabacum. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:14766-85. [PMID: 25153631 PMCID: PMC4159881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150814766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycopene ε-cyclase (ε-LCY) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of α-branch carotenoids through the cyclization of lycopene. Two cDNA molecules encoding ε-LCY (designated Ntε-LCY1 and Ntε-LCY2) were cloned from Nicotiana tabacum. Ntε-LCY1 and Ntε-LCY2 are encoded by two distinct genes with different evolutionary origins, one originating from the tobacco progenitor, Nicotiana sylvestris, and the other originating from Nicotiana tomentosiformis. The two coding regions are 97% identical at the nucleotide level and 95% identical at the amino acid level. Transcripts of Ntε-LCY were detectable in both vegetative and reproductive organs, with a relatively higher level of expression in leaves than in other tissues. Subcellular localization experiments using an Ntε-LCY1-GFP fusion protein demonstrated that mature Ntε-LCY1 protein is localized within the chloroplast in Bright Yellow 2 suspension cells. Under low-temperature and low-irradiation stress, Ntε-LCY transcript levels substantially increased relative to control plants. Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated silencing of ε-LCY in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in an increase of β-branch carotenoids and a reduction in the levels of α-branch carotenoids. Meanwhile, transcripts of related genes in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway observably increased, with the exception of β-OHase in the TRV-ε-lcy line. Suppression of ε-LCY expression was also found to alleviate photoinhibition of Potosystem II in virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) plants under low-temperature and low-irradiation stress. Our results provide insight into the regulatory role of ε-LCY in plant carotenoid biosynthesis and suggest a role for ε-LCY in positively modulating low temperature stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Ran Wang
- National Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Zhaopeng Luo
- National Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Lifeng Jin
- National Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Pingping Liu
- National Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Qiansi Chen
- National Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Zefeng Li
- National Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Feng Li
- National Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Chunyang Wei
- National Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Mingzhu Wu
- National Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Pan Wei
- National Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - He Xie
- Molecular Breeding Group, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650031, China.
| | - Lingbo Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Fucheng Lin
- National Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- National Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yin Z, Pawełkowicz M, Michalak K, Chrzanowska M, Zimnoch-Guzowska E. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and reading frame shifts in RNA2 recombinant regions of tobacco rattle virus isolates Slu24 and Deb57. Arch Virol 2014; 159:3119-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
35
|
The genomic RNA1 and RNA2 sequences of the tobacco rattle virus isolates found in Polish potato fields. Virus Res 2014; 185:110-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
36
|
Pflieger SP, Richard MMS, Blanchet S, Meziadi C, Geffroy VR. VIGS technology: an attractive tool for functional genomics studies in legumes. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:1234-1248. [PMID: 32481191 DOI: 10.1071/fp13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Legume species are among the most important crops worldwide. In recent years, six legume genomes have been completely sequenced, and there is now an urgent need for reverse-genetics tools to validate genes affecting yield and product quality. As most legumes are recalcitrant to stable genetic transformation, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) appears to be a powerful alternative technology for determining the function of unknown genes. VIGS technology is based on the property of plant viruses to trigger a defence mechanism related to post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Infection by a recombinant virus carrying a fragment of a plant target gene will induce homology-dependent silencing of the endogenous target gene. Several VIGS systems have been developed for legume species since 2004, including those based on Bean pod mottle virus, Pea early browning virus, and Apple latent spherical virus, and used in reverse-genetics studies of a wide variety of plant biological processes. In this work, we give an overview of the VIGS systems available for legumes, and present their successful applications in functional genomics studies. We also discuss the limitations of these VIGS systems and the future challenges to be faced in order to use VIGS to its full potential in legume species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- St Phanie Pflieger
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618, CNRS Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences, Rue Noetzlin, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Manon M S Richard
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618, CNRS Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences, Rue Noetzlin, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Blanchet
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618, CNRS Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences, Rue Noetzlin, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Chouaib Meziadi
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618, CNRS Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences, Rue Noetzlin, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Val Rie Geffroy
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618, CNRS Université Paris-Sud, Saclay Plant Sciences, Rue Noetzlin, 91405 Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hipper C, Brault V, Ziegler-Graff V, Revers F. Viral and cellular factors involved in Phloem transport of plant viruses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:154. [PMID: 23745125 PMCID: PMC3662875 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phloem transport of plant viruses is an essential step in the setting-up of a complete infection of a host plant. After an initial replication step in the first cells, viruses spread from cell-to-cell through mesophyll cells, until they reach the vasculature where they rapidly move to distant sites in order to establish the infection of the whole plant. This last step is referred to as systemic transport, or long-distance movement, and involves virus crossings through several cellular barriers: bundle sheath, vascular parenchyma, and companion cells for virus loading into sieve elements (SE). Viruses are then passively transported within the source-to-sink flow of photoassimilates and are unloaded from SE into sink tissues. However, the molecular mechanisms governing virus long-distance movement are far from being understood. While most viruses seem to move systemically as virus particles, some viruses are transported in SE as viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNP). The nature of the cellular and viral factors constituting these RNPs is still poorly known. The topic of this review will mainly focus on the host and viral factors that facilitate or restrict virus long-distance movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Véronique Ziegler-Graff
- Laboratoire Propre du CNRS (UPR 2357), Virologie Végétale, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Revers
- UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Université de BordeauxVillenave d’Ornon, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dawson WO, Folimonova SY. Virus-based transient expression vectors for woody crops: a new frontier for vector design and use. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 51:321-37. [PMID: 23682912 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Virus-based expression vectors are commonplace tools for the production of proteins or the induction of RNA silencing in herbaceous plants. This review considers a completely different set of uses for viral vectors in perennial fruit and nut crops, which can be productive for periods of up to 100 years. Viral vectors could be used in the field to modify existing plants. Furthermore, with continually emerging pathogens and pests, viral vectors could express genes to protect the plants or even to treat plants after they become infected. As technologies develop during the life span of these crops, viral vectors can be used for adding new genes as an alternative to pushing up the crop and replanting with transgenic plants. Another value of virus-based vectors is that they add nothing permanently to the environment. This requires that effective and stable viral vectors be developed for specific crops from endemic viruses. Studies using viruses from perennial hosts suggest that these objectives could be accomplished.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William O Dawson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Deng X, Kelloniemi J, Haikonen T, Vuorinen AL, Elomaa P, Teeri TH, Valkonen JPT. Modification of Tobacco rattle virus RNA1 to serve as a VIGS vector reveals that the 29K movement protein is an RNA silencing suppressor of the virus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:503-14. [PMID: 23360458 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-12-0280-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) has a bipartite, positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and is widely used for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in plants. RNA1 of TRV that lacks the gene for the cysteine-rich 16K silencing-suppression protein infects plants systemically in the absence of RNA2. Here, we attempted to engineer RNA1 for use as a VIGS vector by inserting heterologous gene fragments to replace 16K. The RNA1 vector systemically silenced the phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene, although less efficiently than when the original VIGS vector system was used, which consists of wild-type RNA1 and engineered RNA2 carrying the heterologous gene. Infectious RNA1 mutants with a dysfunctional 16K suppressed silencing and enhanced transgene expression in green fluorescent protein-transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana following inoculation by agroinfiltration, unlike mutants that also lacked 29K, a movement protein (MP) gene. The 30K MP gene of Tobacco mosaic virus complemented in cis the movement defect but not the silencing suppression functions of TRV 29K. Silencing suppression by 29K occurred in the context of RNA1 replication but not in an agroinfiltration assay which tested 29K alone for suppression of sense-mediated silencing. Both 29K and 16K were needed to avoid necrotic symptoms in RNA1-infected N. benthamiana. The results shed new light on virulence factors of TRV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao Deng
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Deng X, Elomaa P, Nguyen CX, Hytönen T, Valkonen JPT, Teeri TH. Virus-induced gene silencing for Asteraceae--a reverse genetics approach for functional genomics in Gerbera hybrida. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:970-8. [PMID: 22805353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a natural defence mechanism in plants which leads to sequence-specific degradation of viral RNA. For identifying gene functions, Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based VIGS has been applied for silencing of endogenous genes in many plant species. Gerbera hybrida (Asteraceae) has emerged as a novel model for studies in flower development and secondary metabolism. For this highly heterozygous species, functional studies have been conducted through reverse genetic methods by producing stable transgenic lines, which, however, is labour-intensive and time-consuming. For the development of TRV-based VIGS system for gerbera, and for the first time for an Asteraceaeous species, we screened several gerbera cultivars and optimized the agroinfiltration methods for efficient silencing. Gene fragments for gerbera phytoene desaturase (GPDS) and Mg-chelatase subunits (GChl-H and GChl-I), expressed from a TRV vector, induced silencing phenotypes in leaves, scapes, and involucral bracts indicating their feasibility as markers for green tissues. In addition, robust silencing symptoms were achieved in gerbera floral tissues by silencing the anthocyanin pathway gene for chalcone synthase (GCHS1) and a gerbera B-type MADS-box gene globosa (GGLO1), confirming the phenotypes previously observed in stable transgenic lines. Unexpectedly, photobleaching induced by GPDS and GChl-H or GChl-I silencing, or by the herbicide norflurazon, resulted in silencing of the polyketide synthase gene G2PS1, which has no apparent connections to carotenoid or chlorophyll biosynthesis. We have shown feasibility of VIGS for functional studies in gerbera, but our results also show that selection of the marker gene for silencing must be critically evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao Deng
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Virtually all studies of structure and assembly of viral filaments have been made on plant and bacterial viruses. Structures have been determined using fiber diffraction methods at high enough resolution to construct reliable molecular models or several of the rigid plant tobamoviruses (related to tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) and the filamentous bacteriophages including Pf1 and fd. Lower-resolution structures have been determined for a number of flexible filamentous plant viruses using fiber diffraction and cryo-electron microscopy. Virions of filamentous viruses have numerous mechanical functions, including cell entry, viral disassembly, viral assembly, and cell exit. The plant viruses, which infect multicellular organisms, also use virions or virion-like assemblies for transport within the host. Plant viruses are generally self-assembling; filamentous bacteriophage assembly is combined with secretion from the host cell, using a complex molecular machine. Tobamoviruses and other plant viruses disassemble concomitantly with translation, by various mechanisms and involving various viral and host assemblies. Plant virus movement within the host also makes use of a variety of viral proteins and modified host assemblies.
Collapse
|
42
|
Senthil-Kumar M, Mysore KS. New dimensions for VIGS in plant functional genomics. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 16:656-65. [PMID: 21937256 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an efficient tool for gene function studies. It has been used to perform both forward and reverse genetics to identify plant genes involved in several plant processes. However, this technology has not yet been used to its full potential. This can be attributed to several of its limitations such as inability to silence genes during seed germination and the non-stable nature of silencing. However, several recent studies have shown that these limitations can now be overcome. In this review, we will discuss the limitations of VIGS and suitable solutions. In addition, we also describe the recent improvements and future prospects of using VIGS in plant biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muthappa Senthil-Kumar
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chung BN, Palukaitis P. Resistance to multiple viruses in transgenic tobacco expressing fused, tandem repeat, virus-derived double-stranded RNAs. Virus Genes 2011; 43:454-64. [PMID: 21853332 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic tobacco plants expressing fused, tandem, inverted-repeat, double-stranded RNAs derived either from the three viruses [potato virus Y (PVY), potato virus A (PVA), and potato leafroll virus (PLRV)] or the five viruses [PVY, PVA, PLRV as well as tobacco rattle virus (TRV), and potato mop-top virus (PMTV)] were generated in this study to examine whether resistance could be achieved against these three viruses or five viruses, respectively, in the same plant. The transgenic lines were engineered to produce 600- or 1000-bp inverted hairpin transcripts with an intron, in two orientations each, which were processed to silencing-inducing RNAs (siRNAs). Fewer lines were regenerated from the transformants with either 1000-bp inverted hairpin transcripts, or a sense-intron-antisense orientation versus antisense-intron-sense orientation. Resistances to PVA and two strains of PVY (-O and -N) were achieved in plants from most of lines examined, as well as resistance to co-infection by a mixture of PVY-O and PVA, applied to the plants by either rub inoculation or using aphids. This was regardless of the orientation of the inserted sequences for the 600-bp insert lines, but only for one orientation of the 1000-bp insert lines. The lines containing the 1000-bp inserts also showed resistance to infection by TRV inoculated by rub inoculation and PMTV inoculated by grafting. However, all the lines showed only low-to-moderate (15-43%) resistance to infection by PLRV transmitted by aphids. The resistances to the various viruses correlated with the levels of accumulation of siRNAs, indicating that the multiple resistances were achieved by RNA silencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bong Nam Chung
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jaubert M, Bhattacharjee S, Mello AF, Perry KL, Moffett P. ARGONAUTE2 mediates RNA-silencing antiviral defenses against Potato virus X in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:1556-64. [PMID: 21576511 PMCID: PMC3135937 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.178012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
RNA-silencing mechanisms control many aspects of gene regulation including the detection and degradation of viral RNA through the action of, among others, Dicer-like and Argonaute (AGO) proteins. However, the extent to which RNA silencing restricts virus host range has been difficult to separate from other factors that can affect virus-plant compatibility. Here we show that Potato virus X (PVX) can infect Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which is normally a nonhost for PVX, if coinfected with a second virus, Pepper ringspot virus. Here we show that the pepper ringspot virus 12K protein functions as a suppressor of silencing that appears to enable PVX to infect Arabidopsis. We also show that PVX is able to infect Arabidopsis Dicer-like mutants, indicating that RNA silencing is responsible for Arabidopsis nonhost resistance to PVX. Furthermore, we find that restriction of PVX on Arabidopsis also depends on AGO2, suggesting that this AGO protein has evolved to specialize in antiviral defenses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter Moffett
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (M.J., S.B., P.M.); Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (A.F.S.M., K.L.P.); Centre de Recherche en Amélioration Végétale, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1 (P.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fan Y, Li W, Wang J, Liu J, Yang M, Xu D, Zhu X, Wang X. Efficient production of human acidic fibroblast growth factor in pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants by agroinfection of germinated seeds. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:45. [PMID: 21548923 PMCID: PMC3112411 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For efficient and large scale production of recombinant proteins in plants transient expression by agroinfection has a number of advantages over stable transformation. Simple manipulation, rapid analysis and high expression efficiency are possible. In pea, Pisum sativum, a Virus Induced Gene Silencing System using the pea early browning virus has been converted into an efficient agroinfection system by converting the two RNA genomes of the virus into binary expression vectors for Agrobacterium transformation. RESULTS By vacuum infiltration (0.08 Mpa, 1 min) of germinating pea seeds with 2-3 cm roots with Agrobacteria carrying the binary vectors, expression of the gene for Green Fluorescent Protein as marker and the gene for the human acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) was obtained in 80% of the infiltrated developing seedlings. Maximal production of the recombinant proteins was achieved 12-15 days after infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Compared to the leaf injection method vacuum infiltration of germinated seeds is highly efficient allowing large scale production of plants transiently expressing recombinant proteins. The production cycle of plants for harvesting the recombinant protein was shortened from 30 days for leaf injection to 15 days by applying vacuum infiltration. The synthesized aFGF was purified by heparin-affinity chromatography and its mitogenic activity on NIH 3T3 cells confirmed to be similar to a commercial product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Fan
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- Department of Biology, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Institute of Biodiversity, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Jingying Liu
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Meiying Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Duo Xu
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xingzhi Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| |
Collapse
|