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Riggio S, Tolone M, Sottile G, Tumino S, Portolano B, Sutera AM, Sardina MT, Cesarani A, Mastrangelo S. A high-density genome-wide approach reveals novel genetic markers linked to small ruminant lentivirus susceptibility in sheep. Front Genet 2024; 15:1376883. [PMID: 38911298 PMCID: PMC11191640 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1376883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Visna/Maedi virus (VMV) is lentiviral disease of sheep responsible for severe production losses. Multiple genomic regions associated with infection were reported indicating genetic complexity. In this study, a combined genome-wide approach using a high-density SNP array has been performed, comparing VMV-infected (n = 78) and non-infected (n = 66) individuals of the Valle del Belice breed. The serological tests showed a seroprevalence of 26%. The comparison among results from different approaches (GWAS, Fisher's exact test and the FST analysis) revealed two association signals: on OAR03 close to the GRIN2B gene and on OAR05 close to the TMEM232 gene. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no previous association between these genes and lentiviral infection in any species. The GRIN2B gene plays a role in pain response, synaptic transmission, and receptor clustering, while TMEM232 is involved in the development of immune-related disorders. The results highlighted new aspects of the genetic complexity related to the resistance/susceptibility to VMV in sheep, confirming that studies on different breeds can lead to different results. The ideal approach for validation of the markers identified in our study is to use samples from a population independent from the discovery population with the same phenotype used in the discovery stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Riggio
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Tolone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche, ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sottile
- Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Aziendali e Statistiche, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Tumino
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Baldassare Portolano
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Sutera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche, ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Sardina
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Cesarani
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Salvatore Mastrangelo
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Olech M. The genetic variability of small-ruminant lentiviruses and its impact on tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control programmes. J Vet Res 2023; 67:479-502. [PMID: 38130459 PMCID: PMC10730557 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus are two closely related lentiviruses which cause multisystemic, progressive and persistent infection in goats and sheep. Because these viruses frequently cross the species barrier, they are considered to be one genetic group called small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV). They have in vivo tropism mainly for monocytes and macrophages and organ tropism with unknown mechanisms. Typical clinical signs are pneumonia in sheep, arthritis in goats, and mastitis in both species. Infection with SRLV cannot currently be treated or prevented, and control programmes are the only approaches to avoiding its spread. These programmes rely mainly on annual serological testing and elimination of positive animals. However, the high genetic and antigenic variability of SRLV complicate their early and definitive diagnosis. The objective of this review is to summarise the current knowledge of SRLV genetic variation and its implications for tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control and eradication programmes. Material and Methods Subject literature was selected from the PubMed and the Google Scholar databases. Results The high genetic diversity of SRLV affects the performance of diagnostic tools and therefore control programmes. For the early and definitive diagnosis of SRLV infection, a combination of serological and molecular tests is suggested. Testing by PCR can also be considered for sub-yearling animals. There are still significant gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology, immunology and biology of SRLV and their impact on animal production and welfare. Conclusion This information may aid selection of the most effective SRLV spread reduction measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Ateya A, Al-Sharif M, Abdo M, Fericean L, Essa B. Individual Genomic Loci and mRNA Levels of Immune Biomarkers Associated with Pneumonia Susceptibility in Baladi Goats. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030185. [PMID: 36977224 PMCID: PMC10051579 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of breeding for inherent disease resistance in animals could be considerably increased by identifying the genes and mutations that cause diversity in disease resistance. One hundred and twenty adult female Baladi goats (sixty pneumonic and sixty apparently healthy) were used in this study. DNA and RNA were extracted from blood samples collected from the jugular vein of each goat. SLC11A1, CD-14, CCL2, TLR1, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, β defensin, SP110, SPP1, BP1, A2M, ADORA3, CARD15, IRF3, and SCART1 SNPs that have been previously found to be associated with pneumonia resistance/susceptibility were identified via PCR-DNA sequencing. The pneumonic and healthy goats differed significantly, according to a Chi-square analysis of the discovered SNPs. The mRNA levels of the studied immune markers were noticeably greater in the pneumonic goats than in the healthy ones. The findings could support the significance of the use of immune gene expression profiles and nucleotide variations as biomarkers for the susceptibility/resistance to pneumonia and provide a practical management technique for Baladi goats. These results also suggest a potential strategy for lowering pneumonia in goats by employing genetic markers linked to an animal’s ability to fend off infection in selective breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ateya
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Mona Al-Sharif
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Abdo
- Department of Animal Histology and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo 11829, Egypt
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Liana Fericean
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Life Sciences King Michael I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Bothaina Essa
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
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Rodrigues CS, de Faria DA, Lacerda TS, Paiva SR, Caetano AR, Blackburn H, McManus C. Lentivirus Susceptibility in Brazilian and US Sheep with TMEM154 Mutations. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:genes14010070. [PMID: 36672811 PMCID: PMC9858560 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) affect sheep and goats worldwide. The major gene related to SRLV infections is the Transmembrane Protein Gene 154 (TMEM154). We estimated the haplotype frequencies of TMEM154 in the USA (USDA-ARS) and Brazil (Embrapa) Gene Banks by using two different SNP genotyping methodologies, FluidigmTM and KASPTM. We also genotyped the ZNF389_ss748775100 deletion variant in Brazilian flocks. A total of 1040 blood samples and 112 semen samples from 15 Brazilian breeds were genotyped with Fluidigm for the SNP ZNF389_ss748775100 and 12 TMEM154 SNPs. A total of 484 blood samples from the Santa Inês breed and 188 semen samples from 14 North American sheep breeds were genotyped with KASP for 6 TMEM154 SNPs. All the Brazilian samples had the "I/I" genotype for the ZNF389_ss748775100 mutation. There were 25 TMEM154 haplotypes distributed across the Brazilian breeds, and 4 haplotypes in the US breeds. Haplotypes associated with susceptibility were present in almost all breeds, which suggests that genetic testing can help to improve herd health and productivity by selecting non-susceptible animals as founders of the next generations. Fluidigm and KASP are reliable assays when compared with Beadchip arrays. Further studies are necessary to understand the unknown role of TMEM154 mutations, host-pathogen interaction and new genes associated with the clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Souza Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Central de Ciências, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Danielle Assis de Faria
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Central de Ciências, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Thaísa Sant’Anna Lacerda
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Central de Ciências, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Samuel Rezende Paiva
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Final W5 Norte, Brasilia 70770-917, DF, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Harvey Blackburn
- USDA-ARS—Agricultural Genetic Resources Preservation Research, 1111 South Mason Street, Fort Collins, CO 805214500, USA
| | - Concepta McManus
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasilia, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
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Impact of Four Ovine TMEM154 Haplotypes on Ewes during Multiyear Lentivirus Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314966. [PMID: 36499292 PMCID: PMC9741230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypeptide variation encoded by the ovine transmembrane protein 154 gene (TMEM154) is associated with susceptibility to ovine lentivirus, the causative agent of Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP) and Visna/Maedi. Our aim was to compare the four most prevalent TMEM154 haplotypes on the incidence of infection and ewe productivity during natural multiyear virus exposure. Prospective cohort studies were designed to test gene action and estimate effects of TMEM154 haplotypes encoding distinctive variant residues: K35 (“1”), I70 (“2”), ancestral (“3”), and A4del/M44 (“4”). Exposure consisted of co-mingling infected ewes at a rate greater than 30% with serological status evaluated every four months. For ewes with one or two copies of the highly susceptible haplotypes “2” and ”3”, the infection prevalence steadily increased to nearly 100% at 55 months. Haplotypes “2” and “3” were equally susceptible and dominant to haplotype “1”. A difference was not detected (p < 0.53) in the magnitude of effect with haplotype combinations of “1” and ”4”. The ewe infection prevalence with “1,1”; “1,4”; and “4,4” was 10% to 40% at 55 months. The latter suggested that two copies of the K35 amino acid substitution (“1”) were as effective as a homozygous TMEM154 “knockout” with the frame-shift deletion mutation (“4”) in reducing infection susceptibility. When considering ewe reproductive performance, a difference was not detected when comparing haplotypes “2”, and “3” to each other, or “1” and “4” to each other. Our study indicated that ewes with two copies of the severely truncated versions of TMEM154 (“4,4”) had normal lamb productivity. Without complete understanding of the natural function of TMEM154 our recommendations to producers interested in using TMEM154 selection to reduce their flock’s genetic predisposition to OPP are encouraged to increase the frequency of TMEM154 haplotype K35 (“1”) since it encodes a full-length protein with minimal difference to the ancestral polypeptide.
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Alternative Molecular Tools for the Fight against Infectious Diseases of Small Ruminants: Native Sicilian Sheep Breeds and Maedi-Visna Genetic Susceptibility. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131630. [PMID: 35804527 PMCID: PMC9264923 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Local breeds represent a precious reservoir of genetic diversity, crucial to adapting to environmental and climate changes and reacting to evolving diseases. In Sicily, four native dairy breeds, namely Valle del Belìce, Comisana, Barbaresca, and Pinzirita, have adapted to low-input farming systems and semiarid environments, having an essential role in producing high-quality milk and typical dairy products. Maedi-visna (MV) is one of the most important chronic diseases affecting the sheep sector worldwide, causing production losses. Different target genes play an important role in immunity and in genetic resilience to MV, such as TMEM154, TLR9, MYD88, and CCR5. A major host genetic component to sheep MV susceptibility was identified in the ovine TMEM154 gene. Animals with either of TMEM154 haplotypes that encode glutamate at position 35 (E35) of the protein are at higher risk of MV infection than those homozygous with lysine at position 35 (K35). In the tested Sicilian breeds, animals carrying the allele E35 showed a greater risk of being serologically positive. Comisana, Barbaresca, and Pinzirita breeds showed a good frequency of the protective allele K35, whilst a high frequency of risk allele was found in the Valle del Belìce breed, related to the selection strategies addressed to obtain a productive dairy sheep. Our results highlight the importance of the preservation of autochthonous breeds as a reservoir of natural resistance against infectious disease. Abstract Maedi-visna (MV) is a disease caused by small ruminant lentiviruses. It is included in the list of notifiable terrestrial animal diseases due to economic losses and animal welfare harm in the sheep sector. To date, control programs remain the onliest approach to avoiding infection. The allelic variant p.Glu35Lys (E35K) of the TMEM154 gene has been strongly associated with host vulnerability to MV illness. The present study aimed to investigate the association of TMEM154 E35K allele frequencies with MV susceptibility in native Sicilian sheep breeds. More than 400 animals from 14 local sheep were serologically tested and genotyped for the TMEM154 E35K polymorphism. The local breeds displayed different values of MV seroprevalence, with the lowest antibody prevalence in Barbaresca and Pinzirita breeds. TMEM154 protective allele (K35) was less frequent than the risk allele (E35) in Valle del Belìce breed, whereas the other three breeds showed a more balanced alleles distribution. A positive association between seroprevalence and genotype was found in the entire sample set. The risk of infection resulted in more than 3-fold times as high in sheep with EK and EE genotype compared to the KK genotype. Our data could be helpful in establishing selection breeding programs aimed at reducing MV infection in Sicilian sheep farming and encouraging the breeding of native breeds.
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Jones S, McKay H, Eden L, Bollard N, Dunham S, Davies P, Tarlinton R. Clearance of Maedi-visna infection in a longitudinal study of naturally infected rams is associated with homozygosity for the TMEM154 resistance allele. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35144720 PMCID: PMC8941955 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Maedi-visna (MV) is a lentiviral disease of sheep responsible for severe production losses in affected flocks. There are no vaccination or treatment options with control reliant on test and cull strategies. The most common diagnostic methods used at present are combination ELISAs for Gag and Env proteins with virus variability making PCR diagnostics still largely an experimental tool. To assess variability in viral loads and diagnostic tests results, serology, DNA and RNA viral loads were measured in the blood of 12 naturally infected rams repeatedly blood sampled over 16 months. Six animals tested negative in one or more tests at one or more time points and would have been missed on screening programmes reliant on one test method or a single time point. In addition the one animal homozygous for the ‘K’ allele of the TMEM154 E35K SNP maintained very low viral loads in all assays and apparently cleared infection to below detectable limits at the final time point it was sampled. This adds crucial data to the strong epidemiological evidence that this locus represents a genuine resistance marker for MV infection and is a strong candidate for selective breeding of sheep for resistance to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Jones
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Heather McKay
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.,Three Valleys Veterinary, 107 Kesh Road, Irvinestown, Enniskillen BT94FX, UK
| | - Laura Eden
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.,Bishopton Veterinary Group, Mill Farm, Studley Road, Ripon, North Yorkshire, HG4 2QR, UK
| | - Nicola Bollard
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Stephen Dunham
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peers Davies
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.,Department of Livestock and One Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Rachael Tarlinton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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Olech M, Ropka-Molik K, Szmatoła T, Piórkowska K, Kuźmak J. Transcriptome Analysis for Genes Associated with Small Ruminant Lentiviruses Infection in Goats of Carpathian Breed. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102054. [PMID: 34696484 DOI: 10.3390/v13102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are economically important viral pathogens of sheep and goats. SRLV infection may interfere in the innate and adaptive immunity of the host, and genes associated with resistance or susceptibility to infection with SRLV have not been fully recognized. The presence of animals with relatively high and low proviral load suggests that some host factors are involved in the control of virus replication. To better understand the role of the genes involved in the host response to SRLV infection, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) method was used to compare whole gene expression profiles in goats carrying both a high (HPL) and low (LPL) proviral load of SRLV and uninfected animals. Data enabled the identification of 1130 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between control and LPL groups: 411 between control and HPL groups and 1434 DEGs between HPL and LPL groups. DEGs detected between the control group and groups with a proviral load were found to be significantly enriched in several gene ontology (GO) terms, including an integral component of membrane, extracellular region, response to growth factor, inflammatory and innate immune response, transmembrane signaling receptor activity, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway as well as regulation of cytokine secretion. Our results also demonstrated significant deregulation of selected pathways in response to viral infection. The presence of SRLV proviral load in blood resulted in the modification of gene expression belonging to the toll-like receptor signaling pathway, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, the phagosome, the Ras signaling pathway, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway and rheumatoid arthritis. It is worth mentioning that the most predominant in all pathways were genes represented by toll-like receptors, tubulins, growth factors as well as interferon gamma receptors. DEGs detected between LPL and HPL groups were found to have significantly enriched regulation of signaling receptor activity, the response to toxic substances, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase complex assembly, cytokine production, vesicle, and vacuole organization. In turn, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway tool classified DEGs that enrich molecular processes such as B and T-cell receptor signaling pathways, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, toll-like receptor signaling pathways, TNF, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and forkhead box O (Foxo) signaling pathways, etc. Our data indicate that changes in SRLV proviral load induced altered expression of genes related to different biological processes such as immune response, inflammation, cell locomotion, and cytokine production. These findings provide significant insights into defense mechanisms against SRLV infection. Furthermore, these data can be useful to develop strategies against SRLV infection by selection of animals with reduced SRLV proviral concentration that may lead to a reduction in the spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ropka-Molik
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szmatoła
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Kraków, Poland
- Center for Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Rędzina 1c, 30-248 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piórkowska
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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A novel 2 bp deletion variant in Ovine-DRB1 gene is associated with increased Visna/maedi susceptibility in Turkish sheep. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14435. [PMID: 34262107 PMCID: PMC8280167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Visna/maedi (VM) is a multisystemic lentivirus infection of sheep that affecting sheep industry across the globe. TMEM154 gene has been identified to be a major VM-associated host gene, nevertheless, a recent study showed that the frequency of the VM-resistant TMEM154 haplotypes was very low or absent in indigenous sheep. Thus, the present study was designed to determine other possible co-receptors associated with VM. For this purpose, DRB1 gene, which is renowned for its role in host immune response against various diseases was targeted. A total number of 151 case–control matched pairs were constructed from 2266 serologically tested sheep. A broad range of DRB1 haplotype diversity was detected by sequence-based genotyping. Moreover, a novel 2 bp deletion (del) in the DRB1 intron 1 was identified. For the final statistic, the sheep carrying VM-resistant TMEM154 diplotypes were removed and a McNemar’s test with a matched pairs experimental design was conducted. Consequently, it was identified for the first time that the 2 bp del variant is a genetic risk factor for VM (p value 0.002; chi-square 8.31; odds ratio 2.9; statistical power 0.90) in the dominant model. Thus, negative selection for 2 bp del variant could decrease VM infection risk in Turkish sheep.
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First Survey of SNPs in TMEM154, TLR9, MYD88 and CCR5 Genes in Sheep Reared in Italy and Their Association with Resistance to SRLVs Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071290. [PMID: 34372496 PMCID: PMC8310241 DOI: 10.3390/v13071290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Maedi-visna virus (MVV) and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), referred to as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), belong to the genus Lentivirus of the Retroviridae family. SRLVs infect both sheep and goats, causing significant economic losses and animal welfare damage. Recent findings suggest an association between serological status and allelic variants of different genes such as TMEM154, TLR9, MYD88 and CCR5. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of specific polymorphisms of these genes in SRLVs infection in some sheep flocks in Italy. In addition to those already known, novel variants in the TMEM154 (P7H, I74V, I105V) gene were detected in this study. The risk of infection was determined finding an association between the serological status and polymorphisms P7H, E35K, N70I, I74V, I105V of TMEM154, R447Q, A462S and G520R in TLR9 gene, H176H* and K190K* in MYD88 genes, while no statistical association was observed for the 4-bp deletion of the CCR5 gene. Since no vaccines or treatments have been developed, a genetically based approach could be an innovative strategy to prevent and to control SRLVs infection. Our findings are an important starting point in order to define the genetic resistance profile towards SRLVs infection.
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Olech M, Ropka-Molik K, Szmatoła T, Piórkowska K, Kuźmak J. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Genes Encoding Toll-Like Receptors 7 and 8 and Their Association with Proviral Load of SRLVs in Goats of Polish Carpathian Breed. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071908. [PMID: 34206971 PMCID: PMC8300119 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 8 are important in single-stranded viral RNA recognition, so genetic variation of these genes may play a role in SRLVs infection and disease progression. Present study aimed to identify SNPs in genes encoding TLR7 and TLR8 in goats of Carpathian breed and analyze their association with the SRLVs provirus concentration as index of disease progression. A total of 14 SNPs were detected, 6 SNPs in the TLR7 gene locus and 8 SNPs in the TLR8 gene. Nine of the 14 identified polymorphisms, 4 in the TLR7 gene and 5 in TLR8 gene, were significantly associated with the SRLVs proviral concentration. These SNPs were located in 3'UTR, 5'UTR and intron sequences as well as in the coding sequences, but they led to silent changes. Homozygous genotypes of three TLR7 SNPs (synonymous variant 1:50703293, 3'UTR variant 1:50701297 and 5'UTR variant 1:50718645) were observed in goats with lower provirus copy number as well as in seronegative animals. The results obtained in this study suggest that SNPs of TLR7/TLR8 genes may induce differential innate immune response towards SRLVs affecting proviral concentration and thereby disease pathogenesis and progression. These findings support a role for genetic variations of TLR7 and TLR8 in SRLVs infection and warrants further studies on the effect of TLR7/TLR8 polymorphisms on SRLVs infection in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-8188-9300; Fax: +48-818-862-595
| | - Katarzyna Ropka-Molik
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (K.R.-M.); (T.S.); (K.P.)
| | - Tomasz Szmatoła
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (K.R.-M.); (T.S.); (K.P.)
- Center for Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Rędzina 1c, 30-248 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piórkowska
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (K.R.-M.); (T.S.); (K.P.)
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
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12
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Letko A, Bützberger C, Hirter N, Paris JM, Abril C, Drögemüller C. Genetic evaluation of small ruminant lentivirus susceptibility in Valais blacknose sheep. Anim Genet 2021; 52:781-782. [PMID: 34166534 PMCID: PMC8518827 DOI: 10.1111/age.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Letko
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - Charis Bützberger
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Hirter
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - Julia M Paris
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Abril
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
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13
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Abendaño N, Esparza-Baquer A, Bernales I, Reina R, de Andrés D, Jugo BM. Gene Expression Profiling Reveals New Pathways and Genes Associated with Visna/Maedi Viral Disease. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061785. [PMID: 34203742 PMCID: PMC8232142 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Visna/Maedi is a disease caused by a small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV), with different symptoms in adult sheep such as pneumonia, arthritis, encephalitis and mastitis. SRLV infection in sheep is widespread across the world, with Europe showing the highest individual prevalence. There is currently no effective treatment for SRLV infections and, due to their constant changes, effective vaccine development has been and is still challenging. The dynamics of the sheep immune response to these virus infections is unclear, and changes in gene expression can help to explain the processes occurring in infected sheep. In this study, a gene expression microarray was used to identify the differentially expressed genes in infected and diseased sheep by comparing animals with different serologic statuses and with the presence of VM-characteristic clinical lesions in the lungs. The expression profile analysis revealed many interesting genes that may be associated with the viral infection process (such as OXT and a number of genes implicated in the Toll Like Receptors signaling network and complement pathway). This work improves our understanding of the sheep immune response against SRLVs. Abstract Visna/Maedi virus (VMV) is a lentivirus that infects the cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage in sheep, goats and wild ruminants. Infection with VMV causes a multisystemic inflammatory disorder, which includes pneumonia, encephalitis, mastitis or arthritis. The immune response to VMV infection is complex, and the infection and pathogenesis of this virus are not totally characterized yet. In this work, a gene expression microarray was used to identify the differentially expressed genes in VMV infection and disease development by comparing sheep with different serologic status and with presence of VM-characteristic clinical lesions. The expression profile analysis has revealed many interesting genes that may be associated with the viral infection process. Among them, the OXT gene appeared significantly up-regulated, so the oxytocin-secreting system could play an essential role in VM disease. Moreover, some of the most significantly enriched functions in up-regulated genes appeared the complement pathway, which (in combination with the Toll-like receptor signaling network) could compose a mechanism in the VMV pathogenesis. Identifying the host genetic factors associated with VMV infection can be applied to develop strategies for preventing infection and develop effective vaccines that lead to therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Abendaño
- Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (N.A.); (A.E.-B.)
| | - Aitor Esparza-Baquer
- Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (N.A.); (A.E.-B.)
| | - Irantzu Bernales
- Gene Expression Unit, Genomics Facility of General Research Services (SGIker), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra), 31192 Mutilva Baja, Spain; (R.R.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra), 31192 Mutilva Baja, Spain; (R.R.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Begoña M. Jugo
- Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; (N.A.); (A.E.-B.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Zink RM, Najar N, Vázquez-Miranda H, Buchanan BL, Loy D, Brodersen BW. Geographic variation in the PRNP gene and its promoter, and their relationship to chronic wasting disease in North American deer. Prion 2020; 14:185-192. [PMID: 32715865 PMCID: PMC7518737 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2020.1796250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PRNP genotypes, number of octarepeats (PHGGGWGQ) and indels in the PRNP promoter can influence the progression of prion disease in mammals. We found no relationship between presence of promoter indels in white-tailed deer and mule deer from Nebraska and CWD presence. White-tailed deer with the 95 H allele and G20D mule deer were more likely to be CWD-free, but unlike other studies white-tailed deer with the 96S allele(s) were equally likely to be CWD-free. We provide the first information on PRNP genotypes and indels in the promoter for Key deer (all homozygous 96SS) and Coues deer (lacked 95 H and 96S alleles, but possessed a uniquely high frequency of 103 T). All deer surveyed were homozygous for three tandem octarepeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Zink
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE, USA.,Nebraska State Museum, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Nadje Najar
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Hernán Vázquez-Miranda
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE, USA.,Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México, CP, Mexico
| | | | - Duan Loy
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Bruce W Brodersen
- Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, NE, USA
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15
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de Pablo-Maiso L, Echeverría I, Rius-Rocabert S, Luján L, Garcin D, de Andrés D, Nistal-Villán E, Reina R. Sendai Virus, a Strong Inducer of Anti-Lentiviral State in Ovine Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020206. [PMID: 32365702 PMCID: PMC7349755 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are widely spread in the ovine and caprine populations, causing an incurable disease affecting animal health and production. Vaccine development is hindered owing to the high genetic heterogeneity of lentiviruses and the selection of T-cell and antibody escape mutants, requiring antigen delivery optimization. Sendai virus (SeV) is a respiratory paramyxovirus in mice that has been recognized as a potent inducer of innate immune responses in several species, including mouse and human. The aim of this study was to stimulate an innate antiviral response in ovine cells and evaluate the potential inhibitory effect upon small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections. Ovine alveolar macrophages (AMs), blood-derived macrophages (BDMs), and skin fibroblasts (OSFs) were stimulated through infection with SeV encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). SeV efficiently infected ovine cells, inducing an antiviral state in AM from SRLV naturally-infected animals, as well as in in vitro SRLV-infected BDM and OSF from non-infected animals. Supernatants from SeV-infected AM induced an antiviral state when transferred to fresh cells challenged with SRLV. Similar to SRLV, infectivity of an HIV-1-GFP lentiviral vector was also restricted in ovine cells infected with SeV. In myeloid cells, an M1-like proinflammatory polarization was observed together with an APOBEC3Z1 induction, among other lentiviral restriction factors. Our observations may boost new approximations in ameliorating the SRLV burden by stimulation of the innate immune response using SeV-based vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena de Pablo-Maiso
- Department of Animal Health, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-Government of Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain; (L.d.P.-M.); (I.E.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Irache Echeverría
- Department of Animal Health, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-Government of Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain; (L.d.P.-M.); (I.E.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Sergio Rius-Rocabert
- Microbiology Section, Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (E.N.-V.)
- CEMBIO (Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluís Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Dominique Garcin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Department of Animal Health, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-Government of Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain; (L.d.P.-M.); (I.E.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villán
- Microbiology Section, Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (E.N.-V.)
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Department of Animal Health, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-Government of Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain; (L.d.P.-M.); (I.E.); (D.d.A.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Yaman Y, Keleş M, Aymaz R, Sevim S, Sezenler T, Önaldı AT, Kaptan C, Başkurt A, Koncagül S, Öner Y, Öztürk EE, İriadam M, Ün C, Heaton MP. Association of TMEM154 variants with visna/maedi virus infection in Turkish sheep. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Colussi S, Desiato R, Beltramo C, Peletto S, Modesto P, Maniaci MG, Campia V, Quasso A, Rosati S, Bertolotti L, Ru G, Acutis PL. A single nucleotide variant in the promoter region of the CCR5 gene increases susceptibility to arthritis encephalitis virus in goats. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:230. [PMID: 31277645 PMCID: PMC6612200 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are a heterogeneous group of viruses that includes caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) and Maedi-Visna virus (MVV). SRLVs affect the production and welfare of sheep and goats worldwide. There is currently no effective treatment. Their high mutation rate precludes vaccine development, making innovative control measures necessary. A variant of the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5) gene is reportedly involved in resistance to human immunodeficiency (HIV) infection in humans and to SRLV in sheep. The aim of this study was to analyse the genetic structure and variability of the CCR5 gene in goats and to carry out a cross-sectional study to investigate the role of CCR5 genetic variants in controlling susceptibility/resistance to CAEV. Results The variant g.1059 T located in the promoter region revealed an interesting association with high proviral loads (a 2.8-fold increased risk). A possible explanation could be an alteration of the transcriptional level. Overexpression of the CCR5 receptor on the cell surface may increase virus internalization and proviral load as a consequence. Conclusions Our findings could be advantageously used to reduce the susceptibility of goat herds to CAEV by negatively selecting animals carrying the g.1059 T mutation. Eliminating animals predisposed to high proviral loads could also limit the development of clinical signs and the spread of the virus, since these animals are also highly efficient in shedding the virus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1979-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Colussi
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Desiato
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (BEAR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta - Via Bologna 220, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Beltramo
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Peletto
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Modesto
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Maniaci
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Campia
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Quasso
- Department of Prevention ASL AT, Veterinary Services - Animal Health Unit, Via Conte Verde 125, 14100, Asti, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ru
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (BEAR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta - Via Bologna 220, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
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18
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de Pablo-Maiso L, Doménech A, Echeverría I, Gómez-Arrebola C, de Andrés D, Rosati S, Gómez-Lucia E, Reina R. Prospects in Innate Immune Responses as Potential Control Strategies against Non-Primate Lentiviruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080435. [PMID: 30126090 PMCID: PMC6116218 DOI: 10.3390/v10080435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentiviruses are infectious agents of a number of animal species, including sheep, goats, horses, monkeys, cows, and cats, in addition to humans. As in the human case, the host immune response fails to control the establishment of chronic persistent infection that finally leads to a specific disease development. Despite intensive research on the development of lentivirus vaccines, it is still not clear which immune responses can protect against infection. Viral mutations resulting in escape from T-cell or antibody-mediated responses are the basis of the immune failure to control the infection. The innate immune response provides the first line of defense against viral infections in an antigen-independent manner. Antiviral innate responses are conducted by dendritic cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, often targeted by lentiviruses, and intrinsic antiviral mechanisms exerted by all cells. Intrinsic responses depend on the recognition of the viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), and the signaling cascades leading to an antiviral state by inducing the expression of antiviral proteins, including restriction factors. This review describes the latest advances on innate immunity related to the infection by animal lentiviruses, centered on small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), and feline (FIV) and bovine immunodeficiency viruses (BIV), specifically focusing on the antiviral role of the major restriction factors described thus far.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cats
- Cattle
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Goats
- Horses
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/pathogenicity
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/pathogenicity
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine/immunology
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine/pathogenicity
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Lentivirus Infections/genetics
- Lentivirus Infections/immunology
- Lentivirus Infections/virology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/virology
- Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules/immunology
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/genetics
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/immunology
- Sheep
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena de Pablo-Maiso
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
| | - Ana Doménech
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Irache Echeverría
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
| | - Carmen Gómez-Arrebola
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Malattie Infettive degli Animali Domestici, Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino 10095, Italy.
| | - Esperanza Gómez-Lucia
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
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19
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Molaee V, Eltanany M, Lühken G. First survey on association of TMEM154 and CCR5 variants with serological maedi-visna status of sheep in German flocks. Vet Res 2018; 49:36. [PMID: 29673399 PMCID: PMC5909245 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Maedi-visna, a disease caused by small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), is present in sheep from many countries, also including Germany. An amino acid substitution (E/K) at position 35 of the transmembrane protein 154 (TMEM154) as well as a deletion in the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor type 5 gene (CCR5) were reported to be associated with the serological MV status and/or the SRLV provirus concentration in North American sheep populations. The aim of this study was to test if those two gene variants might be useful markers for MV susceptibility in Germany. For this purpose, more than 500 sheep from 17 serologically MV positive German sheep flocks with different breed backgrounds were genotyped applying PCR-based methods. Both, crosstab and non-parametric analyses showed significant associations of the amino acid substitution at position 35 of TMEM154 with the serological MV status (cut-off-based classification) and the median MV ELISA S/P value in all samples and in two of the four analyzed breed subsets. The deletion in the CCR5 promoter did not show a consistent association with serological MV status or median ELISA S/P value. It can be concluded that the amino acid substitution at position 35 of TMEM154 is a promising marker for breeding towards a lower number of serologically MV positive sheep in German flocks, at least in flocks of the Texel breed, while this remains questionable for the deletion in the CCR5 promoter. The findings of this study still need to be verified in additional sheep breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Molaee
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Ludwigstrasse 21, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marwa Eltanany
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Ludwigstrasse 21, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gesine Lühken
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Ludwigstrasse 21, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
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20
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Impaired Expression of Cytokines as a Result of Viral Infections with an Emphasis on Small Ruminant Lentivirus Infection in Goats. Viruses 2016; 8:v8070186. [PMID: 27399757 PMCID: PMC4974521 DOI: 10.3390/v8070186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowing about the genes involved in immunity, and being able to identify the factors influencing their expressions, helps in gaining awareness of the immune processes. The qPCR method is a useful gene expression analysis tool, but studies on immune system genes are still limited, especially on the caprine immune system. Caprine arthritis encephalitis, a disease caused by small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV), causes economic losses in goat breeding, and there is no therapy against SRLV. The results of studies on vaccines against other viruses are promising. Moreover, the Marker-Assisted Selection strategy against SRLV is possible, as has been shown in sheep breeding. However, there are still many gaps in our knowledge on the caprine immune response to infection. All types of cytokines play pivotal roles in immunity, and SRLV infection influences the expression of many cytokines in different types of cells. This information encouraged the authors to examine the results of studies conducted on SRLV and other viral infections, with an emphasis on the expression of cytokine genes. This review attempts to summarize the results of studies on the expression of cytokines in the context of the SRLV infection.
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21
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Larruskain A, Esparza-Baquer A, Minguijón E, Juste RA, Jugo BM. SNPs in candidate genesMX dynamin-like GTPaseandchemokine (C-C motif) receptor-5are associated with ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma progression in Latxa sheep. Anim Genet 2015; 46:666-75. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Larruskain
- Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology Department; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); 48080 Bilbao Bizkaia Spain
| | - A. Esparza-Baquer
- Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology Department; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); 48080 Bilbao Bizkaia Spain
| | - E. Minguijón
- Animal Health Department; NEIKER-Tecnalia; 48160 Derio Bizkaia Spain
| | - R. A. Juste
- Animal Health Department; NEIKER-Tecnalia; 48160 Derio Bizkaia Spain
| | - B. M. Jugo
- Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology Department; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); 48080 Bilbao Bizkaia Spain
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22
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Stonos N, Wootton SK, Karrow N. Immunogenetics of small ruminant lentiviral infections. Viruses 2014; 6:3311-33. [PMID: 25153344 PMCID: PMC4147697 DOI: 10.3390/v6083311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) include the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) and the Maedi-Visna virus (MVV). Both of these viruses limit production and can be a major source of economic loss to producers. Little is known about how the immune system recognizes and responds to SRLVs, but due to similarities with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), HIV research can shed light on the possible immune mechanisms that control or lead to disease progression. This review will focus on the host immune response to HIV-1 and SRLV, and will discuss the possibility of breeding for enhanced SRLV disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Stonos
- Centre for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Niel Karrow
- Centre for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Alshanbari FA, Mousel MR, Reynolds JO, Herrmann-Hoesing LM, Highland MA, Lewis GS, White SN. Mutations in Ovis aries TMEM154 are associated with lower small ruminant lentivirus proviral concentration in one sheep flock. Anim Genet 2014; 45:565-71. [PMID: 24934128 PMCID: PMC4140605 DOI: 10.1111/age.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV), also called ovine progressive pneumonia virus or maedi-visna, is present in 24% of US sheep. Like human immunodeficiency virus, SRLV is a macrophage-tropic lentivirus that causes lifelong infection. The production impacts from SRLV are due to a range of disease symptoms, including pneumonia, arthritis, mastitis, body condition wasting and encephalitis. There is no cure and no effective vaccine for preventing SRLV infection. However, breed differences in prevalence and proviral concentration indicate a genetic basis for susceptibility to SRLV. Animals with high blood proviral concentration show increased tissue lesion severity, so proviral concentration represents a live animal test for control post-infection in terms of proviral replication and disease severity. Recently, it was found that sheep with two copies of TMEM154 haplotype 1 (encoding lysine at position 35) had lower odds of SRLV infection. In this study, we examined the relationship between SRLV control post-infection and variants in two genes, TMEM154 and CCR5, in four flocks containing 1403 SRLV-positive sheep. We found two copies of TMEM154 haplotype 1 were associated with lower SRLV proviral concentration in one flock (P < 0.02). This identified the same favorable diplotype for SRLV control post-infection as for odds of infection. However, frequencies of haplotypes 2 and 3 were too low in the other three flocks to test. The CCR5 promoter deletion did not have consistent association with SRLV proviral concentration. Future work in flocks with more balanced allele frequencies is needed to confirm or refute TMEM154 association with control of SRLV post-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Alshanbari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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Gonzalez MV, Mousel MR, Herndon DR, Jiang Y, Dalrymple BP, Reynolds JO, Johnson WC, Herrmann-Hoesing LM, White SN. A divergent Artiodactyl MYADM-like repeat is associated with erythrocyte traits and weight of lamb weaned in domestic sheep. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74700. [PMID: 24023702 PMCID: PMC3758307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to investigate seven red blood cell (RBC) phenotypes in over 500 domestic sheep (Ovis aries) from three breeds (Columbia, Polypay, and Rambouillet). A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) showed genome-wide significant association with increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC, P = 6.2×10−14) and genome-wide suggestive association with decreased mean corpuscular volume (MCV, P = 2.5×10−6). The ovine HapMap project found the same genomic region and the same peak SNP has been under extreme historical selective pressure, demonstrating the importance of this region for survival, reproduction, and/or artificially selected traits. We observed a large (>50 kb) variant haplotype sequence containing a full-length divergent artiodactyl MYADM-like repeat in strong linkage disequilibrium with the associated SNP. MYADM gene family members play roles in membrane organization and formation in myeloid cells. However, to our knowledge, no member of the MYADM gene family has been identified in development of morphologically variant RBCs. The specific RBC differences may be indicative of alterations in morphology. Additionally, erythrocytes with altered morphological structure often exhibit increased structural fragility, leading to increased RBC turnover and energy expenditure. The divergent artiodactyl MYADM-like repeat was also associated with increased ewe lifetime kilograms of lamb weaned (P = 2×10−4). This suggests selection for normal RBCs might increase lamb weights, although further validation is required before implementation in marker-assisted selection. These results provide clues to explain the strong selection on the artiodactyl MYADM-like repeat locus in sheep, and suggest MYADM family members may be important for RBC morphology in other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V. Gonzalez
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michelle R. Mousel
- U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Dubois, Idaho, United States of America
| | - David R. Herndon
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yu Jiang
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, St. Lucia, Australia
| | | | - James O. Reynolds
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wendell C. Johnson
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lynn M. Herrmann-Hoesing
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen N. White
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Larruskain A, Jugo BM. Retroviral infections in sheep and goats: small ruminant lentiviruses and host interaction. Viruses 2013; 5:2043-61. [PMID: 23965529 PMCID: PMC3761241 DOI: 10.3390/v5082043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are members of the Retrovirus family comprising the closely related Visna/Maedi Virus (VMV) and the Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus (CAEV), which infect sheep and goats. Both infect cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and cause lifelong infections. Infection by VMV and CAEV can lead to Visna/Maedi (VM) and Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis (CAE) respectively, slow progressive inflammatory diseases primarily affecting the lungs, nervous system, joints and mammary glands. VM and CAE are distributed worldwide and develop over a period of months or years, always leading to the death of the host, with the consequent economic and welfare implications. Currently, the control of VM and CAE relies on the control of transmission and culling of infected animals. However, there is evidence that host genetics play an important role in determining Susceptibility/Resistance to SRLV infection and disease progression, but little work has been performed in small ruminants. More research is necessary to understand the host-SRLV interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Larruskain
- Genomics and Health Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao 48080, Spain.
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Immunization against small ruminant lentiviruses. Viruses 2013; 5:1948-63. [PMID: 23917352 PMCID: PMC3761235 DOI: 10.3390/v5081948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisystemic disease caused by Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) in sheep and goats leads to production losses, to the detriment of animal health and welfare. This, together with the lack of treatments, has triggered interest in exploring different strategies of immunization to control the widely spread SRLV infection and, also, to provide a useful model for HIV vaccines. These strategies involve inactivated whole virus, subunit vaccines, DNA encoding viral proteins in the presence or absence of plasmids encoding immunological adjuvants and naturally or artificially attenuated viruses. In this review, we revisit, comprehensively, the immunization strategies against SRLV and analyze this double edged tool individually, as it may contribute to either controlling or enhancing virus replication and/or disease.
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Expanding possibilities for intervention against small ruminant lentiviruses through genetic marker-assisted selective breeding. Viruses 2013; 5:1466-99. [PMID: 23771240 PMCID: PMC3717717 DOI: 10.3390/v5061466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses include members that infect sheep (ovine lentivirus [OvLV]; also known as ovine progressive pneumonia virus/maedi-visna virus) and goats (caprine arthritis encephalitis virus [CAEV]). Breed differences in seroprevalence and proviral concentration of OvLV had suggested a strong genetic component in susceptibility to infection by OvLV in sheep. A genetic marker test for susceptibility to OvLV has been developed recently based on the TMEM154 gene with validation data from over 2,800 sheep representing nine cohorts. While no single genotype has been shown to have complete resistance to OvLV, consistent association in thousands of sheep from multiple breeds and management conditions highlight a new strategy for intervention by selective breeding. This genetic marker-assisted selection (MAS) has the potential to be a useful addition to existing viral control measures. Further, the discovery of multiple additional genomic regions associated with susceptibility to or control of OvLV suggests that additional genetic marker tests may be developed to extend the reach of MAS in the future. This review will cover the strengths and limitations of existing data from host genetics as an intervention and outline additional questions for future genetic research in sheep, goats, small ruminant lentiviruses, and their host-pathogen interactions.
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Larruskain A, Bernales I, Luján L, de Andrés D, Amorena B, Jugo BM. Expression analysis of 13 ovine immune response candidate genes in Visna/Maedi disease progression. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 36:405-13. [PMID: 23582860 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Visna/Maedi virus (VMV) is a lentivirus that infects cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage in sheep. Infection with VMV may lead to Visna/Maedi (VM) disease, which causes a multisystemic inflammatory disorder causing pneumonia, encephalitis, mastitis and arthritis. The role of ovine immune response genes in the development of VM disease is not fully understood. In this work, sheep of the Rasa Aragonesa breed were divided into two groups depending on the presence/absence of VM-characteristic clinical lesions in the aforementioned organs and the relative levels of candidate gene expression, including cytokines and innate immunity loci were measured by qPCR in the lung and udder. Sheep with lung lesions showed differential expression in five target genes: CCR5, TLR7, and TLR8 were up regulated and IL2 and TNFα down regulated. TNFα up regulation was detected in the udder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Larruskain
- Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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Reduced lentivirus susceptibility in sheep with TMEM154 mutations. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002467. [PMID: 22291605 PMCID: PMC3266874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visna/Maedi, or ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP) as it is known in the United States, is an incurable slow-acting disease of sheep caused by persistent lentivirus infection. This disease affects multiple tissues, including those of the respiratory and central nervous systems. Our aim was to identify ovine genetic risk factors for lentivirus infection. Sixty-nine matched pairs of infected cases and uninfected controls were identified among 736 naturally exposed sheep older than five years of age. These pairs were used in a genome-wide association study with 50,614 markers. A single SNP was identified in the ovine transmembrane protein (TMEM154) that exceeded genome-wide significance (unadjusted p-value 3×10−9). Sanger sequencing of the ovine TMEM154 coding region identified six missense and two frameshift deletion mutations in the predicted signal peptide and extracellular domain. Two TMEM154 haplotypes encoding glutamate (E) at position 35 were associated with infection while a third haplotype with lysine (K) at position 35 was not. Haplotypes encoding full-length E35 isoforms were analyzed together as genetic risk factors in a multi-breed, matched case-control design, with 61 pairs of 4-year-old ewes. The odds of infection for ewes with one copy of a full-length TMEM154 E35 allele were 28 times greater than the odds for those without (p-value<0.0001, 95% CI 5–1,100). In a combined analysis of nine cohorts with 2,705 sheep from Nebraska, Idaho, and Iowa, the relative risk of infection was 2.85 times greater for sheep with a full-length TMEM154 E35 allele (p-value<0.0001, 95% CI 2.36–3.43). Although rare, some sheep were homozygous for TMEM154 deletion mutations and remained uninfected despite a lifetime of significant exposure. Together, these findings indicate that TMEM154 may play a central role in ovine lentivirus infection and removing sheep with the most susceptible genotypes may help eradicate OPP and protect flocks from reinfection. Ovine lentivirus targets the host immune system and causes persistent retroviral infections affecting millions of sheep worldwide. In primates, lentivirus resistance is attributed to mutant virus coreceptors that are not expressed. In sheep, some animals are resistant to lentivirus infection despite repeated exposure; however, the mechanism of resistance is unknown. We designed a genome-wide association study to test whether sheep might have genetic variation that protects against lentivirus infection. Our results showed that variation in an ovine gene (TMEM154) was associated with infection. Sheep with the ancestral type of this gene were nearly three times more likely to become infected than those with mutant forms. We also discovered two mutant forms predicted to abolish the protein's function. Although the biological function of TMEM154 is unknown, our results indicate that it plays an important role in lentivirus infection in sheep. Producing sheep with the least susceptible form of TMEM154 may help eradicate the ovine disease caused by lentivirus.
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Herrmann-Hoesing LM. Diagnostic assays used to control small ruminant lentiviruses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 22:843-55. [PMID: 21088167 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The serologic diagnostic tests, such as the agar gel immunodiffusion assay and various types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), have contributed to the reduction of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections worldwide. Because there are no treatments or efficacious vaccines, the serologic diagnostic tests have supported most of the eradication efforts by testing and removal or separation of adult animals that generate antibodies to SRLVs. With the advent of molecular diagnostics, standard and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays for the detection of provirus in peripheral blood cells are becoming more common and aid in the detection of infected goats and sheep before antibody detection by ELISA in some animals. Performance of the serologic and molecular diagnostic tests is dependent upon a number of factors, including the format of the assay, the percentage of identity between the viral nucleotide sequences in a flock or herd of a certain geographic region and the sequences used to generate SRLV test reagents, and the intrinsic pathogenesis or amount of provirus and SRLV antibody generated in a species or individual small ruminant. In addition, small ruminant genomics may help with establishing genetic markers of SRLV infection and disease, which could also aid eradication or reduction of SRLVs from herds and flocks throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Herrmann-Hoesing
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 3003 ADBF, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA.
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White SN, Spraker TR, Reynolds JO, O'Rourke KI. Association analysis of PRNP gene region with chronic wasting disease in Rocky Mountain elk. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:314. [PMID: 21087518 PMCID: PMC2994889 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of cervids including white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), and moose (Alces alces). A leucine variant at position 132 (132L) in prion protein of Rocky Mountain elk confers a long incubation time with CWD, but not complete resistance. However, variants in regulatory regions outside the open reading frame of PRNP have been associated with varying degrees of susceptibility to prion disease in other species, and some variants have been observed in similar regions of Rocky Mountain elk PRNP. Thus, additional genetic variants might provide increased protection, either alone or in combination with 132L. Findings This study provided genomic sequence of all exons for PRNP of Rocky Mountain elk. Many functional sites in and around the PRNP gene region were sequenced, and this report approximately doubled (to 75) the number of known variants in this region. A haplotype-tagging approach was used to reduce the number of genetic variants required to survey this variation in the PRNP gene region of 559 Rocky Mountain elk. Eight haplotypes were observed with frequencies over 1.0%, and one haplotype was present at 71.2% frequency, reflecting limited genetic diversity in the PRNP gene region. Conclusions The presence of 132L cut odds of CWD by more than half (Odds Ratio = 0.43; P = 0.0031), which was similar to a previous report. However after accounting for 132L, no association with CWD was found for any additional variants in the PRNP region (P > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N White
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U,S, Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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Association analysis of a CCR5 variant with ewe lifetime production in three breeds of sheep. Anim Genet 2009; 41:222-3. [PMID: 19839985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2009.01979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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