1
|
Gautron A, Migault M, Bachelot L, Corre S, Galibert MD, Gilot D. Human TYRP1: Two functions for a single gene? Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:836-852. [PMID: 33305505 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the animal kingdom, skin pigmentation is highly variable between species, and it contributes to phenotypes. In humans, skin pigmentation plays a part in sun protection. Skin pigmentation depends on the ratio of the two pigments pheomelanin and eumelanin, both synthesized by a specialized cell population, the melanocytes. In this review, we explore one important factor in pigmentation: the tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) gene which is involved in eumelanin synthesis via the TYRP1 protein. Counterintuitively, high TYRP1 mRNA expression is associated with a poor clinical outcome for patients with metastatic melanomas. Recently, we were able to explain this unexpected TYRP1 function by demonstrating that TYRP1 mRNA sequesters microRNA-16, a tumor suppressor miRNA. Here, we focus on actors influencing TYRP1 mRNA abundance, particularly transcription factors, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and miRNAs, as they all dictate the indirect oncogenic activity of TYRP1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Gautron
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Univ. Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Mélodie Migault
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Univ. Rennes, Rennes, France.,Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Laura Bachelot
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Univ. Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Sébastien Corre
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Univ. Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Galibert
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Univ. Rennes, Rennes, France.,CHU Rennes, Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, UMR 6290, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - David Gilot
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de génétique et développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000, Univ. Rennes, Rennes, France.,INSERM U1242, Centre Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Melanogenic Effects of Maclurin Are Mediated through the Activation of cAMP/PKA/CREB and p38 MAPK/CREB Signaling Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9827519. [PMID: 31949887 PMCID: PMC6942912 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9827519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanogenesis is the biological process which the skin pigment melanin is synthesized to protect the skin against ultraviolet irradiation and other external stresses. Abnormal biology of melanocytes is closely associated with depigmented skin disorders such as vitiligo. In this study, we examined the effects of maclurin on melanogenesis and cytoprotection. Maclurin enhanced cellular tyrosinase activity as well as cellular melanin levels. We found that maclurin treatment increased the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase-related protein- (TRP-) 1, TRP-2, and tyrosinase. Mechanistically, maclurin promoted melanogenesis through cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding (CREB) protein-dependent upregulation of MITF. CREB activation was found to be mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. In addition, maclurin-induced CREB phosphorylation was mediated through the activation of both the cAMP/PKA and the p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Maclurin-induced suppression of p44/42 MAPK activation also contributed to its melanogenic activity. Furthermore, maclurin showed protective effects against H2O2 treatment and UVB irradiation in human melanocytes. These findings indicate that the melanogenic effects of maclurin depend on increased MITF gene expression, which is mediated by the activation of both p38 MAPK/CREB and cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling. Our results thus suggest that maclurin could be useful as a protective agent against hypopigmented skin disorders.
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Human skin and hair color are visible traits that can vary dramatically within and across ethnic populations. The genetic makeup of these traits-including polymorphisms in the enzymes and signaling proteins involved in melanogenesis, and the vital role of ion transport mechanisms operating during the maturation and distribution of the melanosome-has provided new insights into the regulation of pigmentation. A large number of novel loci involved in the process have been recently discovered through four large-scale genome-wide association studies in Europeans, two large genetic studies of skin color in Africans, one study in Latin Americans, and functional testing in animal models. The responsible polymorphisms within these pigmentation genes appear at different population frequencies, can be used as ancestry-informative markers, and provide insight into the evolutionary selective forces that have acted to create this human diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Richard A Sturm
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gilot D, Galibert MD. miRNA displacement as a promising approach for cancer therapy. Mol Cell Oncol 2017; 5:e1406432. [PMID: 29404400 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2017.1406432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
microRNA (miRNA) are critical post-transcriptional regulators and key players in diseases development. We demonstrated that non-canonical microRNA Responsive Elements (here MRE-16) could sequester miR-16, dampening miR-16 tumor suppressor function. We developed small oligonucleotides, masking specifically these unusual miR-16 binding sites, that restored miR-16 function. This constitutes a promising targeted approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Gilot
- CNRS UMR 6290, IGDR, 2 avenue Pr Léon Bernard 35043 Rennes, France.,Université de Rennes 1, 2 avenue Pr Léon Bernard 35043 Rennes, France.,Equipe labellisée Fondation ARC, 2 avenue Pr Léon Bernard 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Galibert
- CNRS UMR 6290, IGDR, 2 avenue Pr Léon Bernard 35043 Rennes, France.,Université de Rennes 1, 2 avenue Pr Léon Bernard 35043 Rennes, France.,Equipe labellisée Fondation ARC, 2 avenue Pr Léon Bernard 35043 Rennes, France.,CHU Rennes, Génétique Somatique des Cancers, 2 Rue Henri le Guilloux, 35000 Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A non-coding function of TYRP1 mRNA promotes melanoma growth. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:1348-1357. [PMID: 28991221 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Competition among RNAs to bind miRNA is proposed to influence biological systems. However, the role of this competition in disease onset is unclear. Here, we report that TYRP1 mRNA, in addition to encoding tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), indirectly promotes cell proliferation by sequestering miR-16 on non-canonical miRNA response elements. Consequently, the sequestered miR-16 is no longer able to repress its mRNA targets, such as RAB17, which is involved in melanoma cell proliferation and tumour growth. Restoration of miR-16 tumour-suppressor function can be achieved in vitro by silencing TYRP1 or increasing miR-16 expression. Importantly, TYRP1-dependent miR-16 sequestration can also be overcome in vivo by using small oligonucleotides that mask miR-16-binding sites on TYRP1 mRNA. Together, our findings assign a pathogenic non-coding function to TYRP1 mRNA and highlight miRNA displacement as a promising targeted therapeutic approach for melanoma.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hwang YS, Kim YJ, Kim MO, Kang M, Oh SW, Nho YH, Park SH, Lee J. Cannabidiol upregulates melanogenesis through CB1 dependent pathway by activating p38 MAPK and p42/44 MAPK. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 273:107-114. [PMID: 28601556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Melanogenesis plays a critical role in the protection of skin against external stresses such as ultraviolet irradiation and oxidative stressors. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of cannabidiol on melanogenesis and its mechanisms of action in human epidermal melanocytes. We found that cannabidiol increased both melanin content and tyrosinase activity. The mRNA levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP) 1, and TRP2 were increased following cannabidiol treatment. Likewise, cannabidiol increased the protein levels of MITF, TRP 1, TRP 2, and tyrosinase. Mechanistically, we found that cannabidiol regulated melanogenesis by upregulating MITF through phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p42/44 MAPK, independent of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. In addition, the melanogenic effect of cannabidiol was found to be mediated by cannabinoid CB1 receptor, not by CB2 receptor. Taken together, these findings indicate that cannabidiol-induced melanogenesis is cannabinoid CB1 receptor-dependent, and cannabidiol induces melanogenesis through increasing MITF gene expression which is mediated by activation of p38 MAPK and p42/44 MAPK. Our results suggest that cannabidiol might be useful as a protective agent against external stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Sun Hwang
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam City, 131-35 Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jung Kim
- Department of Marine Science, Incheon National University, 220-12, Incheon City, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ok Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 164-19 Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyeong Kang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 164-19 Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Woong Oh
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 164-19 Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Hwa Nho
- COSMAX R&I Center, COSMAX Inc., Seongnam City, 134-86, Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - See-Hyoung Park
- Department of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, 300-16, Sejong City, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 164-19 Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jung E, Kim JH, Kim MO, Jang S, Kang M, Oh SW, Nho YH, Kang SH, Kim MH, Park SH, Lee J. Afzelin positively regulates melanogenesis through the p38 MAPK pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 254:167-72. [PMID: 27287415 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melanogenesis refers to synthesis of the skin pigment melanin, which plays a critical role in the protection of skin against ultraviolet irradiation and oxidative stressors. We investigated the effects of afzelin on melanogenesis and its mechanisms of action in human epidermal melanocytes. In this study, we found that afzelin increased both melanin content and tyrosinase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. While the mRNA levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1 increased following afzelin treatment, the mRNA levels of TRP-2 were not affected by afzelin. Likewise, afzelin increased the protein levels of MITF, TRP-1, and tyrosinase but not TRP-2. Mechanistically, we found that afzelin regulated melanogenesis by upregulating MITF through phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), independent of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. Taken together, these findings indicate that the promotion of melanogenesis by afzelin occurs through increased MITF gene expression, which is mediated by activation of p38 MAPK, and suggest that afzelin may be useful as a protective agent against ultraviolet irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunsun Jung
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Seongnam City, 132-16, Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- College of Herbal Bio-Industry, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan City, 712-715, Gyeongsangbuk Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ok Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 164-19, Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghee Jang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 164-19, Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyeong Kang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 164-19, Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Woong Oh
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 164-19, Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Hwa Nho
- COSMAX R&I Center, COSMAX Inc., Seongnam City, 134-86, Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kang
- COSMAX R&I Center, COSMAX Inc., Seongnam City, 134-86, Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hee Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam City, 131-35, Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - See-Hyoung Park
- Department of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong City, 300-16, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 164-19, Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Liu WK, Ling YH, Cheung FWK, Che CT. Stellettin A induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in murine B16 melanoma cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:586-590. [PMID: 22439644 DOI: 10.1021/np2008158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Isomalabaricanes are a small class of rearranged triterpenoids obtained from marine sponges. Most of these are cytotoxic to tumor cells, but the underlying mechanism is not clear. In this study, it was demonstrated that stellettin A (1), obtained from Geodia japonica, inhibited the growth of B16F10 murine melanoma cells by the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and accumulation of unfolded proteins. Immunoblotting analysis revealed abnormal glycosylation patterns of two melanoma marker proteins, tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1, and the retention of these proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Compound 1 induced the upregulation of the unfolded protein chaperone, glucose-regulated protein 78, in a dose-dependent manner. Increase of autophagosome-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) in a membrane-bound form (LC3II) and its immunofluorescence co-localization with tyrosinase suggest the possible removal of deglycosylated and unfolded proteins by autophagy of the cells. There was no change in either the expression of the apoptosis marker protein Bcl-2 or the appearance of apoptotic nuclei in 1-treated cells. Taken together, 1 is an endoplasmic reticulum stressor that inhibits the growth of B16 melanoma cells by induction of abnormal protein glycosylation and autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wing Keung Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang H, Tan SS, Wang XY, Liu DH, Yu CS, Bai ZL, He DL, Zhao J. Silencing livin gene by siRNA leads to apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, and proliferation inhibition in malignant melanoma LiBr cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:1968-74. [PMID: 18031611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of silencing the livin gene by small interfering RNA (siRNA) on the expression of livin and the effects on apoptosis, cell cycle, and proliferation in human malignant melanoma LiBr cells. METHODS Three chemically-synthetic siRNA duplexes targeting livin were transiently transfected into the LiBr cells, and the effects on livin expression were detected both at the mRNA level by real-time RT-PCR and at the protein level by Western blotting. Apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick-end labeling assay, flow cytometric analysis, and the expression of procaspase-3 and activated caspase-3 analysis by Western blotting. Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell proliferation was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. RESULTS One of the 3 designed siRNA could effectively knock down the livin expression both at the mRNA and protein levels in dose- and time-dependent manners; 100 nmol/L with maximum downregulation on mRNA at 48 h, and on the protein at 72 h after transfection. Silencing livin could significantly induce apoptosis, arrest cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase, and inhibit proliferation in LiBr cells. Meanwhile, caspase-3 was activated. CONCLUSION The livin gene could serve as a potential molecular target for gene therapy by siRNA for malignant melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee J, Jung E, Lee J, Huh S, Boo YC, Hyun CG, Kim YS, Park D. Mechanisms of melanogenesis inhibition by 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157:242-8. [PMID: 17650175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased production and accumulation of melanin is characteristic of a large number of skin diseases, including acquired hyperpigmentation such as melasma, postinflammatory melanoderma and solar lentigo. Thus, there is a increasing need for the development of depigmenting agents. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the depigmenting capacity of 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (DMHF) and to elucidate the mechanisms by which it inhibits alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)-induced melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells in vitro. METHODS Several experiments were performed in B16 melanoma cells. We studied melanin content, tyrosinase activity and cAMP production, and performed cAMP response element (CRE) luciferase reporter assay and Western blots for proteins involved in melanogenesis. RESULTS The melanin content and tyrosinase activity induced by alpha-MSH were inhibited significantly by DMHF. To clarify the mechanism of the depigmenting property of DMHF, we examined the involvement of DMHF in cAMP signalling induced by alpha-MSH. In CRE luciferase reporter assay, CRE reporter activation induced by alpha-MSH was inhibited by DMHF. Additionally, although DMHF did not inhibit cAMP production by alpha-MSH, both CRE binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and the reduction of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta phosphorylation by alpha-MSH were blocked by DMHF. These data suggest that DMHF inhibits the downstream step of cAMP production induced by alpha-MSH, consequently inhibiting melanogenesis. This suggestion was further confirmed by the fact that the increased production levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 induced by alpha-MSH were all reduced by DMHF in B16 melanoma cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that DMHF inhibits alpha-MSH-induced melanogenesis by suppressing CREB phosphorylation, which is induced by protein kinase A, and suggests that DMHF may be an effective inhibitor of hyperpigmentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Gyunggi Do, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cheng KT, Hsu FL, Chen SH, Hsieh PK, Huang HS, Lee CK, Lee MH. New constituent from Podocarpus macrophyllus var. macrophyllus shows anti-tyrosinase effect and regulates tyrosinase-related proteins and mRNA in human epidermal melanocytes. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:757-61. [PMID: 17473463 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new biflavonoid, 2,3-dihydro-4',4'''-di-O-methylamentoflavone (5), and five known compounds, (-)-catechin (1), quercetin (2), 2,3-dihydrosciadopitysin (3), sciadopitysin (4), and isoginkgetin (6), were isolated from Podocarpus macrophyllus var. macrophyllus (Podocarpaceae). These compounds were evaluated their ability to inhibit cellular tyrosinase activity and for their melanin inhibitory activity in human epidermal melanocytes (HEMn). In the melanin synthesis assay, 2,3-dihydro-4',4'''-di-O-methylamentoflavone (5) showed a potent anti-tyrosinase effect with IC(50)=0.098 mM in HEMn. It also significantly decreased both protein and mRNA levels of the tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) by Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. These findings suggest that the new compound, 2,3-dihydro-4',4'''-di-O-methylamentoflavone (5), is the most active component of P. macrophyllus var. macrophyllus in inhibiting pigmentation and that this inhibition is exerted through inhibition of transcription of the genes encoding TRP2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kur-Ta Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin YP, Hsu FL, Chen CS, Chern JW, Lee MH. Constituents from the Formosan apple reduce tyrosinase activity in human epidermal melanocytes. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:1189-99. [PMID: 17379263 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a copper-containing monooxygenase that catalyzes melanin synthesis in skin melanocytes. Herein, 13 compounds from the Formosan apple (Malus doumeri var. formosana), an indigenous Taiwanese plant, were isolated and identified. The active constituents were identified as 3-hydroxyphloretin (7) and catechol (9); they exhibited potent hydroxyl radical-scavenging (IC(50) values, 0.6 and 1.1 microM) and cellular tyrosinase-reducing activities (IC(50) values, 32 and 22 microM) in human epidermal melanocytes. In addition, we evaluated the level of several tyrosinase-related proteins by Western blot analysis. In contrast to 3-hydroxyphloretin (7), which showed no effect on the level of these proteins, catechol (9) reduced their activity and the expression of the respective genes, as determined by quantitative real-time PCR. In a kinetic analysis of mushroom tyrosinase, 3-hydroxyphloretin (7) was a competitive inhibitor. These two constituents exhibited metal-coordinating interactions with copper ions in a virtual model of molecular docking with human tyrosinase. Thus, 3-hydroxyphloretin (7) and catechol (9) were the most active constituents from the Formosan apple; they exhibited anti-oxidant and tyrosinase reducing activities, suggesting their possible use as cosmetic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Pei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Itoh K, Kawasaki S, Kawamoto S, Seishima M, Chiba H, Michibata H, Wakimoto K, Imai Y, Minesaki Y, Otsuji M, Okubo K. Identification of differentially expressed genes in psoriasis using expression profiling approaches. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:667-74. [PMID: 16098126 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To identify differentially expressed genes which play causal roles in pathogenesis and maintenance for psoriasis, we used BodyMapping and introduced amplified fragment length polymorphism approaches. From the BodyMap database, we selected 2007 genes which specifically expressed in epithelial tissues. Among 2007 genes, we surveyed genes which differentially expressed in involved or uninvolved psoriatic lesional skin samples compared with atopic dermatitis, mycosis fungoides, and normal skin samples. As a result of surveying 2007 genes, 241 genes were differentially expressed only in involved psoriatic skin but not in the other samples. Hierarchical cluster analysis of gene expression profiles showed that 13 independent psoriatic-involved skin samples clustered tightly together, reflecting highly similar expression profiles. Using the same 2007 gene set, we examined gene expression levels in five serial lesions from distal uninvolved psoriatic skin to involved psoriatic plaque. We identified seven genes such as alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor, calnexin, claudin 1, leucine zipper down-regulated in cancer 1, tyrosinase-related protein 1, Yes-associated protein 1, and unc-13-like protein (Coleonyx elegans) which show high-expression levels only in uninvolved psoriatic lesions. These seven genes, which were reported to be related to apoptosis or antiproliferation, might have causal roles in pathophysiology in psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Itoh
- Laboratory for Gene-Expression Analysis, Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|