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Carrau A, Tano J, Moyano L, Ripa MB, Petrocelli S, Piskulic L, Moreira LM, Patané JSL, Setubal JC, Orellano EG. A novel BLUF photoreceptor modulates the Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri-host plant interaction. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:1901-1918. [PMID: 37209300 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogen interaction is influenced by multiple environmental factors, including temperature and light. Recent works have shown that light modulates not only the defense response of plants but also the pathogens virulence. Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is the bacterium responsible for citrus canker, an important plant disease worldwide. The Xcc genome presents four genes encoding putative photoreceptors: one bacteriophytochrome and three blue light photoreceptors, one LOV and two BLUFs (bluf1: XAC2120 and bluf2: XAC3278). The presence of two BLUFs proteins is an outstanding feature of Xcc. In this work we show that the bluf2 gene is functional. The mutant strain, XccΔbluf2, was constructed demonstrating that BLUF2 regulates swimming-type motility, adhesion to leaves, exopolysaccharide production and biofilm formation, features involved in the Xcc virulence processes. An important aspect during the plant-pathogen interaction is the oxidative response of the host and the consequent reaction of the pathogen. We observed that ROS detoxification is regulated by Xcc bluf2 gene. The phenotypes of disease in orange plants produced by WT and XccΔbluf2 strains were evaluated, observing different phenotypes. Altogether, these results show that BLUF2 negatively regulates virulence during citrus canker. This work constitutes the first report on BLUF-like receptors in plant pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía Carrau
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Josefina Tano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Laura Moyano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires (IBBEA, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Ripa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Silvana Petrocelli
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Laura Piskulic
- Área Estadística y Procesamiento de Datos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Leandro Marcio Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elena Graciela Orellano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina.
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Qi PY, Zhang TH, Wang N, Feng YM, Zeng D, Shao WB, Meng J, Liu LW, Jin LH, Zhang H, Zhou X, Yang S. Natural Products-Based Botanical Bactericides Discovery: Novel Abietic Acid Derivatives as Anti-Virulence Agents for Plant Disease Management. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5463-5475. [PMID: 37012216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of natural product-based pesticides is critical for agriculture. In this work, a series of novel tricyclic diterpenoid derivatives decorated with an amino alcohol moiety were elaborately prepared from natural abietic acid, and their antibacterial behavior was explored. Bioassay results indicated that compound C2 exhibited the most promising bioactivity (EC50 = 0.555 μg mL-1) against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), about 73 times higher than the effect of commercial thiodiazole copper (TC). Results of in vivo bioassays showed that compound C2 displayed significantly higher control of rice bacterial leaf blight (curative activity: 63.8%; protective activity: 58.4%) than TC (curative activity: 43.6%; protective activity: 40.8%), and their bioactivity could be improved maximally 16% by supplementing the auxiliaries. Antibacterial behavior suggested that compound C2 could suppress various virulence factors. Overall, these findings suggested that new botanical bactericide candidates could control intractable plant bacterial diseases by suppressing virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Ying Qi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tai-Hong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Na Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yu-Mei Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Dan Zeng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wu-Bin Shao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiao Meng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li-Wei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lin-Hong Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Song Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Shi Y, Yang X, Ye X, Feng J, Cheng T, Zhou X, Liu DX, Xu L, Wang J. The Methyltransferase HemK Regulates the Virulence and Nutrient Utilization of the Phytopathogenic Bacterium Xanthomonas citri Subsp. citri. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073931. [PMID: 35409293 PMCID: PMC8999716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), seriously affects fruit quality and yield, leading to significant economic losses around the world. Understanding the mechanism of Xcc virulence is important for the effective control of Xcc infection. In this report, we investigate the role of a protein named HemK in the regulation of the virulence traits of Xcc. The hemK gene was deleted in the Xcc jx-6 background, and the ΔhemK mutant phenotypically displayed significantly decreased motility, biofilm formation, extracellular enzymes, and polysaccharides production, as well as increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and high temperatures. In accordance with the role of HemK in the regulation of a variety of virulence-associated phenotypes, the deletion of hemK resulted in reduced virulence on citrus plants as well as a compromised hypersensitive response on a non-host plant, Nicotiana benthamiana. These results indicated that HemK is required for the virulence of Xcc. To characterize the regulatory effect of hemK deletion on gene expression, RNA sequencing analysis was conducted using the wild-type Xcc jx-6 strain and its isogenic ΔhemK mutant strain, grown in XVM2 medium. Comparative transcriptome analysis of these two strains revealed that hemK deletion specifically changed the expression of several virulence-related genes associated with the bacterial secretion system, chemotaxis, and quorum sensing, and the expression of various genes related to nutrient utilization including amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy metabolism. In conclusion, our results indicate that HemK plays an essential role in virulence, the regulation of virulence factor synthesis, and the nutrient utilization of Xcc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.F.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (D.X.L.)
| | - Xiaobei Yang
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.F.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (D.X.L.)
| | - Xiaoxin Ye
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.F.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (D.X.L.)
| | - Jiaying Feng
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.F.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (D.X.L.)
| | - Tianfang Cheng
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.F.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (D.X.L.)
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.F.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (D.X.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.F.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (D.X.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Linghui Xu
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.F.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (D.X.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Junxia Wang
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.S.); (X.Y.); (X.Y.); (J.F.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (D.X.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (J.W.)
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Zhang Y, Wang B, Li Q, Huang D, Zhang Y, Li G, He H. Isolation and Complete Genome Sequence Analysis of Kosakonia cowanii Pa82, a Novel Pathogen Causing Bacterial Wilt on Patchouli. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:818228. [PMID: 35095821 PMCID: PMC8795763 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.818228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pogostemon cablin (patchouli), an important medicinal and aromatic plant, is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine as well as in perfume industry. Patchouli plants are susceptible to bacterial wilt disease, which causes significant economic losses by reduction in yield and quality of the plant products. However, few studies focus on the pathogens causing bacterial wilt on patchouli. In this study, strain Pa82 was isolated from diseased patchouli plants with typical bacterial wilt symptoms in Guangdong province, China, and was confirmed to be a highly virulent pathogen of patchouli bacterial wilt. Comparative sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene showed that the strain was closely related to Kosakonia sp. CCTCC M2018092 (99.9% similarity) and Kosakonia cowanii Esp_Z (99.8% similarity). Moreover, phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain was affiliated with genus Kosakonia. Further, the whole genome of strain Pa82 was sequenced, and the sequences were assembled and annotated. The complete genome of the strain consists of one chromosome and three plasmids. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the strain belongs to Kosakonia cowanii (designated Kosakonia cowanii Pa82). Virulence-related genes of the strain involved in adherence, biofilm formation, endotoxin and other virulence factors were predicted. Among them, vgrG gene that encodes one of the type VI secretion system components was functionally validated as a virulence factor in Kosakonia cowanii Pa82 through construction of Tn5 insertion mutants and identification of mutant defective in virulence.
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Picchi SC, Granato LM, Franzini MJF, Andrade MO, Takita MA, Machado MA, de Souza AA. Modified Monosaccharides Content of Xanthan Gum Impairs Citrus Canker Disease by Affecting the Epiphytic Lifestyle of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061176. [PMID: 34072545 PMCID: PMC8229982 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri) is a plant pathogenic bacterium causing citrus canker disease. The xanA gene encodes a phosphoglucomutase/phosphomannomutase protein that is a key enzyme required for the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides and exopolysaccharides in Xanthomonads. In this work, firstly we isolated a xanA transposon mutant (xanA::Tn5) and analyzed its phenotypes as biofilm formation, xanthan gum production, and pathogenesis on the sweet orange host. Moreover, to confirm the xanA role in the impaired phenotypes we further produced a non-polar deletion mutant (ΔxanA) and performed the complementation of both xanA mutants. In addition, we analyzed the percentages of the xanthan gum monosaccharides produced by X. citri wild-type and xanA mutant. The mutant strain had higher ratios of mannose, galactose, and xylose and lower ratios of rhamnose, glucuronic acid, and glucose than the wild-type strain. Such changes in the saccharide composition led to the reduction of xanthan yield in the xanA deficient strain, affecting also other important features in X. citri, such as biofilm formation and sliding motility. Moreover, we showed that xanA::Tn5 caused no symptoms on host leaves after spraying, a method that mimetics the natural infection condition. These results suggest that xanA plays an important role in the epiphytical stage on the leaves that is essential for the successful interaction with the host, including adaptive advantage for bacterial X. citri survival and host invasion, which culminates in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cristina Picchi
- Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 1349070, Brazil; (S.C.P.); (M.J.F.F.); (M.A.T.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Laís Moreira Granato
- Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 1349070, Brazil; (S.C.P.); (M.J.F.F.); (M.A.T.); (M.A.M.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.G.); (A.A.d.S.)
| | - Maria Júlia Festa Franzini
- Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 1349070, Brazil; (S.C.P.); (M.J.F.F.); (M.A.T.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Maxuel Oliveira Andrade
- Bioscience National Lab, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083100, Brazil;
| | - Marco Aurélio Takita
- Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 1349070, Brazil; (S.C.P.); (M.J.F.F.); (M.A.T.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Marcos Antonio Machado
- Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 1349070, Brazil; (S.C.P.); (M.J.F.F.); (M.A.T.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Alessandra Alves de Souza
- Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo 1349070, Brazil; (S.C.P.); (M.J.F.F.); (M.A.T.); (M.A.M.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.G.); (A.A.d.S.)
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Barcarolo MV, Garavaglia BS, Thomas L, Marondedze C, Gehring C, Gottig N, Ottado J. Proteome changes and physiological adaptations of the phytopathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri under salt stress and their implications for virulence. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 95:5509571. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Barcarolo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR-CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR). Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, 2000, Argentina
| | - Betiana S Garavaglia
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR-CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR). Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, 2000, Argentina
| | - Ludivine Thomas
- HM.Clause, rue Louis Saillant, 26801 Portes-lès-Valence, France
| | - Claudius Marondedze
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA/DRF/BIG, INRA UMR1417, CNRS UMR5168, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Chris Gehring
- Department of Chemistry, Biology & Biotechnology, University of Perugia,
06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Natalia Gottig
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR-CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR). Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, 2000, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Ottado
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR-CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR). Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, 2000, Argentina
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Conforte VP, Malamud F, Yaryura PM, Toum Terrones L, Torres PS, De Pino V, Chazarreta CN, Gudesblat GE, Castagnaro AP, R. Marano M, Vojnov AA. The histone-like protein HupB influences biofilm formation and virulence in Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri through the regulation of flagellar biosynthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:589-598. [PMID: 30537413 PMCID: PMC6637892 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Citrus canker is an important disease of citrus, whose causal agent is the bacterium Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (Xcc). In previous studies, we found a group of Xcc mutants, generated by the insertion of the Tn5 transposon, which showed impaired ability to attach to an abiotic substrate. One of these mutants carries the Tn5 insertion in hupB, a gene encoding a bacterial histone-like protein, homologue to the β-subunit of the Heat-Unstable (HU) nucleoid protein of Escherichia coli. These types of protein are necessary to maintain the bacterial nucleoid organization and the global regulation of gene expression. Here, we characterized the influence of the mutation in hupB regarding Xcc biofilm formation and virulence. The mutant strain hupB was incapable of swimming in soft agar, whereas its complemented strain partially recovered this phenotype. Electron microscope imaging revealed that impaired motility of hupB was a consequence of the absence of the flagellum. Comparison of the expression of flagellar genes between the wild-type strain and hupB showed that the mutant exhibited decreased expression of fliC (encoding flagellin). The hupB mutant also displayed reduced virulence compared with the wild-type strain when they were used to infect Citrus lemon plants using different infection methods. Our results therefore show that the histone-like protein HupB plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of Xcc through the regulation of biofilm formation and biosynthesis of the flagellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria P. Conforte
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICETSaladillo 2468Ciudad de Buenos AiresC1440FFXArgentina
| | - Florencia Malamud
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San MartínCampus Migueletes, 25 de Mayo y FranciaGeneral San MartínB1650HMN Provincia de Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Pablo M. Yaryura
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María CONICETUniversidad de Villa MaríaCarlos Pellegrini 211Villa María, X5900FSECórdobaArgentina
| | - Laila Toum Terrones
- Departamento de FisiologíaBiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos AiresIntendente Güiraldes 2160Buenos AiresC1428EGAArgentina
| | - Pablo S. Torres
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICETSaladillo 2468Ciudad de Buenos AiresC1440FFXArgentina
| | - Verónica De Pino
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICETSaladillo 2468Ciudad de Buenos AiresC1440FFXArgentina
| | - Cristian N. Chazarreta
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICETSaladillo 2468Ciudad de Buenos AiresC1440FFXArgentina
| | - Gustavo E. Gudesblat
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino (ITANOA), Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Av. William Cross 3150Las TalitasC.P. T4101XACTucumánArgentina
| | - Atilio P. Castagnaro
- Departamento de FisiologíaBiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos AiresIntendente Güiraldes 2160Buenos AiresC1428EGAArgentina
| | - María R. Marano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de RosarioSuipacha 531RosarioS2002LRKSanta FéArgentina
| | - Adrian A. Vojnov
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICETSaladillo 2468Ciudad de Buenos AiresC1440FFXArgentina
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Aliashkevich A, Alvarez L, Cava F. New Insights Into the Mechanisms and Biological Roles of D-Amino Acids in Complex Eco-Systems. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:683. [PMID: 29681896 PMCID: PMC5898190 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the environment bacteria share their habitat with a great diversity of organisms, from microbes to humans, animals and plants. In these complex communities, the production of extracellular effectors is a common strategy to control the biodiversity by interfering with the growth and/or viability of nearby microbes. One of such effectors relies on the production and release of extracellular D-amino acids which regulate diverse cellular processes such as cell wall biogenesis, biofilm integrity, and spore germination. Non-canonical D-amino acids are mainly produced by broad spectrum racemases (Bsr). Bsr’s promiscuity allows it to generate high concentrations of D-amino acids in environments with variable compositions of L-amino acids. However, it was not clear until recent whether these molecules exhibit divergent functions. Here we review the distinctive biological roles of D-amino acids, their mechanisms of action and their modulatory properties of the biodiversity of complex eco-systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Aliashkevich
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Laura Alvarez
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Felipe Cava
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Velmourougane K, Prasanna R, Saxena AK. Agriculturally important microbial biofilms: Present status and future prospects. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:548-573. [PMID: 28407275 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Microbial biofilms are a fascinating subject, due to their significant roles in the environment, industry, and health. Advances in biochemical and molecular techniques have helped in enhancing our understanding of biofilm structure and development. In the past, research on biofilms primarily focussed on health and industrial sectors; however, lately, biofilms in agriculture are gaining attention due to their immense potential in crop production, protection, and improvement. Biofilms play an important role in colonization of surfaces - soil, roots, or shoots of plants and enable proliferation in the desired niche, besides enhancing soil fertility. Although reports are available on microbial biofilms in general; scanty information is published on biofilm formation by agriculturally important microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, bacterial-fungal) and their interactions in the ecosystem. Better understanding of agriculturally important bacterial-fungal communities and their interactions can have several implications on climate change, soil quality, plant nutrition, plant protection, bioremediation, etc. Understanding the factors and genes involved in biofilm formation will help to develop more effective strategies for sustainable and environment-friendly agriculture. The present review brings together fundamental aspects of biofilms, in relation to their formation, regulatory mechanisms, genes involved, and their application in different fields, with special emphasis on agriculturally important microbial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radha Prasanna
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Kumar Saxena
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau Nath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh, India
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10
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Bonomi HR, Toum L, Sycz G, Sieira R, Toscani AM, Gudesblat GE, Leskow FC, Goldbaum FA, Vojnov AA, Malamud F. Xanthomonas campestris attenuates virulence by sensing light through a bacteriophytochrome photoreceptor. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1565-1577. [PMID: 27621284 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochromes constitute a major photoreceptor family found in plants, algae, fungi, and prokaryotes, including pathogens. Here, we report that Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), the causal agent of black rot disease which affects cruciferous crops worldwide, codes for a functional bacteriophytochrome (XccBphP). XccBphP possesses an N-terminal PAS2-GAF-PHY photosensory domain triad and a C-terminal PAS9 domain as its output module. Our results show that illumination of Xcc, prior to plant infection, attenuates its virulence in an XccBphP-dependent manner. Moreover, in response to light, XccBphP downregulates xanthan exopolysaccharide production and biofilm formation, two known Xcc virulence factors. Furthermore, the XccbphP null mutant shows enhanced virulence, similar to that of dark-adapted Xcc cultures. Stomatal aperture regulation and callose deposition, both well-established plant defense mechanisms against bacterial pathogens, are overridden by the XccbphP strain. Additionally, an RNA-Seq analysis reveals that far-red light or XccBphP overexpression produces genomewide transcriptional changes, including the inhibition of several Xcc virulence systems. Our findings indicate that Xcc senses light through XccBphP, eliciting bacterial virulence attenuation via downregulation of bacterial virulence factors. The capacity of XccBphP to respond to light both in vitro and in vivo was abolished by a mutation on the conserved Cys13 residue. These results provide evidence for a novel bacteriophytochrome function affecting an infectious process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán R Bonomi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir - IIBBA CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laila Toum
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Sycz
- Fundación Instituto Leloir - IIBBA CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Sieira
- Fundación Instituto Leloir - IIBBA CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés M Toscani
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo E Gudesblat
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico C Leskow
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Adrián A Vojnov
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Malamud
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina .,UNSAM Campus Miguelete IIB - Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Identification of seven novel virulence genes from Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri by Tn5-based random mutagenesis. J Microbiol 2015; 53:330-6. [PMID: 25935304 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-4589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To identify novel virulence genes, a mutant library of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri 29-1 was produced using EZ-Tn5 transposon and the mutants were inoculated into susceptible grapefruit. Forty mutants with altered virulence phenotypes were identified. Nine of the mutants showed a complete loss of citrus canker induction, and the other 31 mutants resulted in attenuated canker symptoms. Southern blot analysis revealed that each of the mutants carried a single copy of Tn5. The flanking sequence was identified by plasmid rescue and 18 different ORFs were identified in the genome sequence. Of these 18 ORFs, seven had not been previously associated with the virulence of X. citri subsp. citri and were therefore confirmed by complementation analysis. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the seven genes were upregulated when the bacteria were grown in citrus plants, suggesting that the expression of these genes was essential for canker development.
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12
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Yaryura PM, Conforte VP, Malamud F, Roeschlin R, de Pino V, Castagnaro AP, McCarthy Y, Dow JM, Marano MR, Vojnov AA. XbmR, a new transcription factor involved in the regulation of chemotaxis, biofilm formation and virulence in Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:4164-76. [PMID: 25346091 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is the causal agent of citrus canker. Biofilm formation on citrus leaves plays an important role in epiphytic survival of Xcc. Biofilm formation is affected by transposon insertion in XAC3733, which encodes a transcriptional activator of the NtrC family, not linked to a gene encoding a sensor protein, thus could be considered as an 'orphan' regulator whose function is poorly understood in Xanthomonas spp. Here we show that mutation of XAC3733 (named xbmR) resulted in impaired structural development of the Xcc biofilm, loss of chemotaxis and reduced virulence in grapefruit plants. All defective phenotypes were restored to wild-type levels by the introduction of PA2567 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which encodes a phosphodiesterase active in the degradation of cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP). A knockout of xbmR led to a substantial downregulation of fliA that encodes a σ(28) transcription factor, as well as fliC and XAC0350 which are potential member of the σ(28) regulon. XAC0350 encodes an HD-GYP domain c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase. These findings suggest that XbmR is a key regulator of flagellar-dependent motility and chemotaxis exerting its action through a regulatory pathway that involves FliA and c-di-GMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo M Yaryura
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Saladillo 2468, C1440FFX, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria P Conforte
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Saladillo 2468, C1440FFX, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Malamud
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Saladillo 2468, C1440FFX, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxana Roeschlin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET). Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, S2000FHN, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Verónica de Pino
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Saladillo 2468, C1440FFX, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Atilio P Castagnaro
- Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Av. William Cross, 3150, Las Talitas, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Yvonne McCarthy
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J Maxwell Dow
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - María R Marano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET). Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Ocampo y Esmeralda, S2000FHN, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Adrián A Vojnov
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Saladillo 2468, C1440FFX, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ahmad AA, Askora A, Kawasaki T, Fujie M, Yamada T. The filamentous phage XacF1 causes loss of virulence in Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, the causative agent of citrus canker disease. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:321. [PMID: 25071734 PMCID: PMC4076744 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, filamentous phage XacF1, which can infect Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) strains, was isolated and characterized. Electron microscopy showed that XacF1 is a member of the family Inoviridae and is about 600 nm long. The genome of XacF1 is 7325 nucleotides in size, containing 13 predicted open reading frames (ORFs), some of which showed significant homology to Ff-like phage proteins such as ORF1 (pII), ORF2 (pV), ORF6 (pIII), and ORF8 (pVI). XacF1 showed a relatively wide host range, infecting seven out of 11 strains tested in this study. Frequently, XacF1 was found to be integrated into the genome of Xac strains. This integration occurred at the host dif site (attB) and was mediated by the host XerC/D recombination system. The attP sequence was identical to that of Xanthomonas phage Cf1c. Interestingly, infection by XacF1 phage caused several physiological changes to the bacterial host cells, including lower levels of extracellular polysaccharide production, reduced motility, slower growth rate, and a dramatic reduction in virulence. In particular, the reduction in virulence suggested possible utilization of XacF1 as a biological control agent against citrus canker disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmonim Ali Ahmad
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ahmed Askora
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig UniversityZagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Takeru Kawasaki
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujie
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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Malamud F, Homem RA, Conforte VP, Yaryura PM, Castagnaro AP, Marano MR, do Amaral AM, Vojnov AA. Identification and characterization of biofilm formation-defective mutants of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. Microbiology (Reading) 2013; 159:1911-1919. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.064709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Malamud
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Saladillo 2468, C1440FFX Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rafael Augusto Homem
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnología and Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeiropolis, Sao Pablo, Brazil
| | - Valeria Paola Conforte
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Saladillo 2468, C1440FFX Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Marcelo Yaryura
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Saladillo 2468, C1440FFX Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Atilio Pedro Castagnaro
- Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Av. William Cross 3150, Las Talitas, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Rosa Marano
- IBR-Depto Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, U.N.R. Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alexandre Morais do Amaral
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnología and Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeiropolis, Sao Pablo, Brazil
| | - Adrián Alberto Vojnov
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Saladillo 2468, C1440FFX Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Zimaro T, Thomas L, Marondedze C, Garavaglia BS, Gehring C, Ottado J, Gottig N. Insights into xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri biofilm through proteomics. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:186. [PMID: 23924281 PMCID: PMC3750573 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (X. a. pv. citri) causes citrus canker that can result in defoliation and premature fruit drop with significant production losses worldwide. Biofilm formation is an important process in bacterial pathogens and several lines of evidence suggest that in X. a. pv. citri this process is a requirement to achieve maximal virulence since it has a major role in host interactions. In this study, proteomics was used to gain further insights into the functions of biofilms. Results In order to identify differentially expressed proteins, a comparative proteomic study using 2D difference gel electrophoresis was carried out on X. a. pv. citri mature biofilm and planktonic cells. The biofilm proteome showed major variations in the composition of outer membrane proteins and receptor or transport proteins. Among them, several porins and TonB-dependent receptor were differentially regulated in the biofilm compared to the planktonic cells, indicating that these proteins may serve in maintaining specific membrane-associated functions including signaling and cellular homeostasis. In biofilms, UDP-glucose dehydrogenase with a major role in exopolysaccharide production and the non-fimbrial adhesin YapH involved in adherence were over-expressed, while a polynucleotide phosphorylase that was demonstrated to negatively control biofilm formation in E. coli was down-regulated. In addition, several proteins involved in protein synthesis, folding and stabilization were up-regulated in biofilms. Interestingly, some proteins related to energy production, such as ATP-synthase were down-regulated in biofilms. Moreover, a number of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle were differentially expressed. In addition, X. a. pv. citri biofilms also showed down-regulation of several antioxidant enzymes. The respective gene expression patterns of several identified proteins in both X. a. pv. citri mature biofilm and planktonic cells were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR and shown to consistently correlate with those deduced from the proteomic study. Conclusions Differentially expressed proteins are enriched in functional categories. Firstly, proteins that are down-regulated in X. a. pv. citri biofilms are enriched for the gene ontology (GO) terms ‘generation of precursor metabolites and energy’ and secondly, the biofilm proteome mainly changes in ‘outer membrane and receptor or transport’. We argue that the differentially expressed proteins have a critical role in maintaining a functional external structure as well as enabling appropriate flow of nutrients and signals specific to the biofilm lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zimaro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBR-CONICET), Ocampo y Esmeralda, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
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