1
|
Ma Y, Wu M, Qin X, Dong Q, Li Z. Antimicrobial function of yeast against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms via either antagonism or encapsulation: A review. Food Microbiol 2023; 112:104242. [PMID: 36906324 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Contaminations of pathogenic and spoilage microbes on foods are threatening food safety and quality, highlighting the importance of developing antimicrobial agents. According to different working mechanisms, the antimicrobial activities of yeast-based agents were summarized from two aspects: antagonism and encapsulation. Antagonistic yeasts are usually applied as biocontrol agents for the preservation of fruits and vegetables via inactivating spoilage microbes, usually phytopathogens. This review systematically summarized various species of antagonistic yeasts, potential combinations to improve the antimicrobial efficiency, and the antagonistic mechanisms. The wide applications of the antagonistic yeasts are significantly limited by undesirable antimicrobial efficiency, poor environmental resistance, and a narrow antimicrobial spectrum. Another strategy for achieving effective antimicrobial activity is to encapsulate various chemical antimicrobial agents into a yeast-based carrier that has been previously inactivated. This is accomplished by immersing the dead yeast cells with porous structure in an antimicrobial suspension and applying high vacuum pressure to allow the agents to diffuse inside the yeast cells. Typical antimicrobial agents encapsulated in the yeast carriers have been reviewed, including chlorine-based biocides, antimicrobial essential oils, and photosensitizers. Benefiting from the existence of the inactive yeast carrier, the antimicrobial efficiencies and functional durability of the encapsulated antimicrobial agents, such as chlorine-based agents, essential oils, and photosensitizers, are significantly improved compared with the unencapsulated ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, Shanghai, China.
| | - Mengjie Wu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaojie Qin
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qingli Dong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhuosi Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li X, Zeng S, Wisniewski M, Droby S, Yu L, An F, Leng Y, Wang C, Li X, He M, Liao Q, Liu J, Wang Y, Sui Y. Current and future trends in the biocontrol of postharvest diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5672-5684. [PMID: 36530065 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2156977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables cause significant economic losses to producers and marketing firms. Many of these diseases are caused by necrotrophic fungal pathogens that require wounded or injured tissues to establish an infection. Biocontrol of postharvest diseases is an evolving science that has moved from the traditional paradigm of one organism controlling another organism to viewing biocontrol as a system involving the biocontrol agent, the pathogen, the host, the physical environment, and most recently the resident microflora. Thus, the paradigm has shifted from one of simplicity to complexity. The present review provides an overview of how the field of postharvest biocontrol has evolved over the past 40 years, a brief review of the biology of necrotrophic pathogens, the discovery of BCAs, their commercialization, and mechanisms of action. Most importantly, current research on the use of marker-assisted-selection, the fruit microbiome and its relationship to the pathobiome, and the use of double-stranded RNA as a biocontrol strategy is discussed. These latter subjects represent evolving trends in postharvest biocontrol research and suggestions for future research are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Li
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Shixian Zeng
- College of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Samir Droby
- Department of Postharvest Science, ARO, the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Longfeng Yu
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Fuquan An
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Yan Leng
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Chaowen Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Min He
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, China
| | - Qinhong Liao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuan Sui
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gouka L, Raaijmakers JM, Cordovez V. Ecology and functional potential of phyllosphere yeasts. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:1109-1123. [PMID: 35842340 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The phyllosphere (i.e., the aerial parts of plants) harbors a rich microbial life, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and yeasts. Current knowledge of yeasts stems primarily from industrial and medical research on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans, both of which can be found on plant tissues. For most other yeasts found in the phyllosphere, little is known about their ecology and functions. Here, we explore the diversity, dynamics, interactions, and genomics of yeasts associated with plant leaves and how tools and approaches developed for model yeasts can be adopted to disentangle the ecology and natural functions of phyllosphere yeasts. A first genomic survey exemplifies that we have only scratched the surface of the largely unexplored functional potential of phyllosphere yeasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Gouka
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M Raaijmakers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Viviane Cordovez
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses of Cold-Tolerant and Cold-Sensitive Pepper Species Reveal Key Genes and Essential Metabolic Pathways Involved in Response to Cold Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126683. [PMID: 35743127 PMCID: PMC9224482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold stress, triggered by particularly low temperatures, is one of the most severe forms of abiotic stress in pepper plants and a major constraint to the global pepper industry, threatening crop production and food security. To acclimatize to extreme conditions, the plant undergoes numerous modifications, including genetic and metabolic modulations. A thorough study of both the genetic and metabolic alterations of plants in response to cold stress is vital to understanding and developing the cold stress resistance mechanism. This study implemented transcriptome and metabolome analyses to evaluate the cold stress response in cold-tolerant and cold-sensitive pepper species. The weighted gene co-expression network revealed three significant modules related to cold stress tolerance in Capsicum pubescens. We identified 17 commonly enriched genes among both species at different time points in 10 different comparisons, including the AP2 transcription factor, LRR receptor-like serine, hypersensitivity-related 4-like protein, and uncharacterized novel.295 and novel.6172 genes. A pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these DEGs were mainly associated with the MAPK signaling pathway, hormone signaling pathway, and primary and secondary metabolism. Additionally, 21 significantly differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified in both species after 6 h of cold stress. A transcriptome and metabolome integrated analysis revealed that 54 genes correlated with metabolites enriched in five different pathways. Most genes and metabolites involved in carbohydrate metabolism, the TCA cycle, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways were upregulated in cold-tolerant plants under cold stress. Together, the results of this study provide a comprehensive gene regulatory and metabolic network in response to cold stress and identified some key genes and metabolic pathways involved in pepper cold tolerance. This study lays a foundation for the functional characterization and development of pepper cultivars with improved cold tolerance.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu C, Wang Y, Ai D, Li Z, Wang Y. Biocontrol yeast T‐2 improves the postharvest disease resistance of grape by stimulation of the antioxidant system. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:3219-3229. [PMID: 36249987 PMCID: PMC9548374 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Table grapes are susceptible to external pathogens during postharvest storage. The resulting continuous oxidative stress causes damage and aging, thereby reducing the defense against disease. In this study, the effect of biocontrol yeast T‐2 on the storage performance of grapes was evaluated. After T‐2 treatment, the grapefruits rot rate and lesion diameter caused by Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) were significantly decreased at 2–5 days after inoculation (DAI). Additionally, the browning rate and shedding rate of grapefruit during storage were significantly reduced at 2–5 DAI, and the weight loss rate was significantly reduced at 3–5 DAI. The decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content in grapefruits at 1–5 DAI with T‐2 indicated a reduction in oxidative damage. Furthermore, the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), phenylalanin ammonia‐lyase (PAL) were significantly increased during most storage time after being treated with T‐2. Moreover, the contents of total phenolics and flavonoids and the expression levels of key enzyme genes in metabolic pathways were increased after T‐2 treatment during most postharvest storage time, providing evidence that T‐2 changed the biological process of phenolic flavonoid metabolism. The increase in enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants after treatment with T‐2 reflected the strengthening of the antioxidant system, hence postponing fruit senescence and promoting storage performance under the stress of B. cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Wu
- Tianjin Agricultural University Tianjin China
| | - Yuci Wang
- Tianjin Agricultural University Tianjin China
| | - Dan Ai
- Tianjin Agricultural University Tianjin China
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Tianjin Agricultural University Tianjin China
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Changes in the Fungal Community Assembly of Apple Fruit Following Postharvest Application of the Yeast Biocontrol Agent Metschnikowia fructicola. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recently, increasing focus has been placed on exploring fruit microbiomes and their association with their hosts. Investigation of the fruit surface microbiome of apple has revealed variations in the composition and structure depending on management practices, phenological stages, and spatial distribution on the fruit itself. However, the fate of the fruit surface microbiome assembly and dynamics in apple following interventions such as the application of biocontrol agents remains unknown. The objective of the study was to explore the effect of a postharvest application of a yeast biocontrol agent, Metschnikowia fructicola, on the composition of the epiphytic fungal microbiota on apples during cold storage. Our results demonstrated that the applied biocontrol agent, M. fructicola, persisted in high abundance (>28% relative abundance) on the fruit surface throughout the storage period. The biocontrol application significantly decreased the richness and caused a significant shift in the overall composition and structure of the fungal microbiome relative to untreated or water-treated controls. The yeast application reduced the abundance of several apple fungal pathogens, namely, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Comoclatris, Stemphylium, Nigrospora, Penicillium, and Podosphaera, throughout the cold storage period.
Collapse
|
7
|
Li H, James A, Shen X, Wang Y. Roles of microbiota in the formation of botrytized grapes and wines. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2021.1958925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Food Nutrition And Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Armachius James
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Food Nutrition And Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Food Nutrition And Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yousheng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Food Nutrition And Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen O, Deng L, Ruan C, Yi L, Zeng K. Pichia galeiformis Induces Resistance in Postharvest Citrus by Activating the Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2619-2631. [PMID: 33594880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Pichia galeiformis on disease resistance and elucidate the changes in phenylpropane biosynthesis treated by P. galeiformis in postharvest citrus. The results showed that P. galeiformis reduced the disease incidence and lesion diameters without direct contact with the pathogen Penicillium digitatum. Transcriptome analysis revealed that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was triggered by P. galeiformis. Genes encoding phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were upregulated, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase (4CL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), peroxidase (POD), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), O-methyltransferase, and hydroxyl cinnamoyl transferase. Moreover, P. galeiformis increased the activity of PAL, 4CL, C4H, POD, polyphenol oxidase, and CAD in citrus pericarp. In addition, P. galeiformis treated citrus displayed higher levels of total phenolic compounds, flavonoid, and lignin and higher amounts of ferulic and sinapic acid. In conclusion, these results suggested that P. galeiformis could induce resistance through modulating the pathway of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in postharvest citrus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ou Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Lili Deng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Changqing Ruan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
- Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Lanhua Yi
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
- Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Kaifang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
- Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
De Simone N, Capozzi V, Amodio ML, Colelli G, Spano G, Russo P. Microbial-based Biocontrol Solutions for Fruits and Vegetables: Recent Insight, Patents, and Innovative Trends. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 2021; 12:3-18. [PMID: 33550980 DOI: 10.2174/2212798412666210125141117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruits and vegetables are susceptible to colonisation by undesired microflora, which, in pre- and post-harvest conditions, negatively impact the quality of these products, leading to a reduction of yield, shelf-life, and marketability. In the few last years, the use of microbial Biological Control Agents (BCAs) has assumed international relevance in order to control harmful microorganisms, as a promising alternative to chemical interventions. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to discuss the microbial-based solutions applicable for the biocontrol of the main microbial spoilers, phytopathogens, and human food-borne pathogens affecting fruits and vegetables during their production and storage. RESULTS A comprehensive overview of the scientific literature investigating the effectiveness of BCA-based products available on the market is provided, as well as of the most recent patents protecting biotechnological applications in this field. Innovative trends are discussed, with a particular focus on the integration of BCAs to minimise spoilage phenomena and microbiological risks adopting combined approaches. CONCLUSION This study underlines the growing interest about biocontrol strategies to counteract the growth of spoilage and/or pathogenic microorganisms indicating that in the next years a considerable increase of commercial products and patents will be developed worldwide to exploit innovative biotechnological solutions in the sector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola De Simone
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Vittorio Capozzi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), C/O CS-DAT, Via Michele Protano, Foggia 71121, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Amodio
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Colelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spano
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Pasquale Russo
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, Foggia 71122, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang J, Zhang Y, Yan X, Guo J. Physiological and transcriptomic analyses of yellow horn (Xanthoceras sorbifolia) provide important insights into salt and saline-alkali stress tolerance. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244365. [PMID: 33351842 PMCID: PMC7755187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow horn (Xanthoceras sorbifolia) is an oil-rich woody plant cultivated for bio-energy production in China. Soil saline-alkalization is a prominent agricultural-related environmental problem limiting plant growth and productivity. In this study, we performed comparative physiological and transcriptomic analyses to examine the mechanisms of X. sorbifolia seedling responding to salt and alkaline-salt stress. With the exception of chlorophyll content, physiological experiments revealed significant increases in all assessed indices in response to salt and saline-alkali treatments. Notably, compared with salt stress, we observed more pronounced changes in electrolyte leakage (EL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in response to saline-alkali stress, which may contribute to the greater toxicity of saline-alkali soils. In total, 3,087 and 2,715 genes were differentially expressed in response to salt and saline-alkali treatments, respectively, among which carbon metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, starch and sucrose metabolism, and reactive oxygen species signaling networks were extensively enriched, and transcription factor families of bHLH, C2H2, bZIP, NAC, and ERF were transcriptionally activated. Moreover, relative to salt stress, saline-alkali stress activated more significant upregulation of genes related to H+ transport, indicating that regulation of intracellular pH may play an important role in coping with saline-alkali stress. These findings provide new insights for investigating the physiological changes and molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of X. sorbifolia to salt and saline-alkali stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Functional Oil Tree Cultivation and Research, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Yunxiang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Functional Oil Tree Cultivation and Research, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Xingrong Yan
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Functional Oil Tree Cultivation and Research, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinping Guo
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Functional Oil Tree Cultivation and Research, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Z, Sui Y, Li J, Tian X, Wang Q. Biological control of postharvest fungal decays in citrus: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:861-870. [PMID: 33034197 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1829542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Citrus (Citrus spp.) species produce a variety of fruits that are popular worldwide. Citrus fruits, however, are susceptible to postharvest decays caused by various pathogenic fungi, including Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Geotrichum citri-aurantii, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus. Decays resulting from infections by these pathogens cause a significant reduction in citrus quality and marketable yield. Biological control of postharvest decay utilizing antagonistic bacteria and fungi has been explored as a promising alternative to synthetic fungicides. In the present article, the isolation of antagonists utilized to manage postharvest decays in citrus is reviewed, and the mechanism of action including recent molecular and genomic studies is discussed as well. Several recently-postulated mechanisms of action, such as biofilm formation and an oxidative burst of reactive oxygen species have been highlighted. Improvements in biocontrol efficacy of antagonists through the use of a combination of microbial antagonists and additives are also reviewed. Biological control utilizing bacterial and yeast antagonists is a critical component of an integrated management approach for the sustainable development of the citrus industry. Further research will be needed, however, to explore and utilize beneficial microbial consortia and novel approaches like CRISPR/Cas technology for management of postharvest decays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshuo Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulators/Crop Chemical Control Research Center, Department of Agronomy, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Sui
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, College of Forestry and Life Science/Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Jishun Li
- Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology Shandong, Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulators/Crop Chemical Control Research Center, Department of Agronomy, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang J, Guo J, Zhang Y, Yan X. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of yellow horn (Xanthoceras sorbifolia) in response to cold stress. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236588. [PMID: 32706804 PMCID: PMC7380624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthoceras sorbifolia, a medicinal and oil-rich woody plant, has great potential for biodiesel production. However, little study explores the link between gene expression level and metabolite accumulation of X. sorbifolia in response to cold stress. Herein, we performed both transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of X. sorbifolia seedlings to investigate the regulatory mechanism of resistance to low temperature (4 °C) based on physiological profile analyses. Cold stress resulted in a significant increase in the malondialdehyde content, electrolyte leakage and activity of antioxidant enzymes. A total of 1,527 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 895 were upregulated and 632 were downregulated. Annotation of DEGs revealed that amino acid metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, galactose metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, and the citrate cycle (TCA) were strongly affected by cold stress. In addition, DEGs within the plant mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and TF families of ERF, WRKY, NAC, MYB, and bHLH were transcriptionally activated. Through metabolomic analysis, we found 51 significantly changed metabolites, particularly with the analysis of primary metabolites, such as sugars, amino acids, and organic acids. Moreover, there is an overlap between transcript and metabolite profiles. Association analysis between key genes and altered metabolites indicated that amino acid metabolism and sugar metabolism were enhanced. A large number of specific cold-responsive genes and metabolites highlight a comprehensive regulatory mechanism, which will contribute to a deeper understanding of the highly complex regulatory program under cold stress in X. sorbifolia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Functional Oil Tree Cultivation and Research, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinping Guo
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Functional Oil Tree Cultivation and Research, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Yunxiang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Functional Oil Tree Cultivation and Research, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Xingrong Yan
- College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Functional Oil Tree Cultivation and Research, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sipiczki M. Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Related Pulcherrimin-Producing Yeasts: Fuzzy Species Boundaries and Complex Antimicrobial Antagonism. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1029. [PMID: 32664630 PMCID: PMC7409158 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts affiliated with the Metschnikowia pulcherrima clade (subclade) of the large ascomycetous genus Metschnikowia frequently turn out to produce the characteristic maroon-red pulcherrimin when tested for pigment production and prove to exert antagonistic effects on many types of microorganisms. The determination of the exact taxonomic position of the strains is hampered by the shortage of distinctive morphological and physiological properties of the species of the clade and the lack of rDNA barcode gaps. The rDNA repeats of the type strains of the species are not homogenized and are assumed to evolve by a birth-and-death mechanism combined with reticulation. The taxonomic division is further hampered by the incomplete biological (reproductive) isolation of the species: certain type strains can be hybridized and genome sequencing revealed chimeric genome structures in certain strains that might have evolved from interspecies hybrids (alloploid genome duplication). Various mechanisms have been proposed for the antimicrobial antagonism. One is related to pulcherrimin production. The diffusible precursor of pulcherrimin, the pulcherriminic acid is secreted by the cells into the environment where it forms the insoluble pulcherrimin with the ferric ions. The lack of free iron caused by the immobilization of ferric ions inhibits the growth of many microorganisms. Recent results of research into the complexity of the taxonomic division of the pulcherrimin-producing Metschnikowia yeasts and the mechanism(s) underlying their antimicrobial antagonism are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Sipiczki
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dukare AS, Singh RK, Jangra RK, Bhushan B. Non-Fungicides-Based Promising Technologies for Managing Post-Production Penicillium Induced Spoilage in Horticultural Commodities: A Comprehensive Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1727497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajinath Shridhar Dukare
- Division of Horticultural Crop Processing, ICAR- Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology (CIPHET), Abohar/Ludhiana, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Singh
- ICAR- Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology (CIPHET), Abohar/Ludhiana, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Jangra
- Division of Horticultural Crop Processing, ICAR- Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology (CIPHET), Abohar/Ludhiana, India
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Plant Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Freimoser FM, Rueda-Mejia MP, Tilocca B, Migheli Q. Biocontrol yeasts: mechanisms and applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:154. [PMID: 31576429 PMCID: PMC6773674 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Yeasts occur in all environments and have been described as potent antagonists of various plant pathogens. Due to their antagonistic ability, undemanding cultivation requirements, and limited biosafety concerns, many of these unicellular fungi have been considered for biocontrol applications. Here, we review the fundamental research on the mechanisms (e.g., competition, enzyme secretion, toxin production, volatiles, mycoparasitism, induction of resistance) by which biocontrol yeasts exert their activity as plant protection agents. In a second part, we focus on five yeast species (Candida oleophila, Aureobasidium pullulans, Metschnikowia fructicola, Cryptococcus albidus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that are or have been registered for the application as biocontrol products. These examples demonstrate the potential of yeasts for commercial biocontrol usage, but this review also highlights the scarcity of fundamental studies on yeast biocontrol mechanisms and of registered yeast-based biocontrol products. Yeast biocontrol mechanisms thus represent a largely unexplored field of research and plentiful opportunities for the development of commercial, yeast-based applications for plant protection exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Freimoser
- Agroscope, Research Division Plant Protection, Müller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Maria Paula Rueda-Mejia
- Agroscope, Research Division Plant Protection, Müller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Tilocca
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi and NRD - Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu Y, Yi L, Ruan C, Yao S, Deng L, Zeng K. Proline Increases Pigment Production to Improve Oxidative Stress Tolerance and Biocontrol Ability of Metschnikowia citriensis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1273. [PMID: 31244799 PMCID: PMC6580863 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Utilizing antagonistic yeasts is a promising approach for managing postharvest decay of fruits. However, it is well established that various severe stresses encountered in the environment and production process cause the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in yeast cells, resulting in cell damage and loss of vitality. Here, proline has been shown to function as a cell protectant and inducer of biofilm formation able to increase the oxidative stress tolerance and the biocontrol ability of the antagonistic yeast Metschnikowia citriensis. Addition of proline to M. citriensis cells induced a significant rise in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity in the early and late stages of oxidative stress, respectively, and increased the maroon pigment production that directly reduced intracellular iron content and indirectly diminished intracellular ROS levels and thus inhibited ROS- and iron-induced apoptosis. Treating cells with iron chelator tropolone yielded similar results. Pigment production induced by proline also enhanced the capability of biofilm formation of M. citriensis. These results suggested an important role for pigment of M. citriensis in response to oxidative stress. The abilities of proline to scavenge intracellular ROS and inhibit apoptosis, increase pigment production, and promote biofilm formation contribute to the improvements in oxidative stress tolerance and biocontrol efficacy of M. citriensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lanhua Yi
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changqing Ruan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shixiang Yao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lili Deng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaifang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Food Storage and Logistics Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Czarnecka M, Żarowska B, Połomska X, Restuccia C, Cirvilleri G. Role of biocontrol yeasts Debaryomyces hansenii and Wickerhamomyces anomalus in plants' defence mechanisms against Monilinia fructicola in apple fruits. Food Microbiol 2019; 83:1-8. [PMID: 31202399 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of killer yeasts of the species Debaryomyces hansenii and Wickerhamomyces anomalus in biocontrol of Monilinia fructicola, and their involvement in plant defence mechanisms against brown rot in apple fruits, were investigated. D. hansenii KI2a and W. anomalus BS91 strains showed the highest in vitro biocontrol activity, inhibiting mycelium growth by 69.53% and 66.08% respectively, as compared to control fungal cultures. Brown rot on apple fruits was significantly reduced by BS91 and two strains of D. hansenii KI2a and AII4b by 92.46%, 85.10% and 70.02%, respectively, in comparison to infected fruits, which did not receive any pre-treatment. In enzymatic tests, the most significant changes in peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities were observed in fruits inoculated either with BS91 followed by M. fructicola infection or with AII4b yeast strain alone, where POD activities were significantly higher by 67% and 54%, respectively, and CAT activities were significantly lower by 65% and 68%, respectively, than in untreated control fruits. These results confirmed the ability of killer yeasts to influence host-defence related enzyme activities in apple fruit tissue and may suggest that AII4b killer strain has a potential as biocontrol agent prior to infection by triggering immune response mechanisms in plant tissue, whereas BS91 strain is the most effective during pathogen infection and could be used as biocontrol agent in postharvest disease onset. Accordingly, the antagonistic strains of W. anomalus BS91 and D. hansenii KI2a and AII4b could be proposed as active ingredients for the development of biofungicide against M. fructicola.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Czarnecka
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Chełmońskiego 37/41, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Barbara Żarowska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Chełmońskiego 37/41, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Xymena Połomska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Chełmońskiego 37/41, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Cristina Restuccia
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Cirvilleri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Papoutsis K, Mathioudakis MM, Hasperué JH, Ziogas V. Non-chemical treatments for preventing the postharvest fungal rotting of citrus caused by Penicillium digitatum (green mold) and Penicillium italicum (blue mold). Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
19
|
Wang J, Cao S, Wang L, Wang X, Jin P, Zheng Y. Effect of β-Aminobutyric Acid on Disease Resistance Against Rhizopus Rot in Harvested Peaches. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1505. [PMID: 30042749 PMCID: PMC6048224 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) on Rhizopus rot produced by Rhizopus stolonifer in harvested peaches and the possible action modes were investigated. Treatment with 50 mmol L-1 of BABA resulted in significantly lower lesion diameter and disease incidence compared with the control. The activities of defense-related enzymes chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase were notably enhanced by this treatment. Meanwhile, BABA treatment also increased lignin accumulation and maintained higher energy status in peaches by enhancing activities of enzymes in the phenylpropanoid and energy metabolism pathways. Semiquantitative reverse transcription PCR results indicated that the transcription of four defense-related genes was substantially and rapidly enhanced only in that BABA-treated fruit upon inoculation with the pathogen. Thus, our results demonstrated that BABA was effective on controlling Rhizopus rot by inducing disease resistance, which includes the increase in gene transcription and activity of defense-related enzymes, the enhancement of cell wall strength, and the maintenance of high energy status in Prunus persica fruit. Moreover, the disease resistance induced by BABA was demonstrated through priming model rather than direct induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shifeng Cao
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an, China
| | - Peng Jin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonghua Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ibrahim HAK, El-Fiki IAI. Study on the effect of yeast in compost tea efficiency in controlling chocolate leaf spot disease in broad bean (Vicia faba). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13165-018-0221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
21
|
Piombo E, Sela N, Wisniewski M, Hoffmann M, Gullino ML, Allard MW, Levin E, Spadaro D, Droby S. Genome Sequence, Assembly and Characterization of Two Metschnikowia fructicola Strains Used as Biocontrol Agents of Postharvest Diseases. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:593. [PMID: 29666611 PMCID: PMC5891927 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The yeast Metschnikowia fructicola was reported as an efficient biological control agent of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables, and it is the bases of the commercial formulated product "Shemer." Several mechanisms of action by which M. fructicola inhibits postharvest pathogens were suggested including iron-binding compounds, induction of defense signaling genes, production of fungal cell wall degrading enzymes and relatively high amounts of superoxide anions. We assembled the whole genome sequence of two strains of M. fructicola using PacBio and Illumina shotgun sequencing technologies. Using the PacBio, a high-quality draft genome consisting of 93 contigs, with an estimated genome size of approximately 26 Mb, was obtained. Comparative analysis of M. fructicola proteins with the other three available closely related genomes revealed a shared core of homologous proteins coded by 5,776 genes. Comparing the genomes of the two M. fructicola strains using a SNP calling approach resulted in the identification of 564,302 homologous SNPs with 2,004 predicted high impact mutations. The size of the genome is exceptionally high when compared with those of available closely related organisms, and the high rate of homology among M. fructicola genes points toward a recent whole-genome duplication event as the cause of this large genome. Based on the assembled genome, sequences were annotated with a gene description and gene ontology (GO term) and clustered in functional groups. Analysis of CAZymes family genes revealed 1,145 putative genes, and transcriptomic analysis of CAZyme expression levels in M. fructicola during its interaction with either grapefruit peel tissue or Penicillium digitatum revealed a high level of CAZyme gene expression when the yeast was placed in wounded fruit tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Piombo
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kernersville, WV, United States
| | - Maria Hoffmann
- Division of Microbiology, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Maria L. Gullino
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marc W. Allard
- Division of Microbiology, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Elena Levin
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Davide Spadaro
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Samir Droby
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Guimarães A, Abrunhosa L, Pastrana LM, Cerqueira MA. Edible Films and Coatings as Carriers of Living Microorganisms: A New Strategy Towards Biopreservation and Healthier Foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:594-614. [PMID: 33350124 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Edible films and coatings have been extensively studied in recent years due to their unique properties and advantages over more traditional conservation techniques. Edible films and coatings improve shelf life and food quality, by providing a protective barrier against physical and mechanical damage, and by creating a controlled atmosphere and acting as a semipermeable barrier for gases, vapor, and water. Edible films and coatings are produced using naturally derived materials, such as polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids, or a mixture of these materials. These films and coatings also offer the possibility of incorporating different functional ingredients such as nutraceuticals, antioxidants, antimicrobials, flavoring, and coloring agents. Films and coatings are also able to incorporate living microorganisms. In the last decade, several works reported the incorporation of bacteria to confer probiotic or antimicrobial properties to these films and coatings. The incorporation of probiotic bacteria in films and coatings allows them to reach the consumers' gut in adequate amounts to confer health benefits to the host, thus creating an added value to the food product. Also, other microorganisms, either bacteria or yeast, can be incorporated into edible films in a biocontrol approach to extend the shelf life of food products. The incorporation of yeasts in films and coatings has been suggested primarily for the control of the postharvest disease. This work provides a comprehensive review of the use of edible films and coatings for the incorporation of living microorganisms, aiming at the biopreservation and probiotic ability of food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Guimarães
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Univ. of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Luís Abrunhosa
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Univ. of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Lorenzo M Pastrana
- Intl. Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Cerqueira
- Intl. Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dukare AS, Paul S, Nambi VE, Gupta RK, Singh R, Sharma K, Vishwakarma RK. Exploitation of microbial antagonists for the control of postharvest diseases of fruits: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1498-1513. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1417235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajinath Shridhar Dukare
- ICAR - Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering & Technology, Ludhiana/Abohar, Punjab, India
| | - Sangeeta Paul
- ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - V. Eyarkai Nambi
- ICAR - Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering & Technology, Ludhiana/Abohar, Punjab, India
| | - Ram Kishore Gupta
- ICAR - Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering & Technology, Ludhiana/Abohar, Punjab, India
| | - Rajbir Singh
- ICAR - Agricultural Technology Application Research Institutes, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Kalyani Sharma
- ICAR - Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering & Technology, Ludhiana/Abohar, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Vishwakarma
- ICAR - Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering & Technology, Ludhiana/Abohar, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang H, Chen L, Sun Y, Zhao L, Zheng X, Yang Q, Zhang X. Investigating Proteome and Transcriptome Defense Response of Apples Induced by Yarrowia lipolytica. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:301-311. [PMID: 28398122 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-16-0189-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the mode of action of postharvest biocontrol agents on fruit surfaces is critical for the advancement of successful implementation of postharvest biocontrol products. This is due to the increasing importance of biological control of postharvest diseases over chemical and other control methods. However, most of the mechanisms involved in biological control remain unknown and need to be explored. Yarrowia lipolytica significantly inhibited blue mold decay of apples caused by Penicillium expansum. The findings also demonstrated that Y. lipolytica stimulated the activities of polyphenoloxidase, peroxidase, chitinase, l-phenylalanine ammonia lyase involved in enhancing defense responses in apple fruit tissue. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis revealed a total of 35 proteins identified as up- and down-regulated in response to the Y. lipolytica inducement. These proteins were related to defense, biotic stimulus, and stress responses, such as pathogenesis-related proteins and dehydrin. The analysis of the transcriptome results proved that the induced resistance was mediated by a crosstalk between salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene/jasmonate (ET/JA) pathways. Y. lipolytica treatment activated the expression of isochorismate synthase gene in the SA pathway, which up-regulates the expression of PR4 in apple. The expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase gene and ET-responsive transcription factors 2 and 4, which are involved in the ET pathway, were also activated. In addition, cytochrome oxidase I, which plays an important role in JA signaling for resistance acquisition, was also activated. However, not all of the genes had a positive effect on the SA and ET/JA signal pathways. As transcriptional repressors in JA signaling, TIFY3B and TIFY11B were triggered by the yeast, but the gene expression levels were relatively low. Taken together, Y. lipolytica induced the SA and ET/JA signal mediating the defense pathways by stimulating defense response genes, such as peroxidase, thaumatin-like protein, and chitinase 4-like, which are involved in defense response in apple. [Formula: see text]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyin Zhang
- 1 School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; and
| | | | - Yiwen Sun
- 1 School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Lina Zhao
- 1 School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Xiangfeng Zheng
- 1 School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Qiya Yang
- 1 School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- 1 School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; and
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Unraveling the mechanisms used by antagonistic yeast to control postharvest pathogens on fruit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2016.1144.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
26
|
Usall J, Torres R, Teixidó N. Biological control of postharvest diseases on fruit: a suitable alternative? Curr Opin Food Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
27
|
Parafati L, Vitale A, Restuccia C, Cirvilleri G. The effect of locust bean gum (LBG)-based edible coatings carrying biocontrol yeasts against Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum causal agents of postharvest decay of mandarin fruit. Food Microbiol 2016; 58:87-94. [PMID: 27217363 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Strains belonging to Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Aureobasidium pullulans species were tested in vitro as biocontrol agents (BCAs) against the post-harvest pathogenic molds Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum. Moreover, studies aimed at screening the antifungal activity of selected yeast strains in vivo conditions against P. digitatum and P. italicum, and investigated the efficacy of a polysaccharidic matrix, locust bean gum (LBG), enriched with the tested BCAs, in controlling postharvest decays in artificially inoculated mandarins. The population dynamics of BCAs on wounds and the magnitude of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in fruit tissues were also investigated after treatments of mandarins with antagonistic yeasts. W. anomalus BS91, M. pulcherrima MPR3 and A. pullulans PI1 provided excellent control of postharvest decays caused by P. digitatum and P. italicum on mandarins, both when the yeasts were used alone and in combination with LBG, which enhanced the yeast cell viability over time. Finally, the increased activity of POD and lower decrease in SOD activity in response to BCAs application in mandarin fruits confirmed their involvement in the biocontrol mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Parafati
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vitale
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Restuccia
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Cirvilleri
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu P, Chen K, Li G, Yang X, Long CA. Comparative transcriptional profiling of orange fruit in response to the biocontrol yeast Kloeckera apiculata and its active compounds. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:17. [PMID: 26725242 PMCID: PMC4698812 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The yeast Kloeckera apiculata strain 34–9 is an antagonist that shows biological control activity against the postharvest fungal pathogens of citrus. An antifungal compound, 2-phenylethanol (PEA), has been identified from the extract of K. apiculata. To better understand the molecular processes underlying the response of citrus fruit tissue to K. apiculata, the extract and PEA, microarray analyses were performed on navel oranges using an Affymetrix Citrus GeneChip. Results As many as 801, 339 and 608 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after the application of K. apiculata, the extract and PEA, respectively. In general, K. apiculata induced the expression of defence-related genes. In addition to chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, genes involved in ethylene (ET), jasmonic acid (JA), calcium signalling, MAPK signalling and phenylalanine metabolism were induced. In contrast, monodehydroascorbate reductase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and carotenoid biosynthesis genes were down-regulated. The expression profiles for the extract- and PEA-treated samples were similar to that found for yeast (sharing 57.4 % DEGs), with a significant increase in the transcript levels of defence-related genes. Conclusion This study provides a global picture of the gene expression changes in navel oranges after the application of the antagonist yeast K. apiculata, its extract and PEA. The interpretation of the DEGs revealed new insight into the molecular processes that regulate the defence responses in orange tissue. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2333-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pomology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, P. R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of the Ministry of Education, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of the Ministry of Education, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Guofeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Pomology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Research Institute of Fruit and Tea, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, 430064, P. R. China.
| | - Chao-An Long
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of the Ministry of Education, National Centre of Citrus Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Spadaro D, Droby S. Development of biocontrol products for postharvest diseases of fruit: The importance of elucidating the mechanisms of action of yeast antagonists. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
30
|
Sui Y, Wisniewski M, Droby S, Liu J. Responses of yeast biocontrol agents to environmental stress. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2968-75. [PMID: 25710368 PMCID: PMC4393439 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04203-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological control of postharvest diseases, utilizing wild species and strains of antagonistic yeast species, is a research topic that has received considerable attention in the literature over the past 30 years. In principle, it represents a promising alternative to chemical fungicides for the management of postharvest decay of fruits, vegetables, and grains. A yeast-based biocontrol system is composed of a tritrophic interaction between a host (commodity), a pathogen, and a yeast species, all of which are affected by environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and UV light as well as osmotic and oxidative stresses. Additionally, during the production process, biocontrol agents encounter various severe abiotic stresses that also impact their viability. Therefore, understanding the ecological fitness of the potential yeast biocontrol agents and developing strategies to enhance their stress tolerance are essential to their efficacy and commercial application. The current review provides an overview of the responses of antagonistic yeast species to various environmental stresses, the methods that can be used to improve stress tolerance and efficacy, and the related mechanisms associated with improved stress tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Sui
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - Samir Droby
- Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu J, Sui Y, Wisniewski M, Droby S, Liu Y. Review: Utilization of antagonistic yeasts to manage postharvest fungal diseases of fruit. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 167:153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
32
|
Hershkovitz V, Sela N, Taha-Salaime L, Liu J, Rafael G, Kessler C, Aly R, Levy M, Wisniewski M, Droby S. De-novo assembly and characterization of the transcriptome of Metschnikowia fructicola reveals differences in gene expression following interaction with Penicillium digitatum and grapefruit peel. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:168. [PMID: 23496978 PMCID: PMC3608080 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The yeast Metschnikowia fructicola is an antagonist with biological control activity against postharvest diseases of several fruits. We performed a transcriptome analysis, using RNA-Seq technology, to examine the response of M. fructicola with citrus fruit and with the postharvest pathogen, Penicillium digitatum. Results More than 26 million sequencing reads were assembled into 9,674 unigenes. Approximately 50% of the unigenes could be annotated based on homology matches in the NCBI database. Based on homology, sequences were annotated with a gene description, gene ontology (GO term), and clustered into functional groups. An analysis of differential expression when the yeast was interacting with the fruit vs. the pathogen revealed more than 250 genes with specific expression responses. In the antagonist-pathogen interaction, genes related to transmembrane, multidrug transport and to amino acid metabolism were induced. In the antagonist-fruit interaction, expression of genes involved in oxidative stress, iron homeostasis, zinc homeostasis, and lipid metabolism were induced. Patterns of gene expression in the two interactions were examined at the individual transcript level by quantitative real-time PCR analysis (RT-qPCR). Conclusion This study provides new insight into the biology of the tritrophic interactions that occur in a biocontrol system such as the use of the yeast, M. fructicola for the control of green mold on citrus caused by P. digitatum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Hershkovitz
- Department of Postharvest and Food Sciences, ARO, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ballester AR, Teresa Lafuente M, González-Candelas L. Citrus phenylpropanoids and defence against pathogens. Part II: gene expression and metabolite accumulation in the response of fruits to Penicillium digitatum infection. Food Chem 2012; 136:285-91. [PMID: 23017425 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of infection of Citrus sinensis (var. Navelina) fruits with Penicillium digitatum was studied at gene expression and metabolite levels. In this study, expression of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway was studied in the flavedo (outer coloured part of the peel) and albedo (inner white part) in response to pathogen infection. Results of the time-course experiment showed that maximal expression of 10 out of 17 phenylpropanoid genes analysed occurred at 48h post-inoculation, when decay symptoms started to appear, and mRNA levels either kept constant or decreased after 72h post-inoculation. To further investigate the putative involvement of the phenylpropanoid pathway in the defence of citrus fruit, changes in the metabolic profile of both tissues infected with P. digitatum was studied by means of HPLC-PDA-FD. Metabolite accumulation levels along the time course suggest that flavanones, flavones, polymethoxylated flavones and scoparone are induced in citrus fruit in response to P. digitatum infection, although with different trends depending on the tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Rosa Ballester
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Citrus phenylpropanoids and defence against pathogens. Part I: metabolic profiling in elicited fruits. Food Chem 2012; 136:178-85. [PMID: 23017410 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium spp. are among the major postharvest pathogens of citrus fruit. Induction of natural resistance in fruits constitutes one of the alternatives to chemical fungicides. Here, we investigated the involvement of the phenylpropanoid pathway in the induction of resistance in Navelate oranges by examining changes in the metabolic profile of upon eliciting citrus fruits. By using both HPLC-PDA-FD and HPLC-PDA-QTOF-MS allowed the identification of several compounds that seem to be relevant for induced resistance. In elicited fruits, a greater diversity of phenolic compounds was observed in the flavedo (outer coloured part of the peel) when compared to the albedo (inner white part). Moreover, only small changes were detected in the most abundant citrus flavonoids. The coumarin scoparone was among the compounds with the highest induction upon elicitation. Two other highly induced compounds were identified as citrusnin A and drupanin aldehyde. All three compounds are known to exert antimicrobial activity. Our results suggest that phenylpropanoids and their derivatives play an important role in the induction of resistance in citrus fruit.
Collapse
|
35
|
Sui Y, Liu J, Wisniewski M, Droby S, Norelli J, Hershkovitz V. Pretreatment of the yeast antagonist, Candida oleophila, with glycine betaine increases oxidative stress tolerance in the microenvironment of apple wounds. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 157:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
36
|
Voo SS, Grimes HD, Lange BM. Assessing the biosynthetic capabilities of secretory glands in Citrus peel. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:81-94. [PMID: 22452856 PMCID: PMC3375987 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.194233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells (ECs) lining the secretory cavities of Citrus peel have been hypothesized to be responsible for the synthesis of essential oil, but direct evidence for such a role is currently sparse. We used laser-capture microdissection and pressure catapulting to isolate ECs and parenchyma cells (as controls not synthesizing oil) from the peel of young grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi 'Duncan'), isolated RNA, and evaluated transcript patterns based on oligonucleotide microarrays. A Gene Ontology analysis of these data sets indicated an enrichment of genes involved in the biosynthesis of volatile terpenoids and nonvolatile phenylpropanoids in ECs (when compared with parenchyma cells), thus indicating a significant metabolic specialization in this cell type. The gene expression patterns in ECs were consistent with the accumulation of the major essential oil constituents (monoterpenes, prenylated coumarins, and polymethoxylated flavonoids). Morphometric analyses demonstrated that secretory cavities are formed early during fruit development, whereas the expansion of cavities, and thus oil accumulation, correlates with later stages of fruit expansion. Our studies have laid the methodological and experimental groundwork for a vastly improved knowledge of the as yet poorly understood processes controlling essential oil biosynthesis in Citrus peel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siau Sie Voo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry (S.S.V., B.M.L.), M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory (B.M.L.), and School of Molecular Biosciences (H.D.G.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164–6340
| | - Howard D. Grimes
- Institute of Biological Chemistry (S.S.V., B.M.L.), M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory (B.M.L.), and School of Molecular Biosciences (H.D.G.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164–6340
| | - B. Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry (S.S.V., B.M.L.), M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory (B.M.L.), and School of Molecular Biosciences (H.D.G.), Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164–6340
| |
Collapse
|