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Leoni C, Neri G. Molecular advances, clinical management, and treatment opportunities in RASopathies. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2022; 190:411-413. [PMID: 36541914 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.32026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Leoni
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Neri
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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2
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Seth S, Biswas T, Biswas B, Roy A, Datta AK. Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome: Case Report of a Rare Disorder. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:SD01-SD02. [PMID: 28050463 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/21586.8811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome or CFC syndrome is a rare genetic disorder first described in 1986. It is one of the RASopathies involving multiple organs particularly the heart, skin and face affecting males and females equally. The phenotypic features overlap with 2 other conditions, the Noonan and Costello syndrome. We report on a 22-month-old boy with CFC syndrome presenting with typical craniofacial appearance, heart defects, ectodermal abnormalities, growth failure and developmental delay. Estimated population of affected individuals worldwide is a few hundreds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soutrik Seth
- Resident, Department of Paediatrics, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital , Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Tanmoy Biswas
- Resident, Department of Paediatrics, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital , Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Biswajit Biswas
- Associate Professor, Department of Paediatrics, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital , Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Atanu Roy
- Associate Professor, Department of Paediatrics, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital , Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Asok Kumar Datta
- Professor and HOD, Department of Paediatrics, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital , Burdwan, West Bengal, India
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3
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Thergaonkar RW, Bhat V. Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. Med J Armed Forces India 2012; 69:175-7. [PMID: 24600094 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R W Thergaonkar
- Classified Specialist (Pediatrics), Joint Director Medical Services, Room No 131, "A" Wing, Sena Bhavan, Rajaji Marg, New Delhi 110011, India
| | - Vivek Bhat
- Graded Specialist (Pediatrics), INHS Patanjali, Naval Base Karwar, Karnataka 581308, India
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Papadopoulou E, Sifakis S, Sol-Church K, Klein-Zighelboim E, Stabley DL, Raissaki M, Gripp KW, Kalmanti M. CNS imaging is a key diagnostic tool in the evaluation of patients with CFC syndrome: two cases and literature review. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:605-11. [PMID: 21337689 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome is characterized by a variable degree of cognitive impairment, and multiple congenital anomalies including characteristic facies, cardiac, and ectodermal abnormalities. CFC syndrome is caused by mutations in the genes BRAF, MEK1, or MEK2. Here we provide a follow-up report on two patients presenting distinct facial appearance and other features of the syndrome, and we present the first molecular evidence of paternal origin for a CFC-causing germline mutation. Brain imaging revealed a lipoma of the corpus callosum and periventricular leukoencephalopathy as well as a hypoplastic corpus callosum, and defects in myelinization, in each patient, respectively. A review of the literature showed that, although non-specific, ventriculomegaly, hydrocephalus, and cortical atrophy represent the most frequent imaging findings of brain anomalies in CFC syndrome. CNS abnormalities are significant diagnostic features of CFC syndrome and a brain MRI is recommended in individuals diagnosed with CFC or suspected of having CFC syndrome.
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Roberts A, Allanson J, Jadico SK, Kavamura MI, Noonan J, Opitz JM, Young T, Neri G. The cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. J Med Genet 2006; 43:833-42. [PMID: 16825433 PMCID: PMC2563180 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2006.042796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a condition of sporadic occurrence, with patients showing multiple congenital anomalies and mental retardation. It is characterised by failure to thrive, relative macrocephaly, a distinctive face with prominent forehead, bitemporal constriction, absence of eyebrows, hypertelorism, downward-slanting palpebral fissures often with epicanthic folds, depressed nasal root and a bulbous tip of the nose. The cutaneous involvement consists of dry, hyperkeratotic, scaly skin, sparse and curly hair, and cavernous haemangiomata. Most patients have a congenital heart defect, most commonly pulmonic stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The developmental delay usually is moderate to severe. The syndrome is caused by gain-of-function mutations in four different genes BRAF, KRAS, mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase MEK1 and MEK2, all belonging to the same RAS-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway that regulates cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. The CFC syndrome is a member of a family of syndromes that includes the Noonan and Costello syndromes, presenting with phenotypic similarities. Noonan syndrome is caused by mutations in the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 gene (PTPN11), with a few people having a mutation in KRAS. Costello syndrome is caused by mutations in HRAS. The protein products of these genes also belong to the RAS-ERK pathway. Thus, the clinical overlap of these three conditions, which often poses a problem of differential diagnosis, is explained by their pathogenetic relatedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roberts
- Harvard Medical School, Partners Healthcare System, Center for Genetics and Genomics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Chien AJ, Valentine MC, Sybert VP. Hereditary woolly hair and keratosis pilaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54:S35-9. [PMID: 16427989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe a family with woolly hair and ulerythema ophryogenes spanning four generations. Both woolly hair and ulerythema ophryogenes have been associated with Noonan syndrome and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC), two disorders with considerable phenotypic overlap. This family did not exhibit any of the other findings characteristic of either Noonan syndrome or CFC, similar to a previously described pedigree with hereditary woolly hair. Woolly hair elicits a broad differential diagnosis, including woolly hair nevus and several genodermatoses. Our report reviews the evaluation of woolly hair and discusses the conditions associated with this physical finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Chien
- Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Ikeda H, Hatamochi A, Okita H, Yamazaki S. Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome: two cases in the same generation. J Dermatol 2005; 32:909-13. [PMID: 16361753 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2005.tb00870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 4-year-old Japanese boy, the youngest of three brothers, presented with ichthyosiform hyperkeratosis over his whole body, eczematous erythema with partial desquamation and erosion on the flexor side of the joints of extremities, the fossa axillaries, and the genital and buttock regions, and total hair loss on the scalp and the absence of eyebrows and eyelashes. In addition to the ichthyotic eruptions and hair abnormalities, he also had a ventricular septal defect, mental retardation, growth retardation, characteristic facial features such as a depressed nasal bridge, low-set ears, and ocular hypertelorism; therefore, he was diagnosed with cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome. The patient's family did not have a history of consanguineous marriage. The parents and the eldest son were healthy. However, the second son, also born with ichthyosiform hyperkeratosis over his whole body, total hair loss on the scalp, myocardial deficiency, mental retardation, growth retardation, and characteristic facial features, had died of pneumonia and sepsis at the age of 1.5 years. Because the middle brother had the same disease, the present case is considered to be a rare case of CFC syndrome with in a single generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Ikeda
- Department of Dermatology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
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Abstract
Noonan syndrome is a pleiomorphic autosomal dominant disorder with short stature, facial dysmorphia, webbed neck, and heart defects. In the past decade, progress has been made in elucidating the pathogenesis of this disorder using a positional cloning approach. Noonan syndrome is now known to be a genetically heterogeneous disorder with nearly one half of cases caused by gain-of-function mutations in PTPN11, the gene encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2. Similar germ line mutations cause two related genetic disorders, Noonan-like disorder with multiple giant cell lesion syndrome and LEOPARD syndrome, and somatic PTPN11 mutations can underlie certain pediatric hematopoietic malignancies, including juvenile myelomonocytic, acute lymphoblastic, and acute myelogenous leukemias. A mouse model of PTPN11-related Noonan syndrome was recently generated, providing a reagent for studying disease pathogenesis in greater depth as well as experimenting with novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tartaglia
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Neuroscienze, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299-00161 Rome, Italy.
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Manci EA, Martinez JE, Horenstein MG, Gardner TM, Ahmed A, Mancao MC, Gremse DA, Gardner DM, Nimityongskul P, Maertens P, Riddick L, Kavamura MI. Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC) with congenital peripheral neuropathy and nonorganic malnutrition: an autopsy study. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 137:1-8. [PMID: 16007634 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many phenotypic manifestations have been reported in cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome, but none, to date, are pathognomonic or obligatory. Previous histopathological studies reported findings in skin and hair; no autopsy studies have been published. We report the clinical and autopsy findings of a 7-year-old boy with severe CFC syndrome and malnutrition of psychosocial origin. Manifestations of CFC, reported previously, included macrocephaly and macrosomia at birth; short stature; hypotonia; global developmental delays; dry, sparse thin curly hair; sparse eyebrows and eyelashes; dilated cerebral ventricles; high cranial vault; bitemporal constriction; supraorbital ridge hypoplasia; hypertelorism; ptosis; exophthalmos; depressed nasal bridge; anteverted nostrils; low-set, posteriorly-rotated, large, thick ears; decayed, dysplastic teeth; strabismus; hyperelastic skin; wrinkled palms; keratosis pilaris atrophicans faciei; ulerythema ophryogenes; hyperkeratosis; gastroesophageal reflux; and tracheobronchomalacia. Additional findings, not previously reported, include islet cell hyperplasia, lymphoid depletion, thymic atrophy and congenital hypertrophy of peripheral nerves with onion bulb formations. Although the islet cell hyperplasia, lymphoid depletion, and thymic atrophy are nonspecific findings that may be associated with either CFC or malnutrition, the onion bulb hypertrophy is specific for a demyelinating-remyelinating neuropathy. These findings implicate congenital peripheral neuropathy in the pathogenesis of the developmental delays, feeding difficulties, respiratory difficulties, ptosis and short stature in this case. Additional studies of other cases of CFC are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Manci
- Pediatric Pathology, University of South Alabama Children's and Women's Hospital, Mobile, 36604, USA.
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Bertola DR, Pereira AC, de Oliveira PSL, Kim CA, Krieger JE. Clinical variability in a Noonan syndrome family with a new PTPN11 gene mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 130A:378-83. [PMID: 15384080 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant disorder comprising short stature, facial dysmorphism, short and/or webbed neck, heart defects, and cryptorchidism in males. The gene responsible for the disorder (PTPN11) was recently identified, and explains 30-50% of the cases clinically diagnosed as NS. Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome, a similar but distinct entity, is characterized by relative macrocephaly, characteristic facial appearance, ectodermal abnormalities (sparse and friable hair, sparse eyebrows, hyperkeratotic skin), congenital heart defects, and growth and mental retardation. We describe on a young woman who presents clinical features of NS (short stature, triangular facies, with downslanting palpebral fissures and apparent hypertelorism, webbed neck, pulmonary stenosis, bleeding diathesis, prominent corneal nerves), but with a more prominent ectodermal involvement (sparse and very coarse hair, sparse eyebrows and eyelashes) and developmental delay/mental retardation, which are characteristic of CFC patients. Sequencing of the PTPN11 gene showed a T411M substitution, not previously described in patients with NS. The same mutation was found in her mother and older sister, not initially considered to be affected by NS, but with very subtle clinical findings compatible with this diagnosis. Molecular dynamic studies indicate that this new mutation, similar to other previously described mutations, favors a more active protein conformation. However, the main disruptive effect is not directly in the catalytic domain, suggesting that the location of this mutation could make the protein more susceptible to gene-gene or gene-environment interactions. Atypical cases of NS should be screened for mutations in the PTPN11 gene and in the case of a positive result, first-degree relatives should also be tested for the specific mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Romeo Bertola
- Genetics Clinic Unit, Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, 05403-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
A sporadic case of cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome occurring in an 18-year-old girl is reported, with a brief review of pertinent literature, for its rarity and clinical interest. She had a characteristic cranio-facial appearance, a wide range of ectodermal defects, dystrophic nails and teeth, palmo-plantar keratoderma, typical short, coarse, unruly hair, pulmonic stenosis and mild mental retardation. She had no history of consanguinity and genetic studies did not reveal any abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soni Nanda
- Department of Dermatology and S.T.D., Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India.
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Weiss G, Confino Y, Shemer A, Trau H. Cutaneous manifestations in the cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, a variant of the classical Noonan syndrome. Report of a case and review of the literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004; 18:324-7. [PMID: 15096145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.00365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report one patient with cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome. He presented with clinical findings characteristic of this condition such as: cutaneous abnormalities, including ichthyosis, widespread keratosis pilaris, a peculiar craniofacial appearance with sparse, curly hair and low-set posteriorly rotated ears; congenital heart defects; and mild mental and motor retardation. We submit a comprehensive review of previously published articles regarding the dermatological findings in CFC syndrome (recently shown to be a variant of Noonan syndrome) emphasizing diagnostic criteria and its differentiation from the Costello syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Weiss
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
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Tröger B, Kutsche K, Bolz H, Lüttgen S, Gal A, Almassy Z, Caliebe A, Freisinger P, Hobbiebrunken E, Morlot M, Stefanova M, Streubel B, Wieczorek D, Meinecke P. No mutation in the gene for Noonan syndrome, PTPN11, in 18 patients with Costello syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 121A:82-4. [PMID: 12900909 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gómez-Díez S, Fernández-Toral J, Rodríguez-Vigil T, Manjón JA, Pérez-Oliva N. Síndrome cardiofaciocutáneo con acantosis nigricans. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-7310(03)76672-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Ribeiro de Castro MC, de Aquino AM, Camilo C, Maceira JP, Ramos-e-Silva M. Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome: a case report. Int J Dermatol 2002; 41:923-5. [PMID: 12492991 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01631_2.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome is a genetic disorder with a characteristic facies, abnormal skin and hair, mental retardation and congenital heart disease. It may be confused with Noonan's syndrome, which has a familial pattern and does not present hyperkeratotic skin lesions and abnormal hair, and there are few cases reported in the literature. We describe the first case of typical cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome observed in Brazil.
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Kavamura MI, Peres CA, Alchorne MMA, Brunoni D. CFC index for the diagnosis of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 112:12-6. [PMID: 12239713 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists concerning the delineation of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC). Many authors have attempted to establish syndrome traits for CFC, but to date none are pathognomonic or obligatory. We have created a clinical and objective method, called the CFC index, for CFC diagnosis. This method also differentiates CFC from Noonan syndrome and Costello syndrome, CFC's main differential diagnosis. We propose the use of the CFC index for the confirmation of CFC diagnosis and to differentiate CFC from other phenotypically similar genetic conditions, while molecular studies are still in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Kavamura
- Centro de Genética Médica da Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina, Brazil.
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Ishiguro Y, Kubota T, Takenaka J, Maruyama K, Okumura A, Negoro T, Watanabe K. Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome and moyamoya syndrome. Brain Dev 2002; 24:245-9. [PMID: 12015168 DOI: 10.1016/s0387-7604(02)00014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We reported a patient with cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome associated with moyamoya syndrome. The patient was referred at 6 years 5 months with left hemiplegia and right-sided eye deviation. He had an apparently short stature, macrocephaly, left ptosis and atopic skin, and was odd looking. He exhibited an incomplete right bundle branch block on electrocardiogram and an atrial septal defect on ultrasound cardiography. He was diagnosed as having CFC syndrome. Head magnetic resonance imaging showed a flow void in the bilateral basal ganglia, but did not show any ischemic changes. Magnetic resonance angiography showed bilateral stenosis with an internal carotid artery at the Willis artery ring level and bilateral moyamoya. Contrast angiography demonstrated occlusion of both middle cerebral arteries. Cerebrovascular anomalies have not previously been reported in CFC syndrome. This is the first case of CFC syndrome associated with moyamoya syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Ishiguro
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
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Bertola DR, Kim CA, Pereira AC, Mota GF, Krieger JE, Vieira IC, Valente M, Loreto MR, Magalhães RP, Gonzalez CH. Are Noonan syndrome and Noonan-like/multiple giant cell lesion syndrome distinct entities? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2001; 98:230-4. [PMID: 11169560 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20010122)98:3<230::aid-ajmg1080>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report on a family with typical clinical findings of Noonan syndrome associated with giant cell lesions in maxilla and mandible. We discuss the obvious clinical overlap between Noonan syndrome and Noonan-like/multiple giant cell lesion syndrome, and we give further clinical and molecular support that these two entities could be allelic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Bertola
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Rauen KA, Cotter PD, Bitts SM, Cox VA, Golabi M. Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome phenotype in an individual with an interstitial deletion of 12q: identification of a candidate region for CFC syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2000; 93:219-22. [PMID: 10925386 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20000731)93:3<219::aid-ajmg12>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 19-month-old girl who presented with the phenotype of cardio-faciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome including characteristic minor facial anomalies, cardiac defect, ectodermal anomalies, and developmental delay. Cytogenetic analysis showed the presence of an interstitial deletion of one chromosome 12, del(12)(q21.2q22), confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization with chromosome band specific probes. Controversy exists as to whether CFC and Noonan syndrome (NS) are distinct disorders, a contiguous gene syndrome, or allelic variants. The identification of the del(12) in this patient, in a region distinct from the putative NS locus, supports the view that CFC is a genetically distinct condition from NS. In addition, this implicates the region 12q21.2-->4q22 as a candidate region for the gene(s) causing CFC syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Rauen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Drolet
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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21
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Grebe TA, Clericuzio C. Neurologic and gastrointestinal dysfunction in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome: Identification of a severe phenotype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20001113)95:2<135::aid-ajmg8>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Foster CA, Dyhrkopp PJ. Noonan's syndrome with sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular abnormalities. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 119:508-11. [PMID: 9807079 DOI: 10.1016/s0194-5998(98)70111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Foster
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
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Wieczorek D, Majewski F, Gillessen-Kaesbach G. Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome--a distinct entity? Report of three patients demonstrating the diagnostic difficulties in delineation of CFC syndrome. Clin Genet 1997; 52:37-46. [PMID: 9272711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1997.tb02512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on three patients with probable cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome. They present clinical findings of this condition such as: growth failure, heart defects, typical craniofacial appearance, ectodermal abnormalities, and developmental delay. We also give a detailed review of the previously published articles on CFC syndrome and discuss the differences between CFC, Noonan, and Costello syndromes. Other differential diagnoses are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wieczorek
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Germany
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Abstract
We present a child with cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome with inadequate weight gain due to inadequate food intake. After correction of hyperemesis due to intestinal malrotation, she continued to fail to feed due to poor suck reflex. A review documented digestive system findings in 26 of 57 reported patients with CFC syndrome. Thus, digestive system dysfunction and malformation may represent an additional manifestation of the CFC syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H McDaniel
- Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center, 90033, USA
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