The duplicated gene copy of the ovine growth hormone gene contains a PvuII polymorphism in the second intron

DNA polymorphisms and expression profile of immune and antioxidant genes as biomarkers for reproductive disorders tolerance/susceptibility in Baladi goat

The objective of this study was to explore single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and gene expression of immune and antioxidant markers associated with reproductive disorders in Baladi goats. A total of one hundred adults Baladi does were allocated into two equal-sized groups: normal reproductive performance and does have a history of reproductive disorders. DNA sequencing of PRLR (304-bp), LTF (904-bp), TLR2 (420-bp), TLR4 (335-bp), CLA-DRB3.2 (285-bp), SOD3 (735-bp), CAT (1526-bp), GPX4 (782-bp), and GST (690-bp) revealed SNPs associated with reproductive disorders tolerance/susceptibility in investigated does. Nonetheless, DNA sequencing of beta defensin (483-bp), CCL5 (840-bp), and ATOX1 (374-bp) genes elicited a monomorphic pattern. Levels of PRLR, LTF, TLR2, TLR4, CLA-DRB3.2, beta defensin, and CCL5 genes were significantly up-regulated in does affect with reproductive disorders than tolerant ones; while SOD3, CAT, GPX4, GST and ATOX1 genes pattern elicited an opposite trend. The results herein confirmed the potential significance of SNPs in immune and antioxidant genes as genetic markers for reproductive disorders tolerance/susceptibility in Baladi does. The Gene expression profile of investigated genes could be also used as proxy biomarkers for the prediction of the most susceptible risk time for disease occurrence and for building up an effective management protocol.

DNA Polymorphisms and mRNA Levels of Immune Biomarkers as Candidates for Inflammatory Postpartum Disorders Susceptibility in Italian Buffaloes

The immunological genes that may interact with inflammatory postpartum diseases in Italian buffaloes were examined in this study. A total number of 120 female Italian buffaloes (60 normal and 60 with inflammatory reproductive diseases) were employed. Each buffalo's jugular vein was pierced to get five milliliters of blood. To obtain whole blood and extract DNA and RNA, the blood was placed within tubes containing sodium fluoride or EDTA anticoagulants. The immunological (IKBKG, LGALS, IL1B, CCL2, RANTES, MASP2, HMGB1, and S-LZ) genes' nucleotide sequence differences between healthy buffaloes and buffaloes affected by inflammatory reproductive diseases were found by employing PCR-DNA sequencing. According to Fisher's exact test (p ˂ 0.01), there were noticeably different probabilities of all major nucleotide changes spreading among buffalo groups with and without reproductive problems. Buffaloes were significantly more likely to express the examined genes when they had inflammatory reproductive diseases. The outcomes might support the significance of these markers' nucleotide variations and gene expression patterns as indicators of the prevalence of inflammatory reproductive disorders and provide a workable buffalo management policy.

Goat Genomic Resources: The Search for Genes Associated with Its Economic Traits

Goat plays a crucial role in human livelihoods, being a major source of meat, milk, fiber, and hides, particularly under adverse climatic conditions. The goat genomics related to the candidate gene approach is now being used to recognize molecular mechanisms that have different expressions of growth, reproductive, milk, wool, and disease resistance. The appropriate literature on this topic has been reviewed in this article. Several genetic characterization attempts of different goats have reported the existence of genotypic and morphological variations between different goat populations. As a result, different whole-genome sequences along with annotated gene sequences, gene function, and other genomic information of different goats are available in different databases. The main objective of this review is to search the genes associated with economic traits in goats. More than 271 candidate genes have been discovered in goats. Candidate genes influence the physiological pathway, metabolism, and expression of phenotypes. These genes have different functions on economically important traits. Some genes have pleiotropic effect for expression of phenotypic traits. Hence, recognizing candidate genes and their mutations that cause variations in gene expression and phenotype of an economic trait can help breeders look for genetic markers for specific economic traits. The availability of reference whole-genome assembly of goats, annotated genes, and transcriptomics makes comparative genomics a useful tool for systemic genetic upgradation. Identification and characterization of trait-associated sequence variations and gene will provide powerful means to give positive influences for future goat breeding program.

Roles of conceptus secretory proteins in establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in ruminants

Reproduction in ruminant species is a highly complex biological process requiring a dialogue between the developing conceptus (embryo-fetus and associated placental membranes) and maternal uterus which must be established during the peri-implantation period for pregnancy recognition signaling and regulation of gene expression by uterine epithelial and stromal cells. The uterus provide a microenvironment in which molecules secreted by uterine epithelia and transported into the uterine lumen represent histotroph, also known as the secretome, that are required for growth and development of the conceptus and receptivity of the uterus to implantation by the elongating conceptus. Pregnancy recognition signaling as related to sustaining the functional lifespan of the corpora lutea, is required to sustain the functional life-span of corpora lutea for production of progesterone which is essential for uterine functions supportive of implantation and placentation required for successful outcomes of pregnancy. It is within the peri-implantation period that most embryonic deaths occur in ruminants due to deficiencies attributed to uterine functions or failure of the conceptus to develop appropriately, signal pregnancy recognition and/or undergo implantation and placentation. The endocrine status of the pregnant ruminant and her nutritional status are critical for successful establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. The challenge is to understand the complexity of key mechanisms that are characteristic of successful reproduction in humans and animals and to use that knowledge to enhance fertility and reproductive health of ruminant species in livestock enterprises.