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Pelclova D, Navratil T, Kacerova T, Zamostna B, Fenclova Z, Vlckova S, Kacer P. NanoTiO 2 Sunscreen Does Not Prevent Systemic Oxidative Stress Caused by UV Radiation and a Minor Amount of NanoTiO 2 is Absorbed in Humans. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9060888. [PMID: 31212919 PMCID: PMC6631994 DOI: 10.3390/nano9060888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present pilot study tested the efficiency of nanoTiO2 sunscreen to prevent the oxidative stress/inflammation caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation using biomarkers in subjects’ blood, urine, and exhaled breath condensate (EBC). In addition, the skin absorption of nanoTiO2 was studied. Six identical subjects participated in three tests: (A) nanoTiO2 sunscreen, (B) UV radiation, and (C) sunscreen + UV. The first samples were collected before the test and the second after sunscreen application and/or UV exposure. On day 4, the third samples were collected, and the sunscreen was washed off, and the fourth samples were collected on day 11. The following biomarkers were measured: malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-trans-hexenal, 4-hydroxy-trans-nonenal, aldehydes C6-C12, 8-iso-Prostaglandin F2α, o-tyrosine, 3-chlorotyrosine, 3-nitrotyrosine, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, 8-hydroxyguanosine, 5-hydroxymethyl uracil, and leukotrienes, using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry. Titania was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and TiO2 nanoparticles by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Sunscreen alone did not elevate the markers, but UV increased the biomarkers in the plasma, urine, and EBC. The sunscreen prevented skin redness, however it did not inhibit the elevation of oxidative stress/inflammatory markers. Titania and nanoTiO2 particles were found in the plasma and urine (but not in the EBC) in all sunscreen users, suggesting their skin absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pelclova
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Na Bojišti 1, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Navratil
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejskova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Kacerova
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Blanka Zamostna
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 5, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdenka Fenclova
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Na Bojišti 1, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Stepanka Vlckova
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Na Bojišti 1, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Kacer
- Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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2
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Narzt MS, Nagelreiter IM, Oskolkova O, Bochkov VN, Latreille J, Fedorova M, Ni Z, Sialana FJ, Lubec G, Filzwieser M, Laggner M, Bilban M, Mildner M, Tschachler E, Grillari J, Gruber F. A novel role for NUPR1 in the keratinocyte stress response to UV oxidized phospholipids. Redox Biol 2018; 20:467-482. [PMID: 30466060 PMCID: PMC6243031 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet light is the dominant environmental oxidative skin stressor and a major skin aging factor. We studied which oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) mediators would be generated in primary human keratinocytes (KC) upon exposure to ultraviolet A light (UVA) and investigated the contribution of OxPL to UVA responses. Mass spectrometric analysis immediately or 24 h post UV stress revealed significant changes in abundance of 173 and 84 lipid species, respectively. We identified known and novel lipid species including known bioactive and also potentially reactive carbonyl containing species. We found indication for selective metabolism and degradation of selected reactive lipids. Exposure to both UVA and to in vitro UVA - oxidized phospholipids activated, on transcriptome and proteome level, NRF2/antioxidant response signaling, lipid metabolizing enzyme expression and unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling. We identified NUPR1 as an upstream regulator of UVA/OxPL transcriptional stress responses and found this protein to be expressed in the epidermis. Silencing of NUPR1 resulted in augmented expression of antioxidant and lipid detoxification genes and disturbed the cell cycle, making it a potential key factor in skin reactive oxygen species (ROS) responses intimately involved in aging and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Sophie Narzt
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Austria
| | - Ionela-Mariana Nagelreiter
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Austria
| | - Olga Oskolkova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Valery N Bochkov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julie Latreille
- Department of Biology & Women's Beauty, Chanel, Pantin, France
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zhixu Ni
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fernando J Sialana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Manuel Filzwieser
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Austria
| | - Maria Laggner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Core Facility Genomics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Austria.
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3
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Martini D, Angelino D, Cortelazzi C, Zavaroni I, Bedogni G, Musci M, Pruneti C, Passeri G, Ventura M, Galli D, Mirandola P, Vitale M, Dei Cas A, Bonadonna RC, Di Nuzzo S, De Felici MB, Del Rio D. Claimed Effects, Outcome Variables and Methods of Measurement for Health Claims Proposed Under European Community Regulation 1924/2006 in the Framework of Maintenance of Skin Function. Nutrients 2017; 10:nu10010007. [PMID: 29271939 PMCID: PMC5793235 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests a protective role for several nutrients and foods in the maintenance of skin function. Nevertheless, all the requests for authorization to use health claims under Article 13(5) in the framework of maintenance of skin function presented to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have received a negative opinion. Reasons for such failures are mainly due to an insufficient substantiation of the claimed effects, including the choice of inappropriate outcome variables (OVs) and methods of measurement (MMs). The present paper reports the results of an investigation aimed at collecting, collating and critically analyzing the information with relation to claimed effects (CEs), OVs and MMs related to skin health compliance with Regulation 1924/2006. CEs, OVs and MMs were collected from both the EFSA Guidance document and from the authorization requests of health claims under Article 13(5). The critical analysis of OVs and MMs was based on a literature review, and was aimed at defining their appropriateness (alone or in combination with others) in the context of a specific CE. The results highlight the importance of an adequate choice of OVs and MMs for an effective substantiation of the claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Martini
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (D.M.); (D.A.)
| | - Donato Angelino
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (D.M.); (D.A.)
| | - Chiara Cortelazzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (C.C.); (S.D.N.); (M.B.D.F.)
| | - Ivana Zavaroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Division of Endocrinology, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (I.Z.); (A.D.C.); (R.C.B.)
- The Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Parma, Division of Endocrinology, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bedogni
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Liver Research Center, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Marilena Musci
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy;
| | - Carlo Pruneti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinical Psychology Unit, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Passeri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Building Clinica Medica Generale, 43125 Parma, Italy;
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy;
| | - Daniela Galli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sport and Exercise Medicine Centre (SEM), University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (D.G.); (P.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Prisco Mirandola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sport and Exercise Medicine Centre (SEM), University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (D.G.); (P.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Marco Vitale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Sport and Exercise Medicine Centre (SEM), University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (D.G.); (P.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Alessandra Dei Cas
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Division of Endocrinology, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (I.Z.); (A.D.C.); (R.C.B.)
- The Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Parma, Division of Endocrinology, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Riccardo C. Bonadonna
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Division of Endocrinology, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (I.Z.); (A.D.C.); (R.C.B.)
- The Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Parma, Division of Endocrinology, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Sergio Di Nuzzo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (C.C.); (S.D.N.); (M.B.D.F.)
| | - Maria Beatrice De Felici
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (C.C.); (S.D.N.); (M.B.D.F.)
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- The Laboratory of Phytochemicals in Physiology, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy; (D.M.); (D.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521-903830
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Gallic Acid-Loaded Gel Formulation Combats Skin Oxidative Stress: Development, Characterization and Ex Vivo Biological Assays. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9090391. [PMID: 30965694 PMCID: PMC6418529 DOI: 10.3390/polym9090391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, which is a result of overproduction and accumulation of free radicals, is the main cause of several skin degenerative diseases, such as aging. Polyphenols, such as gallic acid, are an important class of naturally occurring antioxidants. They have emerged as strong antioxidants that can be used as active cosmetics. The purpose of this study was to develop a gallic acid-loaded cosmetic gel formulation and characterize it using rheological, mechanical, and bioadhesive tests. Its antioxidant effect in the stratum corneum was evaluated by a non-invasive method. According to the characterization tests, the formulation exhibited skin adhesiveness and pseudoplastic behavior without thixotropy, rendering it suitable for use as a cosmetic formulation. Furthermore, the non-invasive method indicated the antioxidant effect in the stratum corneum, with the global lipid peroxide reduction being 33.97 ± 11.66%. Thus, we were able to develop a promising gallic acid-loaded gel formulation that could reduce lipid peroxides and thus combat skin oxidative stress.
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5
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Schuch AP, Moreno NC, Schuch NJ, Menck CFM, Garcia CCM. Sunlight damage to cellular DNA: Focus on oxidatively generated lesions. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:110-124. [PMID: 28109890 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The routine and often unavoidable exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation makes it one of the most significant environmental DNA-damaging agents to which humans are exposed. Sunlight, specifically UVB and UVA, triggers various types of DNA damage. Although sunlight, mainly UVB, is necessary for the production of vitamin D, which is necessary for human health, DNA damage may have several deleterious consequences, such as cell death, mutagenesis, photoaging and cancer. UVA and UVB photons can be directly absorbed not only by DNA, which results in lesions, but also by the chromophores that are present in skin cells. This process leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species, which may indirectly cause DNA damage. Despite many decades of investigation, the discrimination among the consequences of these different types of lesions is not clear. However, human cells have complex systems to avoid the deleterious effects of the reactive species produced by sunlight. These systems include antioxidants, that protect DNA, and mechanisms of DNA damage repair and tolerance. Genetic defects in these mechanisms that have clear harmful effects in the exposed skin are found in several human syndromes. The best known of these is xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), whose patients are defective in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) and translesion synthesis (TLS) pathways. These patients are mainly affected due to UV-induced pyrimidine dimers, but there is growing evidence that XP cells are also defective in the protection against other types of lesions, including oxidized DNA bases. This raises a question regarding the relative roles of the various forms of sunlight-induced DNA damage on skin carcinogenesis and photoaging. Therefore, knowledge of what occurs in XP patients may still bring important contributions to the understanding of the biological impact of sunlight-induced deleterious effects on the skin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Passaglia Schuch
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97110-970 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Natália Cestari Moreno
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Natielen Jacques Schuch
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro Universitário Franciscano, 97010-032 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Frederico Martins Menck
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camila Carrião Machado Garcia
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas & Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
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6
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Leung KS, Chan HF, Leung HH, Galano JM, Oger C, Durand T, Lee JCY. Short-time UVA exposure to human keratinocytes instigated polyunsaturated fatty acid without inducing lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:269-280. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1300885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kin Sum Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hok Fung Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ho Hang Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jetty Chung-Yung Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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7
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Oh MC, Piao MJ, Fernando PMDJ, Han X, Madduma Hewage SRK, Park JE, Ko MS, Jung U, Kim IG, Hyun JW. Baicalein Protects Human Skin Cells against Ultraviolet B-Induced Oxidative Stress. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016; 24:616-622. [PMID: 27257012 PMCID: PMC5098541 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-chromen-4-one) is a flavone, a type of flavonoid, originally isolated from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis. This study evaluated the protective effects of baicalein against oxidative damage-mediated apoptosis induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation in a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). Baicalein absorbed light within the wavelength range of UVB. In addition, baicalein decreased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to UVB radiation. Baicalein protected cells against UVB radiation-induced DNA breaks, 8-isoprostane generation and protein modification in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, baicalein suppressed the apoptotic cell death by UVB radiation. These findings suggest that baicalein protected HaCaT cells against UVB radiation-induced cell damage and apoptosis by absorbing UVB radiation and scavenging ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chang Oh
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Jing Piao
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Xia Han
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jeong Eon Park
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Sung Ko
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31140, Republic of Korea
| | - Uhee Jung
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - In Gyu Kim
- Department of Radiation Biology, Environmental Radiation Research Group, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea.,Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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8
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Calkins MJ, Vartanian V, Owen N, Kirkali G, Jaruga P, Dizdaroglu M, McCullough AK, Lloyd RS. Enhanced sensitivity of Neil1 -/- mice to chronic UVB exposure. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 48:43-50. [PMID: 27818081 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced DNA base damage are thought to be central mediators of UV-induced carcinogenesis and skin aging. However, increased steady-state levels of ROS-induced DNA base damage have not been reported after chronic UV exposure. Accumulation of ROS-induced DNA base damage is governed by rates of lesion formation and repair. Repair is generally performed by Base Excision Repair (BER), which is initiated by DNA glycosylases, such as 8-oxoguanine glycosylase and Nei-Endonuclease VIII-Like 1 (NEIL1). In the current study, UV light (UVB) was used to elicit protracted low-level ROS challenge in wild-type (WT) and Neil1-/- mouse skin. Relative to WT controls, Neil1-/- mice showed an increased sensitivity to tissue destruction from the chronic UVB exposure, and corresponding enhanced chronic inflammatory responses as measured by cytokine message levels and profiling, as well as neutrophil infiltration. Additionally, levels of several ROS-induced DNA lesions were measured including 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyGua), 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyAde), 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-Gua), 5,6-dihydroxyuracil (5,6-diOH-Ura) and thymine glycol (ThyGly). In WT mice, chronic UVB exposure led to increased steady-state levels of FapyGua, FapyAde, and ThyGly with no significant increases in 8-OH-Gua or 5,6-diOH-Ura. Interestingly, the lesions that accumulated were all substrates of NEIL1. Collectively, these data suggest that NEIL1-initiated repair of a subset of ROS-induced DNA base lesions may be insufficient to prevent the initiation of inflammatory pathways during chronic UV exposure in mouse skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Calkins
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States
| | - Vladimir Vartanian
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States
| | - Nichole Owen
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States
| | - Guldal Kirkali
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD 20899-8311, United States
| | - Pawel Jaruga
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD 20899-8311, United States
| | - Miral Dizdaroglu
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD 20899-8311, United States
| | - Amanda K McCullough
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States
| | - R Stephen Lloyd
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR 97239-3098, United States.
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9
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Gruber F, Ornelas CM, Karner S, Narzt MS, Nagelreiter IM, Gschwandtner M, Bochkov V, Tschachler E. Nrf2 deficiency causes lipid oxidation, inflammation, and matrix-protease expression in DHA-supplemented and UVA-irradiated skin fibroblasts. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:439-451. [PMID: 25981373 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fish oil rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has beneficial effects on human health. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are precursors of eicosanoids and docosanoids, signaling molecules that control inflammation and immunity, and their dietary uptake improves a range of disorders including cardiovascular diseases, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. The unsaturated nature of these fatty acids, however, makes them prone to oxidation, especially when they are incorporated into (membrane) phospholipids. The skin is an organ strongly exposed to oxidative stress, mainly due to solar ultraviolet radiation. Thus, increased levels of PUFA in combination with oxidative stress could cause increased local generation of oxidized lipids, whose action spectrum reaches from signaling molecules to reactive carbonyl compounds that can crosslink biomolecules. Here, we investigated whether PUFA supplements to fibroblasts are incorporated into membrane phospholipids and whether an increase of PUFA within phospholipids affects the responses of the cells to UV exposure. The redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 is the major regulator of the fibroblast stress response to ultraviolet radiation or exposure to oxidized lipids. Here we addressed how Nrf2 signaling would be affected in PUFA-supplemented human dermal fibroblasts and mouse dermal fibroblasts from Nrf2-deficient and wild type mice. We found, using HPLC-tandem MS, that DHA supplements to culture media of human and murine fibroblasts were readily incorporated into phospholipids and that subsequent irradiation of the supplemented cells with UVA resulted in an increase in 1-palmitoyl-2-(epoxyisoprostane-E2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine and Oxo-DHA esterified to phospholipid, both of which are Nrf2 agonists. Also, induction of Nrf2 target genes was enhanced in the DHA-supplemented fibroblasts after UVA irradiation. In Nrf2-deficient murine fibroblasts, the expression of the target genes was, as expected, decreased, but surprisingly, expression of TNFα and MMP13 was strongly induced in DHA-supplemented, UVA-irradiated cells. Also, Nrf2-deficient cells had increased levels of oxidized phospholipids relative to the unoxidized precursors after UVA irradiation. Our data suggest that under ultraviolet stress a functioning Nrf2 system is required to prevent DHA-induced inflammation and matrix degradation in dermal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Anna Spiegel Gebäude E6 Lab5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Cayo Mecking Ornelas
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Anna Spiegel Gebäude E6 Lab5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Karner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Anna Spiegel Gebäude E6 Lab5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie-Sophie Narzt
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Anna Spiegel Gebäude E6 Lab5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ionela Mariana Nagelreiter
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Anna Spiegel Gebäude E6 Lab5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Gschwandtner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Anna Spiegel Gebäude E6 Lab5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Valery Bochkov
- Department of Vascular Biology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Anna Spiegel Gebäude E6 Lab5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Cadet J, Douki T, Ravanat JL. Oxidatively generated damage to cellular DNA by UVB and UVA radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:140-55. [PMID: 25327445 DOI: 10.1111/php.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review article focuses on a critical survey of the main available information on the UVB and UVA oxidative reactions to cellular DNA as the result of direct interactions of UV photons, photosensitized pathways and biochemical responses including inflammation and bystander effects. UVA radiation appears to be much more efficient than UVB in inducing oxidatively generated damage to the bases and 2-deoxyribose moieties of DNA in isolated cells and skin. The UVA-induced generation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine is mostly rationalized in terms of selective guanine oxidation by singlet oxygen generated through type II photosensitization mechanism. In addition, hydroxyl radical whose formation may be accounted for by metal-catalyzed Haber-Weiss reactions subsequent to the initial generation of superoxide anion radical contributes in a minor way to the DNA degradation. This leads to the formation of both oxidized purine and pyrimidine bases together with DNA single-strand breaks at the exclusion, however, of direct double-strand breaks. No evidence has been provided so far for the implication of delayed oxidative degradation pathways of cellular DNA. In that respect putative characteristic UVA-induced DNA damage could include single and more complex lesions arising from one-electron oxidation of the guanine base together with aldehyde adducts to amino-substituted nucleobases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- University Grenoble Alpes, INAC, Grenoble, France; CEA, INAC, Grenoble, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Williams JD, Bermudez Y, Park SL, Stratton SP, Uchida K, Hurst CA, Wondrak GT. Malondialdehyde-derived epitopes in human skin result from acute exposure to solar UV and occur in nonmelanoma skin cancer tissue. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2014; 132:56-65. [PMID: 24584085 PMCID: PMC3973651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a causative factor in photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. In human skin, oxidative stress is widely considered a key mechanism underlying the detrimental effects of acute and chronic UVR exposure. The lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulates in tissue under conditions of increased oxidative stress, and the occurrence of MDA-derived protein epitopes, including dihydropyridine-lysine (DHP), has recently been substantiated in human skin. Here we demonstrate for the first time that acute exposure to sub-apoptogenic doses of solar simulated UV light (SSL) causes the formation of free MDA and protein-bound MDA-derived epitopes in cultured human HaCaT keratinocytes and healthy human skin. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that acute exposure to SSL is sufficient to cause an almost twenty-fold increase in general MDA- and specific DHP-epitope content in human skin. When compared to dose-matched solar simulated UVA, complete SSL was more efficient generating both free MDA and MDA-derived epitopes. Subsequent tissue microarray (TMA) analysis revealed the prevalence of MDA- and DHP-epitopes in nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC). In squamous cell carcinoma tissue, both MDA- and DHP-epitopes were increased more than threefold as compared to adjacent normal tissue. Taken together, these date demonstrate the occurrence of MDA-derived epitopes in both solar UVR-exposed healthy human skin and NMSC TMA tissue; however, the potential utility of these epitopes as novel biomarkers of cutaneous photodamage and a functional role in the process of skin photocarcinogenesis remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Williams
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yira Bermudez
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sophia L Park
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Steven P Stratton
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Koji Uchida
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Craig A Hurst
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Georg T Wondrak
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Chang ALS, Lingala B, Chang TC, Kern DG, Wood SM, Toyoda H, Knaggs HE. An exploratory study to determine the association between assessed facial skin aging and plasma isoprostane levels in middle-aged Japanese women. Dermatol Surg 2011; 38:462-70. [PMID: 22141590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the central mechanisms of aging is hypothesized to be oxidative stress. Quantification of oxidative stress in human organ systems has been difficult. One of the best methods is using plasma isoprostane levels, which have been shown to reflect oxidative stress in multiple nondermatologic organ systems. OBJECTIVE To determine whether severity of aging of human skin is associated with plasma isoprostane levels, specifically prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) and 8-iso-PGF2a while controlling for covariates such as body mass index, ultraviolet light exposure, diet, medication, supplement use, and stress levels. METHODS AND MATERIALS Facial skin aging assessments performed by four blinded dermatologists were correlated with plasma isoprostane levels in 46 healthy, nonsmoking Japanese women aged 45 to 60. RESULTS Individuals whose assessed skin age exceeded chronological age had mean plasma isoprostane levels of PGF2a and 8-iso-PGF2a that were higher than those whose skin age was assessed to be less than chronological age (p = .001 and .001, respectively). These results remained statistically significant when adjusted for confounding variables (8-iso-PGF2a, p = .02; PGF2a, p = .03). CONCLUSIONS Plasma isoprostanes as markers of accelerated aging of the skin merit further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lynn S Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, California 94063, USA.
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Afaq F, Khan N, Syed DN, Mukhtar H. Oral feeding of pomegranate fruit extract inhibits early biomarkers of UVB radiation-induced carcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mouse epidermis. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:1318-26. [PMID: 20946358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pomegranate from the plant Punica granatum L. possesses strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, we have demonstrated that treatment of normal human epidermal keratinocytes with pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) inhibited UVB-mediated activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein kinases pathways. Here, we evaluated the effect of PFE on early biomarkers of photocarcinogenesis employing SKH-1 hairless mice. PFE was provided in drinking water (0.2%, wt/vol) to SKH-1 hairless mice for 14 days before a single UVB (180 mJ cm(-2)) irradiation. We found that oral feeding of PFE inhibited UVB-induced: (1) skin edema; (2) hyperplasia; (3) infiltration of leukocytes; (4) lipid peroxidation; (5) hydrogen peroxide generation; (6) ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity; and (7) ODC, cyclooxygenase-2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein expression. Oral feeding of PFE enhanced repair of UVB-mediated formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG). Importantly, PFE treatment further enhanced UVB-mediated increase in tumor suppressor p53 and cyclin kinase inhibitor p21. Furthermore, oral feeding of PFE inhibited UVB-mediated: (1) nuclear translocation of NF-κB; (2) activation of IKKα; and (3) phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. Taken together, we provide evidence that oral feeding of PFE to mice affords substantial protection from the adverse effects of UVB radiation via modulation in early biomarkers of photocarcinogenesis and provide suggestion for its photochemopreventive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh Afaq
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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Alonso C, Barba C, Rubio L, Scott S, Kilimnik A, Coderch L, Notario J, Parra JL. An ex vivo methodology to assess the lipid peroxidation in stratum corneum. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 97:71-6. [PMID: 19747839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Environmental risks, particularly UV radiation, provide a challenge to the function of the skin barrier. Protective measures such as the use of antioxidant products represent a possible method of providing protection to the skin. This paper reports the development of a non-invasive ex vivo method using tape strips of the outermost layers of stratum corneum (SC) from human volunteers in order to determine the effectiveness of an antioxidant emulsion topically applied to prevent lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the horny layer after an UV irradiation exposure. Two different formulations were used: formulation (A), containing Vitamin A, E and C, and formulation (B) containing fish extract. Both formulations were topically applied in vivo on volunteer forearms; then, a tape stripping of the SC of each volunteer was carried out. The lipid peroxidation was measured ex vivo after an UV irradiation of the SC samples. The amount of SC stripped to evaluate differences in lipid peroxidation, the UV irradiation intensity to form lipid peroxides and the accuracy of lipid peroxide analysis were optimized in this methodology using formulation (A). After an exposure application of seven days, a group of three strips of the outermost layers of SC of volunteers was irradiated with an intensity of 182.7 J/cm(2) to quantify the LPO inhibition. The percentage of LPO inhibition obtained after topical application of both formulations was in the range of 40-58% demonstrating the effectiveness of the formulations topically applied against lipid peroxidation on human SC. This methodology may be used as a quality control tool to determine ex vivo the percentage of the LPO inhibition on human SC for a variety of antioxidants topically applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alonso
- Department of Chemical Technology, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia IQAC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Kaneko K, Smetana-Just U, Matsui M, Young AR, John S, Norval M, Walker SL. cis-Urocanic Acid Initiates Gene Transcription in Primary Human Keratinocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:217-24. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sulforaphane mobilizes cellular defenses that protect skin against damage by UV radiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:17500-5. [PMID: 17956979 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708710104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UV radiation (UVR) is a complete carcinogen that elicits a constellation of pathological events, including direct DNA damage, generation of reactive oxidants that peroxidize lipids and damage other cellular components, initiation of inflammation, and suppression of the immune response. Recent dramatic increases in the incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancers are largely attributable to higher exposure of an aging population to UVR. Therefore, the development of cellular strategies for intrinsic protection of the skin against the deleterious effects of UVR is imperative. Here we show that erythema resulting from UVR is a comprehensive and noninvasive biomarker for assessing UVR damage and can be precisely and easily quantified in human skin. Topical application of sulforaphane-rich extracts of 3-day-old broccoli sprouts up-regulated phase 2 enzymes in the mouse and human skin, protected against UVR-induced inflammation and edema in mice, and reduced susceptibility to erythema arising from narrow-band 311-nm UVR in humans. In six human subjects (three males and three females, 28-53 years of age), the mean reduction in erythema across six doses of UVR (300-800 mJ/cm(2) in 100 mJ/cm(2) increments) was 37.7% (range 8.37-78.1%; P = 0.025). This protection against a carcinogen in humans is catalytic and long lasting.
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Girotti AW, Giacomoni PU. Lipid and Protein Damage Provoked by Ultraviolet Radiation: Mechanisms of Indirect Photooxidative Damage. BIOPHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SOLAR RADIATION ON HUMAN SKIN 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/9781847557957-00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert W. Girotti
- Department of Biochemistry Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA
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Wiswedel I, Grundmann JU, Boschmann M, Krautheim A, Böckelmann R, Peter DS, Holzapfel I, Götz S, Müller-Goymann C, Bonnekoh B, Gollnick HPM. Effects of UVB irradiation and diclofenac on F2-isoprostane/prostaglandin concentrations in keratinocytes and microdialysates of human skin. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1794-7. [PMID: 17330133 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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