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Jafarzadeh A, Motaghi M, Patra SK, Jafarzadeh Z, Nemati M, Saha B. Neutrophil generation from hematopoietic progenitor cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs): potential applications. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:797-805. [PMID: 38625068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.03.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most frequent immune cell type in peripheral blood, performing an essential role against pathogens. People with neutrophil deficiencies are susceptible to deadly infections, highlighting the importance of generating these cells in host immunity. Neutrophils can be generated from hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) using a cocktail of cytokines. In addition, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be differentiated into various functional cell types, including neutrophils. iPSCs can be derived from differentiated cells, such as skin and blood cells, by reprogramming them to a pluripotent state. Neutrophil generation from iPSCs involves a multistep process that can be performed through feeder cell-dependent and feeder cell-independent manners. Various cytokines and growth factors, in particular, stem cell facto, IL-3, thrombopoietin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), are used in both methods, especially, G-CSF which induces the final differentiation of neutrophils in the granulocyte lineage. iPSC-derived neutrophils have been used as a valuable tool for studying rare genetic disorders affecting neutrophils. The iPSC-derived neutrophils can also be used for disease modeling, infection research and drug discovery. However, several challenges must be overcome before iPSC-derived neutrophils can be used therapeutically in transplantation medicine. This review provides an overview of the commonly employed protocols for generating neutrophils from HPCs, ESCs and iPSCs and discusses the potential applications of the generated cells in research and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Clinical Immunology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Marzieh Motaghi
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
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Li A, Kusuma GD, Driscoll D, Smith N, Wall DM, Levine BL, James D, Lim R. Advances in automated cell washing and concentration. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:774-786. [PMID: 34052112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The successful commercialization of cell therapies requires thorough planning and consideration of product quality, cost and scale of the manufacturing process. The implementation of automation can be central to a robust and reproducible manufacturing process at industrialized scales. There have been a number of wash-and-concentrate devices developed for cell manufacturing. These technologies have arisen from transfusion medicine, hematopoietic stem cell and biologics manufacturing where operating mechanisms are distinct from manual centrifugation. This review describes the historical origin and fundamental technologies underlying each currently available wash-and-concentrate device as well as their relative advantages and disadvantages in cell therapy applications. Understanding the specific attributes and limitations of these technologies is essential to optimizing cell therapy manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Li
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gina D Kusuma
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Dominic M Wall
- Cell Therapies Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bruce L Levine
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Csaszar E, Cohen S, Zandstra PW. Blood stem cell products: Toward sustainable benchmarks for clinical translation. Bioessays 2013; 35:201-10. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Émond H, Boyer L, Roy DC, Pineault N. Cotransplantation of Ex Vivo Expanded Progenitors with Nonexpanded Cord Blood Cells Improves Platelet Recovery. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:3209-19. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Émond
- Héma-Québec, Department of Research and Development, Québec, Province of Québec, Canada
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Department, Université Laval, Québec, Province of Québec, Canada
| | - Lucie Boyer
- Héma-Québec, Department of Research and Development, Québec, Province of Québec, Canada
| | - Denis-Claude Roy
- Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Province of Québec, Canada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montreal, Province of Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pineault
- Héma-Québec, Department of Research and Development, Québec, Province of Québec, Canada
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Department, Université Laval, Québec, Province of Québec, Canada
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Poncin G, Beaulieu A, Humblet C, Thiry A, Oda K, Boniver J, Defresne MP. Characterization of spontaneous bone marrow recovery after sublethal total body irradiation: importance of the osteoblastic/adipocytic balance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30818. [PMID: 22363493 PMCID: PMC3281884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have already examined the hematopoietic recovery after irradiation but paid with very little attention to the bone marrow microenvironment. Nonetheless previous studies in a murine model of reversible radio-induced bone marrow aplasia have shown a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) prior to hematopoietic regeneration. This increase in ALP activity was not due to cell proliferation but could be attributed to modifications of the properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). We thus undertook a study to assess the kinetics of the evolution of MSC correlated to their hematopoietic supportive capacities in mice treated with sub lethal total body irradiation. In our study, colony-forming units – fibroblasts (CFU-Fs) assay showed a significant MSC rate increase in irradiated bone marrows. CFU-Fs colonies still possessed differentiation capacities of MSC but colonies from mice sacrificed 3 days after irradiation displayed high rates of ALP activity and a transient increase in osteoblastic markers expression while pparγ and neuropilin-1 decreased. Hematopoietic supportive capacities of CFU-Fs were also modified: as compared to controls, irradiated CFU-Fs significantly increased the proliferation rate of hematopoietic precursors and accelerated the differentiation toward the granulocytic lineage. Our data provide the first evidence of the key role exerted by the balance between osteoblasts and adipocytes in spontaneous bone marrow regeneration. First, (pre)osteoblast differentiation from MSC stimulated hematopoietic precursor's proliferation and granulopoietic regeneration. Then, in a second time (pre)osteoblasts progressively disappeared in favour of adipocytic cells which down regulated the proliferation and granulocytic differentiation and then contributed to a return to pre-irradiation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Poncin
- Department of Cytology & Histology, University of Liège, CHU-B23, Liège, Belgium.
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a non-homogeneous population of plastic-adherent cells which were initially isolated from post-natal bone marrow. They have the capacity to differentiate to multiple mesodermal lineages including bone, cartilage and adipose tissue. In stringent culture conditions, MSCs can also be induced to differentiate into different cell types of endoderm and neuroectoderm lineages. To date, no specific marker identifies MSCs, although a number of cell surface antigens have been described which enrich for MSCs. Mesenchymal stromal cells possess a number of properties which have generated considerable interest in diverse cellular therapeutic applications. The capacity of MSCs to differentiate into multiple different cell lineages has seen them actively explored for tissue repair, particularly in cardiac, orthopaedic and neurological applications. A large body of data indicates that MSCs possess immunomodulatory properties. Mesenchymal stromal cells are immunosuppressive, interacting with T lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells, B lymphocytes, and natural killer cells. In addition, they are immunoprivileged, allowing transplantation across allogeneic barriers. These immunomodulatory properties have seen infusion of MSCs for the treatment of steroid refractory graft versus host disease, a life threatening complication of haemopoietic cell transplantation, with promising results. Furthermore, these immune functions may lead to roles in the facilitation of engraftment, induction of tolerance and as therapy in autoimmune disease.
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Ivanovic Z, Vlaski M. Ex Vivo Expansion of Stem and Progenitor Cells Using Thrombopoietin. STEM CELLS AND CANCER STEM CELLS, VOLUME 8 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4798-2_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Pineault N, Boyer L. Cellular-based therapies to prevent or reduce thrombocytopenia. Transfusion 2011; 51 Suppl 4:72S-81S. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Panuganti S, Papoutsakis ET, Miller WM. Bone marrow niche-inspired, multiphase expansion of megakaryocytic progenitors with high polyploidization potential. Cytotherapy 2011; 12:767-82. [PMID: 20482285 DOI: 10.3109/14653241003786148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Megakaryopoiesis encompasses hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) commitment to the megakaryocytic cell (Mk) lineage, expansion of Mk progenitors and mature Mks, polyploidization and platelet release. pH and pO2 increase from the endosteum to sinuses, and different cytokines are important for various stages of differentiation. We hypothesized that mimicking the changing conditions during Mk differentiation in the bone marrow would facilitate expansion of progenitors that could generate many high-ploidy Mks. METHODS CD34+ HSPCs were cultured at pH 7.2 and 5% O2 with stem cell factor (SCF), thrombopoietin (Tpo) and all combinations of Interleukin (IL)-3, IL-6, IL-11 and Flt-3 ligand to promote Mk progenitor expansion. Cells cultured with selected cytokines were shifted to pH 7.4 and 20% O2 to generate mature Mks, and treated with nicotinamide (NIC) to enhance polyploidization. RESULTS Using Tpo + SCF + IL-3 + IL-11, we obtained 3.5 CD34+ CD41+ Mk progenitors per input HSPC, while increasing purity from 1% to 17%. Cytokine cocktails with IL-3 yielded more progenitors and mature Mks, although the purities were lower. Mk production was much greater at higher pH and pO2. Although fewer progenitors were present, shifting to 20% O2 /pH 7.4 at day 5 (versus days 7 or 9) yielded the greatest mature Mk production, 14 per input HSPC. NIC more than doubled the percentage of high-ploidy Mks to 40%. CONCLUSIONS We obtained extensive Mk progenitor expansion, while ensuring that the progenitors could produce high-ploidy Mks. We anticipate that subsequent optimization of cytokines for mature Mk production and delayed NIC addition will greatly increase high-ploidy Mk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Panuganti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Marturana F, Timmins NE, Nielsen LK. Short-term exposure of umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells to granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor early in culture improves ex vivo expansion of neutrophils. Cytotherapy 2011; 13:366-77. [DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2010.518610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Robinson SN, Simmons PJ, Yang H, Alousi AM, Marcos de Lima J, Shpall EJ. Mesenchymal stem cells in ex vivo cord blood expansion. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2011; 24:83-92. [PMID: 21396596 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (CB) is becoming an important source of haematopoietic support for transplant patients lacking human leukocyte antigen matched donors. The ethnic diversity, relative ease of collection, ready availability as cryopreserved units from CB banks, reduced incidence and severity of graft versus host disease and tolerance of higher degrees of HLA disparity between donor and recipient, are positive attributes when compared to bone marrow or cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood. However, CB transplantation is associated with significantly delayed neutrophil and platelet engraftment and an elevated risk of graft failure. These hurdles are thought to be due, at least in part, to low total nucleated cell and CD34(+) cell doses transplanted. Here, current strategies directed at improving TNC and CD34(+) cell doses at transplant are discussed, with particular attention paid to the use of a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)/CB mononuclear cell ex vivo co-culture expansion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Robinson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Irhimeh MR, Fitton JH, Ko KH, Lowenthal RM, Nordon RE. Formation of an adherent hematopoietic expansion culture using fucoidan. Ann Hematol 2011; 90:1005-15. [PMID: 21327939 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-011-1185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Expansion of transplantable cord blood (CB) progenitors using a stroma requires provision of an exogenous cell source because of the low frequency of stromal precursor cells in CB. A simpler approach from a clinical regulatory perspective would be to provide synthetic extracellular matrix. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect on hematopoietic cell culture of fucoidan. The modulation of cytokine-driven hematopoietic cell expansion by fucoidan was investigated using two-level fractional and full factorial experimental designs. Mobilized peripheral blood (PB) CD34(+) cells were grown over 10 days in various combinations of FL, SCF, TPO, G-CSF, and SDF-1. Cultures were analyzed by immunophenotype. The effect of fucoidan on the divisional recruitment of CD34(+) cells was studied by CFDA-SE division tracking. Fucoidan was adsorbed by polystyrene to tissue culture plates and promoted formation of an adherent hematopoietic culture. Factorial design experiments with mobilized PB-CD34(+) cells showed that fucoidan reduced the production of CD34(+) cells and CD34(+)CXCR4(+) ratio but did not affect the production of monocytic, granulocytic, or megakaryocytic cells. The inhibitory effect of fucoidan on expansion of CB-CD34(+) cells was greater than mobilized PB. Division tracking analysis showed that CD34(+) cell generation times were lengthened by fucoidan. Fucoidan binds growth factors via their heparin-binding domain. The formation of an adherent hematopoietic culture system by fucoidan is most likely mediated by the binding of L-selectin and integrin-αMβ2 on myeloids. Fucoidan deserves further investigation as glycan scaffold that is suitable for immobilization of other matrix molecules thought to comprise blood stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Irhimeh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Abstract
Secreted protein growth factors that stimulate the self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of the most primitive stem cells are among the most biologically interesting molecules and at least theoretically have diverse applications in the evolving field of regenerative medicine. Among this class of regulators, the early-acting hematopoietic growth factors and their cellular targets are perhaps the best characterized and serve as a paradigm for manipulating other stem cell based tissues. This chapter reviews the preclinical knowledge accumulated over ~40 years, since the discovery of the first such growth factor, and the clinical applications of those that, upon testing in humans, ultimately gained regulatory approval for the treatment of various hematological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Szilvassy
- Hematology/Oncology Research Therapeutic Area, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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Pineault N, Cortin V, Boyer L, Garnier A, Robert A, Thérien C, Roy DC. Individual and synergistic cytokine effects controlling the expansion of cord blood CD34(+) cells and megakaryocyte progenitors in culture. Cytotherapy 2010; 13:467-80. [PMID: 21090916 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2010.530651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Expansion of hematopoietic progenitors ex vivo is currently investigated as a means of reducing cytopenia following stem cell transplantation. The principal objective of this study was to develop a new cytokine cocktail that would maximize the expansion of megakaryocyte (Mk) progenitors that could be used to reduce periods of thrombocytopenia. METHODS We measured the individual and synergistic effects of six cytokines [stem cell factor (SCF), FLT-3 ligand (FL), interleukin (IL)-3, IL-6, IL-9 and IL-11] commonly used to expand cord blood (CB) CD34(+) cells on the expansion of CB Mk progenitors and major myeloid populations by factorial design. RESULTS These results revealed an elaborate array of cytokine individual effects complemented by a large number of synergistic and antagonistic interaction effects. Notably, strong interactions with SCF were observed with most cytokines and its concentration level was the most influential factor for the expansion and differentiation kinetics of CB CD34(+) cells. A response surface methodology was then applied to optimize the concentrations of the selected cytokines. The newly developed cocktail composed of SCF, thrombopoietin (TPO) and FL increased the expansion of Mk progenitors and maintained efficient expansion of clonogenic progenitors and CD34(+) cells. CB cells expanded with the new cocktail were shown to provide good short- and long-term human platelet recovery and lymphomyeloid reconstitution in NOD/SCID mice. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results define a complex cytokine network that regulates the growth and differentiation of immature and committed hematopoietic cells in culture, and confirm that cytokine interactions have major influences on the fate of hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pineault
- Héma-Québec, Département de Recherche et Développement, Québec City, PQ, Canada.
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Doran MR, Markway BD, Clark A, Athanasas-Platsis S, Brooke G, Atkinson K, Nielsen LK, Cooper-White JJ. Membrane bioreactors enhance microenvironmental conditioning and tissue development. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:407-15. [PMID: 19622005 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In membrane bioreactors the cells are isolated from the bulk medium through a semipermeable membrane. This concept, which is analogous to how the circulatory system supplies solid tissues with nutrients, allows the maintenance of cells at much higher densities than is possible in traditional cultures. The membrane-based microbioreactor described herein is easy to operate, requiring only a pipette to load and harvest cells. A 10 microL culture volume was isolated from 1 mL of bulk medium through a semipermeable membrane having a molecular weight cutoff of 10 kDa. Here we describe the benefits regarding the retention of both cells and their secretions within this small culture volume using the following two model systems: hematopoietic stem cell expansion and mesenchymal stem cell-derived cartilage matrix accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Doran
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia .
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Ivanovic Z, Boiron JM. [Ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells: concept and clinical benefit]. Transfus Clin Biol 2009; 16:489-500. [PMID: 19932632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A new discipline was born and grew up over the last 4 decades of 20th century: Experimental Hematology. In addition to yield the concept of Stemness, a paradigm later applied for the other tissues than hematopoietic one, it provided the results allowing a preclinical development and a therapeutic exploitation. The concept of ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic cells for transplantation is directly issued from this knowledge. It enabled us to realize that a critical quantity of different sub-populations of stem and progenitor cells are necessary to obtain a rapid and sustained hematopoietic reconstitution. These principles, transposed to human cells (originating from: bone marrow, peripheral blood, cord blood) required some important technological innovations (conception of the specific media, recombinant technology of cytokine production...), to achieve, after several attempts, the first efficient clinical trials (at the moment for cells mobilized in peripheral blood). This goal remains to be achieved for cord blood cells too. The developments in this field as well as its actual state are the subjects of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ivanovic
- Etablissement français du Sang-Aquitaine-limousin, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, BP24, 33035 Bordeaux cedex, France
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Flores-Guzmán P, Flores-Figueroa E, Montesinos JJ, Martínez-Jaramillo G, Fernández-Sánchez V, Valencia-Plata I, Alarcón-Santos G, Mayani H. Individual and combined effects of mesenchymal stromal cells and recombinant stimulatory cytokines on the in vitro growth of primitive hematopoietic cells from human umbilical cord blood. Cytotherapy 2009; 11:886-96. [DOI: 10.3109/14653240903180076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Timmins NE, Palfreyman E, Marturana F, Dietmair S, Luikenga S, Lopez G, Fung YL, Minchinton R, Nielsen LK. Clinical scale ex vivo manufacture of neutrophils from hematopoietic progenitor cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 104:832-40. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ex Vivo-Expanded Bone Marrow CD34+Derived Neutrophils Have Limited Bactericidal Ability. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2552-63. [DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Lorenzon D, Mazzucato M, Abbruzzese L, Cilli M, De Angeli S, Degan M, Mambrini G, Piccardi F, Rupolo M, Michieli M, De Marco L, Gattei V, Astori G. Preclinical ex vivo expansion of peripheral blood CD34+ selected cells from cancer patients mobilized with combination chemotherapy and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Vox Sang 2008; 94:342-50. [PMID: 18282263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2008.01038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Ex vivo peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) expansion has been proposed as a strategy to increase the number of haematopoietic progenitors available for cell transplantation. We have expanded CD34+ cells from PBPCs obtained from four patients with haematological malignancies and one patient with an Ewing's sarcoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells were expanded in the Dideco 'Pluricell system'. After 12 days in culture, we evaluated cell phenotype, total nucleated cells, CD34+ fold increase, cell apoptosis and colony assay of expanded cells. Cell engraftment has been evaluated by transplanting two groups of irradiated non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD-SCID) mice with expanded and non-expanded cell populations. RESULTS Total nucleated cells and CD34+ cells increased 59.5 and 4.0 times, respectively. The expanded cells were mainly constituted of myeloid and megakaryocytic cells. A significant increase in the number of colony-forming unit-granulocyte macrophage (CFU-GM) was observed in the CFU assay. Ten mice transplanted with expanded cells showed a best overall survival (80%) compared to 10 mice transplanted with non-expanded cells (20%). Human CD45+ cells were detected by flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction in bone marrow and spleen of transplanted animals. The relative low engraftment level obtained with the expanded cells suggests a loss of SCID repopulating cells maybe due to cell differentiation during expansion. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated the feasibility of the ex vivo expansion of mobilized PBPCs from cancer patients, evidencing a clonal expansion of CFUs and the ability of the expanded cells to engraft the bone marrow and spleen of immunosuppressed mice. The differentiation of the CD34+ stem cell compartment could be further minimized by ameliorating the expansion conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lorenzon
- Clinical and Experimental Haematology Research Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, Aviano, PN, Italy
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Li N, Feugier P, Serrurrier B, Latger-Cannard V, Lesesve JF, Stoltz JF, Eljaafari A. Human mesenchymal stem cells improve ex vivo expansion of adult human CD34+ peripheral blood progenitor cells and decrease their allostimulatory capacity. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:507-15. [PMID: 17309831 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2006] [Revised: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) participate in the bone marrow microenvironment by providing growth factors and matrix proteins, which play a role in the regulation of hematopoiesis, through cell-to-cell interactions. Recently, MSC have been demonstrated to improve expansion of cord blood heamtopoietic stem cells (HSC). METHODS In this report, we evaluated the impact of MSC on ex vivo expansion of adult mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC). Moreover, the effect of MSC on the expanded PBSC allostimulatory capacity was also investigated, due to the well-known immunomodulatory properties of MSC. In addition, the requirement for cell-cell contact in this MSC coculture system was investigated using a transwell system. RESULTS Our results show that MSC greatly improved the expansion rate of adult PBSC cells relative to the absolute number of 1) clonogenic cells, 2) long-term cultured cells, or 3) CD34(+) cells. Whereas high levels of IL-6 on its own was sufficient to significantly improve PBSC expansion, direct contact between MSC and PBSC was required to achieve maximal expansion. Finally, MSC decreased the allostimulatory capacity of expanded PBSC. CONCLUSION Our data show that MSC efficiently improve expansion of adult PBSC, together with decreasing their allostimulatory capacity. Therefore, this study should provide a clinically relevant method for optimizing PBSC ex-vivo expansion, in particular when poor grafts are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie et de Thérapie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy, France
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Optimal ex vivo expansion of neutrophils from PBSC CD34+ cells by a combination of SCF, Flt3-L and G-CSF and its inhibition by further addition of TPO. J Transl Med 2007; 5:53. [PMID: 17971220 PMCID: PMC2174439 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-5-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous mobilised peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation is now a standard approach in the treatment of haematological diseases to reconstitute haematopoiesis following myeloablative chemotherapy. However, there remains a period of severe neutropenia and thrombocytopenia before haematopoietic reconstitution is achieved. Ex vivo expanded PBSC have been employed as an adjunct to unmanipulated HSC transplantation, but have tended to be produced using complex cytokine mixtures aimed at multilineage (neutrophil and megakaryocyte) progenitor expansion. These have been reported to reduce or abrogate neutropenia but have little major effect on thrombocytopenia. Selective megakaryocyte expansion has been to date ineffective in reducing thrombocytopenia. This study was implemented to evaluate neutrophil specific rather than multilineage ex vivo expansion of PBSC for specifically focusing on reduction or abrogation of neutropenia. METHODS CD34+ cells (PBSC) were enriched from peripheral blood mononuclear cells following G-CSF-mobilisation and cultured with different permutations of cytokines to determine optimal cytokine combinations and doses for expansion and functional differentiation and maturation of neutrophils and their progenitors. Results were assessed by cell number, morphology, phenotype and function. RESULTS A simple cytokine combination, SCF + Flt3-L + G-CSF, synergised to optimally expand and mature neutrophil progenitors assessed by cell number, phenotype, morphology and function (superoxide respiratory burst measured by chemiluminescence). G-CSF appears mandatory for functional maturation. Addition of other commonly employed cytokines, IL-3 and IL-6, had no demonstrable additive effect on numbers or function compared to this optimal combination. Addition of TPO, commonly included in multilineage progenitor expansion for development of megakaryocytes, reduced the maturation of neutrophil progenitors as assessed by number, morphology and function (respiratory burst activity). CONCLUSION Given that platelet transfusion support is available for autologous PBSC transplantation but granulocyte transfusion is generally lacking, and that multilineage expanded PBSC do not reduce thrombocytopenia, we suggest that instead of multilineage expansion selective neutrophil expansion based on this relatively simple cytokine combination might be prioritized for development for clinical use as an adjunct to unmanipulated PBSC transplantation to reduce or abrogate post-transplant neutropenia.
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Tijssen MR, van Hennik PB, di Summa F, Zwaginga JJ, van der Schoot CE, Voermans C. Transplantation of human peripheral blood CD34-positive cells in combination with ex vivo generated megakaryocytes results in fast platelet formation in NOD/SCID mice. Leukemia 2007; 22:203-8. [PMID: 17943170 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
During inflammation and cytopenia, increased levels of hematopoietic growth factors (HPGFs) induce mobilization and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), resulting in spatial and quantitative in vivo expansion of the hematopoietic tissue. Exogenous administration of recombinant HPGFs, particularly granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), is routine for mobilization of stem cells, followed by collection and transplantation of autologous or allogeneic stem cells. In this review, we summarize experience using different HPGFs and HPGF combinations for stem cell mobilization, such as G-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), stem cell factor (SCF), and others. Preclinical and clinical studies of so-called early- and late-acting HPGFs for ex vivo expansion of HPCs are discussed, also with respect to the unresolved question whether expansion of repopulating stem cells can be achieved in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Möhle
- Department of Medicine II, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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25
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Huang LT, Paredes CJ, Papoutsakis ET, Miller WM. Gene expression analysis illuminates the transcriptional programs underlying the functional activity of ex vivo-expanded granulocytes. Physiol Genomics 2007; 31:114-25. [PMID: 17550995 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00053.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Global gene expression analysis established the temporal expression patterns and programs underlying the development of functional activity of ex vivo-expanded (EXE) human granulocytes, as well as differences compared with peripheral blood (PB) granulocytes. CD34(+) progenitor cells were cultured for 3 wk to induce rapid expansion and granulocytic differentiation, with 40% CD15(+) cells by day 3 and 90% by day 12. Phagocytic and respiratory burst activity increased with the fraction of CD15(++)CD11b(+) cells (myelocytes to segmented) and peaked by day 17. However, only 25% of CD15(++)CD11b(+) cells were phagocytic, and respiratory burst activity was one-third that of PB granulocytes. EXE granulocytes from later days and PB granulocytes showed similar expression of Fc gamma receptors (-1A, -2A, -2C, -3A) and complement receptors (-1, -3, -4). Later downregulation of CD36 (expressed by macrophages) suggests lineage plasticity early in granulocytic differentiation. Expression in mature EXE and PB granulocytes was similar for most Fc gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis signaling proteins, including high-level expression of Hck, Fgr, and the actin-related protein 2/3 complex. Lower expression of Lyn, Cdc42, pleckstrin, and PKC beta(I) by EXE granulocytes may explain decreased phagocytosis. PB and mature EXE granulocytes expressed similar levels of NADPH oxidase complex genes and receptors for fMLP-mediated respiratory burst. Lower burst activity by EXE granulocytes may result from lower expression of Raf1 and PKC zeta. Elevated expression of toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR1, and CD14 in mature EXE and PB granulocytes supports a role for the TLR2 and CD14 pathway in zymosan-mediated respiratory burst activity. Lower activity in EXE granulocytes may be due to greater expression of IRAK3, which inhibits TLR-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ting Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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26
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Nilsson SK, Prince HM, Wall D, Haylock DN. Recent Australian experience with hemopoietic stem and progenitor cell expansion. Cytotherapy 2007; 9:231-5. [PMID: 17464754 DOI: 10.1080/14653240701315296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review provides insight into two clinical trials conducted with ex vivo manipulated CD34+ cells. The first was an attempt to deliver a gene therapy for treatment of HIV and the second an attempt to improve rates of hemopoietic recovery with ex vivo generated myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Nilsson
- Australian Stem Cell Center, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
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27
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Craig SJ, Shu A, Xu Y, Foong FC, Nordon R. Chimeric protein for selective cell attachment onto cellulosic substrates. Protein Eng Des Sel 2007; 20:235-41. [PMID: 17430973 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzm016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a fusion protein (CBD-LG) incorporating a cellulose-binding domain and an antibody binding domain, protein LG, to provide an adaptor molecule for cell separation with regenerated cellulose hollow fiber arrays. A single hollow fiber cell adhesion assay utilizing a CD34+ cell line, KG1a, was used to investigate whether ligand affinity interactions were strong enough for cell attachment and separation. CBD-LG efficiently captured CD34+ cells labeled with the mouse IgG2a monoclonal antibody MHCD3400. However, it was not possible to bind CD34+ cells labeled with an IgG1 antibody (HPCA-2). The low affinity of HPCA-2 for LG was overcome by secondary antibodies: KG1a cells that were dual labeled with HPCA-2 followed by rat anti-mouse IgG1 adhered inside hollow fibers coated with CBD-LG. Alternatively, immobilized rabbit polyclonal anti-mouse IgG1 captured cells labeled with HPCA-2. The development of an adaptor molecule to display recombinant domains at the surface of hollow fibers will be an effective tool to investigate cellular ligand-receptor interactions, a necessary step in the development of hollow fiber bioreactors for manufacture of human cellular products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Craig
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australia
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Abstract
The expansion of human cells to produce cell therapeutic products for the treatment of disease is, with few exceptions, an experimental therapy. Because cell therapies involve a biological product, often with some genetic or other modification, they require extensive pre-clinical research and development. Cell therapy production processes and premises require licensing by the Therapeutic Goods Administration. In this review, timed to coincide with the international meetings of the ISCT and ISSCR in Australia, we describe some promising cell therapies currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Martiniello-Wilks
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Laboratories, Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Tijssen MR, van der Schoot CE, Voermans C, Zwaginga JJ. Clinical approaches involving thrombopoietin to shorten the period of thrombocytopenia after high-dose chemotherapy. Transfus Med Rev 2006; 20:283-93. [PMID: 17008166 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High-dose chemotherapy followed by a peripheral blood stem cell transplant is successfully used for a wide variety of malignancies. A major drawback, however, is the delay in platelet recovery. Several clinical strategies using thrombopoietin (Tpo) have been developed in an attempt to speed up platelet repopulation. In contrast to its success in immune thrombocytopenia and in low-dose toxic chemotherapeutic regimens, Tpo appears less effective in the case of high-dose chemotherapy and peripheral blood stem cell transplant. To develop a successful therapeutic approach, more knowledge is needed on several aspects of megakaryocyte (progenitor) biology, such as homing to the bone marrow, endomitosis, and platelet formation. Interactions of the megakaryocytes with the marrow vasculature and the microvascular microenvironment are other key factors for optimal thrombocytopoiesis. The present report reviews the background of the inefficiency of Tpo after intensive chemotherapy and describes possible strategies that might lead to successful therapies to treat chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes R Tijssen
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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van Hensbergen Y, Schipper LF, Brand A, Slot MC, Welling M, Nauta AJ, Fibbe WE. Ex vivo culture of human CD34+ cord blood cells with thrombopoietin (TPO) accelerates platelet engraftment in a NOD/SCID mouse model. Exp Hematol 2006; 34:943-50. [PMID: 16797422 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hematopoietic recovery, in particular platelet reconstitution, can be severely delayed after transplantation with cord blood (CB) stem cells (SC). Expansion of CB SC may be one way to improve the recovery, but there is concern that ex vivo expansion compromises the repopulating ability of SC. METHODS We used a short-term expansion protocol with TPO as single growth factor. The expanded cells were tested in the NOD/SCID mouse model and both platelet recovery and repopulation capacity were examined and compared with unexpanded CD34+ CB cells of the same CB donor. RESULTS Platelet recovery started 1 week earlier in mice transplanted with TPO-expanded CD34+ cells and at days 5 and 8 after transplantation, 6.2 +/- 2.6 and 13.9 +/- 6.7 plt/microL were observed, respectively. At similar time intervals 0.0 and 1.5 +/- 0.2 plt/microL respectively were detected in mice receiving the unmanipulated CD34+ grafts. This was accompanied by a higher number of CFU-Mk in the bone marrow (BM) 7 days after transplantation. Moreover, the BM engraftment and the lineage differentiation of human cells at 6 weeks after transplantation was similar, suggesting that long-term engraftment was not compromised by the expansion procedure. CONCLUSION Ex vivo expansion with TPO as single growth factor results in an accelerated platelet recovery in NOD/SCID mice and appears not to affect the long-term repopulation capacity.
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Astori G, Larghero J, Bonfini T, Giancola R, Di Riti M, Rodriguez L, Rodriguez M, Mambrini G, Bigi L, Lacone A, Marolleau JP, Panzani I, Garcia J, Querol S. Ex vivo expansion of umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells in a closed system: a multicentric study. Vox Sang 2006; 90:183-90. [PMID: 16507018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2006.00751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Dideco 'Pluricell System' is a CE-marked medical device allowing haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) expansion. It comprises a kit of cGMP cytokines and reagents, a closed-cell expansion chamber and a cell-washing set. We tested the system in a multicentric study by expanding CD34(+) cells from eight fresh umbilical cord blood (UCB) samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS During culture, the mean nucleated cell (NC) count, the mean CD34(+) cell count, fold expansion, viability and apoptosis were measured. Clonogenic assays and immunophenotypical characterization were performed on days 0, 7 and 12. On the expanded cellular product, in three cases cell genotyping, endotoxin level and mycoplasma detection (by polymerase chain reaction) were performed. RESULTS The mean CD34(+) cell expansion on days 7 and 12 was sevenfold and 12-fold respectively and the mean NC expansion was 69-fold and 180-fold. The mean NC viability on day 12 was 96.9% (94.4-99.1). After 12 days, granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (GM-CFU) showed a 20-fold increase: a slight increase in CD34(+) cell apoptosis was observed during culture. In all of three cases neither chromosomal alterations nor mycoplasma contamination was detected. No significant endotoxin levels were detected after expansion. CONCLUSIONS The device allows the ex vivo expansion of NC and CD34(+) cells in a closed system. The expanded cellular product is a mixture of progenitors (CD34(+) cells) and differentiated (mainly myeloid and megakaryocytic) cells. To reduce cell apoptosis, more frequent cell feeding during culture should be tested.
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Bertho JM, Prat M, Frick J, Demarquay C, Gaugler MH, Dudoignon N, Clairand I, Chapel A, Gorin NC, Thierry D, Gourmelon P. Application of autologous hematopoietic cell therapy to a nonhuman primate model of heterogeneous high-dose irradiation. Radiat Res 2005; 163:557-70. [PMID: 15850418 DOI: 10.1667/rr3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We developed a model of heterogeneous irradiation in a nonhuman primate to test the feasibility of autologous hematopoietic cell therapy for the treatment of radiation accident victims. Animals were irradiated either with 8 Gy to the body with the right arm shielded to obtain 3.4 Gy irradiation or with 10 Gy total body and 4.4 Gy to the arm. Bone marrow mononuclear cells were harvested either before irradiation or after irradiation from an underexposed area of the arm and were expanded in previously defined culture conditions. We showed that hematopoietic cells harvested after irradiation were able to expand and to engraft when reinjected 7 days after irradiation. Recovery was observed in all 8-Gy-irradiated animals, and evidence for a partial recovery was observed in 10-Gy-irradiated animals. However, in 10-Gy-irradiated animals, digestive disease was observed from day 16 and resulted in the death of two animals. Immunohistological examinations showed damage to the intestine, lungs, liver and kidneys and suggested radiation damage to endothelial cells. Overall, our results provide evidence that such an in vivo model of heterogeneous irradiation may be representative of accidental radiation exposures and may help to define the efficacy of therapeutic interventions such as autologous cell therapy in radiation accident victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Bertho
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Département de Radioprotection de l'Homme, Laboratoire de Thérapie Cellulaire et de Radioprotection Accidentelle, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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De Bruyn C, Delforge A, Martiat P, Bron D. Ex vivo expansion of neutrophil precursor cells from mobilized peripheral blood cells: similar results in cancer patients and normal donors. Cytotherapy 2005; 7:470-7. [PMID: 16306008 DOI: 10.1080/14653240500363208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infusion of ex vivo differentiated myeloid progenitors may reduce or abrogate severe neutropenia following mobilized peripheral blood transplantation. We compared the ex vivo expansion of myeloid progenitor cells starting from cancer patients (CP) and from normal donors (ND) and evaluated the influence of the CD34(+) cell mobilization on the capacities of cells to be expanded. METHODS The ex vivo-expanded cells were evaluated for their phenotype, the presence of primary and secondary granules and their functional capacities (oxidative burst activity and phagocytosis). RESULTS We did not observe significant differences between ND and CP for the total leukocyte and CD34(+) cell expansions nor for the myeloid progenitor production. In CP as well as in ND, the expanded cells were functionally competent. DISCUSSION This suggests that the capacities of CD34(+) cells to proliferate and differentiate ex vivo are not impaired by prior chemotherapy and/or disease status. On the other hand, we did not observe any significant correlation between the number of mobilized CD34(+) cells before apheresis and the cell expansion. In conclusion, the ex vivo expansion of CP and ND cells is comparable and achievable even with a low CD34(+) cell number in mobilized peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- C De Bruyn
- Experimental Hematology, Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium
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