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Khan A, Abbas M, Verma S, Verma S, Rizvi AA, Haider F, Raza ST, Mahdi F. Genetic Variants and Drug Efficacy in Tuberculosis: A Step toward Personalized Therapy. Glob Med Genet 2022; 9:90-96. [PMID: 35707778 PMCID: PMC9192167 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1743567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major infectious disease affecting individuals worldwide. Current TB treatment strategy recommends the standard short-course chemotherapy regimen containing first-line drug, i.e., isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol to treat patients suffering from drug-susceptible TB. Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causing agent, is susceptible to drugs, some patients do not respond to the treatment or treatment may result in serious adverse reactions. Many studies revealed that anti-TB drug-related toxicity is associated with genetic variations, and these variations may also influence attaining maximum drug concentration. Thus, inter-individual diversities play a characteristic role by influencing the genes involved in drug metabolism pathways. The development of pharmacogenomics could bring a revolution in the field of treatment, and the understanding of germline variants may give rise to optimized targeted treatments and refine the response to standard therapy. In this review, we briefly introduced the field of pharmacogenomics with the evolution in genetics and discussed the pharmacogenetic impact of genetic variations on genes involved in the activities, such as anti-TB drug transportation, metabolism, and gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almas Khan
- Department of Personalized and Molecular Medicine, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Abbas
- Department of Personalized and Molecular Medicine, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sushma Verma
- Department of Personalized and Molecular Medicine, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shrikant Verma
- Department of Personalized and Molecular Medicine, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aliya Abbas Rizvi
- Department of Personalized and Molecular Medicine, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Fareya Haider
- Department of Microbiology, Eras Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Syed Tasleem Raza
- Department of Biochemistry, Eras Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Farzana Mahdi
- Department of Personalized and Molecular Medicine, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Balhara A, Singh S. PBPK Analysis to Study the Impact of Genetic Polymorphism of NAT2 on Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Isoniazid. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1485-1496. [PMID: 34518943 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Isoniazid (INH) is prescribed both for the prophylaxis as well as the treatment of tuberculosis. It is primarily metabolized through acetylation by a highly polymorphic enzyme, N-acetyl transferase 2 (NAT2), owing to which significant variable systemic drug levels have been reported among slow and rapid acetylators. Furthermore, many drugs, like phenytoin, diazepam, triazolam, etc., are known to show toxic manifestation when co-administered with INH and it happens prominently among slow acetylators. Additionally, it is revealed in in vitro inhibition studies that INH carries noteworthy potential to inhibit CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 enzymes. However, CYP inhibitory effect of INH gets masked by opposite enzyme-inducing effect of rifampicin, when used in combination. Thus, distinct objective of this study was to fill the knowledge gaps related to gene-drug-drug interactions (DDI) potential of INH when given alone for prophylactic purpose. METHODS Whole body-PBPK models of INH were developed and verified for both slow and fast acetylators. The same were then utilized to carry out prospective DDI studies with CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 substrates in both acetylator types. RESULTS The results highlighted likelihood of significant higher blood levels of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 substrate drugs in subjects receiving INH pre-treatment. It was also re-established that interaction was more likely in slow acetylators, as compared to rapid acetylators. CONCLUSION The novel outcome of the present study is the indication that prescribers should give careful consideration while advising CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 substrate drugs to subjects who are on prophylaxis INH therapy, and are slow to metabolic acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Balhara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Saranjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India.
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Hong BL, D'Cunha R, Li P, Al-Shaer MH, Alghamdi WA, An G, Peloquin C. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Isoniazid Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Volunteers and Patients with Tuberculosis. Clin Ther 2020; 42:e220-e241. [PMID: 33032843 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review and meta-analysis assesses the pharmacokinetic (PK) summary estimates of isoniazid (INH) between healthy volunteers and patients with tuberculosis (TB), evaluates whether the current INH dose regimen is appropriate in patients with TB, and evaluates the impact of N-acetyl-transferase-2 (NAT2) status on the PK properties of INH. METHODS A systematic approach was conducted to find studies with relevant INH PK data published in the English language up to February 2018. The PK properties of INH were extracted with their respective INH dosages and were dose normalized to allow a fair comparison between healthy volunteers and patients with TB. Meta-analysis was then performed for the Cmax and AUC estimates for all INH dosages. FINDINGS Ninety studies were included in this systematic review. TB status significantly affected the INH Cmax and AUC estimates. In healthy volunteers, the dose-normalized INH Cmax and AUC were statistically higher than those of patients with TB. No significant differences were found in dose-normalized Cmax and AUC between adults with TB and adults with TB/HIV; however, the AUC in pediatric patients was significantly different between patients with TB and patients with TB/HIV. In addition, no significance was observed comparing the dose-normalized Cmax and AUC of pediatric patients with TB and TB/HIV with their respective adult counterparts. Dose-normalized INH Cmax and AUC in patients with fast and intermediate NAT2 were significantly lower than in patients with slow NAT2. IMPLICATIONS The current recommended dosages of INH were found to produce less drug exposure in patients with TB when compared with healthy volunteers. NAT2 polymorphism greatly impacts the PK properties of INH; hence, testing for acetylator status is highly recommended, and therapeutic drug monitoring would help reduce INH toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boi-Lam Hong
- College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ronilda D'Cunha
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Peizhi Li
- College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mohammad H Al-Shaer
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wael A Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guohua An
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Charles Peloquin
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Systematic Review of Salivary Versus Blood Concentrations of Antituberculosis Drugs and Their Potential for Salivary Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Ther Drug Monit 2018; 40:17-37. [PMID: 29120971 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic drug monitoring is useful in the treatment of tuberculosis to assure adequate exposure, minimize antibiotic resistance, and reduce toxicity. Salivary therapeutic drug monitoring could reduce the risks, burden, and costs of blood-based therapeutic drug monitoring. This systematic review compared human pharmacokinetics of antituberculosis drugs in saliva and blood to determine if salivary therapeutic drug monitoring could be a promising alternative. METHODS On December 2, 2016, PubMed and the Institute for Scientific Information Web of Knowledge were searched for pharmacokinetic studies reporting human salivary and blood concentrations of antituberculosis drugs. Data on study population, study design, analytical method, salivary Cmax, salivary area under the time-concentration curve, plasma/serum Cmax, plasma/serum area under the time-concentration curve, and saliva-plasma or saliva-serum ratio were extracted. All included articles were assessed for risk of bias. RESULTS In total, 42 studies were included in this systematic review. For the majority of antituberculosis drugs, including the first-line drugs ethambutol and pyrazinamide, no pharmacokinetic studies in saliva were found. For amikacin, pharmacokinetic studies without saliva-plasma or saliva-serum ratios were found. CONCLUSIONS For gatifloxacin and linezolid, salivary therapeutic drug monitoring is likely possible due to a narrow range of saliva-plasma and saliva-serum ratios. For isoniazid, rifampicin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, and clarithromycin, salivary therapeutic drug monitoring might be possible; however, a large variability in saliva-plasma and saliva-serum ratios was observed. Unfortunately, salivary therapeutic drug monitoring is probably not possible for doripenem and amoxicillin/clavulanate, as a result of very low salivary drug concentrations.
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Isoniazid metabolism and hepatotoxicity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:384-392. [PMID: 27709007 PMCID: PMC5045547 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoniazid (INH) is highly effective for the management of tuberculosis. However, it can cause liver injury and even liver failure. INH metabolism has been thought to be associated with INH-induced liver injury. This review summarized the metabolic pathways of INH and discussed their associations with INH-induced liver injury.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AcHz, acetylhydrazine
- AcINH, acetylisoniazid
- Amidase
- Anti-tuberculosis
- DiAcHz, diacetylhydrazine
- GSH, glutathione
- GST, glutathione S-transferase
- Hepatotoxicity
- Hz, hydrazine
- INA, isonicotinic acid
- INH, isoniazid
- Isoniazid
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- Metabolism
- N-Acetyltransferase 2
- NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NAT, N-acetyltransferase
- P450, cytochrome P450
- R.M., reactive metabolite
- TB, tuberculosis
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Hwang AA, Lee BY, Clemens DL, Dillon BJ, Zink JI, Horwitz MA. pH-Responsive Isoniazid-Loaded Nanoparticles Markedly Improve Tuberculosis Treatment in Mice. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:5066-78. [PMID: 26193431 PMCID: PMC5628743 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major global health problem for which improved therapeutics are needed to shorten the course of treatment and combat emergence of drug resistance. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of tuberculosis, is an intracellular pathogen of mononuclear phagocytes. As such, it is an ideal pathogen for nanotherapeutics because macrophages avidly ingest nanoparticles even without specific targeting molecules. Hence, a nanoparticle drug delivery system has the potential to target and deliver high concentrations of drug directly into M. tuberculosis-infected cells-greatly enhancing efficacy while avoiding off-target toxicities. Stimulus-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles of two different sizes, 100 and 50 nm, are developed as carriers for the major anti-tuberculosis drug isoniazid in a prodrug configuration. The drug is captured by the aldehyde-functionalized nanoparticle via hydrazone bond formation and coated with poly(ethylene imine)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEI-PEG). The drug is released from the nanoparticles in response to acidic pH at levels that naturally occur within acidified endolysosomes. It is demonstrated that isoniazid-loaded PEI-PEG-coated nanoparticles are avidly ingested by M. tuberculosis-infected human macrophages and kill the intracellular bacteria in a dose-dependent manner. It is further demonstrated in a mouse model of pulmonary tuberculosis that the nanoparticles are well tolerated and much more efficacious than an equivalent amount of free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela A Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 3013 Young Dr. East, CA, 90095-1569, USA
| | - Bai-Yu Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CHS 37-121, 10833 Le Conte Ave., CA, 90095-1688, USA
| | - Daniel L Clemens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CHS 37-121, 10833 Le Conte Ave., CA, 90095-1688, USA
| | - Barbara Jane Dillon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CHS 37-121, 10833 Le Conte Ave., CA, 90095-1688, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Zink
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 3013 Young Dr. East, CA, 90095-1569, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-8352, USA
| | - Marcus A Horwitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CHS 37-121, 10833 Le Conte Ave., CA, 90095-1688, USA
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Dattani RG, Harry F, Hutchings AD, Routledge PA. The effects of acute ethanol intake on isoniazid pharmacokinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 60:679-82. [PMID: 15568141 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-004-0828-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 08/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess effects of acute ethanol intake on the pharmacokinetics of isoniazid in healthy male volunteers. METHODS Sixteen healthy male, drug-free subjects were studied. Each received in the fasting state, on two occasions separated by at least 1 week, isoniazid (200 mg orally). On one occasion (assigned randomly), subjects received ethanol 0.73 g/kg, 1 h before isoniazid, followed by 0.11 g/kg ethanol orally every hour thereafter for 7 h. Plasma isoniazid and acetylisoniazid concentrations were measured by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. Blood ethanol concentrations were measured hourly by breath analysis. Plasma concentrations of isoniazid and acetylisoniazid were analysed using TOPFIT software. RESULTS Peak concentrations of isoniazid were reached within 90 min, in both the ethanol-treated and control groups. The ethanol dosage regimen used resulted in peak blood ethanol concentrations between 78 mg/l and 103 mg/l. There was no significant difference in area under the curve, half-life of elimination or the ratio of acetylisoniazid to isoniazid (AcINH/INH) in the sample withdrawn 3 h after isoniazid dose. Acetylator phenotype for patients was the same in both phases, whether assessed by half-life of isoniazid or the AcINH/INH ratio at 3 h. CONCLUSIONS Acute ethanol intake at this dose is unlikely to affect results of acetylation studies in which isoniazid is used as a substrate, whether the half-life of isoniazid or the AcINH /INH ratio at 3 h is used to phenotype patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Dattani
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, UWCM Academic Centre, Llandough Hospital, University of Wales College of Medicine, CF64 2XX, Cardiff, UK.
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Abstract
A comparison was made between the results of acetylator phenotyping by determination of the acetylisoniazid to isoniazid (AcINH/INH) concentration ratio in plasma and in saliva 3 h after oral administration of isoniazid (200mg). In the 154 subjects studied, 68 (44%) were fast acetylators (AcINH/INH ratio > 1.5) using the plasma ratio. In all subjects the saliva AcINH/INH ratio was also > 1.5. Eighty-five of the eighty-six remaining subjects had saliva and plasma AcINH/INH ratios < 1.5 in the 3 h sample. Thus, with one exception there was complete agreement between the acetylator status determined by measurement of saliva or plasma AcINH/INH ratio in a single 3 h sample. Saliva measurement may provide a simple non-invasive alternative to plasma collection in assessing acetylator status.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Hutchings
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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St Peter WL, Redic-Kill KA, Halstenson CE. Clinical pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in patients with impaired renal function. Clin Pharmacokinet 1992; 22:169-210. [PMID: 1559311 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-199222030-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many antibiotics are eliminated renally and dosage adjustments are commonly made in patients with renal insufficiency. This is a critical review of antibiotic pharmacokinetics in patients with various degrees of renal function. Detailed information regarding pharmacokinetic alterations with specific antibiotics or antibiotic classes has been compiled and tabulated. From pharmacokinetic evidence, recommendations for dosage adjustments of antibiotics are supplied. The criteria used for assigning rating levels to specific pharmacokinetic articles as well as the grading system for dosage adjustments are outlined. In addition, a basic review of pharmacokinetic alterations in renal failure and factors affecting the removal of drugs by haemodialysis is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L St Peter
- Drug Evaluation Unit, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Ahmed AHN, El Gizawy SM, El Subbagh HI. Spectrophotometric Determination of Isoniazid Using Ethyl 8-Quinolinoxy Acetate. ANAL LETT 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719208020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Loft S, Poulsen HE. Prediction of xenobiotic metabolism by non-invasive methods. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1990; 67:101-8. [PMID: 2123982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1990.tb00793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Loft
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Fluorometric determination of isoniazid and its metabolites in urine by high performance liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02270451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gurumurthy P, Rahman F, Narayana AS, Sarma GR. Salivary levels of isoniazid and rifampicin in tuberculous patients. TUBERCLE 1990; 71:29-33. [PMID: 2371759 DOI: 10.1016/0041-3879(90)90057-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of isoniazid and rifampicin were determined in time-matched samples of saliva and serum from 30 tuberculous patients (18 with pulmonary tuberculosis and 12 with intestinal tuberculosis), comprising 18 slow and 12 rapid acetylators of isoniazid, following administration of isoniazid 300 mg and rifampicin 12 mg/kg. The diffusion of isoniazid into saliva was quite rapid and the salivary concentrations were similar to those in serum, suggesting that saliva could be used in place of serum for all pharmacokinetic studies with isoniazid. The salivary concentrations of rifampicin were much lower than those in serum, the mean peak concentrations being 0.9 and 8.5 microgram/ml, respectively. Further, there was evidence of a significant delay in the diffusion of rifampicin from serum to saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gurumurthy
- Tuberculosis Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Madras
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Abstract
The acetylator phenotype was determined in 100 patients with breast cancer and 100 control female subjects using isoniazid. The proportion of fast acetylators in the breast cancer patients (43%) was not significantly different from the control group (43%). We conclude that acetylator phenotype is unlikely to be an important determinant of the risk of developing breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Webster
- Department of Surgery, University of Wales College of Medicine, Llandough Hospital, Penarth, South Glamorgan, UK
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