1
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Canbolat P, Wilzopolski J, Kaessmeyer S, Filor V, Vidak J, Rüger M, Mägert HJ, Forssmann WG, Bäumer W. LEKTI domain 6 displays anti-inflammatory action in vitro and in a murine atopic dermatitis model. J Dermatol Sci 2024; 115:13-20. [PMID: 38849289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI) is a serine protease inhibitor consisting of multiple domains. A loss of function mutation is described in Netherton patients that show severe symptoms of atopic lesions and itch. OBJECTIVES LEKTI domain 6 (LD6) has shown strong serine protease-inhibitory action in in vitro assays and thus it was tested in vitro and in vivo for potential anti-inflammatory action in models of atopic skin disease. METHODS Human skin equivalents were treated with LD6 and an inflammatory reaction was challenged by kallikrein-related endopeptidase 5 (KLK5). Furthermore, LD6 was tested on dorsal root ganglia cells stimulated with KLK5, SLIGRL and histamine by calcium imaging. The effect of topically administered LD6 (0.4-0.8%) in lipoderm was compared to a topical formulation of betamethasone-diproprionate (0.1%) in a therapeutic setting on atopic dermatitis-like lesions in NC/Nga mice sensitized to house dust mite antigen. Endpoints were clinical scoring of the mice as well as determination of scratching behaviour. RESULTS KLK5 induced an upregulation of CXCL-8, CCL20 and IL-6 in skin equivalents. This upregulation was reduced by pre-incubation with LD6. KLK5 as well as histamine induced calcium influx in a population of neurons. LD6 significantly reduced the calcium response to both stimuli. When administered onto lesional skin of NC/Nga mice, both LD6 and betamethasone-dipropionate significantly reduced the inflammatory reaction. The effect on itch behaviour was less pronounced. CONCLUSION Topical administration of LD6 might be a new therapeutic option for treatment of lesional atopic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Canbolat
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Jenny Wilzopolski
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Viviane Filor
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Vidak
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Rüger
- Anhalt University of Applied Science, Köthen, Germany
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Bäumer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Martins D, Pinoteau MA, Leger R. Development of a back-titration assay to quantitate functional lympho-epithelial Kazal-type inhibitors (LEKTI) in skin samples. Anal Biochem 2024; 690:115524. [PMID: 38556114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The lympho-epithelial Kazal-type inhibitors (LEKTI) are key to control skin turnover, and their absence causes Netherton syndrome. For clinical sample testing of LEKTI-based therapies, a robust analytical method to measure LEKTI-like activity in skin is required. This work reports on the development of a back-titration method to determine incremental LEKTI-like activity in skin samples. The method meets the analytical requirements for study sample testing, and reliable quantification can be achieved with negligible skin matrix interference. This assay does not provide analyte identity, but it can be used to measure treatment-driven increments of LEKTI-like activity within the skin epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorival Martins
- Azitra Inc, 21 Business Park Drive, Branford, CT, 06405, USA.
| | | | - Roger Leger
- Azitra Inc, 21 Business Park Drive, Branford, CT, 06405, USA
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3
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Petrova E, López-Gay JM, Fahrner M, Leturcq F, de Villartay JP, Barbieux C, Gonschorek P, Tsoi LC, Gudjonsson JE, Schilling O, Hovnanian A. Comparative analyses of Netherton syndrome patients and Spink5 conditional knock-out mice uncover disease-relevant pathways. Commun Biol 2024; 7:152. [PMID: 38316920 PMCID: PMC10844249 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Netherton syndrome (NS) is a rare skin disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in the serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 5 (SPINK5) gene. Disease severity and the lack of efficacious treatments call for a better understanding of NS mechanisms. Here we describe a novel and viable, Spink5 conditional knock-out (cKO) mouse model, allowing to study NS progression. By combining transcriptomics and proteomics, we determine a disease molecular profile common to mouse models and NS patients. Spink5 cKO mice and NS patients share skin barrier and inflammation signatures defined by up-regulation and increased activity of proteases, IL-17, IL-36, and IL-20 family cytokine signaling. Systemic inflammation in Spink5 cKO mice correlates with disease severity and is associated with thymic atrophy and enlargement of lymph nodes and spleen. This systemic inflammation phenotype is marked by neutrophils and IL-17/IL-22 signaling, does not involve primary T cell immunodeficiency and is independent of bacterial infection. By comparing skin transcriptomes and proteomes, we uncover several putative substrates of tissue kallikrein-related proteases (KLKs), demonstrating that KLKs can proteolytically regulate IL-36 pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our study thus provides a conserved molecular framework for NS and reveals a KLK/IL-36 signaling axis, adding new insights into the disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Petrova
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute and University of Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Jesús María López-Gay
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, Paris, F-75248, Cedex 05, France
- Sorbonne University, UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Fahrner
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florent Leturcq
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute and University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre de Villartay
- Imagine Institute, Laboratory "Genome Dynamics in the Immune System", INSERM UMR 11635, Paris, France
| | - Claire Barbieux
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute and University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Gonschorek
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Johann E Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute and University of Paris, Paris, France.
- Department of Genomic Medicine of rare diseases, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.
- University of Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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4
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Chavarria-Smith J, Chiu CPC, Jackman JK, Yin J, Zhang J, Hackney JA, Lin WY, Tyagi T, Sun Y, Tao J, Dunlap D, Morton WD, Ghodge SV, Maun HR, Li H, Hernandez-Barry H, Loyet KM, Chen E, Liu J, Tam C, Yaspan BL, Cai H, Balazs M, Arron JR, Li J, Wittwer AJ, Pappu R, Austin CD, Lee WP, Lazarus RA, Sudhamsu J, Koerber JT, Yi T. Dual antibody inhibition of KLK5 and KLK7 for Netherton syndrome and atopic dermatitis. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabp9159. [PMID: 36516271 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abp9159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is a barrier that prevents water loss while keeping harmful substances from penetrating the host. The impermeable cornified layer of the stratum corneum is maintained by balancing continuous turnover driven by epidermal basal cell proliferation, suprabasal cell differentiation, and corneal shedding. The epidermal desquamation process is tightly regulated by balance of the activities of serine proteases of the Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK) family and their cognate inhibitor lymphoepithelial Kazal type-related inhibitor (LEKTI), which is encoded by the serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 5 gene. Imbalance of proteolytic activity caused by a deficiency of LEKTI leads to excessive desquamation due to increased activities of KLK5, KLK7, and KLK14 and results in Netherton syndrome (NS), a debilitating condition with an unmet clinical need. Increased activity of KLKs may also be pathological in other dermatoses such as atopic dermatitis (AD). Here, we describe the discovery of inhibitory antibodies against murine KLK5 and KLK7 that could compensate for the deficiency of LEKTI in NS. These antibodies are protective in mouse models of NS and AD and, when combined, promote improved skin barrier integrity and reduced inflammation. To translate these findings, we engineered a humanized bispecific antibody capable of potent inhibition of human KLK5 and KLK7. A crystal structure of KLK5 bound to the inhibitory Fab revealed that the antibody binds distal to its active site and uses a relatively unappreciated allosteric inhibition mechanism. Treatment with the bispecific anti-KLK5/7 antibody represents a promising therapy for clinical development in NS and other inflammatory dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Chavarria-Smith
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Cecilia P C Chiu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Janet K Jackman
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jianping Yin
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason A Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tulika Tyagi
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yonglian Sun
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Janet Tao
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Debra Dunlap
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - William D Morton
- Confluence Discovery Technologies Inc., 4320 Duncan Ave, Suite 400, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Swapnil V Ghodge
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Henry R Maun
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hilda Hernandez-Barry
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kelly M Loyet
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Emily Chen
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - John Liu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christine Tam
- Department of Biomolecular Resources, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Brian L Yaspan
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hao Cai
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mercedesz Balazs
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joseph R Arron
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Arthur J Wittwer
- Confluence Discovery Technologies Inc., 4320 Duncan Ave, Suite 400, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Rajita Pappu
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Cary D Austin
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Robert A Lazarus
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jawahar Sudhamsu
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - James T Koerber
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tangsheng Yi
- Department of Immunology Discovery, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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5
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Matus CE, Ehrenfeld P, Figueroa CD. The family of kallikrein-related peptidases and kinin peptides as modulators of epidermal homeostasis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1070-C1087. [PMID: 35993513 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00012.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is the outermost skin layer and is part of one of the largest organs in the body; it is supported by the dermis, a network of fibrils, blood vessels, pilosebaceous units, sweat glands, nerves, and cells. The skin as a whole is a protective shield against numerous noxious agents, including microorganisms and chemical and physical factors. These functions rely on the activity of multiple growth factors, peptide hormones, proteases, and specific signaling pathways that are triggered by the activation of distinct types of receptors sited in the cell membranes of the various cell types present in the skin. The human kallikrein family comprises a large group of 15 serine proteases synthesized and secreted by different types of epithelial cells throughout the body, including the skin. At this site, they initiate a proteolytic cascade that generates the active forms of the proteases, some of which regulate skin desquamation, activation of cytokines, and antimicrobial peptides. Kinin peptides are formed by the action of plasma and tissue kallikreins on kininogens, two plasma proteins produced in the liver and other organs. Although kinins are well known for their proinflammatory abilities, in the skin they are also considered important modulators of keratinocyte differentiation. In this review, we summarize the contributions of the kallikreins and kallikrein-related peptidases family and those of kinins and their receptors in skin homeostasis, with special emphasis on their pathophysiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola E Matus
- Departament of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center of Biomedical and Morphofunctional Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos D Figueroa
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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6
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Gonschorek P, Zorzi A, Maric T, Le Jeune M, Schüttel M, Montagnon M, Gómez-Ojea R, Vollmar DP, Whitfield C, Reymond L, Carle V, Verma H, Schilling O, Hovnanian A, Heinis C. Phage Display Selected Cyclic Peptide Inhibitors of Kallikrein-Related Peptidases 5 and 7 and Their In Vivo Delivery to the Skin. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9735-9749. [PMID: 35653695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases 5 (KLK5) and 7 (KLK7) are serine proteases with homeostatic functions in the epidermis that play a critical role in Netherton syndrome (NS), a rare yet life-threatening genetic disorder that currently lacks specific treatment. Previous research suggests that controlling KLKs could lead to the development of NS therapies, but existing synthetic inhibitors have limitations. Herein, we used phage display to screen libraries comprising more than 100 billion different cyclic peptides and found selective, high-affinity inhibitors of KLK5 (Ki = 2.2 ± 0.1 nM) and KLK7 (Ki = 16 ± 4 nM). By eliminating protease-prone sites and conjugating the inhibitors to an albumin-binding peptide, we enhanced the inhibitor stability and prolonged the elimination half-life to around 5 h in mice. In tissue sections taken from mice, a fluorescently labeled peptide was detected in the epidermis, suggesting that the inhibitors can reach the KLKs upon systemic delivery and should be suited to control deregulated protease activity in NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Gonschorek
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Zorzi
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Maric
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Le Jeune
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Mischa Schüttel
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Montagnon
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Rebeca Gómez-Ojea
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Denis Patrick Vollmar
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Whitfield
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Luc Reymond
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Carle
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Hitesh Verma
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- INSERM UMR1163, Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France; Department of Genetics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children (AP-HP), 75015 Paris, France
| | - Christian Heinis
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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7
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Nouwen AEM, Schappin R, Nguyen NT, Ragamin A, Bygum A, Bodemer C, Dalm VASH, Pasmans SGMA. Outcomes of Systemic Treatment in Children and Adults With Netherton Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864449. [PMID: 35464459 PMCID: PMC9022473 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Comèl-Netherton syndrome (NS) is a rare disease caused by pathogenic variants in the SPINK5 gene, leading to severe skin barrier impairment and proinflammatory upregulation. Given the severity of the disease, treatment of NS is challenging. Current treatment regimens are mainly topical and supportive. Although novel systemic treatment options for NS have been suggested in recent literature, little is known about their outcomes. Objective to provide an overview of systemic treatment options and their outcomes in adults and children with NS. Methods Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar were searched up to July 22, 2021. Empirical studies published in English language mentioning systemic treatment in NS were enrolled. Studies that did not define a treatment period or report at least one outcome were excluded. Methodological quality was evaluated by the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist for case reports or case series. Overall quality of evidence of the primary outcome, skin, was assessed by the GRADE approach. Results 36 case series and case reports were included. The effects of 15 systemic therapies were described in 48 patients, of which 27 were children. Therapies included retinoids, prednisolone, cyclosporine, immunoglobulins, and biologicals. In retinoids both worsening (4/15 cases) and improvement (6/15 cases) of the skin was observed. Use of prednisolone and cyclosporine was only reported in one patient. Immunoglobulins (13/15 cases) and biologicals (18/21 cases) showed improvement of the skin. Certainty of evidence was rated as very low. Conclusion NS is a rare disease, which is reflected in the scarce literature on systemic treatment outcomes in children and adults with NS. Studies showed large heterogeneity in outcome measures. Adverse events were scarcely reported. Long-term outcomes were reported in a minority of cases. Nonetheless, a general beneficial effect of systemic treatment was found. Immunoglobulins and biologicals showed the most promising results and should be further explored. Future research should focus on determining a core outcome set and measurement instruments for NS to improve quality of research. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=217933, PROSPERO (ID: 217933).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk E M Nouwen
- Department of Dermatology-Center of Pediatric Dermatology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Renske Schappin
- Department of Dermatology-Center of Pediatric Dermatology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - N Tan Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology-Center of Pediatric Dermatology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aviël Ragamin
- Department of Dermatology-Center of Pediatric Dermatology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anette Bygum
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christine Bodemer
- Department of Dermatology, Reference Centre for Genodermatoses and Rare Skin Diseases (MAGEC), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (AP-HP), Paris Centre University, Paris, France
| | - Virgil A S H Dalm
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne G M A Pasmans
- Department of Dermatology-Center of Pediatric Dermatology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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8
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Dong Z, An L, Lu M, Tang M, Chen H, Huang X, Hou Y, Shen G, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Xia Q, Zhao P. SPINK7 Recognizes Fungi and Initiates Hemocyte-Mediated Immune Defense Against Fungal Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:735497. [PMID: 34603317 PMCID: PMC8484702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.735497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors of Kazal-type (SPINKs) were widely identified in vertebrates and invertebrates, and played regulatory roles in digestion, coagulation, and fibrinolysis. In this study, we reported the important role of SPINK7 in regulating immune defense of silkworm, Bombyx mori. SPINK7 contains three Kazal domains and has 6 conserved cysteine residues in each domain. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses revealed that SPINK7 was exclusively expressed in hemocytes and was upregulated after infection with two fungi, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. Enzyme activity inhibition test showed that SPINK7 significantly inhibited the activity of proteinase K from C. albicans. Additionally, SPINK7 inhibited the growth of three fungal spores, including S. cerevisiae, C. albicans, and Beauveria bassiana. The pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) binding assays suggested that SPINK7 could bind to β-D-glucan and agglutinate B. bassiana and C. albicans. In vitro assays were performed using SPINK7-coated agarose beads, and indicated that SPINK7 promoted encapsulation and melanization of agarose beads by B. mori hemocytes. Furthermore, co-localization studies using immunofluorescence revealed that SPINK7 induced hemocytes to aggregate and entrap the fungi spores of B. bassiana and C. albicans. Our study revealed that SPINK7 could recognize fungal PAMP and induce the aggregation, melanization, and encapsulation of hemocytes, and provided valuable clues for understanding the innate immunity and cellular immunity in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingna An
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengyao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Muya Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanwang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Xiang F, Wang Y, Cao C, Li Q, Deng H, Zheng J, Liu X, Tan X. The Role of Kallikrein 7 in Tumorigenesis. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2617-2631. [PMID: 34525904 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210915104537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein 7 (KLK7) is a secreted serine protease with chymotrypsic protease activity. Abnormally high expression of KLK7 is closely related to the occurrence and development of various types of cancer. Therefore, KLK7 has been identified as a potential target for cancer drug development design in recent years. KLK7 mediates various biological and pathological processes in tumorigenesis, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and cell metabolism, by hydrolyzing a series of substrates such as membrane proteins, extracellular matrix proteins, and cytokines. This review mainly introduces the downstream cell signaling pathways involved in the activation of KLK7 and its substrate-related proteins. This review will not only help us to better understand the mechanisms of KLK7 in regulating biological and pathological processes of cancer cells, but also lay a solid foundation for the design of inhibitors targeting KLK7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Xiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
| | - Yueqing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
| | - Chunyu Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
| | - Qingyun Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
| | - Hao Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China.,The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
| | - Xiao Tan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003. China
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10
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Malki Y, Martinez J, Masurier N. 1,3-Diazepine: A privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2247-2315. [PMID: 33645848 DOI: 10.1002/med.21795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Privileged structures have been widely used as effective templates for drug discovery. While benzo-1,4-diazepine constitutes the first historical example of such a structure, the 1,3 analogue is just as rich in terms of applications in medicinal chemistry. The 1,3-diazepine moiety is present in numerous biological active compounds including natural products, and is used to design compounds displaying a large range of biological activities. It is present in the clinically used anticancer compound pentostatin, in several recent FDA approved β-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., avibactam) and also in coformycin, a natural product known as a ring-expanded purine analogue displaying antiviral and anticancer activities. Several other 1,3-diazepine containing compounds have entered into clinical trials. This heterocyclic structure has been and is still widely used in medicinal chemistry to design enzyme inhibitors, GPCR ligands, and so forth. This review endeavours to highlight the main use of the 1,3-diazepine scaffold and its derivatives, and their applications in medicinal chemistry, drug design, and therapy. We will focus more particularly on the development of enzyme inhibitors incorporating this scaffold, with a strong emphasis on the molecular interactions involved in the inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Malki
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Masurier
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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11
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Petrova E, Hovnanian A. Advances in understanding of Netherton syndrome and therapeutic implications. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2020.1857724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Petrova
- Laboratory of genetic skin diseases, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- Laboratory of genetic skin diseases, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Departement of Genetics, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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12
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Di Paolo CT, Filippou PS, Yu Y, Poda G, Diamandis EP, Prassas I. Screening of chemical libraries in pursuit of kallikrein-5 specific inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory dermatoses. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 57:1737-1743. [PMID: 31129650 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Aberrant kallikrein activity is observed in a number of inflammatory dermatoses. Up-regulation of kallikrein-5 (KLK5) activity leads to uncontrolled skin desquamation and cleavage of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), causing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and disruption of epidermal barrier function. This study aimed to identify KLK5-specific small molecule inhibitors which can serve as the foundation of a novel therapeutic for inflammatory skin disorders. Methods Five chemical libraries (13,569 compounds total) were screened against recombinant KLK5 using a fluorogenic enzymatic assay. Secondary validation was performed on the top 22 primary hits. All hits were docked in the KLK5 crystal structure to rationalize their potential interactions with the protein. Results A naturally occurring compound derived from the wood of Caesalpinia sappan (Brazilin) was identified as a novel KLK5 inhibitor (IC50: 20 μM, Ki: 6.4 μM). Docking suggests that the phenolic moiety of Brazilin binds in the S1-pocket of KLK5 and forms a H-bond with S195 side chain. KLK14 was also found to be susceptible to inhibition by Brazilin with a calculated IC50 value of 14.6 μM. Conclusions Natural KLK5 small molecule inhibitors such as Brazilin, are ideal for topical skin disease drug design and remain a promising therapeutic for severe cases of inflammatory skin disorders. Optimized KLK inhibitors may have increased efficacy as therapeutics and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin T Di Paolo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Panagiota S Filippou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University Health Network, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yijing Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gennadiy Poda
- Drug Discovery, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Head of the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, 60 Murray St., Box 32, Floor 6, Rm L6-201, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 60 Murray Street, 6th Floor, Room 6-201 [Box 32], Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
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13
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Dabas G, Mahajan R, De D, Handa S, Kumar R, Dayal D, Suthar R, Panigrahi I. Managing syndromic congenital ichthyosis at a tertiary care institute-Genotype-phenotype correlations, and novel treatments. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13816. [PMID: 32533806 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Syndromic congenital ichthyoses (CI) are genetically determined disorders of cornification that are characterized by generalized scaling along with systemic symptoms. Data on congenital syndromic ichthyosis from developing countries are scarce. We aimed to assess the prevalence, phenotype-genotype correlation, and management of syndromic CI patients presenting to our outpatient during the specified period this was a retrospective study of congenital syndromic ichthyosis patients attending a dermatology clinic in a tertiary care center from 2105-2018. We reviewed epidemiological and comorbidities data, phenotype-genotype correlations, and treatments of syndromic congenital ichthyosis patients. Six patients of Syndromic CI were diagnosedamongst 86 patients of CI (8.1%). Amongst these, three patients of Sjogren-Larrson syndrome (SLS), two patients of Netherton syndrome (NS), and one of Chanarin-Dorfman disease (CDD) were reported. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed with novel variants reported in one patient each of SLS, NS, and CDD. An atypical phenotype was observed in a patient with NS with associated growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency but with favorable clinical response to intravenous immunoglobulin. Our reports point towards the unreported pool of genetic mutations in CI from India. Novel mutations were associated with variable cutaneous and systemic involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Dabas
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rahul Mahajan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Dipankar De
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjeev Handa
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Devi Dayal
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Renu Suthar
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Inusha Panigrahi
- Department of Paediatric Genetics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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14
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Stuvel K, Heeringa JJ, Dalm VASH, Meijers RWJ, Hoffen E, Gerritsen SAM, Zelm MC, Pasmans SGMA. Comel-Netherton syndrome: A local skin barrier defect in the absence of an underlying systemic immunodeficiency. Allergy 2020; 75:1710-1720. [PMID: 31975472 PMCID: PMC7384150 DOI: 10.1111/all.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Comel‐Netherton syndrome (NS) is a rare autosomal disease, characterized by severe skin disease, hair shaft defects, atopic diathesis, and increased susceptibility for skin infections. Since patients with NS suffer from recurrent infections, it has been hypothesized that an underlying immunodeficiency attributes to this. Here, we studied clinical and immunological characteristics of the cohort of NS patients in the Netherlands in order to identify whether potential immunodeficiencies result in the increased risk of infectious complications. Methods Phenotypes were scored for severity of skin condition, specific hair shaft defects, atopy, and recurrent infections. Patients’ blood samples were collected for quantification of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, specific antibodies against Streptococcuspneumoniae, and allergen‐specific IgE, as well as detailed immunophenotyping of blood leukocyte and lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry. Results A total of 14 patients were included with age range 3‐46 years and varying degrees of skin involvement. All patients presented with atopic symptoms (food allergy, n = 13; hay fever, n = 10; asthma, n = 7). Recurrent skin infections were common, particularly in childhood (n = 12). Low levels of specific antibodies against S pneumoniae were found in 10 of 11 evaluated patients. Detailed immunological analysis was performed on 9 adult patients. Absolute numbers of lymphocyte subsets and serum immunoglobulin levels were all within normal ranges. Conclusion Multidisciplinary evaluation of our national cohort showed no evidence for a severe, clinically relevant systemic immunodeficiency. Therefore, we conclude that in Dutch NS patients the increased risk of infections most likely results from the skin barrier disruption and that increased allergen penetration predisposes to allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Stuvel
- Department of Dermatology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jorn J. Heeringa
- Department of Immunology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Virgil A. S. H. Dalm
- Department of Immunology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Clinical Immunology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Rare Immunological Diseases (RIDC) Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ruud W. J. Meijers
- Department of Immunology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Els Hoffen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology University Medical Center Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Menno C. Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Department of Allergy, Immunology & Respiratory Medicine Alfred Hospital Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Suzanne G. M. A. Pasmans
- Department of Dermatology Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology Sophia Children’s Hospital Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
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15
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Di Paolo CT, Diamandis EP, Prassas I. The role of kallikreins in inflammatory skin disorders and their potential as therapeutic targets. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2020; 58:1-16. [PMID: 32568598 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2020.1775171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The skin is a vital organ of the human body, serving numerous protective and functional roles that are essential for survival. Residing in the epidermis are various epidermal proteases responsible for the establishment and regulation of barrier function. The human tissue kallikrein-related peptidase family conserves homeostasis of the skin barrier through their roles in desquamation, antimicrobial defense, innate immune response, and barrier maintenance. The activity of kallikreins is tightly regulated and dysregulation of kallikrein activity is seen to contribute to the formation of several inflammatory skin disorders. This review highlights the roles of kallikreins in skin homeostasis and pathologies. Due to their part in these skin disorders, inhibitors of the skin kallikreins have become attractive therapeutics. Over the past few years, both natural and synthetic inhibitors of several kallikreins have been identified and are undergoing further development as treatments to restore compromised barrier function. This review summarizes the kallikrein inhibitors under development for this purpose. These inhibitors remain promising therapeutics in cases of severe skin inflammation not well managed by current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin T Di Paolo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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16
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Gálvez V, Chacón-Solano E, Bonafont J, Mencía Á, Di WL, Murillas R, Llames S, Vicente A, Del Rio M, Carretero M, Larcher F. Efficient CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Gene Ablation in Human Keratinocytes to Recapitulate Genodermatoses: Modeling of Netherton Syndrome. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 18:280-290. [PMID: 32637457 PMCID: PMC7329935 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current efforts to find specific genodermatoses treatments and define precise pathogenesis mechanisms require appropriate surrogate models with human cells. Although transgenic and gene knockout mouse models for several of these disorders exist, they often fail to faithfully replicate the clinical and histopathological features of the human skin condition. We have established a highly efficient method for precise deletion of critical gene sequences in primary human keratinocytes, based on CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing. Using this methodology, in the present study we generated a model of Netherton syndrome by disruption of SPINK5. Gene-edited cells showed absence of LEKTI expression and were able to recapitulate a hyperkeratotic phenotype with most of the molecular hallmarks of Netherton syndrome, after grafting to immunodeficient mice and in organotypic cultures. To validate the model as a platform for therapeutic intervention, we tested an ex vivo gene therapy approach using a lentiviral vector expressing SPINK5. Re-expression of SPINK5 in an immortalized clone of SPINK5-knockout keratinocytes was capable of reverting from Netherton syndrome to a normal skin phenotype in vivo and in vitro. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of modeling genodermatoses, such as Netherton syndrome, by efficiently disrupting the causative gene to better understand its pathogenesis and to develop novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gálvez
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban Chacón-Solano
- Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carlos III University (UC3M), 28903 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Bonafont
- Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carlos III University (UC3M), 28903 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Mencía
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wei-Li Di
- UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Rodolfo Murillas
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Llames
- Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain.,Tissue Engineering Unit, Centro Comunitario Sangre y Tejidos (CCST), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Asunción Vicente
- Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.,Unidad de Dermatología, Hospital Materno-Infantil Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcela Del Rio
- Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carlos III University (UC3M), 28903 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Carretero
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Larcher
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carlos III University (UC3M), 28903 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) U714, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Aging-associated alterations in epidermal function and their clinical significance. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:5551-5565. [PMID: 32217811 PMCID: PMC7138575 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronologically-aged skin displays multiple functional changes in both the dermis and the epidermis. It appears that epidermal dysfunction, compromised permeability homeostasis, reduced stratum corneum hydration and elevated skin surface pH predispose to the development of aging-associated cutaneous and extracutaneous disorders. Improvements in epidermal function have been shown to be an effective alternative therapy in the prevention and treatment of some aging-associated cutaneous disorders, including eczematous dermatitis, pruritus, and xerosis. Recent studies demonstrated that epidermal dysfunction leads to the development of chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation, termed ‘inflammaging,’ which is linked to the development of aging-associated systemic disorders. Thus, correction of epidermal dysfunction could comprise a novel strategy in the prevention and treatment of aging-associated systemic disorders as well. In this review, we summarize aging-associated alterations in epidermal function, their underlying mechanisms, and their clinical significance. Regimens to improve epidermal function in the elderly are also discussed.
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18
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Gouin O, Barbieux C, Leturcq F, Bonnet des Claustres M, Petrova E, Hovnanian A. Transgenic Kallikrein 14 Mice Display Major Hair Shaft Defects Associated with Desmoglein 3 and 4 Degradation, Abnormal Epidermal Differentiation, and IL-36 Signature. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:1184-1194. [PMID: 32169475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Netherton syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive skin disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in SPINK5 encoding LEKTI protein that results in unopposed activity of epidermal kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), mainly KLK5, KLK7, and KLK14. Although the function of KLK5 and KLK7 has been previously studied, the role of KLK14 in skin homeostasis and its contribution to Netherton syndrome pathogenesis remains unknown. We generated a transgenic murine model overexpressing human KLK14 (TghKLK14) in stratum granulosum. TghKLK14 mice revealed increased proteolytic activity in the granular layers and in hair follicles. Their hair did not grow and displayed major defects with hyperplastic hair follicles when hKLK14 was overexpressed. TghKLK14 mice displayed abnormal epidermal hyperproliferation and differentiation. Ultrastructural analysis revealed cell separation in the hair cortex and increased thickness of Huxley's layer. Desmoglein (Dsg) 2 staining was increased, whereas Dsg3 and Dsg4 were markedly reduced. In vitro studies showed that hKLK14 directly cleaves recombinant human DSG3 and recombinant human DSG4, suggesting that their degradation contributes to hair abnormalities. Their skin showed an inflammatory signature, with enhanced expression of IL-36 family members and their downstream targets involved in innate immunity. This in vivo study identifies KLK14 as an important contributor to hair abnormalities and skin inflammation seen in Netherton syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Gouin
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Claire Barbieux
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Florent Leturcq
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Bonnet des Claustres
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Evgeniya Petrova
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; University of Paris, Paris, France; Department of Genetics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children (AP-HP), Paris, France.
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19
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Ramesh K, Matta SA, Chew FT, Mok YK. Exonic mutations associated with atopic dermatitis disrupt lympho-epithelial Kazal-type related inhibitor action and enhance its degradation. Allergy 2020; 75:403-411. [PMID: 31407378 DOI: 10.1111/all.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin desquamation is facilitated by serine proteases KLK5 and KLK7, which are tightly regulated by lympho-epithelial Kazal-type related inhibitor (LEKTI). LEKTI itself is controlled through degraded by mesotrypsin. Here, we sought to determine whether LEKTI exonic mutations associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) affect the protease inhibitory activity of LEKTI or its susceptibility to mesotrypsin degradation. METHODS The inhibitory activities of the LEKTI domain 4 (D4) and D6 WT and AD-associated mutants on the enzyme activities of KLK5 and KLK7 were compared using fluorogenic substrates. A keratinocyte cell culture system using HaCat cells was established to assess the role of D6 WT and D386N on triggering inflammation via the induction of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). A degradation assay was used to assess the susceptibility of D4 and D6 mutants to mesotrypsin degradation. RESULTS Enzymatic assays revealed that the D6 D386N mutation affected the inhibitory activity of LEKTI on KLK5 but not KLK7. Other exonic mutations on D6 (N368S, V395M, and E420K) and D4 (R267Q) did not alter LEKTI inhibition. The D386N mutation disrupted the role of D6 in suppressing TSLP induction by KLK5 in HaCat cells. Although WT D4 is more susceptible to mesotrypsin degradation than WT D6, the D4 R267Q mutant was more resistant to mesotrypsin degradation, whereas the D6 E420K mutant showed enhanced mesotrypsin-mediated degradation. CONCLUSION Exonic mutations in D6, which previously have been associated with AD, may cause a disruption of inhibitory activity on KLK5 or enhance the degradation by mesotrypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Ramesh
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
| | - Sri Anusha Matta
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
| | - Fook Tim Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
| | - Yu Keung Mok
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
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20
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Bankova LG, Barrett NA. Epithelial cell function and remodeling in nasal polyposis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020; 124:333-341. [PMID: 32007569 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the latest discoveries on airway epithelial cell diversity and remodeling in type 2 inflammation, including nasal polyposis. DATA SOURCES Reviews and primary research manuscripts were identified from PubMed, Google, and Bioarchives, using the search words airway epithelium, nasal polyposis, or chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis AND basal cell, ciliated cell, secretory cell, goblet cell, neuroendocrine cell, pulmonary neuroendocrine cell, ionocyte, brush cell, solitary chemosensory cell, microvillus cell, or tuft cell. STUDY SELECTIONS Studies were selected based on novelty and likely relevance to airway epithelial innate immune functions or the pathobiology of type 2 inflammation. RESULTS Airway epithelial cells are more diverse than previously appreciated, with specialized subsets, including ionocytes, solitary chemosensory cells, and neuroendocrine cells that contribute to important innate immune functions. In chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis, the composition of the epithelium is significantly altered. Loss of ciliated cells and submucosal glands and an increase in basal airway epithelial progenitors leads to loss of innate immune functions and an expansion of proinflammatory potential. Type 2 cytokines play a major role in driving this process. CONCLUSION Airway epithelial remodeling in chronic rhinosinusitis is extensive, leading to loss of innate immune function and enhanced proinflammatory potential. The mechanisms driving airway remodeling and its sequelae deserve further attention before restitution of epithelial differentiation can be considered a reasonable therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora G Bankova
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nora A Barrett
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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21
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Chen X, Leahy D, Van Haeften J, Hartfield P, Prentis PJ, van der Burg CA, Surm JM, Pavasovic A, Madio B, Hamilton BR, King GF, Undheim EAB, Brattsand M, Harris JM. A Versatile and Robust Serine Protease Inhibitor Scaffold from Actinia tenebrosa. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E701. [PMID: 31842369 PMCID: PMC6950308 DOI: 10.3390/md17120701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases play pivotal roles in normal physiology and a spectrum of patho-physiological processes. Accordingly, there is considerable interest in the discovery and design of potent serine protease inhibitors for therapeutic applications. This led to concerted efforts to discover versatile and robust molecular scaffolds for inhibitor design. This investigation is a bioprospecting study that aims to isolate and identify protease inhibitors from the cnidarian Actinia tenebrosa. The study isolated two Kunitz-type protease inhibitors with very similar sequences but quite divergent inhibitory potencies when assayed against bovine trypsin, chymostrypsin, and a selection of human sequence-related peptidases. Homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations of these inhibitors in complex with their targets were carried out and, collectively, these methodologies enabled the definition of a versatile scaffold for inhibitor design. Thermal denaturation studies showed that the inhibitors were remarkably robust. To gain a fine-grained map of the residues responsible for this stability, we conducted in silico alanine scanning and quantified individual residue contributions to the inhibitor's stability. Sequences of these inhibitors were then used to search for Kunitz homologs in an A. tenebrosa transcriptome library, resulting in the discovery of a further 14 related sequences. Consensus analysis of these variants identified a rich molecular diversity of Kunitz domains and expanded the palette of potential residue substitutions for rational inhibitor design using this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Chen
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (X.C.); (D.L.); (J.V.H.); (C.A.v.d.B.); (A.P.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
| | - Darren Leahy
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (X.C.); (D.L.); (J.V.H.); (C.A.v.d.B.); (A.P.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
| | - Jessica Van Haeften
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (X.C.); (D.L.); (J.V.H.); (C.A.v.d.B.); (A.P.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
| | - Perry Hartfield
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
| | - Peter J. Prentis
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
- Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Chloé A. van der Burg
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (X.C.); (D.L.); (J.V.H.); (C.A.v.d.B.); (A.P.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
| | - Joachim M. Surm
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (X.C.); (D.L.); (J.V.H.); (C.A.v.d.B.); (A.P.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
| | - Ana Pavasovic
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (X.C.); (D.L.); (J.V.H.); (C.A.v.d.B.); (A.P.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
| | - Bruno Madio
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (B.M.); (G.F.K.)
| | - Brett R. Hamilton
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (B.R.H.); (E.A.B.U.)
| | - Glenn F. King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (B.M.); (G.F.K.)
| | - Eivind A. B. Undheim
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (B.R.H.); (E.A.B.U.)
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Brattsand
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Jonathan M. Harris
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (X.C.); (D.L.); (J.V.H.); (C.A.v.d.B.); (A.P.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
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22
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Di WL, Lwin SM, Petrova A, Bernadis C, Syed F, Farzaneh F, Moulding D, Martinez AE, Sebire NJ, Rampling D, Virasami A, Zamiri M, Wang W, Hara H, Kadiyirire T, Abdul-Wahab A, Martinez-Queipo M, Harper JI, McGrath JA, Thrasher AJ, Mellerio JE, Qasim W. Generation and Clinical Application of Gene-Modified Autologous Epidermal Sheets in Netherton Syndrome: Lessons Learned from a Phase 1 Trial. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:1067-1078. [PMID: 31288584 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Netherton syndrome (NS) is a rare autosomal recessive skin disorder caused by mutations in SPINK5. It is a debilitating condition with notable mortality in the early years of life. There is no curative treatment. We undertook a nonrandomized, open-label, feasibility, and safety study using autologous keratinocytes transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding SPINK5 under the control of the human involucrin promoter. Six NS subjects were recruited, and gene-modified epithelial sheets were successfully generated in three of five subjects. The sheets exhibited expression of correctly sized lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI) protein after modification. One subject was grafted with a 20 cm2 gene-modified graft on the left anterior thigh without any adverse complications and was monitored by serial sampling for 12 months. Recovery within the graft area was compared against an area outside by morphology, proviral copy number and expression of the SPINK5 encoded protein, LEKTI, and its downstream target kallikrein 5, which exhibited transient functional correction. The study confirmed the feasibility of generating lentiviral gene-modified epidermal sheets for inherited skin diseases such as NS, but sustained LEKTI expression is likely to require the identification, targeting, and engraftment of long-lived keratinocyte stem cell populations for durable therapeutic effects. Important learning points for the application of gene-modified epidermal sheets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Di
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Su M Lwin
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Petrova
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catina Bernadis
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farhatullah Syed
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farzin Farzaneh
- Cell and Gene Therapy-King's (CGT-K), School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dale Moulding
- Light Microscopy Core Facility, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna E Martinez
- Dermatology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J Sebire
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dyanne Rampling
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Virasami
- Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mozheh Zamiri
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,GeneWerk GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Havinder Hara
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tendai Kadiyirire
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alya Abdul-Wahab
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - John I Harper
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - John A McGrath
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jemima E Mellerio
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Waseem Qasim
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Walker AL, Bingham RP, Edgar EV, Ferrie A, Holmes DS, Liddle J, Polyakova O, Rella M, Smith KJ, Thorpe JH, Wang Y, White GV, Young RJ, Hovnanian A. Structure guided drug design to develop kallikrein 5 inhibitors to treat Netherton syndrome. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1454-1458. [PMID: 31005442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The connection between Netherton syndrome and overactivation of epidermal/dermal proteases particularly KLK5 has been well established. To treat sufferers of this severe condition we wished to develop a topical KLK5 inhibitor in order to normalise epidermal shedding and reduce the associated inflammation and itching. In this paper we describe structure-based optimisation of a series of brightly coloured weak KLK5 inhibitors into colourless, non-irritant molecules with good KLK5 activity and selectivity over a range of serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Walker
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK.
| | - Ryan P Bingham
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Emma V Edgar
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Alan Ferrie
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Duncan S Holmes
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - John Liddle
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Oxana Polyakova
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Monika Rella
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Kathrine J Smith
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - James H Thorpe
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Yichen Wang
- INSERM UMR1163 Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute and Université Paris Descarte - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gemma V White
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Robert J Young
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Alain Hovnanian
- INSERM UMR1163 Laboratory of Genetic Skin Diseases, Imagine Institute and Université Paris Descarte - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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24
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Ramesh K, Lama D, Tan KW, Nguyen VS, Chew FT, Verma CS, Mok YK. Homologous Lympho-Epithelial Kazal-type Inhibitor Domains Delay Blood Coagulation by Inhibiting Factor X and XI with Differential Specificity. Structure 2018; 26:1178-1186.e3. [PMID: 30017565 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite being initially identified in the blood filtrate, LEKTI is a 15-domain Kazal-type inhibitor mostly known in the regulation of skin desquamation. In the current study, screening of serine proteases in blood coagulation cascade showed that LEKTI domain 4 has inhibitory activity toward only FXIa, whereas LEKTI domain 6 inhibits both FXIa and FXaB (bovine FXa). Nuclear magnetic resonance structural and dynamic experiments plus molecular dynamics simulation revealed that LEKTI domain 4 has enhanced backbone flexibility at the reactive-site loop. A model of the LEKTI-protease complex revealed that FXaB has a narrower S4 pocket compared with FXIa and hence prefers only small side-chain residues at the P4 position, such as Ala in LEKTI domain 6. Mutational studies combined with a molecular complex model suggest that both a more flexible reactive-site loop and a bulky residue at the P4 position make LEKTI domain 4 a weaker but highly selective inhibitor of FXIa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Ramesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Dilraj Lama
- Bioinformatics Institute, A(∗)STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Kang Wei Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Van Sang Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Fook Tim Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Chandra S Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore; Bioinformatics Institute, A(∗)STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Yu Keung Mok
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore.
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25
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Fischer J, Meyer-Hoffert U. Regulation of kallikrein-related peptidases in the skin – from physiology to diseases to therapeutic options. Thromb Haemost 2017; 110:442-9. [DOI: 10.1160/th12-11-0836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SummaryKallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) constitute a family of 15 highly conserved serine proteases, which show a tissue-specific expression profile. This made them valuable tumour expression markers. It became evident that KLKs are involved in many physiological processes like semen liquefaction and skin desquamation. More recently, we have learnt that they are involved in many pathophysiological conditions and diseases making them promising target of therapeutic intervention. Therefore, regulation of KLKs raised the interest of numerous reports. Herein, we summarise the current knowledge on KLKs regulation with an emphasis on skin-relevant KLKs regulation processes. Regulation of KLKs takes place on the level of transcription, on protease activation and on protease inactivation. A variety of protease inhibitors has been described to interact with KLKs including the irreversible serine protease inhibitors (SERPINs) and the reversible serine protease inhibitors of Kazal-type (SPINKs). In an attempt to integrate current knowledge, we propose that KLK regulation has credentials as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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26
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Delaunay T, Deschamps L, Haddada M, Walker F, Soosaipillai A, Soualmia F, El Amri C, Diamandis EP, Brattsand M, Magdolen V, Darmoul D. Aberrant expression of kallikrein-related peptidase 7 is correlated with human melanoma aggressiveness by stimulating cell migration and invasion. Mol Oncol 2017. [PMID: 28636767 PMCID: PMC5623816 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the tissue kallikrein‐related peptidase (KLK) family not only regulate several important physiological functions, but aberrant expression has also been associated with various malignancies. Clinically, KLKs have been suggested as promising biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis in many types of cancer. As of yet, expression of KLKs and their role in skin cancers are, however, poorly addressed. Malignant melanoma is an aggressive disease associated with poor prognosis. Hence, diagnostic biomarkers to monitor melanoma progression are needed. Herein, we demonstrate that although mRNA of several KLKs are aberrantly expressed in melanoma cell lines, only the KLK7 protein is highly secreted in vitro. In line with these findings, ectopic expression of KLK7 in human melanomas and its absence in benign nevi were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in vivo. Interestingly, overexpression of KLK7 induced a significant reduction in melanoma cell proliferation and colony formation. Moreover, KLK7 overexpression triggered an increase in cell motility and invasion associated with decreased expression of E‐cadherin and an upregulation of MCAM/CD146. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that aberrant KLK7 expression leads to a switch from proliferative to invasive phenotype, suggesting a potential role of KLK7 in melanoma progression. Thus, we hypothesize that KLK7 may represent a potential biomarker for melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Delaunay
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS-S976, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Lydia Deschamps
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Meriem Haddada
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS-S976, Université Paris Diderot, France
| | - Francine Walker
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | | | - Feryel Soualmia
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS-UPMC, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Chahrazade El Amri
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS, UMR 8256 CNRS-UPMC, ERL INSERM U1164, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | | | - Maria Brattsand
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Dalila Darmoul
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS-S976, Université Paris Diderot, France
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27
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Keuylian Z, Hovnanian A. Mechanistic insight from murine models of Netherton syndrome. Biol Chem 2017; 397:1223-1228. [PMID: 27710911 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Protease regulation plays a crucial role in skin homeostasis and inflammation as revealed by the identification of loss-of-function mutations in SPINK5 (serine protease inhibitor of Kazal type 5) in Netherton sydrome (NS). SPINK5 encodes LEKTI (lympho-epithelial Kazal type related inhibitor), a multidomain serine protease inhibitor expressed in all stratified epithelia. Our laboratory has developed a number of murine models which have been instrumental in dissecting the pathogenesis of NS. This minireview discusses the major findings of these models and emphasizes the role of protease regulation, especially kallikrein-related peptidases in NS.
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28
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Masurier N, Arama DP, El Amri C, Lisowski V. Inhibitors of kallikrein-related peptidases: An overview. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:655-683. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Masurier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS; Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - Dominique P. Arama
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS; Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - Chahrazade El Amri
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256; Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Integrated Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, Molecular & Functional Enzymology; Paris France
| | - Vincent Lisowski
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS; Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques; Montpellier Cedex France
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Kasparek P, Ileninova Z, Zbodakova O, Kanchev I, Benada O, Chalupsky K, Brattsand M, Beck IM, Sedlacek R. KLK5 and KLK7 Ablation Fully Rescues Lethality of Netherton Syndrome-Like Phenotype. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006566. [PMID: 28095415 PMCID: PMC5283769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Netherton syndrome (NS) is a severe skin disease caused by the loss of protease inhibitor LEKTI, which leads to the dysregulation of epidermal proteases and severe skin-barrier defects. KLK5 was proposed as a major protease in NS pathology, however its inactivation is not sufficient to rescue the lethal phenotype of LEKTI-deficient mice. In this study, we further elucidated the in vivo roles of the epidermal proteases in NS using a set of mouse models individually or simultaneously deficient for KLK5 and KLK7 on the genetic background of a novel NS-mouse model. We show that although the ablation of KLK5 or KLK7 is not sufficient to rescue the lethal effect of LEKTI-deficiency simultaneous deficiency of both KLKs completely rescues the epidermal barrier and the postnatal lethality allowing mice to reach adulthood with fully functional skin and normal hair growth. We report that not only KLK5 but also KLK7 plays an important role in the inflammation and defective differentiation in NS and KLK7 activity is not solely dependent on activation by KLK5. Altogether, these findings show that unregulated activities of KLK5 and KLK7 are responsible for NS development and both proteases should become targets for NS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kasparek
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Ileninova
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Zbodakova
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Kanchev
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Oldrich Benada
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Characterization, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Chalupsky
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Brattsand
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Inken M. Beck
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vestec, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Sarri CA, Roussaki-Schulze A, Vasilopoulos Y, Zafiriou E, Patsatsi A, Stamatis C, Gidarokosta P, Sotiriadis D, Sarafidou T, Mamuris Z. Netherton Syndrome: A Genotype-Phenotype Review. Mol Diagn Ther 2016; 21:137-152. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-016-0243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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31
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Kallikreins - The melting pot of activity and function. Biochimie 2015; 122:270-82. [PMID: 26408415 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The human tissue kallikrein and kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs), encoded by the largest contiguous cluster of protease genes in the human genome, are secreted serine proteases with diverse expression patterns and physiological roles. Because of the broad spectrum of processes that are modulated by kallikreins, these proteases are the subject of extensive investigations. This review brings together basic information about the biochemical properties affecting enzymatic activity, with highlights on post-translational modifications, especially glycosylation. Additionally, we present the current state of knowledge regarding the physiological functions of KLKs in major human organs and outline recent discoveries pertinent to the involvement of kallikreins in cell signaling and in viral infections. Despite the current depth of knowledge of these enzymes, many questions regarding the roles of kallikreins in health and disease remain unanswered.
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KLK5 Inactivation Reverses Cutaneous Hallmarks of Netherton Syndrome. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005389. [PMID: 26390218 PMCID: PMC4577096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Netherton Syndrome (NS) is a rare and severe autosomal recessive skin disease which can be life-threatening in infants. The disease is characterized by extensive skin desquamation, inflammation, allergic manifestations and hair shaft defects. NS is caused by loss-of-function mutations in SPINK5 encoding the LEKTI serine protease inhibitor. LEKTI deficiency results in unopposed activities of kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) and aberrantly increased proteolysis in the epidermis. Spink5⁻/⁻ mice recapitulate the NS phenotype, display enhanced epidermal Klk5 and Klk7 protease activities and die within a few hours after birth because of a severe skin barrier defect. However the contribution of these various proteases in the physiopathology remains to be determined. In this study, we developed a new murine model in which Klk5 and Spink5 were both knocked out to assess whether Klk5 deletion is sufficient to reverse the NS phenotype in Spink5⁻/⁻ mice. By repeated intercrossing between Klk5⁻/⁻ mice with Spink5⁻/⁻ mice, we generated Spink5⁻/⁻Klk5⁻/⁻ animals. We showed that Klk5 knock-out in Lekti-deficient newborn mice rescues neonatal lethality, reverses the severe skin barrier defect, restores epidermal structure and prevents skin inflammation. Specifically, using in situ zymography and specific protease substrates, we showed that Klk5 knockout reduced epidermal proteolytic activity, particularly its downstream targets proteases KLK7, KLK14 and ELA2. By immunostaining, western blot, histology and electron microscopy analyses, we provide evidence that desmosomes and corneodesmosomes remain intact and that epidermal differentiation is restored in Spink5⁻/⁻Klk5⁻/⁻. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses and immunostainings revealed absence of inflammation and allergy in Spink5⁻/⁻Klk5⁻/⁻ skin. Notably, Il-1β, Il17A and Tslp levels were normalized. Our results provide in vivo evidence that KLK5 knockout is sufficient to reverse NS-like symptoms manifested in Spink5⁻/⁻ skin. These findings illustrate the crucial role of protease regulation in skin homeostasis and inflammation, and establish KLK5 inhibition as a major therapeutic target for NS.
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Kitajima Y. Implications of normal and disordered remodeling dynamics of corneodesmosomes in stratum corneum. DERMATOL SIN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsi.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Leusink FK, van Diest P, Frank M, Broekhuizen R, Braunius W, van Hooff S, Willems SM, Koole R. The Co-Expression of Kallikrein 5 and Kallikrein 7 Associates with Poor Survival in Non-HPV Oral Squamous-Cell Carcinoma. Pathobiology 2015; 82:58-67. [DOI: 10.1159/000381904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Arama DP, Soualmia F, Lisowski V, Longevial JF, Bosc E, Maillard LT, Martinez J, Masurier N, El Amri C. Pyrido-imidazodiazepinones as a new class of reversible inhibitors of human kallikrein 7. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:202-13. [PMID: 25682203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The human tissue kallikrein-7 (KLK7) is a chymotryptic serine protease member of tissue kallikrein family. KLK7 is involved in skin homeostasis and inflammation. Excess of KLK7 activity is also associated with tumor metastasis processes, especially in ovarian carcinomas, prostatic and pancreatic cancers. Development of Kallikrein 7 inhibitors is thus of great interest in oncology but also for treating skin diseases. Most of the developed synthetic inhibitors present several drawbacks such as poor selectivity and unsuitable physico-chemical properties for in vivo use. Recently, we described a practical sequence for the synthesis of imidazopyridine-fused [1,3]-diazepines. Here, we report the identification of pyrido-imidazodiazepinone core as a new potential scaffold to develop selective and competitive inhibitors of kallikrein-related peptidase 7. Structure-activity relationships (SAR), inhibition mechanisms and selectivity as well as cytotoxicity against selected cancer cell lines were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique P Arama
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Feryel Soualmia
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256, B2A, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Integrated Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, Molecular & Functional Enzymology, 7 Quai St Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Lisowski
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-François Longevial
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Elodie Bosc
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256, B2A, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Integrated Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, Molecular & Functional Enzymology, 7 Quai St Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Ludovic T Maillard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Nicolas Masurier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Chahrazade El Amri
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8256, B2A, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Integrated Cellular Ageing and Inflammation, Molecular & Functional Enzymology, 7 Quai St Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France.
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36
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Peeling off the genetics of atopic dermatitis–like congenital disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:808-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Hand eczema is often a chronic, multifactorial disease. It is usually related to occupational or routine household activities. Exact etiology of the disease is difficult to determine. It may become severe enough and disabling to many of patients in course of time. An estimated 2-10% of population is likely to develop hand eczema at some point of time during life. It appears to be the most common occupational skin disease, comprising 9-35% of all occupational diseases and up to 80% or more of all occupational contact dermatitis. So, it becomes important to find the exact etiology and classification of the disease and to use the appropriate preventive and treatment measures. Despite its importance in the dermatological practice, very few Indian studies have been done till date to investigate the epidemiological trends, etiology, and treatment options for hand eczema. In this review, we tried to find the etiology, epidemiology, and available treatment modalities for chronic hand eczema patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rahul Gupta
- Department of Dermatology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - Puneet Agarwal
- Department of Dermatology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India
| | - Sheetal Napalia
- Department of Dermatology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India
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Phase I Study Protocol for Ex Vivo Lentiviral Gene Therapy for the Inherited Skin Disease, Netherton Syndrome. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2013; 24:182-90. [DOI: 10.1089/humc.2013.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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39
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Netherton syndrome: skin inflammation and allergy by loss of protease inhibition. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 351:289-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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40
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Yamamoto M, Miyai M, Matsumoto Y, Tsuboi R, Hibino T. Kallikrein-related peptidase-7 regulates caspase-14 maturation during keratinocyte terminal differentiation by generating an intermediate form. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:32825-34. [PMID: 22825846 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.357467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The maturation and activation mechanisms of caspases are generally well understood, except for those of caspase-14, which is activated at the onset of keratinocyte terminal differentiation. We investigated the possible involvement of epidermal proteases expressed in the late stage of differentiation, and found that the chymotrypsin-like serine protease kallikrein-related peptidase-7 (KLK7) cleaved procaspase-14 at Tyr(178), generating an intermediate form that consists of a large (20 kDa) and a small subunit (8 kDa). We prepared an antibody directed to this cleavage site (h14Y178 Ab), and confirmed that it recognized a 20-kDa band formed when procaspase-14 was incubated with chymotrypsin or KLK7. We then constructed a constitutively active form of the intermediate, revC14-Y178. The substrate specificity of revC14-Y178 was completely different from that of caspase-14, showing broad specificity for various caspase substrates except WEHD-7-amino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (AFC), the preferred substrate of active, mature caspase-14. K(m) values for VEID-AFC, DEVD-AFC, LEVD-AFC, and LEHD-AFC were 0.172, 0.261, 0.504, and 0.847 μM, respectively. We confirmed that the mature form of caspase-14 was generated when procaspase-14 was incubated with KLK7 or revC14-Y178. Expression of constitutively active KLK7 in cultured keratinocytes resulted in generation of both the intermediate form and the mature form of caspase-14. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the intermediate form was localized at the granular layer. Our results indicate that regulation of procaspase-14 maturation during terminal differentiation is a unique two-step process involving KLK7 and an activation intermediate of caspase-14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Yamamoto
- Shiseido Research Center, 2-12-1 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8643, Japan
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41
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Bennett K, Heywood W, Di WL, Harper J, Clayman GL, Jayakumar A, Callard R, Mills K. The identification of a new role for LEKTI in the skin: The use of protein ‘bait’ arrays to detect defective trafficking of dermcidin in the skin of patients with Netherton syndrome. J Proteomics 2012; 75:3925-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mohammed D, Matts PJ, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Influence of Aqueous Cream BP on corneocyte size, maturity, skin protease activity, protein content and transepidermal water loss. Br J Dermatol 2012; 164:1304-10. [PMID: 21443526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aqueous Cream BP is frequently prescribed for patients with eczema and is known to induce sensitivity in certain patients and also to decrease the thickness of the stratum corneum (SC). We have previously reported methodology to quantify corneocyte maturity and size, protease activity and protein content within different levels of the SC. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in corneocyte size, corneocyte maturity, selected protease activities, protein content and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in normal skin after a 28-day application of Aqueous Cream BP. METHODS The left and right mid volar forearms of six healthy female volunteers were selected as the study sites. Aqueous Cream BP was applied twice daily to treated sites for 28 days. At the end of this period, the site was tape-stripped and corneocyte maturity, corneocyte size and protease activity of the desquamatory kallikrein proteases, KLK5 and KLK7, and the inflammatory proteases tryptase and plasmin were measured. Protein content and TEWL measurements were also recorded. RESULTS Corneocyte maturity and size decreased with increasing number of tape strips, and were significantly lower in treated sites compared with untreated sites. Protease activity and TEWL values were higher (P < 0·05) for the treated sites compared with untreated sites. The amount of protein removed from deeper layers of treated sites was significantly lower than from untreated sites. CONCLUSIONS We report rapid minimally invasive measures of the effects of Aqueous Cream BP at the cellular and molecular level of the skin. Treatment with this formulation is associated with increased desquamatory and inflammatory protease activity. Changes in corneocyte maturity and size are also indicative of accelerated skin turnover induced by chronic application of this emollient. These findings question firmly the routine prescription of this preparation as a moisturizer in patients with atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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43
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When activity requires breaking up: LEKTI proteolytic activation cascade for specific proteinase inhibition. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 131:2169-73. [PMID: 21997416 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoepithelial Kazal-type related inhibitor (LEKTI) is a multidomain proteinase inhibitor whose defective expression causes Netherton syndrome (NS). LEKTI is encoded by SPINK5, which is also a susceptibility gene for atopic disease. In this issue, Fortugno et al. report an elegant and thorough study of the LEKTI proteolytic activation process in which they identify the precise nature of the cleavage sites used and the bioactive fragments generated. They propose a proteolytic activation model in human skin and confirm differential inhibition of kallikrein (KLK) 5, 7, and 14 by the major physiological LEKTI fragments. They show that these bioactive fragments inhibit KLK-mediated proteolysis of desmoglein 1 (DSG1) and suggest a fine-tuned inhibition process controlling target serine proteinase (SP) activity.
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44
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Clinical expression and new SPINK5 splicing defects in Netherton syndrome: unmasking a frequent founder synonymous mutation and unconventional intronic mutations. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:575-82. [PMID: 22089833 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Netherton syndrome (NS) is a severe skin disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in SPINK5 (serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5) encoding the serine protease inhibitor LEKTI (lympho-epithelial Kazal type-related inhibitor). Here, we disclose new SPINK5 defects in 12 patients, who presented a clinical triad suggestive of NS with variations in inter- and intra-familial disease expression. We identified a new and frequent synonymous mutation c.891C>T (p.Cys297Cys) in exon 11 of the 12 NS patients. This mutation disrupts an exonic splicing enhancer sequence and causes out-of-frame skipping of exon 11. Haplotype analysis indicates that this mutation is a founder mutation in Greece. Two other new deep intronic mutations, c.283-12T>A in intron 4 and c.1820+53G>A in intron 19, induced partial intronic sequence retention. A new nonsense c.2557C>T (p.Arg853X) mutation was also identified. All mutations led to a premature termination codon resulting in no detectable LEKTI on skin sections. Two patients with deep intronic mutations showed residual LEKTI fragments in cultured keratinocytes. These fragments retained some functional activity, and could therefore, together with other determinants, contribute to modulate the disease phenotype. This new founder mutation, the most frequent mutation described in European populations so far, and these unusual intronic mutations, widen the clinical and molecular spectrum of NS and offer new diagnostic perspectives for NS patients.
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Fortugno P, Bresciani A, Paolini C, Pazzagli C, El Hachem M, D'Alessio M, Zambruno G. Proteolytic activation cascade of the Netherton syndrome-defective protein, LEKTI, in the epidermis: implications for skin homeostasis. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2223-32. [PMID: 21697885 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI) is the defective protein of the ichthyosiform condition Netherton syndrome (NS). Strongly expressed in the most differentiated epidermal layers, LEKTI is a serine protease inhibitor synthesized as three different high-molecular-weight precursors, which are rapidly processed into shorter fragments and secreted extracellularly. LEKTI polypeptides interact with several proteases to regulate skin barrier homeostasis as well as inflammatory and/or immunoallergic responses. Here, by combining antibody mapping, N-terminal sequencing, and site-specific mutagenesis, we defined the amino-acid sequence of most of the LEKTI polypeptides physiologically generated in human epidermis. We also identified three processing intermediates not described so far. Hence, a proteolytic cascade model for LEKTI activation is proposed. We then pinpointed the most effective fragments against the desquamation-related kallikreins (KLKs) and we proved that LEKTI is involved in stratum corneum shedding as some of its polypeptides inhibit the KLK-mediated proteolysis of desmoglein-1. Finally, we quantified the individual LEKTI fragments in the uppermost epidermis, showing that the ratios between LEKTI polypeptides and active KLK5 are compatible with a fine-tuned inhibition. These findings are relevant both to the understanding of skin homeostasis regulation and to the design of novel therapeutic strategies for NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fortugno
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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46
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Kantyka T, Fischer J, Wu Z, Declercq W, Reiss K, Schröder JM, Meyer-Hoffert U. Inhibition of kallikrein-related peptidases by the serine protease inhibitor of Kazal-type 6. Peptides 2011; 32:1187-92. [PMID: 21439340 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a group of serine proteases, expressed in several tissues. Their activity is regulated by inhibitors including members of the serine protease of Kazal-type (SPINK) family. Recently, we discovered that SPINK6 is expressed in human skin and inhibits KLK5, KLK7, KLK14 but not KLK8. In this study we tested whether SPINK6 inhibits other members of the KLK family and caspase-14. Using chromogenic substrates, SPINK6 exhibited inhibitory activity against KLK12 and KLK13 with K(i) around 1nM, KLK4 with K(i)=27.3nM, KLK6 with K(i)=140nM, caspase-14 with a K(i) approximating 1μM and no activity against KLK1, KLK3 and KLK11. Taken together, SPINK6 is a potent inhibitor of distinct KLKs members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kantyka
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schittenhelmstr. 7, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
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47
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Zhao LP, Di Z, Zhang L, Wang L, Ma L, Lv Y, Hong Y, Wei H, Chen HD, Gao XH. Association of SPINK5 gene polymorphisms with atopic dermatitis in Northeast China. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 26:572-7. [PMID: 21585560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defect in the SPINK5 gene is known to be implicated in Netherton syndrome (NS), and has been suggested to be a locus predisposing to atopy in general. Coding polymorphisms in SPINK5 exons 13, 14 and 26 have been reported to be associated with atopic dermatitis (AD), asthma and high level of IgE. OBJECTIVES To examine whether the SPINK5 gene polymorphisms are associated with AD in Northeast China, and to assess how variants influence selected phenotypic traits. METHODS A case-control study was conducted on four non-synonymous polymorphisms in the coding region of SPINK5 in AD and controls. The SPINK5 gene polymorphisms were analyzed using the PCR and RFLP methods. RESULTS For the four non-synonymous SNPs, A1103G(Asn368Ser), G1156A(Asp386Asn), G1258A(Glu420Lys), G2475T(Glu825Asp) in SPINK5, the allelic frequencies in the AD cohort were 0.55 for 1103G, 0.57 for 1156A, 0.54for 1258A, 0.62 for 2475T, consistent with those already published in the original British and Japanese cohorts. The T allele of SNP 2475G > T was found to be significantly associated with AD. There were significant differences in genotype frequencies for G1258A(Glu420Lys) and G2475T(Glu825Asp) but not for A1103G(Asn368Ser) and G1156A(Asp386Asn). Genotypes GA(420Glu/Lys), TT (2475Asp/Asp) and GT(2475Glu/Asp) were significantly more frequent in AD. However, the SPINK5 gene polymorphisms was found not to be associated with AD in regard to either serum IgE levels, concurrent allergic asthma or early onset of AD. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms the association between SPINK5 and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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48
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Mohammed D, Matts P, Hadgraft J, Lane M. Depth profiling of stratum corneum biophysical and molecular properties. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:957-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Jiang R, Shi Z, Johnson JJ, Liu Y, Stack MS. Kallikrein-5 promotes cleavage of desmoglein-1 and loss of cell-cell cohesion in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:9127-35. [PMID: 21163944 PMCID: PMC3059049 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.191361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) ranks among the top 8 causes of cancer death worldwide, with only a 60% 5-year survival rate, highlighting the need for discovery of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We have previously reported that expression of a panel of serine proteinase kallikreins (KLK 5, 7, 8, and 10) is correlated with formation of more aggressive OSCC tumors in a murine orthotopic OSCC model and is elevated in human OSCC. Current studies focus on understanding the potential role of KLK5 in OSCC progression. In initial studies, KLK levels in malignant OSCC cells (SCC25) were compared with cells from normal oral mucosa (OKF/6) and pre-malignant oral keratinocytes (pp126) using qPCR. A marked elevation of all KLKs was observed in aggressive SCC25 cells relative to OKF/6 cells. In normal skin, KLKs are involved in desquamation during epidermal differentiation via proteolytic cleavage of the desmosomal cadherin component desmoglein 1 (Dsg1). As loss of cell-cell cohesion is prevalent in tumor metastasis, Dsg1 integrity was evaluated. Results show that SCC25 cells exhibit cleavage of Dsg1, which is blocked by proteinase inhibitor treatment as well as by siRNA silencing of KLK5 expression. Furthermore, cell-cell aggregation assays demonstrate that silencing of KLK5 enforces cell-cell adhesion; conversely, overexpression of KLK5 in normal oral mucosal cells (OKF/6) enhances cell dispersal. These data suggest that KLK5 may promote metastatic dissemination of OSCC by promoting loss of junctional integrity through cleavage of desmoglein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jiang
- From the Department of Pathology and Anatomical Science and
| | - Zonggao Shi
- From the Department of Pathology and Anatomical Science and
| | | | - Yueying Liu
- From the Department of Pathology and Anatomical Science and
| | - M. Sharon Stack
- From the Department of Pathology and Anatomical Science and
- Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65212
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Bennett K, Callard R, Heywood W, Harper J, Jayakumar A, Clayman GL, Di WL, Mills K. New role for LEKTI in skin barrier formation: label-free quantitative proteomic identification of caspase 14 as a novel target for the protease inhibitor LEKTI. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:4289-94. [PMID: 20533828 DOI: 10.1021/pr1003467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI) is recognized as a serine protease inhibitor and is thought to play a key role in skin barrier function through the inhibition of kallikrein (KLK) activities and regulation of skin desquamation. LEKTI has a total of 15 potential inhibitory domains, and we hypothesize that it has other potential targets in the skin. To identify candidate protease targets of LEKTI, a label-free quantitative proteomic approach was employed. This work describes a novel, rapid, and noninvasive method for the identification and quantitation of the major proteins present in the uppermost layers of the skin. By using cells scraped from the elbow, we were able to rapidly identify and quantitate 79 proteins. Caspase 14 and bleomycin hydrolase were identified as the proteases of highest abundance. Despite the fact that caspase 14 is a cysteine protease and LEKTI is described as a serine protease inhibitor, we demonstrate that caspase 14 is inhibited by full-length LEKTI and 5 recombinant fragments of LEKTI to varied extents. Details of the development of the methods used for the creation of the skin proteome and the inhibition of caspase 14 by LEKTI and implications for LEKTI as a multifunctional protease inhibitor are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Bennett
- Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, University College London, London, UK
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