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Sun Q, Purvis CG, Iqbal SN, Emmerich VK, Feldman SR, Maibach H. Percutaneous egression: What do we know? Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 35:187-195. [PMID: 35325893 DOI: 10.1159/000523795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process by which drugs leave the bloodstream to enter the skin compartments is important in determining appropriate routes of delivery and developing more efficacious medications. We conducted a general literature review on percutaneous egression mechanisms. SUMMARY Studies demonstrate that the stratum corneum (SC) is a compartment for systemically delivered drugs. Upon reviewing the available literature, it became apparent that there may be multiple mechanisms of percutaneous egression dependent upon drug physiochemical properties. These mechanisms include, but are not limited to, desquamation, sebum secretion, sweat transport and passive diffusion. While drugs often utilize one major pathway, it is possible that all mechanisms may play a role to varying extents. KEY MESSAGES Available literature suggests that hydrophilic substances tended to travel from blood to the upper layers of the skin via sweat, whereas lipophilic substances utilized sebum secretion to reach the SC. Upon reaching the skin surface, the drugs spread laterally before penetrating back into the skin as if they were topically administered. More data are warranted to identify additional percutaneous egression mechanisms, precise drug action sites and accelerate drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisi Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caitlin G Purvis
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sahir N Iqbal
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Veronica K Emmerich
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven R Feldman
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Howard Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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2
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Dawson J, Vogelsanger M. Cantharidin-Induced Skin Blister as an In Vivo Model of Inflammation. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e49. [PMID: 33600079 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The cantharidin-induced skin blister is a simple model for investigating cell migration and inflammatory mediator production at a site of inflammation. Application of cantharidin solution to the ear pinna results in formation of a blister with cell influx and induction of inflammatory mediators at the skin site, as well as local swelling of the ear pinna. The model can be used for investigating anti-inflammatory compounds, such as dexamethasone, and for preclinical drug discovery research, especially in areas where neutrophilic inflammation plays a role in disease pathophysiology. The cantharidin blister model is one of very few translational models described in humans, and the mechanism of inflammation induction is comparable in mice and man. In human studies, the cantharidin blister assay has been used to assess the effects of potential new therapies in early-stage clinical studies. © 2021 Novartis AG. Basic Protocol 1: Application of cantharidin to induce ear inflammation Basic Protocol 2: Assessment of ear edema Basic Protocol 3: Assessment of inflammatory mediators in ear tissue Basic Protocol 4: Histological assessment of ear tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Dawson
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Vogelsanger
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation & Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Zhang Y, Liu L, Ren L. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) determination of cantharidin in biological specimens and application to postmortem interval estimation in cantharidin poisoning. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10438. [PMID: 32591575 PMCID: PMC7320148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination and quantification of cantharidin in rats liver and kidney. After grinding with methanol, the supernatant was determined by LC-MS/MS using an Thermo Accucore C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 2.6 μm) with a gradient elution of 0.1% formic acid and 0.1% acetonitrile, and in the subsequent analysis using selected reaction monitoring mode, three ion transitions were monitored for analyte. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.741 ng/ml and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 2.471 ng/ml. Good linearity (R2 = 0.9998) was observed for the analyte over the linear range (5–400 ng/ml). The LC-MS/MS method was applied to the analysis of rats liver and kidney in different postmortem intervals (6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 168 h after death) after a single dose (4 mg/kg) of cantharidin administration by gavage. At 72 h after death, the cantharidin concentration in livers and kidneys were significantly higher than that in other postmortem intervals. Linear regression equations between postmortem interval and lg postmortem cantharidin concentration in rats liver and kidney were Y = 0.007455*X + 1.332(R2 = 0.863) and Y = 0.002689*X + 1.433 (R2 = 0.115) respectively. The animal experiment demonstrated LC-MS/MS method can be used to determine the postmortem cantharidin concentration in rats liver and kidney and the determination of cantharidin in the rats liver after death has potential value for postmortem interval estimation in cantharidin poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Liang Ren
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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De Maeyer RPH, van de Merwe RC, Louie R, Bracken OV, Devine OP, Goldstein DR, Uddin M, Akbar AN, Gilroy DW. Blocking elevated p38 MAPK restores efferocytosis and inflammatory resolution in the elderly. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:615-625. [PMID: 32251403 PMCID: PMC7983074 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Increasing age alters innate immune-mediated responses; however, the mechanisms underpinning these changes in humans are not fully understood. Using a human dermal model of acute inflammation, we found that, although inflammatory onset is similar between young and elderly individuals, the resolution phase was substantially impaired in elderly individuals. This arose from a reduction in T cell immunoglobulin mucin receptor-4 (TIM-4), a phosphatidylserine receptor expressed on macrophages that enables the engulfment of apoptotic bodies, so-called efferocytosis. Reduced TIM-4 in elderly individuals was caused by an elevation in macrophage p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. Administering an orally active p38 inhibitor to elderly individuals rescued TIM-4 expression, cleared apoptotic bodies and restored a macrophage resolution phenotype. Thus, inhibiting p38 in elderly individuals rejuvenated their resolution response to be more similar to that of younger people. This is the first resolution defect identified in humans that has been successfully reversed, thereby highlighting the tractability of targeting pro-resolution biology to treat diseases driven by chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rikah Louie
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Oliver P Devine
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel R Goldstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mohib Uddin
- Respiratory Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Derek W Gilroy
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
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Ghonemy S. Treatment of recalcitrant plantar warts with long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser versus cantharidin–podophylline resin–salicylic acid. J COSMET LASER THER 2017; 19:347-352. [DOI: 10.1080/14764172.2017.1326608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soheir Ghonemy
- Dermatology, Venereology, and Andrology Department, Faculty of Human Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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6
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Rathod KS, Kapil V, Velmurugan S, Khambata RS, Siddique U, Khan S, Van Eijl S, Gee LC, Bansal J, Pitrola K, Shaw C, D’Acquisto F, Colas RA, Marelli-Berg F, Dalli J, Ahluwalia A. Accelerated resolution of inflammation underlies sex differences in inflammatory responses in humans. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:169-182. [PMID: 27893465 PMCID: PMC5199722 DOI: 10.1172/jci89429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease occurs at lower incidence in premenopausal females compared with age-matched males. This variation may be linked to sex differences in inflammation. We prospectively investigated whether inflammation and components of the inflammatory response are altered in females compared with males. METHODS We performed 2 clinical studies in healthy volunteers. In 12 men and 12 women, we assessed systemic inflammatory markers and vascular function using brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). In a further 8 volunteers of each sex, we assessed FMD response to glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) at baseline and at 8 hours and 32 hours after typhoid vaccine. In a separate study in 16 men and 16 women, we measured inflammatory exudate mediators and cellular recruitment in cantharidin-induced skin blisters at 24 and 72 hours. RESULTS Typhoid vaccine induced mild systemic inflammation at 8 hours, reflected by increased white cell count in both sexes. Although neutrophil numbers at baseline and 8 hours were greater in females, the neutrophils were less activated. Systemic inflammation caused a decrease in FMD in males, but an increase in females, at 8 hours. In contrast, GTN response was not altered in either sex after vaccine. At 24 hours, cantharidin formed blisters of similar volume in both sexes; however, at 72 hours, blisters had only resolved in females. Monocyte and leukocyte counts were reduced, and the activation state of all major leukocytes was lower, in blisters of females. This was associated with enhanced levels of the resolving lipids, particularly D-resolvin. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that female sex protects against systemic inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction. This effect is likely due to accelerated resolution of inflammation compared with males, specifically via neutrophils, mediated by an elevation of the D-resolvin pathway. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01582321 and NRES: City Road and Hampstead Ethics Committee: 11/LO/2038. FUNDING The authors were funded by multiple sources, including the National Institute for Health Research, the British Heart Foundation, and the European Research Council.
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Wang W, Zhou H. Pharmacological considerations for predicting PK/PD at the site of action for therapeutic proteins. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2016; 21-22:35-39. [PMID: 27978986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For therapeutic proteins whose sites of action are distal to the systemic circulation, both drug and target concentrations at the tissue sites are not necessarily proportional to those in systemic circulation, highlighting the importance of understanding pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship at the sites of action. This review summarizes the pharmacological considerations for predicting local PK/PD and the importance of measuring PK and PD at site of action. Three case examples are presented to show how mechanistic and physiologically based PK/PD (PBPK/PD) models which incorporated the PK and PD at the tissue site can be used to facilitate understanding the exposure-response relationship for therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weirong Wang
- Janssen Biotherapeutics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Honghui Zhou
- Quantitative Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
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8
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Vaz ER, Fujimura PT, Araujo GR, da Silva CAT, Silva RL, Cunha TM, Lopes-Ferreira M, Lima C, Ferreira MJ, Cunha-Junior JP, Taketomi EA, Goulart LR, Ueira-Vieira C. A Short Peptide That Mimics the Binding Domain of TGF-β1 Presents Potent Anti-Inflammatory Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136116. [PMID: 26312490 PMCID: PMC4552549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic cytokine with multiple roles in development, wound healing, and immune regulation. TGF-β1-mediated immune dysfunction may lead to pathological conditions, such as inflammation. Chronic inflammatory process is characterized by a continuous release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the inhibition or the blockage of these cytokines signaling pathways are considered a target treatment. In this context, despite the high numbers of TGF-β-targeted pathways, the inducible regulatory T cells (iTreg) to control inflammation seems to be a promising approach. Our aim was to develop novel peptides through phage display (PhD) technology that could mimic TGF-β1 function with higher potency. Specific mimetic peptides were obtained through a PhD subtraction strategy from whole cell binding using TGF-β1 recombinant as a competitor during elution step. We have selected a peptide that seems to play an important role on cellular differentiation and modulation of TNF-α and IL-10 cytokines. The synthetic pm26TGF-β1 peptide tested in PBMC significantly down-modulated TNF-α and up-regulated IL-10 responses, leading to regulatory T cells (Treg) phenotype differentiation. Furthermore, the synthetic peptide was able to decrease leukocytes rolling in BALB/C mice and neutrophils migration during inflammatory process in C57BL/6 mice. These data suggest that this peptide may be useful for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, especially because it displays potent anti-inflammatory properties and do not exhibit neutrophils’ chemoattraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emília R. Vaz
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Patrícia T. Fujimura
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Galber R. Araujo
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. T. da Silva
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rangel L. Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago M. Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mônica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxicology (CEPID/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Carla Lima
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxicology (CEPID/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Márcio J. Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxicology (CEPID/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Jair P. Cunha-Junior
- Laboratory of Immunotechnology and Immunochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ernesto A. Taketomi
- Laboratory of Immunotechnology and Immunochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz R. Goulart
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Carlos Ueira-Vieira
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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9
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Nagy C, Haschemi A. Time and Demand are Two Critical Dimensions of Immunometabolism: The Process of Macrophage Activation and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. Front Immunol 2015; 6:164. [PMID: 25904920 PMCID: PMC4389563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A process is a function of time; in immunometabolism, this is reflected by the stepwise adaptation of metabolism to sustain the bio-energetic demand of an immune-response in its various states and shades. This perspective article starts by presenting an early attempt to investigate the physiology of inflammation, in order to illustrate one of the basic concepts of immunometabolism, wherein an adapted metabolism of infiltrating immune cells affects tissue function and inflammation. We then focus on the process of macrophage activation and aim to delineate the factor time within the current molecular context of metabolic-rewiring important for adapting primary carbohydrate metabolism. In the last section, we will provide information on how the pentose phosphate pathway may be of importance to provide both nucleotide precursors and redox-equivalents, and speculate how carbon-scrambling events in the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway might be regulated within cells by demand. We conclude that the adapted metabolism of inflammation is specific in respect to the effector-function and appears as a well-orchestrated event, dynamic by nature, and based on a functional interplay of signaling- and metabolic-pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csörsz Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (KILM), Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Arvand Haschemi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (KILM), Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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10
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Maroufi Y, Ghaffarifar F, Dalimi A, Sharifi Z. Interferon-gamma and interlukin-4 patterns in BALB/c mice suffering from cutaneous leishmaniasis treated with cantharidin. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e10907. [PMID: 25371808 PMCID: PMC4217669 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.10907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a health problem in the world. Lesions should be treated on cosmetically or functionally important sites, such as the face and hands. Cantharidin is a terpenoid compound produced naturally by beetles of Meloidae and Oedemeridae families. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the effect of cantharidin on Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) lesions and IFN-γ and IL-4 patterns in infected BALB/c mice. Materials and Methods: Infected BALB/c mice were divided into five groups as: untreated (control group), eucerin-treated and 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.5% cantharidin-treated. Lesions diameter was measured by Vernier caliper every three days for four weeks. Cytokines levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using U-CyTech kit. Results: The results indicated that treatment with cantharidin exacerbates lesions compared with the controls, except for 0.05% cantharidin dose that restrained lesion growth significantly. Interferon gamma level in cantharidin-treated groups was significantly less than that of the control group. But interlukin-4 level was similar among the groups. Conclusions: The current study results indicated that high doses of cantharidin exacerbates leishmaniasis lesion, but low dose of cantharidin inhibits lesion growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Maroufi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, IR Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghaffarifar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Fatemeh Ghaffarifar, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2182884553, Fax: +98-2188006544, E-mail:
| | - Abdolhosein Dalimi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Zohreh Sharifi
- Department of Virology, Iranian Blood Transfusion organization, Tehran, IR Iran
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Characterisation of leukocytes in a human skin blister model of acute inflammation and resolution. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89375. [PMID: 24603711 PMCID: PMC3945731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing need to understand the leukocytes and soluble mediators that drive acute inflammation and bring about its resolution in humans. We therefore carried out an extensive characterisation of the cantharidin skin blister model in healthy male volunteers. A novel fluorescence staining protocol was designed and implemented, which facilitated the identification of cell populations by flow cytometry. We observed that at the onset phase, 24 h after blister formation, the predominant cells were CD16hi/CD66b+ PMNs followed by HLA-DR+/CD14+ monocytes/macrophages, CD11c+ and CD141+ dendritic cells as well as Siglec-8+ eosinophils. CD3+ T cells, CD19+ B cells and CD56+ NK cells were also present, but in comparatively fewer numbers. During resolution, 72 h following blister induction, numbers of PMNs declined whilst the numbers of monocyte/macrophages remain unchanged, though they upregulated expression of CD16 and CD163. In contrast, the overall numbers of dendritic cells and Siglec-8+ eosinophils increased. Post hoc analysis of these data revealed that of the inflammatory cytokines measured, TNF-α but not IL-1β or IL-8 correlated with increased PMN numbers at the onset. Volunteers with the greatest PMN infiltration at onset displayed the fastest clearance rates for these cells at resolution. Collectively, these data provide insight into the cells that occupy acute resolving blister in humans, the soluble mediators that may control their influx as well as the phenotype of mononuclear phagocytes that predominate the resolution phase. Further use of this model will improve our understanding of the evolution and resolution of inflammation in humans, how defects in these over-lapping pathways may contribute to the variability in disease longevity/chronicity, and lends itself to the screen of putative anti-inflammatory or pro-resolution therapies.
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12
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Punjabi PP, Taylor KM. The science and practice of cardiopulmonary bypass: From cross circulation to ECMO and SIRS. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2013; 2013:249-60. [PMID: 24689026 PMCID: PMC3963750 DOI: 10.5339/gcsp.2013.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash P Punjabi
- Department Of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Imperial College, Healthcare NHS Trust - Hammersmith Hospital, National Heart & Lung Institute - Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - K M Taylor
- Department Of Cardiothoracic Surgery, National Heart & Lung Institute - Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
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13
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Importance of relating efficacy measures to unbound drug concentrations for anti-infective agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013; 26:274-88. [PMID: 23554417 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00092-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For the optimization of dosing regimens of anti-infective agents, it is imperative to have a good understanding of pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Whenever possible, drug efficacy needs to be related to unbound concentrations at the site of action. For anti-infective drugs, the infection site is typically located outside plasma, and a drug must diffuse through capillary membranes to reach its target. Disease- and drug-related factors can contribute to differential tissue distribution. As a result, the assumption that the plasma concentration of drugs represents a suitable surrogate of tissue concentrations may lead to erroneous conclusions. Quantifying drug exposure in tissues represents an opportunity to relate the pharmacologically active concentrations to an observed pharmacodynamic parameter, such as the MIC. Selection of an appropriate specimen to sample and the advantages and limitations of the available sampling techniques require careful consideration. Ultimately, the goal will be to assess the appropriateness of a drug and dosing regimen for a specific pathogen and infection.
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14
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Jenner WJ, Gilroy DW. Assessment of leukocyte trafficking in humans using the cantharidin blister model. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 1:10.1258_cvd.2012.012009. [PMID: 24175059 PMCID: PMC3738319 DOI: 10.1258/cvd.2012.012009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The cantharidin blister model provides an in vivo assessment of the innate inflammatory response in humans. It allows researchers to profile the acute and resolving inflammatory response in healthy and diseased states and for the design of crossover trials for the testing of new treatments for acute inflammation. Below we describe the materials and methods required to prepare, induce, aspirate and analyse the forearm cantharidin blisters, in preparation for future study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Jenner
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College London , London WC1E 6JF , UK
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