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Russo AF, Hay DL. CGRP physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic targets: migraine and beyond. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1565-1644. [PMID: 36454715 PMCID: PMC9988538 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00059.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide with diverse physiological functions. Its two isoforms (α and β) are widely expressed throughout the body in sensory neurons as well as in other cell types, such as motor neurons and neuroendocrine cells. CGRP acts via at least two G protein-coupled receptors that form unusual complexes with receptor activity-modifying proteins. These are the CGRP receptor and the AMY1 receptor; in rodents, additional receptors come into play. Although CGRP is known to produce many effects, the precise molecular identity of the receptor(s) that mediates CGRP effects is seldom clear. Despite the many enigmas still in CGRP biology, therapeutics that target the CGRP axis to treat or prevent migraine are a bench-to-bedside success story. This review provides a contextual background on the regulation and sites of CGRP expression and CGRP receptor pharmacology. The physiological actions of CGRP in the nervous system are discussed, along with updates on CGRP actions in the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, immune, hematopoietic, and reproductive systems and metabolic effects of CGRP in muscle and adipose tissues. We cover how CGRP in these systems is associated with disease states, most notably migraine. In this context, we discuss how CGRP actions in both the peripheral and central nervous systems provide a basis for therapeutic targeting of CGRP in migraine. Finally, we highlight potentially fertile ground for the development of additional therapeutics and combinatorial strategies that could be designed to modulate CGRP signaling for migraine and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Russo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Center, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Debbie L Hay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Flavahan S, Flavahan NA. Cooling-induced dilatation of cutaneous arteries is mediated by increased myoendothelial communication. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H123-H132. [PMID: 32469638 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00159.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cold exposure causes cutaneous vasoconstriction via a reflex increase in sympathetic activity and a local effect to augment adrenergic constriction. Local cooling also initiates cutaneous dilatation, which may function to restrain cold-induced constriction. However, the underlying mechanisms and physiological role of cold-induced dilatation have not been defined. Experiments were performed to assess the role of endothelial-derived mediators in this response. In isolated pressurized cutaneous mouse tail arteries, cooling (28°C) did not affect the magnitude of dilatation to acetylcholine in preconstricted arteries. However, inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) [NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME)] and prostacyclin (PGI2) (indomethacin) reduced acetylcholine-induced dilatation at 37°C but not at 28°C, suggesting that cooling increased NO/PGI2-independent dilatation. This NO/PGI2-independent dilatation was reduced by inhibition of endothelial SK (UCL1684) and IK (TRAM34) Ca2+-activated K+-channels (KCa), consistent with endothelium-derived hyperpolarization (EDH). Cooling also increased dilatation to direct activation of KCa channels (SKA31, CyPPA) but did not affect dilatation to exogenous NO (DEA-NONOate). This cooling-induced increase in EDH-type dilatations was associated with divergent effects on potential downstream EDH mechanisms: cooling reduced dilatation to K+, which mimics an intercellular K+ cloud, but increased direct communication between endothelial and smooth muscle cells (myoendothelial coupling), assessed by cellular transfer of biocytin. Indeed, inhibition of gap junctions (carbenoxolone) abolished the EDH-type component of dilatation to acetylcholine during cooling but did affect NO-dominated dilatation at 37°C. Cooling also inhibited U46619 constriction that was prevented by inhibition of IK and SK KCa channels or inhibition of gap junctions. The results suggest that cooling dilates cutaneous arteries by increasing myoendothelial communication and amplifying EDH-type dilatation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cold causes cutaneous vasoconstriction to restrict heat loss. Although cold also initiates cutaneous dilatation, the mechanisms and role of this dilatation have not been clearly defined. This study demonstrates that cooling increases myoendothelial coupling between smooth muscle and endothelial cells in cutaneous arteries, which is associated with increased endothelium-derived hyperpolarization (EDH)-type dilatation. Dysfunction in this process may contribute to excessive cold-induced constriction and tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Flavahan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicholas A Flavahan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Mosdósi B, Bölcskei K, Helyes Z. Impairment of microcirculation and vascular responsiveness in adolescents with primary Raynaud phenomenon. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2018; 16:20. [PMID: 29566759 PMCID: PMC5865297 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-018-0237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is a functional vascular disease, presenting with recurrent episodes of ischemia of extremities in response to cold and emotional stress. Investigating cutaneous microcirculation is an important tool in understanding the complex neuro-immuno-vascular interactions in its pathophysiological mechanisms. Since there is no available data on vascular responsiveness in RP in the paediatric population, we investigated skin perfusion and heat-induced hyperaemia in comparison with clinical severity and laboratory parameters of the disease. METHODS Fifty two adolescents (27 patients with primary RP and 25 age-matched healthy controls) were investigated in the study. Patients were divided into two groups according to the symptoms existing within the previous 2 months. Following baseline microcirculation measurement with Laser Doppler flowmetry (Periflux 5000 system), all subjects underwent local heating test at 42 °C and 44 °C. Besides routine laboratory parameters, immune-serological tests and the vasoactive sensory neuropeptides somatostatin and pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) were measured. RESULTS Baseline perfusion measured in perfusion units (PU) at 32 °C was significantly lower in symptomatic RP patients (97.6 ± 22.4 PU) compared with both healthy volunteers (248.3 ± 23.5 PU, p < 0.001) and RP patients without symptoms (187.4 ± 24.9 PU, p < 0.05). After local heating to 42 °C maximum blood flow was significantly reduced in primary RP participants with current symptoms (358.6 ± 43.9 PU, p < 0.001), but not in asymptomatic ones (482.3 ± 28.7 PU, p > 0.05) when compared with healthy subjects (555.9 ± 28.2 PU). Both the area under the response curve and the latency to reach the maximum flow were significantly increased in both RP groups (symptomatic 164.6 ± 7.4 s, p < 0.001, asymptomatic 236.4 ± 17.4 s, p < 0.001) when compared with the control group (101.9 ± 4.7 s). The heat-induced percentage increase from baseline to maximal blood flow was significantly greater in symptomatic RP adolescents in comparison with healthy ones. Laboratory parameters and neuropeptide plasma levels were not altered in any groups. CONCLUSION To our knowledge this is the first study in paediatric population to show altered heat-induced cutaneous hyperaemia responses in relation with the clinical severity and symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Mosdósi
- Clinical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, József Attila u. 7, Pécs, H-7623, Hungary.
| | - Kata Bölcskei
- 0000 0001 0663 9479grid.9679.1János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, H-7624 Hungary ,0000 0001 0663 9479grid.9679.1Medical School, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, H-7624 Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- 0000 0001 0663 9479grid.9679.1János Szentágothai Research Centre & Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, H-7624 Hungary ,0000 0001 0663 9479grid.9679.1Medical School, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, H-7624 Hungary
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Relevance of TRPA1 and TRPM8 channels as vascular sensors of cold in the cutaneous microvasculature. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:779-786. [PMID: 29164310 PMCID: PMC5942358 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cold exposure is directly related to skin conditions, such as frostbite. This is due to the cold exposure inducing a vasoconstriction to reduce cutaneous blood flow and protect against heat loss. However, a long-term constriction will cause ischaemia and potentially irreversible damage. We have developed techniques to elucidate the mechanisms of the vascular cold response. We focused on two ligand-gated transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, namely, the established “cold sensors” TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and TRP melastin (TRPM8). We used the anaesthetised mouse and measured cutaneous blood flow by laser speckle imaging. Two cold treatments were used. A generalised cold treatment was achieved through whole paw water immersion (10 °C for 5 min) and a localised cold treatment that will be potentially easier to translate to human studies was carried out on the mouse paw with a copper cold probe (0.85-cm diameter). The results show that TRPA1 and TRPM8 can each act as a vascular cold sensor to mediate the vasoconstrictor component of whole paw cooling as expected from our previous research. However, the local cooling-induced responses were only blocked when the TRPA1 and TRPM8 antagonists were given simultaneously. This suggests that this localised cold probe response requires both functional TRPA1 and TRPM8.
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Kodji X, Aubdool AA, Brain SD. Evidence for physiological and pathological roles for sensory nerves in the microvasculature and skin. Curr Res Transl Med 2016; 64:195-201. [PMID: 27939458 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the progress from the initial finding of neurogenic inflammation up to the most recent development in the field of sensory nerves research, focusing on their roles in the microvasculature and the skin. Recent discovery of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels highlight their important roles in detecting a range of environmental stimuli, including chemical and temperature. This provides us novel mechanisms for driving neurogenic inflammation upstream of neuropeptide release in addition to promising potential therapeutic targets in various diseases, including pain, itching and skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Kodji
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, 150, Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, UK
| | - A A Aubdool
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, 150, Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, UK
| | - S D Brain
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, 150, Stamford Street, SE1 9NH London, UK.
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Aubdool AA, Graepel R, Kodji X, Alawi KM, Bodkin JV, Srivastava S, Gentry C, Heads R, Grant AD, Fernandes ES, Bevan S, Brain SD. TRPA1 is essential for the vascular response to environmental cold exposure. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5732. [PMID: 25501034 PMCID: PMC4284811 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The cold-induced vascular response, consisting of vasoconstriction followed by vasodilatation, is critical for protecting the cutaneous tissues against cold injury. Whilst this physiological reflex response is historic knowledge, the mechanisms involved are unclear. Here by using a murine model of local environmental cold exposure, we show that TRPA1 acts as a primary vascular cold sensor, as determined through TRPA1 pharmacological antagonism or gene deletion. The initial cold-induced vasoconstriction is mediated via TRPA1-dependent superoxide production that stimulates α2C-adrenoceptors and Rho-kinase-mediated MLC phosphorylation, downstream of TRPA1 activation. The subsequent restorative blood flow component is also dependent on TRPA1 activation being mediated by sensory nerve-derived dilator neuropeptides CGRP and substance P, and also nNOS-derived NO. The results allow a new understanding of the importance of TRPA1 in cold exposure and provide impetus for further research into developing therapeutic agents aimed at the local protection of the skin in disease and adverse climates. Blood flow in the skin of mammals changes in response to cold, but the mechanisms driving this response are unclear. Aubdool et al. show that the non-selective cation channel, TRPA1, is a vascular cold sensor and required for the vascular protective response to local cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisah A Aubdool
- BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Rabea Graepel
- BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Xenia Kodji
- BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Khadija M Alawi
- BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Jennifer V Bodkin
- BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Salil Srivastava
- BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Clive Gentry
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Richard Heads
- BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Andrew D Grant
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Elizabeth S Fernandes
- BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Stuart Bevan
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Susan D Brain
- BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence and Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
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7
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Abstract
Neurogenic inflammation is involved in skin inflammation. It is hypothesized that it is involved in the pathogenesis of the common chronic cutaneous vascular disorder rosacea, but the exact mechanism of action is currently unknown. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) are widely expressed on primary sensory neuron endings and non-neuronal cells such as keratinocytes. Here we describe the potential for TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptors to be involved in the pathophysiology of rosacea due to their polymodal activation, including cold and hot temperature, pungent products from vegetable and spices, reactive oxygen species, and mechanical stimuli. We discuss the role of both receptors and the sensory neuropeptides that they release in inflammation and pain sensation and evidence suggesting that both TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptors may be promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of the inflammatory symptoms of rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisah A Aubdool
- Cardiovascular Division and Centre for Integrative Biomedicine, BHF King's College London Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London, UK
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8
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Roustit M, Blaise S, Millet C, Cracowski JL. Impaired transient vasodilation and increased vasoconstriction to digital local cooling in primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H324-30. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00246.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is defined as episodic ischemia of the extremities in response to cold. Although the structure of skin capillaries is normal in primary RP, some data suggest impairment of microvascular function. We aimed at testing whether digital skin blood flow was lower in RP than in controls while cooling locally. We further evaluated the contribution of sensory nerves in the response. We recruited 21 patients with primary RP and 20 healthy volunteers matched on age and gender. After a 10-min baseline at 33°C, skin temperature was cooled at 15 or 24°C during 30 min on the forearm and the finger while monitoring perfusion with a custom-design laser Doppler flowmetry probe. Perfusion was also assessed after topical anesthesia. Blood flow was expressed as cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC). Data were subsequently expressed as area above the curve (AAC0–30) of the percentage decrease from baseline CVC (%BL). CVC on the dorsum of the finger was lower in RP patients compared with controls at 15°C (AAC0–30 were 106,237.2 and 69,544.3%BL·s, respectively; P = 0.02) and at 24°C (AAC0–30 were 86,915 and 57,598%BL·s, respectively; P = 0.04) whereas we observed no significant difference on the finger pad and the forearm. Topical anesthesia increased CVC in patients with RP ( P = 0.05), whereas it did not affect reactivity in controls ( P = 0.86). Our study shows exaggerated skin microvascular vasoconstriction to local cooling on the dorsum of the finger in primary RP compared with controls. Part of this abnormal response in primary RP depends on sensitive nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Roustit
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Inserm CIC03, Grenoble University Hospital
- INSERM, U1042
- Université Joseph Fourier; and
| | - Sophie Blaise
- INSERM, U1042
- Vascular Medicine Department, Grenoble University Hospital, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Cracowski
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Inserm CIC03, Grenoble University Hospital
- INSERM, U1042
- Université Joseph Fourier; and
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10
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Isii Y, Matsukawa K, Tsuchimochi H, Nakamoto T. Ice-Water Hand Immersion Causes a Reflex Decrease in Skin Temperature in the Contralateral Hand. J Physiol Sci 2007; 57:241-8. [PMID: 17854512 DOI: 10.2170/physiolsci.rp007707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous receptors stimulated by ice-water immersion of one hand will increase sympathetic nerve activity to the palm skin in the nonimmersed contralateral hand and reduce blood flow, reflecting on a decrease in skin surface temperature under a constant ambient environment. To test the hypothesis that gender might affect the contralateral vasoconstrictor response, we analyzed the spatiotemporal pattern of palm skin surface temperature during ice-water immersion for 10 min using thermography in eight males and eight females. As soon as the left hand was immersed in ice-water, palm skin temperature in the nonimmersed right hand quickly decreased in all subjects, particularly in the periphery of the digits and palm. The reduction in skin temperature was short-lasting in 63% of males and 38% of females, but it lasted throughout immersion in the remaining subjects. The average decrease in palm skin temperature was not significantly different between males and females, though it tended to be greater in males. The mean arterial blood pressure significantly increased and heart rate decreased during immersion in males, whereas no substantial cardiovascular changes were observed in females. Cold sensation was well coincident with the appearance of a reduction in the palm skin temperature. In consideration of all these results, we suggest that cutaneous cold stimuli increased skin sympathetic nerve activity in the nonimmersed hand and reduced skin blood flow. We also contend that gender difference in the contralateral vasoconstrictor response was denied because the time course and magnitude of the decrease in palm skin temperature were not different between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzou Isii
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
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11
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Jay O, Havenith G. Differences in finger skin contact cooling response between an arterial occlusion and a vasodilated condition. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 100:1596-601. [PMID: 16179397 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00760.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the presence and magnitude of the effect of skin blood flow on finger skin cooling on contact with cold objects against the background of circulatory disorder risks in occupational exposures, this study investigates the effect of zero vs. close-to-maximal hand blood flow on short-term (≤180 s) skin contact cooling response at a contact pressure that allows capillary perfusion of the distal pulp of the fingertip. Six male volunteers touched a block of aluminium with a finger contact force of 0.5 N at a temperature of −2°C under a vasodilated and an occluded condition. Before both conditions, participants were required to exercise in a hot room for ≥30 min for cutaneous vasodilation to occur (increase in rectal temperature of 1°C). Under the vasodilated condition, forearm blood flow rate rose as high as 16.8 ml·100 ml−1·min−1. Under the occluded condition, the arm was exsanguinated, after which a blood pressure cuff was secured on the wrist inducing arterial occlusion. Contact temperature of the finger pad during the subsequent cold contact exposure was measured. No significant difference was found between the starting skin temperatures for the two blood flow conditions, but a distinct difference in shape of the contact cooling curve was apparent between the two blood flow conditions, with Newtonian cooling observed under the occluded condition, whereas a rewarming of the finger skin toward the end of the exposure occurred for the vasodilated condition. Blood flow was found to significantly increase contact temperature from 40 s onward ( P < 0.01). It is concluded that, at a finger contact force compatible with capillary perfusion of the finger pad (∼0.5 N), circulating blood provides a heat input source that significantly affects finger skin contact cooling during a vasodilated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ollie Jay
- Department of Human Sciences, Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.
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12
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Holzer P. Peptidergic sensory neurons in the control of vascular functions: mechanisms and significance in the cutaneous and splanchnic vascular beds. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 121:49-146. [PMID: 1485073 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0033194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Holzer
- University of Graz, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Austria
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13
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Savard M, Bélanger C, Tremblay MJ, Dumais N, Flamand L, Borgeat P, Gosselin J. EBV suppresses prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis in human monocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:6467-73. [PMID: 10843703 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.12.6467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that EBV has developed strategies to evade immune surveillance. Previously, EBV was shown to bind specifically to monocytes and regulate expression of proinflammatory mediators such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and leukotrienes. EBV was also found to affect phagocytosis of monocytes. In this study, we show that in addition to these effects, EBV suppresses the biosynthesis of PGE2, a pleiotropic immunomodulatory molecule that is synthesized by the dioxygenation of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. This down-regulation of PGE2 formation involved the inhibition of the inducible COX-2 isoform expression both at the transcriptional and translational levels, whereas expression of the constitutive COX-1 isoform was unaltered. Furthermore, exposure of monocytes to EBV was found to impact on the NF-kappaB activation pathway, which plays an essential role in the induction of COX-2 in monocytes. The inhibition of PGE2 biosynthesis was relieved when the experiments were conducted in presence of phosphonoacetic acid, an inhibitor of herpesviruses DNA polymerase, indicating that viral replication and/or neosynthesized viral proteins were involved in this process. Thus, inhibition of PGE2 biosynthesis in monocytes may represent an additional mechanism underlying EBV pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Savard
- Laboratories of Viral Immunology, Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Tucker AT, Pearson RM, Cooke ED, Benjamin N. Effect of nitric-oxide-generating system on microcirculatory blood flow in skin of patients with severe Raynaud's syndrome: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 354:1670-5. [PMID: 10568568 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(99)04095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Raynaud's syndrome have abnormal digital vasoconstriction, which may be secondary to impaired synthesis of, or impaired sensitivity to, nitric oxide. We studied the effect on microcirculation of a nitric-oxide-generating system applied topically to the finger and forearm of healthy volunteers and patients with primary Raynaud's syndrome. METHODS We did a single-blind, randomised, placebo controlled, cross-over study of the microcirculatory response to topical application of a nitric-oxidegenerating gel in 20 patients with severe Raynaud's syndrome, and ten healthy volunteers. We prepared the nitric-oxide-generating system by mixing a solution of KY jelly and sodium nitrite (5% weight/volume), with a solution of KY jelly and ascorbic acid (5% weight/volume). About 0.5 mL of each solution was separately applied to the skin of the forearm (3 cm2), and then mixed with a sterile cotton bud. A similar procedure was done simultaneously on the other arm with KY jelly only (placebo). The procedure was then repeated on the finger pulps. Changes in skin microcirculatory volume and flux were measured bilaterally by infrared photoplethysmography and laser doppler fluxmetry, respectively. FINDINGS In the forearm, blood flow increased significantly after application of the active gel both in patients with Raynaud's syndrome (microcirculatory volume from mean area under the curve 98 [SE 14] to 1024 [130]; microcirculatory flux from 5060 [462] to 74,800 [3940]) and in healthy controls (volume from 85 [19] to 1020 [60]; flux from 4420 [435] to 84,500 [7000]). In the fingers, although baseline blood flow was lower in patients than in controls, both groups showed increases with application of active gel (volume from 1100 [194] to 3280 [672] and 2380 [441] to 6160 [1160], respectively; flux from 33,400 [4200] to 108,000 [13,600] and 52,000 [8950] to 185,000 [19,500]). Increases in blood flow with placebo gel were not significant. No adverse effects were reported. INTERPRETATION In primary Raynaud's syndrome, topical application of a nitric-oxide-generating system can stimulate an increase in both microcirculatory volume and flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Tucker
- Clinical Microvascular Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
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Mitchell JA, Larkin S, Williams TJ. Cyclooxygenase-2: regulation and relevance in inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 50:1535-42. [PMID: 7503754 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(95)00212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Mitchell
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
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Myrdal U, Leppert J, Edvinsson L, Ekman R, Hedner T, Nilsson H, Ringqvist I. Magnesium sulphate infusion decreases circulating calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in women with primary Raynaud's phenomenon. CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 1994; 14:539-46. [PMID: 7820978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.1994.tb00412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effects of two different vasodilating agents (MgSO4 infusion and the calcium antagonist nifedipine) on circulating levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were studied in 12 women with pronounced primary Raynaud's phenomenon (PRP) and in 12 healthy females. There were no significant differences with regard to basal levels of circulating CGRP between women with PRP and the control group; median 15.5 (range 10-48) vs. 14 (range 10-69) pmol l-1, respectively. However, treatment with MgSO4 infusion significantly decreased circulating CGRP in women with PRP only from median 15.5 (range 10-48) to 10 (range 10-110) pmol l-1) (P < 0.05). On the other hand 14 days of treatment with nifedipine did not affect circulating CGRP in either of the investigated groups. Erythrocyte magnesium (ery-Mg) levels increased significantly after MgSO4 infusion in women with PRP (2.43 +/- 0.13 vs. 2.52 +/- 0.15 mmol l-1, P < 0.05) but not in the controls (2.51 +/- 0.24 vs. 2.57 +/- 0.28 mmol l-1, ns). In conclusion, the decrease of circulating CGRP after MgSO4 infusion in women with PRP provides further evidence that magnesium plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of PRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Myrdal
- Department of Research, Central Hospital Västerås, Uppsala, Sweden
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Saxen MA, Smith FL, Dunlow LD, Dombrowski DS, Welch SP. The hypothermic and antinociceptive effects of intrathecal injection of CGRP (8-37) in mice. Life Sci 1994; 55:1665-74. [PMID: 7968242 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(94)00334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and the selective antagonist properties of the peptide fragment of CGRP [CGRP (8-37)] have been the subjects of numerous investigations. These data represent the first demonstration of the hypothermic and antinociceptive effects of CGRP (8-37). Intrathecal injection of CGRP (8-37) in mice produced hypothermia which differed from that produced by CGRP in time course, duration of action and potency. CGRP and CGRP (8-37) did not alter blood flow. Thus, a direct vasodilatory action was not responsible for the acute hypothermic effects of the drugs. The combination of CGRP and CGRP (8-37) resulted in a decrease in body temperature which was no greater than that of either drug alone. We failed to observe any significant antinociceptive effect in the tail-flick assay after i.t. injection of CGRP (8-37), but dose-dependent antinociception was produced by CGRP (8-37) in the p-phenylquinone (PPQ) assay, with an ED50 value of 6.0 micrograms. However, CGRP (8-37) failed to block or enhance the antinociception produced by CGRP over a wide dose range. In addition to demonstrating an agonist-like effect for CGRP (8-37), these data also indicate that CGRP and CGRP (8-37) may not act through a common mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Saxen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond 23298-0613
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Matsuura J, Manning MC. Conformation of human calcitonin gene-related peptide (8-37) in aqueous solution as determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1993; 11:89-93. [PMID: 8504192 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(93)80128-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD) studies on CGRP(8-37) indicate that there is some latent alpha-helical structure in aqueous solution. However, the amount is quite small (approximately 10% at 5 degrees C), which is substantially less than for CGRP itself (approximately 15-20%). Upon addition of helix-promoting materials, such as trifluoroethanol and sodium dodecyl sulphate, the helix content increases dramatically. No evidence for helix stabilization upon the addition of zinc was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matsuura
- School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262
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Brain SD, Thomas G, Crossman DC, Fuller R, Church MK. Endothelin-1 induces a histamine-dependent flare in vivo, but does not activate human skin mast cells in vitro. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 33:117-20. [PMID: 1540483 PMCID: PMC1381210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1992.tb04011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the mast cell in endothelin-1 induced flare has been investigated by in vivo and in vitro experiments. The intradermal injection of endothelin-1 (10 pmol) into human skin induced a pallor with surrounding axon-reflex flare which is similar to the flare response to histamine (1 nmol). At these doses, chosen to give identical flare areas, blood flow was increased in the area of the endothelin-induced flare over a longer period. A systemic H1-receptor antagonist significantly inhibited the area of both flares, although blood flow in the remaining portion of the endothelin-induced flare remained raised. Endothelin-1 at concentrations up to 3 x 10(-5) M failed to release histamine from human dispersed skin mast cells. We suggest from these results that a major component of endothelin-1 induced flare results from mast cell activation that is secondary to direct stimulation of sensory nerves by the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Brain
- Biomedical Sciences Division, King's College, London
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