Influence of food intake on plasma oxprenolol concentrations following oral administration of conventional and Oros preparations

Extended-Release Once-Daily Formulation of Tofacitinib: Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics Compared With Immediate-Release Tofacitinib and Impact of Food

Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. An extended‐release (XR) formulation has been designed to provide a once‐daily (QD) dosing option to patients to achieve comparable pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters to the twice‐daily immediate‐release (IR) formulation. We conducted 2 randomized, open‐label, phase 1 studies in healthy volunteers. Study A characterized single‐dose and steady‐state PK of tofacitinib XR 11 mg QD and intended to demonstrate equivalence of exposure under single‐dose and steady‐state conditions to tofacitinib IR 5 mg twice daily. Study B assessed the effect of a high‐fat meal on the bioavailability of tofacitinib from the XR formulation. Safety and tolerability were monitored in both studies. In study A (N = 24), the XR and IR formulations achieved time to maximum plasma concentration at 4 hours and 0.5 hours postdose, respectively; terminal half‐life was 5.9 hours and 3.2 hours, respectively. Area under plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (C_max) after single‐ and multiple‐dose administration were equivalent between the XR and IR formulations. In study B (N = 24), no difference in AUC was observed for fed vs fasted conditions. C_max increased by 27% under the fed state. On repeat administration, negligible accumulation (<20%) of systemic exposures was observed for both formulations. Steady state was achieved within 48 hours of dosing with the XR formulation. Tofacitinib administration as an XR or IR formulation was generally well tolerated in these studies.

Oral osmotically driven systems: 30 years of development and clinical use

The number of marketed oral osmotically driven systems (OODS) has doubled in the last 10 years. The main clinical benefits of OODS are their ability to improve treatment tolerability and patient compliance. These advantages are mainly driven by the capacity to deliver drugs in a sustained manner, independent of the drug chemical properties, of the patient's physiological factors or concomitant food intake. However, access to these technologies has been restricted by the crowded patent landscape and manufacturing challenges. In this review article, we intend to give an overview of the OODS development in the last 30 years, detailing the technologies, specific products and their clinical use. General guidance on technology selection is described in light of the recent advances in the field. The clinical performance of these technologies is also discussed, with a focus on food effects and the in vivo-in vitro correlation. Special attention is paid to safety given the controversial case study of Osmosin. Overall, oral osmotically driven systems appear to be a promising technology for product life-cycle strategies.

Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of osmotic controlled-release methylphenidate HCl in healthy subjects

The effect of a high-fat meal on the pharmacokinetics of OROS(R) (methylphenidate HCl), an osmotic controlled-release formulation of methylphenidate HCl, was investigated in healthy subjects. Mean peak methylphenidate plasma concentrations occurred slightly later and peak methylphenidate plasma concentrations and AUC values were slightly higher (approximately 10-30%) in the presence of food than in the absence of food. There was no difference in the plasma elimination half-life of methylphenidate between the fed and fasted state. Similarly, peak concentrations and AUC values for alpha-phenyl-2-piperidine acetic acid (PPA; ritalinic acid), the major metabolite of methylphenidate, were slightly higher in the presence of food than in its absence. The 90% confidence interval (CI) for the treatment ratio (fed/fasted) for C(max) was 120.6%-140. 0% for the 18-mg dose and 105.4-119.3% for a 36-mg dose. The 90% CI for the treatment ratio for AUC(infinity) was 114.6-125.7% for the 18-mg dose and 115.1-124.6% for the 36-mg dose. PPA levels were measured following the 18-mg dose and the 90% CI of the treatment ratio was 106.8-115.4% for C(max) and 97.9-103.6% for AUC(infinity). These results indicate the absence of dose dumping from OROS (methylphenidate HCl) in the presence of food. Food does not impede drug absorption and OROS (methylphenidate HCl) may be administered in the fed or fasted state. There were no differences in the adverse event profile between the fed and fasted state.

Influence of food on the bioavailability of metoprolol from an OROS system; a study in healthy volunteers

The influence of food intake on the bioavailability of metoprolol from an OROS system has been investigated. No significant difference was found between OROS administration to fasting subjects or after breakfast in any of the kinetic parameters (AUC, Cmax, tmax, C24 and lag time). Therefore, metoprolol OROS can be administered with breakfast.

Relationship between the rate of appearance of oxprenolol in the systemic circulation and the location of an oxprenolol Oros 16/260 drug delivery system within the gastrointestinal tract as determined by scintigraphy

1. The position in the gastrointestinal tract of an orally administered oxprenolol Oros drug delivery system labelled with technetium-99m DTPA was followed by gamma scintigraphy, and the corresponding plasma drug concentration-time profiles after oral and i.v. administration were used to relate pharmacokinetic and transit data. 2. Gastric emptying time (0.8 +/- 0.4 h, mean +/- s.d.), and the time to arrival in the colon (3.8 +/- 0.7 h) were reasonably consistent after administration of the Oros system to fasted subjects, as were the calculated small intestine transit times (3.0 +/- 0.7 h). As expected there were wide individual variations in colonic transit, so that recorded values for total transit ranged from 6 to 32 h (median, 24.7 h). 3. Absorption of oxprenolol occurred throughout the GI tract including the colon. Plasma drug concentration-time profiles and input functions (calculated by deconvolution) could be related to transit behaviour and in vitro release. Inflexions in the calculated rate of drug input when the Oros system was located in the colon corresponded with periods of stagnation at the hepatic and splenic flexures in two subjects and the ileocaecal junction in two others. The mechanism of these changes is unclear.

Jejunal and ileal absorption of oxprenolol in man: influence of nutrients and digestive secretions on jejunal absorption and systemic availability

1 Study I evaluated the absorption of oxprenolol in the ileum, compared to jejunum, in healthy volunteers by an intestinal perfusion technique. Around 80 mg of drug were delivered as a saline solution directly in the small bowel. 2 Samples taken 30 cm distally to the site of perfusion showed that 63% of perfused oxprenolol was absorbed in the jejunum and 48% in the ileum; the differences were significant. 3 The plasma concentration-time profiles were similar for the two perfusions. The AUC and Cmax values of free and conjugated oxprenolol for the jejunal perfusion were significantly lower than those of ileum. They showed large but consistent intersubject variations in the two treatments. 4 Study II investigated, using the same technique, the influence of nutrients and digestive secretions on jejunal absorption and systemic availability of this drug. A saline (in treatments A and B) or a nutrient (in treatment C) solution containing oxprenolol was perfused into the jejunum below a balloon either inflated (A) or deflated (B and C). 5 The disappearance rate of oxprenolol from the jejunum was unaffected by endogenous secretions. The mean amount of drug absorbed along a 30-cm jejunal segment accounted for 52 (A) and 57% (B) of the total amount perfused. The intestinal absorption rate was markedly increased in the presence of nutrients (mean amount absorbed 96% for C). 6 The change in the rate of disappearance from the intestine had no effect on the systemic availability of oxprenolol (mean AUC values 8740, 8250 and 8020 nmol l-1 h for A, B and C, respectively) or its elimination from plasma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)